Study of the causes of retinal detachment among patients attending Damascus Hospital

Study of the causes of retinal detachment among patients attending Damascus Hospital | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study of the causes of retinal detachment among patients attending Damascus Hospital Miran Hussein, Shahd Albukhari, Diaa Haj Ali, Yusra Haddeh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4735905/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Retinal detachment is the separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The forces of adhesion between the two layers can be divided into mechanical and metabolic. Mechanical factors in turn are divided into those outside and those inside the subretinal space (SRS). Mechanical forces outside the SRS include fluid pressures and vitreous. Fluid exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork; however, a small proportion tends to exit from the vitreous to the choroid by the intraocular and choroidal oncotic pressures. Research Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study (COHORT) was conducted On a random group of patients from January 2022 to May 2023. The final sample size was 150participants, with a confidence interval of 95%. Every participant has signed the informed consent. Results The sample included 150 patients who suffered from retinal detachment. 28.66% were females and 71.33% were males. We find that there is a tendency to suffer from retinal detachment in males more than in females, with a ratio of about 3:1 in favor of males. Most of the cases were without a history of eye surgery (69.33%), the largest remaining percentage had a history of previous cataract surgery (21.33%), and the remaining percentage had a history of surgery as a result of eye trauma (9.33%). Diabetes was the most frequent cause of retinal detachment (33.12%). Severe myopia was the cause of retinal detachment in 8.12% of cases, while moderate myopia was the cause in 3.12%, and a lower percentage of mild myopia was 1.25%. Conclusion Retinal detachment is considered a vision-threatening condition. Our study showed that the disease in Syria has characteristics similar to the global characteristics, but is more severe. Several factors are useful in predicting the development of this disease, including the patient's age, which is the most important factor, in addition to diabetes, myopia, and penetrating trauma, which is also an important factor. Ophthalmology Retinal detachment diabetes myopia Background Retinal detachment is the separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These two layers are derived from the neuroectoderm that lines the optic vesicle during embryogenesis. As the optic vesicle invaginates to form the optic cup, the two layers come in apposition. The inner layer differentiates into the NSR and the outer into RPE. No real anatomic junctions form between the cells of the two layers. Therefore, the forces of attachment of the NSR to RPE are weak, and once overwhelmed, a retinal detachment occurs that reestablishes the potential space between the two layers.[ 1 ] The forces of adhesion between the two layers can be divided into mechanical and metabolic. Mechanical factors in turn are divided into those outside and those inside the subretinal space (SRS).[ 2 ] Mechanical forces outside the SRS include fluid pressures and vitreous. Fluid exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork; however, a small proportion tends to exit from the vitreous to the choroid by the intraocular and choroidal oncotic pressures.[ 3 – 4 ] Because the retina and RPE substantially resist fluid transport, the outward vector of fluid movement tends to push the retina against the RPE.[ 5 – 6 ] Likewise, a drug that increases the vitreous oncotic pressure tends to withdraw fluid into the vitreous from the choroid through the retina. This inward vector of fluid movement could lead to retinal separation from the RPE because of retinal resistance to flow.[ 7 – 8 ] Research Materials and Methods Aim of our study Our study aims to shed light on the causes of retinal detachment and its common patterns, in addition to the risk factors and symptoms of this disorder through patients attending Damascus Hospital. Study design, setting, and participants A retrospective cohort study (COHORT) was conducted On a random group of patients from January 2022 to May 2023. The research approval (CV 8211) was given by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Syrian Private University, Syria. A paper questionnaire was conducted based on a review of patient files in the hospital's medical records department and extracted the information and data necessary to complete our study. Accordingly, the questionnaire was filled out and the data was reviewed under the supervision of the research supervisor. The final sample size was 150 participants depending on the Raosoft site [9], with a confidence interval of 95%. Every participant has signed the informed consent. Inclusion criteria - patients attended to Damascus hospital - only patients with retinal detachment Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Syrian Private University, the necessary approval was provided to Damascus Hospital, and permission was obtained from the hospital to review patients’ files. Statistical Analysis: We used Excel 2010, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We relied on frequency, percentages, and graphs for categorical variables, meanwhile, for continuous variables, standard deviation, range, and median were used. For the statistical relationships, we used the Chi-square test (X2-test) Descriptive statistics consists of studying the data of the study variables and studying some statistics such as the arithmetic mean, median, and standard deviation. Results 1-Socio-demographic data The sample included 150 patients who suffered from retinal detachment. 28.66% were females and 71.33% were males. We find that there is a tendency to suffer from retinal detachment in males more than in females, with a ratio of about 3:1 in favor of males. Participants are classified into seven groups according to age. The arithmetic mean age when retinal detachment occurs among patients is 66 years, with a standard deviation of about ∓ 5.32, and by statistical analysis, we do not find a statistically significant association between the incidence and age. Regarding the distribution of the sample according to habits, 75.33% were smokers and 24.66% were non-smokers. So As a result, there was a statistically significant association between smoking and retinal detachment, regardless of other predispositions, gender, or age group. We also investigated the medical and surgical history of patients who had retinal detachment and found that most cases were related to diabetes, whether alone (44.66%) or in combination with high blood pressure (32.66%), while isolated high blood pressure had a lower percentage (11.33%). A small percentage of cases had asthma (4%) or sickle cell disease (1.30%), and thus we find a statistically significant association between diabetes and the development of retinal detachment, regardless of the type of detachment. Most of the cases were without a history of eye surgery (69.33%), the largest remaining percentage had a history of previous cataract surgery (21.33%), and the remaining percentage had a history of surgery as a result of eye trauma (9.33%). More detailed demographic data is shown in ( Table-1) Table-1: Socio-demographic data n % Sex Male 107 71.33 % Female 43 28.66 % Age 20 – 29 10 6.66 % 30 – 39 10 6.66 % 40 – 49 15 10 % 50 – 59 25 16.66 % 60 – 69 40 26.66 % 70 – 79 35 23.33 % More than 80 15 10 % Smoking Non – smoker 37 24.66 % Smoker 113 75.33 % Medical history None 9 6 % Hypertension 17 11.33 % Diabetes 67 44.66 % Hypertension + Diabetes 49 32.66 % Sickle cell disease 2 1.3 % Asthma 6 4% Surgical history None 104 69.33 % Cataract surgery 32 21.33 % Surgery as a result of eye trauma 14 9.33 % 2- main complaint and the affected side of retinal detachment All patients came to the hospital with a main complaint that included decreased visual ability, as 40.06% of patients suffered from isolated decreased visual ability, while 18.75% of patients presented with a story of decreased visual ability with light sparks and flying flies, and 18.12% came with a complaint of decreased visual ability and sparks Light. 14.37% with decreased visual ability, light sparks, flying flies, and seeing curtains. As for the side of retinal detachment, the majority of patients suffered from One-sided retinal detachment 93.33% More detailed information about the main complaints and the affected side of retinal detachment is shown in (Table-2) Table-2: main complaint and side of retinal detachment n % Coronary disease type Low visual ability 65 40.06% Low visual ability + light sparks + flying flies 30 18.75% Decreased visual ability + loss of vision in the form of a curtain 9 5.62% Low visual ability + flying flies 4 2.50% Low visual ability + light sparks 29 18.12% Low visual ability + light sparks + flying flies + curtain 23 14.37% side of retinal detachment One-sided 10 6.66% Bilateral 140 93.33% 3- Visual acuity examination The majority of patients presented with a visual ability between 1/10 and 4/10 (58.12%), 24.37% with a visual ability of 5/10 to 6/10, and the remaining percentages ranged between counting fingers (10.62%) and hand movement (5.00%). The sense of light was only in (1.87%), and we did not find any cases with visual ability above 7/10. Visual ability was on average 4/10. (Table-3) shows detailed information about the distribution of the sample according to Visual acuity examination Table-3: Visual acuity examination data n % Examination result sense of light 3 1.87% Only see hand movement 8 5% counting fingers 17 10.62% 1-4/10 93 58.12% 5-6/10 39 24.37% More than 7/10 - 0% 4- causes and types of retinal detachment Diabetes was the most frequent cause of retinal detachment (33.12%), followed by advanced age (21.87), previous cataract surgery (20.00%), low refraction function (12.5%), penetrating trauma (8.75%), and small percentages of posterior vitreous detachment (2.70%) and sickle cell disease (1.06%) and we did not find cases of closed eye trauma (0%), as shown in (Table-4). As for types of retinal detachment, The largest percentage of cases were primary (56.87%), and the remaining percentage were secondary (43.12%). Table-4: causes and types of retinal detachment n % Causes Diabetes 53 33.12% low refraction function 20 12.5% advanced age 35 21.87% previous cataract surgery 32 20 % Penetrating eye trauma 14 8.75% closed eye trauma - - posterior vitreous detachment 4 2.7% sickle cell disease 2 1.06% Types Primary 91 57.07% Secondary 69 42.93% 5- Degrees of myopia in patients with poor refraction ) Table-5) shows that Severe myopia was the cause of retinal detachment in 8.12% of cases, while moderate myopia was the cause in 3.12%, and a lower percentage of mild myopia was 1.25%. Table-5: Degrees of myopia n % Degrees of myopia Mild 2 1.25% Moderate 5 3.12% Severe 13 8.12% Total 20 12.5% 6- Position and shape of retinal detachment The results showed (Table-6) that Most cases of detachment were in the superior temporal quadrant, 66.88%, and the lowest percentage was in the inferior nasal quadrant, 4.63%. As for The shape of retinal detachment largest percentage was of the Tension shape (68.00%) and the remaining percentage was of the tear shape (32.00%) Table-6: Position and shape of retinal detachment n % Position of retinal detachment superior temporal quadrant 101 66.88% inferior temporal quadrant 29 19.3% superior nasal quadrant 14 9.27% inferior nasal quadrant 7 4.63% Shape of retinal detachment Tear 48 32% Tension 102 68% 7-Relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous detachment To study this relationship, the statistical differences between the proportions of patients who had spontaneous detachment according to the degree of myopia (mild, moderate, severe) were studied by applying the Chi-square test for equality of proportions, and the results were shown in (Table-7). Table-7: Relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous detachment degree of myopia n % Chi-square test p-value spontaneous detachment Mild 2 1.25% 27.90 0.000* Moderate 5 3.12% Severe 13 8.12% * Statistically significant p-value ≤ 0.05 8-Relationship between Age and causes of retinal detachment To study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-8) shows the relative distribution of patients according to age groups and causes of retinal detachment. Table-8: Relationship between Age and causes of retinal detachment Age Cause 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Total Diabetes n 1 4 5 18 12 9 4 53 % 0.625% 2.5% 3.125% 11.25% 7.5% 5.625% 2.5% 33.12% Poor refraction n - - 2 4 8 5 1 20 % - - 1.25% 2.5% 5% 3.125% 0.625% 12.5% Cataract surgery n - - 6 10 6 8 5 35 % - - 3.75% 6.25% 3.75% 5% 3.125% 21.87% Advanced age n - - - 5 7 13 7 32 % - - - 3.125% 4.375% 8.125% 4.375% 20.00% Penetrating eye trauma n 6 1 3 3 1 - - 14 % 3.75 % 0.62% 1.875% 1.875% 0.625% - - 8.75% closed eye trauma n - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - vitreous detachment n - 3 - - - 1 - 4 % - 1.87% - - - 0.62% - 2.7% Sickle cell disease n 1 - 1 - - - - 2 % 0.62% - 0.62% - - - - 1.06% Total n 8 8 1 7 40 3 4 3 6 1 7 160 % 5 % 5 % 10.6 % 25% 2 1 . 2 % 22.5 % 10.6 % 100% We find from studying the table that diabetes is the most common cause in advanced ages, especially in the sixth decade of life. As for surgical history, it is common in advanced ages as well, especially in the seventh decade of life. Poor refraction function was the cause at relatively early ages, especially in the third decade. And the fourth decade of life. Penetrating trauma was the cause at different ages, but they were seen with us in the second, fourth, and fifth decades. Posterior vitreous detachment was seen with us in the fourth decade of life, and finally, sickle cell disease, which was seen with us in only two cases in the second decade of life. 9-Relationship between sex and cause retinal detachment To study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-9) shows the relative distribution of patients according to gender and causes of retinal detachment. Table-9: Relationship between sex and retinal detachment Sex Cause Male Female Total Diabetes n 45 8 53 % 28.120 % 4.999 % 33.12% Poor refraction n 11 9 20 % 6.875 % 5.625 % 12.5% Cataract surgery n 26 9 35 % 16.246 % 5.623 % 21.87% Advanced age n 21 11 32 % 13.125 % 6.875 % 20.00% Penetrating eye trauma n 10 4 14 % 6.25 % 2.50 % 8.75% closed eye trauma n - - - % - - - vitreous detachment n 3 1 4 % 2.35% 0.53% 2.70% Sickle cell disease n 2 0 2 % 1.06 % 0 % 1.06% Total n 118 42 160 % 73.75 26.25 100% From studying the table, we find that retinal detachment is more common in males than females. 10- Relationship between medical history and cause of retinal detachment To study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-10) shows the relative distribution of patients according to medical history and causes of retinal detachment. Table-10 : Relationship between medical history and cause of retinal detachment Medical history Cause None hypertension Diabetes Sickle cell disease Hypertension + Diabetes Asthma Total Diabetes n - - 30 - 23 - 53 % - - 18.75% - 14.37% - 33.12% Poor refraction n 3 4 7 - 3 3 20 % 1.875 % 2.5% 4.375% - 1.875% 1.875% 12.5% Cataract surgery n 4 8 8 - 10 5 35 % 2.5 % 5% 5% - 6.25% 3.125% 21.87% Advanced age n 2 10 7 - 12 1 32 % 1.25% 6.25% 4.375% - 7.5 % 0.625 20.00% Penetrating eye trauma n 7 3 2 - 2 - 14 % 4.375% 1.875% 1.25% - 1.25% - 8.75% closed eye trauma n - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - vitreous detachment n 1 2 1 - - - 4 % 0625% 1.25% 0.625% - - - 2.70% Sickle cell disease n - - - 2 - - 2 % - - - 1.06 % - - 1.06% Total n 17 27 55 2 5 0 9 160 % 10.625% 16.875% 34.375% 1.06% 31. 125 % 5.625 % 100% 11- Relationship between smoking and cause retinal detachment To study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-11) shows the relative distribution of patients according to smoking and causes of retinal detachment. Table-11 Relationship between smoking and cause retinal detachment Smoking Cause Smoke Not-smoking Total Diabetes n 40 13 53 % 24.996% 8.123% 33.12% Poor refraction n 14 6 20 % 8.75% 3.75% 12.5% Cataract surgery n 24 11 35 % 14.996% 6.873% 21.87% Advanced age n 25 7 32 % 15.625% 4.375% 20.00% Penetrating eye trauma n 9 5 14 % 5.625% 3.125% 8.75% closed eye trauma n - - - % - - - vitreous detachment n 3 1 4 % 2.35% 0.53% 2.70% Sickle cell disease n 1 1 2 % 0.53% 0.53% 1.06% Total n 116 44 160 % 72.5% 27.5% 100% From studying the table, we find that infection rates among smokers are greater than among non-smokers. Discussion After reviewing several previous studies related to retinal detachment, it was found that: The incidence rate of retinal detachment in males is more common than in females, according to the AUSTIN [10] study in the United States of America, where the incidence rate in males was 53% and in females 47%. Also in the same study, the average age of patients was 65 years. In our study, the incidence rate of retinal detachment for males was 71.33%, and for females was 28.66%. And The average age of patients was 58.43%. Our study showed that the average age for traumatic injuries is 38.78 and for non-traumatic injuries is 66.08. This is similar to the GOFFESTEIN [11] study, which was also conducted in the United States of America. When studying medical history, the percentage of patients suffering from high blood pressure in our study was 16.875%, while in AUSTIN [10] study, which we discussed previously, the percentage of patients suffering from high blood pressure was 27.7%. Study of the relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous detachment: We found a strong direct relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous myopia, as the more severe the degree of myopia, the greater the percentage of myopia in patients. The percentage of patients who had severe myopia (more than 7) in our study was 8.12%, while in the HALILOVIC [12] study which was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the percentage of patients with severe myopia was 81%. When studying the location of retinal detachment in our study, the highest percentage of retinal detachment was in the superior temporal quadrant at 66.88%, while in the BYER [13] study in the United States of America, the highest percentage of retinal detachment was in the lower temporal quadrant at 50%. Our study showed that the percentage of patients who had previous ocular surgery was 21.87%, while in the KWON [14] study in Switzerland, the percentage of patients who had previous ocular surgery was 5%. Also, in the same previous study, the percentage of patients who had retinal detachment as a result of trauma was 31%, while in our study the percentage was 8.75%. Limitations - A large number of files and the lack of sufficient information for study hindered the process of collecting cases - There are difficulties in accessing some files of patients admitted to cardiac care - Some files do not include complete clinical tests, which created difficulty in selecting the files included. Conclusion Retinal detachment is considered a vision-threatening condition. Our study showed that the disease in Syria has characteristics similar to the global characteristics, but is more severe. Several factors are useful in predicting the development of this disease, including the patient's age, which is the most important factor, in addition to diabetes, myopia, and penetrating trauma, which is also an important factor. Declarations Acknowledgments Nile Availability of data and materials All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. The Corresponding author had full access to all of the data in this study and takes complete responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Competing of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. References Steinberg RH, Wood I . Pigment epithelial cell ensheathment of cone outer segments in the retina of the domestic cat. Proc R Soc Lond 1974; B.187: 461–478 Marmor MF . Mechanisms of normal retinal adhesion. In: Ryan SJ, Wilkinson CP (eds). Retina Mosby: St Louis 2001 1849–1869 Maurice DM . Flow of water between aqueous and vitreous compartments in the rabbit eye. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: F104–108 Bill A . Some aspects of tissue fluid dynamics in the eye. In: Cant JS (ed). Vision and Circulation Mosby: St Louis 1976 333–338 Fatt I, Shantianath K . Flow conductivity of retina and its role in retinal adhesion. Exp Eye Res 1971; 12: 218–226 Tsuboi S . Measurement of the volume flow and hydraulic conductivity across the isolated dog retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28: 1776–1782 Marmor MF . Retinal detachment from hyperosmotic intravitreal injection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979; 18: 1237–1244 Marmor MF, Martin LJ, Tharpe S . Osmotically induced retinal detachment in the rabbit and primate. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980; 19: 1016–1029 http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html AUSTIN, KAREN L., et al. case-control study of idiopathic retinal detachment. International journal of epidemiology, 1990, 19.4: 1045-1050. Goffstein, Robert and Thomas C. Borton. “Differentiating traumatic from nontraumatic retinal detachment.” Ophthalmology 89.4 (1982): 361-368. Emina Alimanovic Halilovic “correlation between refraction level and retinal breaks in myopic eye” (2008):346-349. Byer, Norman E. “the natural history of asymptomatic retinal breaks.” Ophthalmology 89.9 (1982): 1033-1039. Kwon, Oh Woong, Ji Hun Song, and Mi In Roh. “Retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.” 2016. 154-162. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4735905","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":326563256,"identity":"5fc73458-bf75-4f89-8fe1-9c4973320a84","order_by":0,"name":"Miran Hussein","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"syrian private university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miran","middleName":"","lastName":"Hussein","suffix":""},{"id":326563257,"identity":"ba2b65ac-d840-45e4-bb6d-111696900d3d","order_by":1,"name":"Shahd Albukhari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"syrian private university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shahd","middleName":"","lastName":"Albukhari","suffix":""},{"id":326563258,"identity":"39c4d784-aba1-4c82-a7f3-2b1d88cead29","order_by":2,"name":"Diaa Haj Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCwyCiQEKOTf7xASBLQoZILQYSxvwMaQkgLTyEtRwAa2FInNmQYwBiEtbCd5z54YcfBhaJGw6c+fzqRo0FDwP74aMb8GmRPMxmLNkDdNiGg73brHOOAR3Gk5Z2A58Wg8NAj/AYSMhuOMy7zTiHDahFgseMgBb2zz//GEgwbjjG88w45x9RWnjMpIG2KM7s4WF+nNtGhBbJwzxl1jKgQJZgM2PO7ZPgYSPkF77zxzfffFNRJ8cmwfz4c863Ojl+9sPH8GpBBmwSYJJY5SDA/IEU1aNgFIyCUTByAAAQm0TZl4latAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-5795","institution":"syrian private university","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Diaa","middleName":"Haj","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":326563259,"identity":"99f12f7b-507e-463a-95cc-67e3657d6f9c","order_by":3,"name":"Yusra Haddeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"syrian private university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yusra","middleName":"","lastName":"Haddeh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-13 16:20:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4735905/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4735905/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60375022,"identity":"ddf5ca8e-a1bf-477c-9e42-09d5333b3e93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 05:55:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":973624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4735905/v1/143aaa36-f759-44c8-89b3-f533ecce9ba4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy of the causes of retinal detachment among patients attending Damascus Hospital\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eRetinal detachment is the separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These two layers are derived from the neuroectoderm that lines the optic vesicle during embryogenesis. As the optic vesicle invaginates to form the optic cup, the two layers come in apposition. The inner layer differentiates into the NSR and the outer into RPE. No real anatomic junctions form between the cells of the two layers. Therefore, the forces of attachment of the NSR to RPE are weak, and once overwhelmed, a retinal detachment occurs that reestablishes the potential space between the two layers.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe forces of adhesion between the two layers can be divided into mechanical and metabolic. Mechanical factors in turn are divided into those outside and those inside the subretinal space (SRS).[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical forces outside the SRS include fluid pressures and vitreous. Fluid exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork; however, a small proportion tends to exit from the vitreous to the choroid by the intraocular and choroidal oncotic pressures.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] Because the retina and RPE substantially resist fluid transport, the outward vector of fluid movement tends to push the retina against the RPE.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] Likewise, a drug that increases the vitreous oncotic pressure tends to withdraw fluid into the vitreous from the choroid through the retina. This inward vector of fluid movement could lead to retinal separation from the RPE because of retinal resistance to flow.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Research Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim of our study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study aims to shed light on the causes of retinal detachment and its common patterns, in addition to the risk factors and symptoms of this disorder through patients attending Damascus Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design, setting, and participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA retrospective cohort study (COHORT) was conducted On a random group of patients from January 2022 to May 2023. The research\u0026nbsp;approval (CV 8211) was given by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Syrian Private University, Syria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA paper questionnaire was conducted based on a review of patient files in the hospital's medical records department and extracted the information and data necessary to complete our study. Accordingly, the questionnaire was filled out and the data was reviewed under the supervision of the research supervisor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final sample size was 150 participants depending on the Raosoft site [9], with a confidence interval of 95%. Every participant has signed the informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- patients attended to Damascus hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- only patients with retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Syrian Private University, the necessary approval was provided to Damascus Hospital, and permission was obtained from the hospital to review patients’ files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used Excel 2010, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). P value \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We relied on frequency, percentages, and graphs for categorical variables, meanwhile, for continuous variables, standard deviation, range, and median were used. For the statistical relationships, we used the Chi-square test (X2-test)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics\u0026nbsp;consists of studying the data of the study variables and studying some statistics such as the arithmetic mean, median, and standard deviation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-Socio-demographic data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample included 150 patients who suffered from retinal detachment. 28.66% were females and 71.33% were males.\u0026nbsp;We find that there is a tendency to suffer from retinal detachment in males more than in females, with a ratio of about 3:1 in favor of males.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants are\u0026nbsp;classified into seven groups according to age.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eThe arithmetic mean age when retinal detachment occurs among patients is 66 years, with a standard deviation of about\u0026nbsp;∓\u0026nbsp;5.32, and by statistical analysis, we do not find a statistically significant association between the incidence and age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the distribution of the sample according to\u0026nbsp;habits, 75.33% were smokers and 24.66% were non-smokers. So As a result, there was a statistically significant association between smoking and retinal detachment, regardless of other predispositions, gender, or age group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also investigated the medical and surgical history of patients who had retinal detachment and found that most cases were related to diabetes, whether alone (44.66%) or in combination with high blood pressure (32.66%), while isolated high blood pressure had a lower percentage (11.33%). A small percentage of cases had asthma (4%) or sickle cell disease (1.30%), and thus we find a statistically significant association between diabetes and the development of retinal detachment, regardless of the type of detachment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the cases were without a history of eye surgery (69.33%), the largest remaining percentage had a history of previous cataract surgery (21.33%), and the remaining percentage had a history of surgery as a result of eye trauma (9.33%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore\u0026nbsp;detailed demographic data is shown in\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/strong\u003eTable-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-1:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSocio-demographic data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"630\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e107\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e71.33\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e28.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 \u0026ndash; 29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 \u0026ndash; 39\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 \u0026ndash; 49\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 \u0026ndash; 59\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e16.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 \u0026ndash; 69\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e26.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 \u0026ndash; 79\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e23.33\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNon \u0026ndash; smoker\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e24.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSmoker\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e113\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e75.33\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMedical history\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNone\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eHypertension\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e11.33\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDiabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e44.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eHypertension + Diabetes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32.66\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSickle cell disease\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.3\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAsthma\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurgical history\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;None\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e104\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e69.33\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCataract surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e21.33\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSurgery as a result of eye trauma\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.476190476190474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9.33\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2- main complaint and the affected side of retinal detachment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll patients came to the hospital with a main complaint that included decreased visual ability, as 40.06% of patients suffered from isolated decreased visual ability, while 18.75% of patients presented with a story of decreased visual ability with light sparks and flying flies, and 18.12% came with a complaint of decreased visual ability and sparks Light. 14.37% with decreased visual ability, light sparks, flying flies, and seeing curtains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs for the side of retinal detachment, the majority of patients suffered from One-sided retinal detachment 93.33%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore\u0026nbsp;detailed\u0026nbsp;information about\u0026nbsp;the main complaints and the affected side of retinal detachment\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eis shown in\u0026nbsp;(Table-2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-2:\u0026nbsp;main complaint and side of retinal detachment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoronary disease type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow visual ability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e40.06%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow visual ability + light sparks + flying flies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e18.75%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecreased visual ability + loss of vision in the form of a curtain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5.62%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow visual ability +\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eflying flies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2.50%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow visual ability + light sparks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e18.12%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow visual ability + light sparks + flying flies + curtain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14.37%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eside of retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne-sided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6.66%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBilateral\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e140\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e93.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3- Visual acuity examination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of patients presented with a visual ability between 1/10 and 4/10 (58.12%), 24.37% with a visual ability of 5/10 to 6/10, and the remaining percentages ranged between counting fingers (10.62%) and hand movement (5.00%). The sense of light was only in (1.87%), and we did not find any cases with visual ability above 7/10. Visual ability was on average 4/10.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Table-3) shows detailed information about the distribution of the sample according to Visual acuity examination\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-3: Visual acuity examination data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamination result\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esense of light\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.87%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnly see hand movement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecounting fingers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10.62%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-4/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e58.12%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-6/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e24.37%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 7/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4- causes and types of retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiabetes was the most frequent cause of retinal detachment (33.12%), followed by advanced age (21.87), previous cataract surgery (20.00%), low refraction function (12.5%), penetrating trauma (8.75%), and small percentages of posterior vitreous detachment (2.70%) and sickle cell disease (1.06%) and we did not find cases of closed eye trauma (0%), as shown in (Table-4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs for types of retinal detachment, The largest percentage of cases were primary (56.87%), and the remaining percentage were secondary (43.12%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-4: causes and types of retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCauses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e33.12%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elow refraction function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadvanced age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e21.87%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprevious cataract surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20 %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenetrating eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8.75%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eclosed eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eposterior vitreous detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.06%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e57.07%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e42.93%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5- Degrees of myopia in patients with poor refraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003eTable-5) shows that Severe myopia was the cause of retinal detachment in 8.12% of cases, while moderate myopia was the cause in 3.12%, and a lower percentage of mild myopia was 1.25%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-5: Degrees of myopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDegrees of myopia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.25%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3.12%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8.12%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePosition and shape of retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results showed (Table-6) that Most cases of detachment were in the superior temporal quadrant, 66.88%, and the lowest percentage was in the inferior nasal quadrant, 4.63%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs for The\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eshape of retinal detachment largest percentage was of the Tension shape (68.00%) and the remaining percentage was of the tear shape (32.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-6: Position and shape of retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePosition of retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esuperior temporal quadrant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e101\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e66.88%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einferior temporal quadrant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e19.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esuperior nasal quadrant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9.27%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einferior nasal quadrant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4.63%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShape of retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e102\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e68%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7-Relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo study this relationship, the statistical differences between the proportions of patients who had spontaneous detachment according to the degree of myopia (mild, moderate, severe) were studied by applying the Chi-square test for equality of proportions, and the results were shown in (Table-7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-7: Relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edegree of myopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChi-square test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003espontaneous detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.25%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3.12%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8.12%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003eStatistically significant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003ep-value\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026le; 0.05\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8-Relationship between Age and causes of retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-8) shows the relative distribution of patients according to age groups and causes of retinal detachment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-8: Relationship between Age and causes of retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"88.92455858747994%\" colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.619582664526483%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCause\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60-69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70-79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80-89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.125%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor refraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.125%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCataract surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.125%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.87%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.125%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.375%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.125%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.375%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenetrating eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3.75\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.875%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.875%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0.625%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eclosed eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evitreous detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.125200642054574%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.49438202247191%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.43338683788122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.233644859813084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.654205607476635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10.6\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e22.5\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.149532710280374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10.6\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.962616822429906%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe find from studying the table that diabetes is the most common cause in advanced ages, especially in the sixth decade of life. As for surgical history, it is common in advanced ages as well, especially in the seventh decade of life. Poor refraction function was the cause at relatively early ages, especially in the third decade. And the fourth decade of life. Penetrating trauma was the cause at different ages, but they were seen with us in the second, fourth, and fifth decades. Posterior vitreous detachment was seen with us in the fourth decade of life, and finally, sickle cell disease, which was seen with us in only two cases in the second decade of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9-Relationship between sex and cause retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-9) shows the relative distribution of patients according to gender and causes of retinal detachment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-9: Relationship between sex and retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCause\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e28.120\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4.999\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor refraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6.875\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5.625\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCataract surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e16.246\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5.623\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.87%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e13.125\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6.875\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenetrating eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6.25\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2.50\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eclosed eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evitreous detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.06\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e118\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e73.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e26.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom studying the table, we find that retinal detachment is more common in males than females.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10- Relationship between medical history and cause of retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-10) shows the relative distribution of patients according to medical history and causes of retinal detachment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-10\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRelationship between medical history and cause of retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"659\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.602427921092566%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"82.39757207890743%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedical history\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.602427921092566%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCause\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension + Diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsthma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e18.75%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14.37%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor refraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.875\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.375%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.875%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.875%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCataract surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3.125%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.87%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.375%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7.5\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0.625\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenetrating eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.375%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.875%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eclosed eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evitreous detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1.06\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353566009104703%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.24886191198786%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.719271623672231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.291350531107739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.559939301972685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.326251896813353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.925644916540213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.283763277693475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.903677758318739%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.987740805604204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.875%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.375%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.033274956217163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.68826619964974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e125\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.609457092819614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5.625\u003c/span\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.40630472854641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11- Relationship between smoking and cause retinal detachment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo study this relationship, the chi-square test for independence was applied. (Table-11) shows the relative distribution of patients according to smoking and causes of retinal detachment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-11\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRelationship between smoking and cause retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCause\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoke\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot-smoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.996%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.123%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor refraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCataract surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.996%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.873%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.87%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.375%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenetrating eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.625%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.125%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eclosed eye trauma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evitreous detachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.363636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.545454545454547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom studying the table, we find that infection rates among smokers are greater than among non-smokers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfter reviewing several previous studies related to retinal detachment, it was found that:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe incidence rate of retinal detachment in males is more common than in females, according to the AUSTIN \u003csup\u003e[10]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003estudy in the United States of America, where the incidence rate in males was 53% and in females 47%. Also in the same study, the average age of patients was 65 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, the incidence rate of retinal detachment for males was 71.33%, and for females was 28.66%. And The average age of patients was 58.43%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study showed that the average age for traumatic injuries is 38.78 and for non-traumatic injuries is 66.08. This is similar to the GOFFESTEIN \u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c/sup\u003e study, which was also conducted in the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen studying medical history, the percentage of patients suffering from high blood pressure in our study was 16.875%, while in AUSTIN \u003csup\u003e[10]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003estudy, which we discussed previously, the percentage of patients suffering from high blood pressure was 27.7%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy of the relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous detachment:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe found a strong direct relationship between the degree of myopia and spontaneous myopia, as the more severe the degree of myopia, the greater the percentage of myopia in patients. The percentage of patients who had severe myopia (more than 7) in our study was 8.12%, while in the HALILOVIC \u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e study which was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the percentage of patients with severe myopia was 81%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen studying the location of retinal detachment in our study, the highest percentage of retinal detachment was in the superior temporal quadrant at 66.88%, while in the BYER \u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e study in the United States of America, the highest percentage of retinal detachment was in the lower temporal quadrant at 50%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study showed that the percentage of patients who had previous ocular surgery was 21.87%, while in the KWON \u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e study in Switzerland, the percentage of patients who had previous ocular surgery was 5%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, in the same previous study, the percentage of patients who had retinal detachment as a result of trauma was 31%, while in our study the percentage was 8.75%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- A large number of files and the lack of sufficient information for study hindered the process of collecting cases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- There are difficulties in accessing some files of patients admitted to cardiac care\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Some files do not include complete clinical tests, which created difficulty in selecting the files included.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eRetinal detachment is considered a vision-threatening condition. Our study showed that the disease in Syria has characteristics similar to the global characteristics, but is more severe. Several factors are useful in predicting the development of this disease, including the patient's age, which is the most important factor, in addition to diabetes, myopia, and penetrating trauma, which is also an important factor.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNile\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. The Corresponding author had full access to all of the data in this study and takes complete responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSteinberg RH, Wood I . Pigment epithelial cell ensheathment of cone outer segments in the retina of the domestic cat. Proc R Soc Lond 1974; B.187: 461\u0026ndash;478\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarmor MF . Mechanisms of normal retinal adhesion. In: Ryan SJ, Wilkinson CP (eds).\u0026nbsp;Retina\u0026nbsp;Mosby: St Louis 2001 1849\u0026ndash;1869\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaurice DM . Flow of water between aqueous and vitreous compartments in the rabbit eye.\u0026nbsp;Am J Physiol\u0026nbsp;1987;\u0026nbsp;252: F104\u0026ndash;108\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBill A . Some aspects of tissue fluid dynamics in the eye. In: Cant JS (ed).\u0026nbsp;Vision and Circulation\u0026nbsp;Mosby: St Louis 1976 333\u0026ndash;338\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFatt I, Shantianath K . Flow conductivity of retina and its role in retinal adhesion.\u0026nbsp;Exp Eye Res\u0026nbsp;1971;\u0026nbsp;12: 218\u0026ndash;226\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTsuboi S . Measurement of the volume flow and hydraulic conductivity across the isolated dog retinal pigment epithelium.\u0026nbsp;Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\u0026nbsp;1987;\u0026nbsp;28: 1776\u0026ndash;1782\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarmor MF . Retinal detachment from hyperosmotic intravitreal injection.\u0026nbsp;Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\u0026nbsp;1979;\u0026nbsp;18: 1237\u0026ndash;1244\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarmor MF, Martin LJ, Tharpe S . Osmotically induced retinal detachment in the rabbit and primate.\u0026nbsp;Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\u0026nbsp;1980;\u0026nbsp;19: 1016\u0026ndash;1029\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ehttp://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;AUSTIN, KAREN L., et al. case-control study of idiopathic retinal detachment. International journal of epidemiology, 1990, 19.4: 1045-1050.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Goffstein, Robert and Thomas C. Borton. \u0026ldquo;Differentiating traumatic from nontraumatic retinal detachment.\u0026rdquo; Ophthalmology 89.4 (1982): 361-368.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmina Alimanovic Halilovic \u0026ldquo;correlation between refraction level and retinal breaks in myopic eye\u0026rdquo; (2008):346-349.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eByer, Norman E. \u0026ldquo;the natural history of asymptomatic retinal breaks.\u0026rdquo; Ophthalmology 89.9 (1982): 1033-1039.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKwon, Oh Woong, Ji Hun Song, and Mi In Roh. \u0026ldquo;Retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.\u0026rdquo; 2016. 154-162.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Syrian Private University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Retinal detachment, diabetes, myopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4735905/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4735905/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetinal detachment is the separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe forces of adhesion between the two layers can be divided into mechanical and metabolic. Mechanical factors in turn are divided into those outside and those inside the subretinal space (SRS).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanical forces outside the SRS include fluid pressures and vitreous. Fluid exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork; however, a small proportion tends to exit from the vitreous to the choroid by the intraocular and choroidal oncotic pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Materials and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA retrospective cohort study (COHORT) was conducted On a random group of patients from January 2022 to May 2023. The final sample size was 150participants, with a confidence interval of 95%. Every participant has signed the informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample included 150 patients who suffered from retinal detachment. 28.66% were females and 71.33% were males. We find that there is a tendency to suffer from retinal detachment in males more than in females, with a ratio of about 3:1 in favor of males.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the cases were without a history of eye surgery (69.33%), the largest remaining percentage had a history of previous cataract surgery (21.33%), and the remaining percentage had a history of surgery as a result of eye trauma (9.33%). Diabetes was the most frequent cause of retinal detachment (33.12%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere myopia was the cause of retinal detachment in 8.12% of cases, while moderate myopia was the cause in 3.12%, and a lower percentage of mild myopia was 1.25%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetinal detachment is considered a vision-threatening condition. Our study showed that the disease in Syria has characteristics similar to the global characteristics, but is more severe. Several factors are useful in predicting the development of this disease, including the patient's age, which is the most important factor, in addition to diabetes, myopia, and penetrating trauma, which is also an important factor.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study of the causes of retinal detachment among patients attending Damascus Hospital","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-16 05:39:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4735905/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"01de3161-c0b4-48dd-af25-c81ffa72db47","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":34554169,"name":"Ophthalmology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-16T05:39:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-16 05:39:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4735905","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4735905","identity":"rs-4735905","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}