Self-cleansing of rigid pavements by using flyash and titanium dioxide.

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Miss Sofian Farooq, Miss Mehreena Manzoor, Mr. Tajamul Islam Zargar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876639/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study innovatively investigates the use of TiO 2 particles and flyash with cement to reduce pollution. The study was conducted by replacing OPC with photocatalytic concrete, prepared by partial replacement of cement with TiO 2 and flyash. As it is a chemically stable and versatile semiconductor, TiO 2 , when incorporated into concrete mixes as a photocatalyst, degrades organic pollutants like NOx, SOx etc. in the presence of UV light radiation. For the best efficiency of TiO 2 , flyash was added, which not only adds to the durability of concrete but also increases the porosity of concrete, and thus increases the number of active sites for the photocatalytic reactions to take place. The M30 concrete mix ratio was used for the casting of nominal and photocatalytic concrete. Cement was partially replaced by 10%, 15% and 20% flyash. TiO 2 was used as 1.6%, 2.2%, and 2.6% by the weight of M30-grade concrete. Concrete cubes were made based on combinations of varying percentages of flyash and TiO 2 for the slump cone test and compressive strength test. The early compressive strength, though decreased due to addition of flyash but attained the peak value of 42.65 N/mm 2 at 15% flyash which further increased to 52.60 N/mm 2 for the combination of 15% flyash and 2.6% TiO 2 . The photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 and degradation of pollutants was investigated by exposing the cubes sprayed with methylene blue dye as a model pollutant and structurally by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test, where the graphs obtained were compared with the reference graphs. Titania Photocatalysis Nanoparticles Methylene blue dye FTIR Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction In urban areas and metropolitan cities, one of the major issues- air pollution is caused by industries and transportations. Local traffic and industrial flue gases produce the vast majority of pollutants (Ms.C.Sakthipriya et al. 2020). From coal-fired thermal stations, thermal power electricity is produced. Coal based thermal power plants produce large amount of coal ash which causes major environmental issues as well as other connected difficulties. Flyash- a byproduct of coal combustion, made up of fine particles which are expelled from the boilers along with flue gases. Because flyash is difficult to decompose, it was formerly released into the atmosphere but the current air pollution control rules mandate that the flyash needs to be collected by installing pollution control devices (Rishabh Joshi 2017 ). In the near future, these air pollutants will continue to be the major problem despite stricter emission control regulations and more installations of emission reduction devices. Though several initiatives like redesigning automobiles, promoting carpooling and public transit etc. have been taken for reduction of emission, these emissions are still major cause of air pollution (Ms.C.Sakthipriya et al. 2020). Cement production contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (Prof. Rakesh Kumar et al 2023). Cement production accounts for about 5% of all carbon emissions released into the atmosphere. Roughly half of the CO 2 is released by the calcinations process to produces CaO out of CaCO 3 . The remaining carbon is a result of energy used during the production process (M. Ondova et al. 2012). According to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Greenhouse Gas R&D Program (D.N. Huntzinger 2009 ), cement production generates an average world carbon emission of 0.81 Kg CO 2 per Kg cement produced. This study aims to reduce emission by employing air cleaner sources like phoyocatalyst, which is a method of eliminating pollutants from atmosphere (Shen. et al. 2015) alongwith, the partial substitution of flyash into cement paste because it has pozzolanic activity, which helps the concrete to set and provides additional protection to concrete from moisture and chemicals (Rishabh Joshi 2017 ). CO 2 emissions associated with cement productions can be lowered by the addition of flyash as an additional cementitious ingredient to concrete to increase its sustainability (P. Nath et al 2011). Flyash is amorphous aluminosilicate material that, although not cementitious in its pure state, become cementitious compound when it react with water and calcium hydroxide, establishing them as a far more superior than traditional Portland cement concrete in terms of environmental friendliness, as it provide numerous benefits such as improved cold resistance, decreased heat of hydration (P. R. de Matos et al, 2019) and even energy reduction (S. Zhang et al, 2022), constraining CO 2 emission, utilizing fewer natural resources, and handling hazardous waste oversight (M. Czop et al 2022). Besides improving workability, pumpability, durability and flexural strength, flyash concrete also improves concrete finishing. Additionally, it lessens alkali silica corrosion (Ketan et al 2012). The last three decades have seen a steady influx of smart devices into the market, based on the discovery of photocatalytic capabilities of conductor materials (O. Carp et al 2004). Currently, the self cleaning surfaces that rely on photocatalytic reactions are used in a variety of settings including buildings, roads, side view mirrors, lamps and even textiles (K. Hashimoto 2005). Due to their effective ability to transform solar energy into chemical energy, heterogeneous photocatalyst have gained substantial attention, primarily in applications related to field of environmental cleanup. A number of studies produced good and promising outcomes in terms of deterioration of various pollutants released by fossil fuels used in vehicles. Because photocatalytic road pavements have large surface area, they are cited as potentially useful surfaces for reduction of SO 2 , NOx, Cox and VOCs that are found in atmosphere (Iran Rocha 2019). Photocatalytic materials have the ability to degrade organic pollutants like oils and greases,that have been adsorbed to the surface when exposed to light radiation. This property makes photocatalytic materials self- cleaning, which is crucial for road engineering applications as it can significantly reduce the number of car accidents (Iran Rocha 2019). TiO 2 harness the energy from light striking the concrete surface to breakdown the dirt into molecules like water and O 2 . Liquid and solid remain on the surface to be carried away by rain whereas gases drift away (Ms.C.Sakthipriya et al. 2020). TiO 2 has drawn greatest attention among oxide based semi conductors which include ZnO and WO 3 . In 1960s, Fujishima conducted research on photocatalysis of water using TiO 2 electrode. His studies revealed novel techniques for producing hydrogen using TiO 2 material in the wake of this major shift in photoelectrochemistry and in response to the oil crises of 1970s. However, because UV light radiation is necessary (merely making upto 3% of the solar spectrum) to initiate photocatalysis, the generation of H 2 by employing TiO 2 seemed unappealing. Afterwards, studies have indicated use of TiO 2 to the photo degradation of air and water pollutants (K. Hashimoto 2005). Photocatalytic concrete with TiO 2 additives was produced by Husken et al, (2009) and as a result of experiments, they reported that they separated NO and NO 2 compounds under UV light. Bertrand Rout et al (2009) studied the photocatalytic activity of cement paste and mortar through the addition of varying amounts of TiO 2 . In cement paste as compared to mortar, it was observed that TiO 2 concentrations of upto 5% and more than 1% have good photocatalytic qualities. Chen et al (2011) investigated the self cleaning performance. Rhodamine B was used as a model pollutant. Products containing TiO 2 showed the color shift. In non- TiO 2 products, no color shift was seen. Wang et al (2015) investigated the degradation of organic pollutants on TiO 2 – coated road surfaces. The studies reveal that TiO 2 is effective in degrading VOCs and nitrogen oxides under UV light radiations. The high photocatalytic activity is observed because of its large surface area, high crystallinity and generation of reactive oxygen species. Li et al (2019) conducted a study regarding the parameters influencing the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 and ZnO. Degradation efficiency was found to be highly dependent on a number of variables including catalyst loading, exposure duration, surface shape and radiation intensity. Liu et al (2020) studied the efficiency of TiO-ZnO composite coatings in self cleaning road applications. He prepared TiO-ZnO composites were created and applied to concrete road samples. When compared to pure TiO 2 or ZnO coatings, the composite coatings showed increased photocatalytic activity. It has been observed from literature review that various researchers investigated the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 on pavements and various factors that influence it. However, the present study deals with the combined effect of TiO 2 and flyash. TiO 2 was incorporated into concrete mix for its self cleaning ability. Flyash is also added to enhance the self cleaning ability as it increases the porosity of concrete and hence active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Materials and methodology Materials In the present study, cement of grade 43, having specific gravity 3.15 was used. Locally available sand (zone 3) passing through 4.75mm IS sieve size having specific gravity of 2.71 was used as fine aggregate. The coarse aggregate of nominal size 20mm was used. Titanium dioxide or titania was used as a phoyocatalytic material to degrade the organic pollutants in the presence of UV light radiations. C type flyash which is obtained from lignite or sub-bituminous coal was used. Cement was partially replaced with different percentages of flyash (10%, 15% and 20%). Sample preparation The M30 concrete cube specimens of 150mm x 150mm x 150 mm were casted as per IRC 44: 2017 and IS 10626:2009 (wherever necessary). 6 conventional cubes were casted and the rest by using the combination of varying percentages of flyash (10%, 15% and 20%) and TiO 2 (1.6%, 2.2% and 2.6%). Flow diagram 1 shows the combinations of varying percentages of flyash and TiO 2 . Methodology The Workability of fresh cement paste was determined by the slump cone test to study the effect of TiO 2 and flyash inclusion in cement. Compressive strength test was conducted on the prepared cube specimens. The 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths were recorded by means of a universal testing machine (UTM) with a loading rate of 30kN/min. The average of test results from the three specimens was taken as the compressive strength of a particular mix sample. The self-cleaning performance of TiO2-modified fly ash was examined by analyzing the photodecomposition of Methylene Blue Dye (MB Dye), acting as a model pollutant, on specimen surface under artificial UV exposure. MB [7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene] dimethylazanium chloride (C 16 H 18 ClN 3 S). Methylthioninium chloride- also called Swiss Blue is an organic dye of dark blue color. Photocatalytic decomposition of MB dye would be given by the fading of dark blue color. Methylene Blue solution was prepared by adding each 20mg and 30 mg of MB dye in 1lt of distilled water at room temperature. FTIR test of specimens was done to examine, chemically, the degradation of pollutants (MB dye). Samples for this test were prepared by taking the small pellets of cubes and removing coarse aggregates from them. These pellets were grinded into fine powder and sieved. Result and discussion Slump cone test results The slump value for the conventional concrete was found to be 100mm. The slump value was found to be decreased with the addition of flyash and TiO 2 . As the percentages of flyash and TiO 2 are increased, the slump value goes on decreasing and thus the workability increased due to the addition of flyash. Table 1 shows the decrease in slump value with the addition of flyash and TiO 2 . Table-1 Slump value due to addition of flyash and TiO 2 Flyash TiO 2 Slump value 10% 1.6 90 15% 2.2 85 20% 2.6 80 Compressive strength test To evaluate the impact of flyash replacement on concrete strength, a series of tests were conducted by using UTM. Concrete cubes, made with varying flyash replacement levels (0%, 10%, 15% and 20%), were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. The control group, consisting of regular concrete without flyash, exhibited standard compressive strengths of 21.41N/mm 2 and 32.11N/mm 2 after 7 and 28 days, respectively. The compressive strength of M30 grade of concrete for varying proportions of flyash after 7 and 28 days are listed in table 2 and 3. Table-2 Compressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash at the age of 7 days. 7 days compressive strength test Mix Load (KN) Compressive strength N/mm 2 Average Compressive strength N/mm 2 0% flyash 454.1 20.18 21.41N/mm 2 491.5 21.82 455.3 22.23 10% flyash 338.7 15.05 15.16N/mm 2 344.9 15.32 341.2 15.16 15% flyash 328.4 14.5 14.71N/mm 2 342.9 15.24 325.8 14.4 20% flyash 320.6 14.22 14.24N/mm 2 341.2 15.18 322.8 14.34 Table-3 Compressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash at the age of 28 days. 28 days compressive strength test Mix Load (KN) Compressive strength N/mm 2 Average compressive strength N/mm 2 0% flyash 697.05 30.98 32.11 N/mm 2 712.35 31.66 758.47 33.71 10% flyash 784.57 34.87 35.34 N/mm 2 792 35.20 808.87 35.95 15% flyash 965.25 42.9 42.65 N/mm 2 976.5 43.4 937.12 41.65 20% flyash 841.95 37.42 38.59 N/mm 2 893.47 39.71 869.40 38.64 The effect of fly ash and TiO 2 on compressive strength at the age of 7 and 28 days of age is shown in the table 3 and 4. Table-4 Compressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash and TiO 2 at the age of 7 days. 7 days compressive strength test Flyash (%) Titanium dioxide (%) Compressive strength (N/mm 2 ) 10 1.6 18.22 2.2 22.48 2.6 25.74 15 1.6 19.61 2.2 23.54 2.6 27.13 20 1.6 17.54 2.2 20.48 2.6 24.74 Table-5 Compressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash and TiO 2 at the age of 28 days. 28 days compressive strength test Flyash (%) Titanium dioxide (%) Compressive strength (N/mm 2 ) 10 1.6 38.60 2.2 41.40 2.6 43.96 15 1.6 46.45 2.2 49.34 2.6 52.60 20 1.6 36.43 2.2 38.01 2.6 41.78 Methylene blue dye test result Decolourization of methylene blue dye was observed when concrete cubes sprayed with 20mg/l and 30mg/l were exposed to light. Discoloration of MB dye on TiO 2 in cement involves not only a proper photocatalytic mechanism (TiO 2 sensitized photoreaction) but also a dye sensitised pathway. In the first mechanism, light activates TiO 2 through the promotion of electrons from the valence band to the conductance band. Adsorbed water and oxygen react with valence band positive holes (left after promotion) and conductance band electrons respectively to generate hydroxyl radicals, HO, which ultimately degrade the adsorbed dye. In the second mechanism, electrons in the HOMO level of the dye undergo transitions to the LUMO level and are subsequently injected into the conductance band of TiO 2 . These electrons are therefore used by oxygen to generate oxidative species which degrade the already partially reacted dye. FTIR test results The specimen’s FTIR (Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy) data displays distinctive peaks that match the functional groups found in the material utilized, including titanium dioxide, cement, flyash and dye molecules. Identification of titanium dioxide Because of it’s lattice vibrations, titanium dioxide displays an absorption bands in the 400–800 cm –1 range. The peaks in graph that correspond to hydroxyl groups, aliphatic compounds, and aromatic compounds are extremely recognizable and suggestive of certain chemical interactions. When concrete cubes, partially replaced with fly ash and titanium dioxide, are exposed to sunlight to degrade MB dye, the FTIR results reveal alterations in the spectra that reflect the breakdown products and potential structural alterations. The degradation of dye molecules is indicated by shifting or disappearing peaks and the creation of additional peaks represents the byproducts or intermediates of that degradation. Observations from absorption spectra Figure 6 shows the FTIR spectrum of the test sample. Following are the FTIR results concluded from the graph: Interactions of the Matrix:- Changes in the concrete matrix during degredation reveal interactions between the photocatalytic materials ( flyash and titanium dioxide). These interactions are evident in the changes observed in the infrared spectra of concrete. Existence of Fly Ash:- Presence of flyash was indicated by specific peaks including (Al-O-Si) stretching vibrations at (800-900 cm -1 ) and (Si-O-Si) stretching vibrations between 1000-1200 cm -1 . Titanium Dioxide Peaks:- Peaks observed in the region of 400-800cm -1 revealed the presence of titanium dioxide bonds. Dye Degradation:- The breakdown of dye molecules was evident by the disappearance of peaks associated with aromatic C-H stretching vibrations (around 2900-3100cm -1 ) and C=C stretching vibrations (approximately 1600-1700cm -1 ) suggested that the dye molecules are breaking down. Formation of Byproducts:- The emengence of new peaks in the spectrum indicated the formation of degradation intermediates or byproducts. These peaks line up with functional groups like carboxyl or hydroxyl groups, found in the breakdown products. Conclusions The study aims the self cleaning application of flyash and titanium dioxide as they provide an efficient strategy to obtain self cleansing effect of roads. The results of the experimental tests were leaded the following conclusions:- Comparing with the conventional concrete, workability of TiO 2 and fly ash concrete goes on increasing with increase in TiO 2 and fly ash percentages. It was observed that the compressive strength decreases with addition of fly ash. The compressive strength was found to be maximum in nominal concrete which started decreasing with increasing percentages of fly ash. For constant fly ash percentage, the compressive strength was found to be increased by the addition of varying percentages of titanium dioxide. For a constant titanium dioxide percentage, the compressive strength Increases for 10% and 15% fly ash and then decreases at 20% fly ash. The Si-O-Si vibrations around 1000–1200 cm -1 and Al-O-Si stretching vibrations around 800–900 cm -1 indicated the incorporation of fly ash into the concrete matrix. New peaks started forming in the spectra corresponding to the Intermediates formed during the photocatalytic process. These products corresponds to the functional group of degraded products. Appearing of small peaks corresponding to the C = C stretching vibrations Showed the degradation of dye. FTIR shows high impact on the fly ash and TiO 2 containing samples and little impact on the conventional concrete. Declarations Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution Study conception and design: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor, Author Mr. Tajamul Islam Zargar; Material collection: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor; Analysis and interpretation of result: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor, Author Mr. Tajamul Islam Zargar; Draft manuscript preparation: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. References Sakthipriya, M., & Manikandan, R. (2020). An experimental studyon TiO2 based self cleansing concrete by partial replacement of sand by waste glass. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering , 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE- V7I12P103 Joshi, R. (2017). Effect on compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with flyash. IRJET , 4 (2), 4. Sakthipriya, M., & Manikandan, R. (2020). 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Farooq","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgcHGBjkIOwPFf/ArAMP8GphNgBqMYbonnHmAJh1IIGAFgaYFmbelgOJDSAWPi3y7c2MB37uMJA3b28+eHNmw530+WGHHwJtsZPTbcCuxeDMYYaDvWcMDOecOZZs8XHHs9yNt9MMgFqSjc0O4NAikX/gAG/bH8YZEjlmkjPPMOdunJ0A0nIgcRsOLfIzkhkO/m0zsAdpkeZtY043nJ3+Aa8WhhvJDId52wwSoVoOJ8hL5+C3BeSXw7JtBskzeI4lW844k2a4QTqn4ECCAW6/AEOM+ePbNgPbGezNB298qLCRl5+dvvnDhwo7OVxaUIAE2F6wSgMilMO1yDcQqXoUjIJRMApGDAAAem5pzrD6nV0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"GCET: Government College Of Engineering And Technology, Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miss","middleName":"Sofian","lastName":"Farooq","suffix":""},{"id":341255584,"identity":"3e8ca3e8-7bd4-47a1-9f80-dbddd5197e03","order_by":1,"name":"Miss Mehreena Manzoor","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GCET: Government College Of Engineering And Technology, Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miss","middleName":"Mehreena","lastName":"Manzoor","suffix":""},{"id":341255585,"identity":"2b555936-cb1c-4292-9ad1-ec7b5ce27c69","order_by":2,"name":"Mr. Tajamul Islam Zargar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GCET: Government College Of Engineering And Technology, Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Mr.","firstName":"Tajamul","middleName":"Islam","lastName":"Zargar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-07 18:51:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876639/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876639/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63900934,"identity":"485f3e82-c92b-4e40-91c7-05af150a2b91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-03 14:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of slump value with addition of flyash\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876639/v1/3575ddf2dccedc46dd1740aa.png"},{"id":63900931,"identity":"91f40714-fa6c-4399-b9e1-60f62f52df11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-03 14:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of compressive strength with varying flyash % : (a) 7 days, (b) 28 days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876639/v1/570fa2538e47b480c4c627f2.png"},{"id":63900936,"identity":"e9e62418-513f-4bf2-a49b-980b8e9e6536","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-03 14:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28444,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of compressive strength with varying flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e % : (a) 7 days, (b) 28 days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876639/v1/3271bde65c38ccba3c449fe6.png"},{"id":63900932,"identity":"f1b79d10-7c29-4bcb-9dd7-05dedbfb1651","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-03 14:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":329790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDecolorization of methylene blue dye\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876639/v1/4437984a9e118b1c8231890f.png"},{"id":63900933,"identity":"3c1d98e3-fd75-4fcc-9f4a-e45158cf8b73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-03 14:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReference absorption spectra of (a) titanium dioxide and (b) MB Dye\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876639/v1/d599435ea6031854f0921c6d.png"},{"id":63900935,"identity":"c6c25fc0-98c8-4858-9494-ed756b4ff6ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-03 14:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of sample\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876639/v1/7e880137307b40003ae5f85a.png"},{"id":66673826,"identity":"ccb95349-6cba-458b-a1e2-80e2417bc06a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-15 10:54:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1094961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4876639/v1/022a1ab7-5bc7-4566-b9a3-a6ccae4a4e40.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Self-cleansing of rigid pavements by using flyash and titanium dioxide.","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn urban areas and metropolitan cities, one of the major issues- air pollution is caused by industries and transportations. Local traffic and industrial flue gases produce the vast majority of pollutants\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Ms.C.Sakthipriya et al. 2020). From coal-fired thermal stations, thermal power electricity is produced. Coal based thermal power plants produce large amount of coal ash which causes major environmental issues as well as other connected difficulties. Flyash- a byproduct of coal combustion, made up of fine particles which are expelled from the boilers along with flue gases. Because flyash is difficult to decompose, it was formerly released into the atmosphere but the current air pollution control rules mandate that the flyash needs to be collected by installing pollution control devices (Rishabh Joshi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In the near future, these air pollutants will continue to be the major problem despite stricter emission control regulations and more installations of emission reduction devices. Though several initiatives like redesigning automobiles, promoting carpooling and public transit etc. have been taken for reduction of emission, these emissions are still major cause of air pollution (Ms.C.Sakthipriya et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement production contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (Prof. Rakesh Kumar et al 2023). Cement production accounts for about 5% of all carbon emissions released into the atmosphere. Roughly half of the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is released by the calcinations process to produces CaO out of CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The remaining carbon is a result of energy used during the production process (M. Ondova et al. 2012). According to the International Energy Agency\u0026rsquo;s (IEA) Greenhouse Gas R\u0026amp;D Program (D.N. Huntzinger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), cement production generates an average world carbon emission of 0.81 Kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e per Kg cement produced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to reduce emission by employing air cleaner sources like phoyocatalyst, which is a method of eliminating pollutants from atmosphere (Shen. et al. 2015) alongwith, the partial substitution of flyash into cement paste because it has pozzolanic activity, which helps the concrete to set and provides additional protection to concrete from moisture and chemicals (Rishabh Joshi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions associated with cement productions can be lowered by the addition of flyash as an additional cementitious ingredient to concrete to increase its sustainability (P. Nath et al 2011). Flyash is amorphous aluminosilicate material that, although not cementitious in its pure state, become cementitious compound when it react with water and calcium hydroxide, establishing them as a far more superior than traditional Portland cement concrete in terms of environmental friendliness, as it provide numerous benefits such as improved cold resistance, decreased heat of hydration (P. R. de Matos et al, 2019) and even energy reduction (S. Zhang et al, 2022), constraining CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emission, utilizing fewer natural resources, and handling hazardous waste oversight (M. Czop et al 2022). Besides improving workability, pumpability, durability and flexural strength, flyash concrete also improves concrete finishing. Additionally, it lessens alkali silica corrosion (Ketan et al 2012).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe last three decades have seen a steady influx of smart devices into the market, based on the discovery of photocatalytic capabilities of conductor materials (O. Carp et al 2004). Currently, the self cleaning surfaces that rely on photocatalytic reactions are used in a variety of settings including buildings, roads, side view mirrors, lamps and even textiles (K. Hashimoto 2005). Due to their effective ability to transform solar energy into chemical energy, heterogeneous photocatalyst have gained substantial attention, primarily in applications related to field of environmental cleanup. A number of studies produced good and promising outcomes in terms of deterioration of various pollutants released by fossil fuels used in vehicles. Because photocatalytic road pavements have large surface area, they are cited as potentially useful surfaces for reduction of SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, NOx, Cox and VOCs that are found in atmosphere (Iran Rocha 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotocatalytic materials have the ability to degrade organic pollutants like oils and greases,that have been adsorbed to the surface when exposed to light radiation. This property makes photocatalytic materials self- cleaning, which is crucial for road engineering applications as it can significantly reduce the number of car accidents (Iran Rocha 2019). TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e harness the energy from light striking the concrete surface to breakdown the dirt into molecules like water and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Liquid and solid remain on the surface to be carried away by rain whereas gases drift away (Ms.C.Sakthipriya et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e has drawn greatest attention among oxide based semi conductors which include ZnO and WO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. In 1960s, Fujishima conducted research on photocatalysis of water using TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e electrode. His studies revealed novel techniques for producing hydrogen using TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e material in the wake of this major shift in photoelectrochemistry and in response to the oil crises of 1970s. However, because UV light radiation is necessary (merely making upto 3% of the solar spectrum) to initiate photocatalysis, the generation of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e by employing TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e seemed unappealing. Afterwards, studies have indicated use of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to the photo degradation of air and water pollutants (K. Hashimoto 2005). Photocatalytic concrete with TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e additives was produced by Husken et al, (2009) and as a result of experiments, they reported that they separated NO and NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e compounds under UV light. Bertrand Rout et al (2009) studied the photocatalytic activity of cement paste and mortar through the addition of varying amounts of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. In cement paste as compared to mortar, it was observed that TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations of upto 5% and more than 1% have good photocatalytic qualities. Chen et al (2011) investigated the self cleaning performance. Rhodamine B was used as a model pollutant. Products containing TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e showed the color shift. In non- TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e products, no color shift was seen. Wang et al (2015) investigated the degradation of organic pollutants on TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; coated road surfaces. The studies reveal that TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is effective in degrading VOCs and nitrogen oxides under UV light radiations. The high photocatalytic activity is observed because of its large surface area, high crystallinity and generation of reactive oxygen species. Li et al (2019) conducted a study regarding the parameters influencing the photocatalytic activity of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO. Degradation efficiency was found to be highly dependent on a number of variables including catalyst loading, exposure duration, surface shape and radiation intensity. Liu et al (2020) studied the efficiency of TiO-ZnO composite coatings in self cleaning road applications. He prepared TiO-ZnO composites were created and applied to concrete road samples. When compared to pure TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e or ZnO coatings, the composite coatings showed increased photocatalytic activity. It has been observed from literature review that various researchers investigated the photocatalytic activity of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e on pavements and various factors that influence it. However, the present study deals with the combined effect of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and flyash. TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was incorporated into concrete mix for its self cleaning ability. Flyash is also added to enhance the self cleaning ability as it increases the porosity of concrete and hence active sites for photocatalytic reactions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMaterials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, cement of grade 43, having specific gravity 3.15 was used. Locally available sand (zone 3) passing through 4.75mm IS sieve size having specific gravity of 2.71 was used as fine aggregate. The coarse aggregate of nominal size 20mm was used. Titanium dioxide or titania was used as a phoyocatalytic material to degrade the organic pollutants in the presence of UV light radiations. C type flyash which is obtained from lignite or sub-bituminous coal was used. Cement was partially replaced with different percentages of flyash (10%, 15% and 20%).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSample preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe M30 concrete cube specimens of 150mm x 150mm x 150 mm were casted as per IRC 44: 2017 and IS 10626:2009 (wherever necessary). 6 conventional cubes were casted and the rest by using the combination of varying percentages of flyash (10%, 15% and 20%) and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (1.6%, 2.2% and 2.6%). Flow diagram 1 shows the combinations of varying percentages of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMethodology\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Workability of fresh cement paste was determined by the slump cone test to study the effect of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and flyash inclusion in cement. Compressive strength test was conducted on the prepared cube specimens. The 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths were recorded by means of a universal testing machine (UTM) with a loading rate of 30kN/min. The average of test results from the three specimens was taken as the compressive strength of a particular mix sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe self-cleaning performance of TiO2-modified fly ash was examined by analyzing the photodecomposition of Methylene Blue Dye (MB Dye), acting as a model pollutant, on specimen surface under artificial UV exposure. MB [7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene] dimethylazanium chloride (C\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eClN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eS). Methylthioninium chloride- also called Swiss Blue is an organic dye of dark blue color. Photocatalytic decomposition of MB dye would be given by the fading of dark blue color. Methylene Blue solution was prepared by adding each 20mg and 30 mg of MB dye in 1lt of distilled water at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFTIR test of specimens was done to examine, chemically, the degradation of pollutants (MB dye). Samples for this test were prepared by taking the small pellets of cubes and removing coarse aggregates from them. These pellets were grinded into fine powder and sieved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSlump cone test results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe slump value for the conventional concrete was found to be 100mm. The slump value was found to be decreased with the addition of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. As the percentages of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are increased, the slump value goes on decreasing and thus the workability increased due to the addition of flyash. Table 1 shows the decrease in slump value with the addition of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-1\u003c/strong\u003e Slump value due to addition of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlump value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCompressive strength test\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the impact of flyash replacement on concrete strength, a series of tests were conducted by using UTM. Concrete cubes, made with varying flyash replacement levels (0%, 10%, 15% and 20%), were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. The control group, consisting of regular concrete without flyash, exhibited standard compressive strengths of 21.41N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and 32.11N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e after 7 and 28 days, respectively. The compressive strength of M30 grade of concrete for varying proportions of flyash after 7 and 28 days are listed in table 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCompressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash at the age of 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days compressive strength test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMix\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoad\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(KN)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrength\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN/mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrength\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN/mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.41N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e455.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.16N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.71N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.24N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCompressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash at the age of 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days compressive strength test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMix\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoad\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(KN)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrength\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN/mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecompressive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrength\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN/mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e697.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.11 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e712.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e758.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e784.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.34 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e808.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e965.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.65 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e976.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e937.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eflyash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e841.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.59 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e893.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e869.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effect of fly ash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e on compressive strength at the age of 7 and 28 days of age is shown in the table 3 and 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCompressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at the age of 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days compressive strength test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlyash\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTitanium dioxide\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive strength\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N/mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCompressive strength of M30 grade concrete for varying proportions of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at the age of 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days compressive strength test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlyash\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTitanium dioxide\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive strength\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N/mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMethylene blue dye test result\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecolourization of methylene blue dye was observed when concrete cubes sprayed with 20mg/l and 30mg/l were exposed to light.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscoloration of MB dye on TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in cement involves not only a proper photocatalytic mechanism (TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sensitized photoreaction) but also a dye sensitised pathway. In the first mechanism, light activates TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e through the promotion of electrons from the valence band to the conductance band. Adsorbed water and oxygen react with valence band positive holes (left after promotion) and conductance band electrons respectively to generate hydroxyl radicals, HO, which ultimately degrade the adsorbed dye. In the second mechanism, electrons in the HOMO level of the dye undergo transitions to the LUMO level and are subsequently injected into the conductance band of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. These electrons are therefore used by oxygen to generate oxidative species which degrade the already partially reacted dye.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eFTIR test results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe specimen\u0026rsquo;s FTIR (Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy) data displays distinctive peaks that match the functional groups found in the material utilized, including titanium dioxide, cement, flyash and dye molecules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eIdentification of titanium dioxide\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBecause of it\u0026rsquo;s lattice vibrations, titanium dioxide displays an absorption bands in the 400\u0026ndash;800 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e range. The peaks in graph that correspond to hydroxyl groups, aliphatic compounds, and aromatic compounds are extremely recognizable and suggestive of certain chemical interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen concrete cubes, partially replaced with fly ash and titanium dioxide, are exposed to sunlight to degrade MB dye, the FTIR results reveal alterations in the spectra that reflect the breakdown products and potential structural alterations. The degradation of dye molecules is indicated by shifting or disappearing peaks and the creation of additional peaks represents the byproducts or intermediates of that degradation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eObservations from absorption spectra\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the FTIR spectrum of the test sample. Following are the FTIR results concluded from the graph:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInteractions of the Matrix:- Changes in the concrete matrix during degredation reveal interactions between the photocatalytic materials ( flyash and titanium dioxide). These interactions are evident in the changes observed in the infrared spectra of concrete.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eExistence of Fly Ash:- \u0026nbsp;Presence of flyash was indicated by specific peaks including (Al-O-Si) \u0026nbsp;stretching vibrations at (800-900 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u0026nbsp; (Si-O-Si) stretching vibrations between 1000-1200 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTitanium Dioxide Peaks:- Peaks observed in the region of 400-800cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e revealed the presence of titanium dioxide bonds.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDye Degradation:- \u0026nbsp;The breakdown of dye molecules \u0026nbsp;was evident by the disappearance of peaks associated with aromatic C-H stretching vibrations (around 2900-3100cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and C=C stretching vibrations (approximately 1600-1700cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) suggested that the dye molecules are breaking down. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFormation of Byproducts:- \u0026nbsp;The emengence of new peaks in the spectrum indicated the formation of degradation intermediates or byproducts. These peaks line up with functional groups like carboxyl or hydroxyl groups, found in the breakdown products.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aims the self cleaning application of flyash and titanium dioxide as they provide an efficient strategy to obtain self cleansing effect of roads. The results of the experimental tests were leaded the following conclusions:-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing with the conventional concrete, workability of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and fly ash concrete goes on increasing with increase in TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and fly ash percentages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was observed that the compressive strength decreases with addition of fly ash. The compressive strength was found to be maximum in nominal concrete which started decreasing with increasing percentages of fly ash.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor constant fly ash percentage, the compressive strength was found to be increased by the addition of varying percentages of titanium dioxide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor a constant titanium dioxide percentage, the compressive strength Increases for 10% and 15% fly ash and then decreases at 20% fly ash.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Si-O-Si vibrations around 1000\u0026ndash;1200 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and Al-O-Si stretching vibrations around 800\u0026ndash;900 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e indicated the incorporation of fly ash into the concrete matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew peaks started forming in the spectra corresponding to the Intermediates formed during the photocatalytic process. These products corresponds to the functional group of degraded products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppearing of small peaks corresponding to the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching vibrations Showed the degradation of dye.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFTIR shows high impact on the fly ash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e containing samples and little impact on the conventional concrete.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy conception and design: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor, Author Mr. Tajamul Islam Zargar; Material collection: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor; Analysis and interpretation of result: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor, Author Mr. Tajamul Islam Zargar; Draft manuscript preparation: Author Miss Sofian Farooq, Author Miss Mehreena Manzoor. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSakthipriya, M., \u0026amp; Manikandan, R. (2020). An experimental studyon TiO2 based self cleansing concrete by partial replacement of sand by waste glass. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering , 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE- V7I12P103\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJoshi, R. (2017). Effect on compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with flyash. IRJET , 4 (2), 4.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSakthipriya, M., \u0026amp; Manikandan, R. (2020). An experimental studyon TiO2 based self cleansing concrete by partial replacement of sand by waste glass. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering , 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-\u0026amp;nbsp; V7I12P103\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar, P. R., Chandgude, M. G., Gond, M. P., Shete, M. A., \u0026amp; Jadhav, M. S. (2023). A review on titanium dioxide- A study of self- cleaning concrete. IJCRT , 11 (5 May 2023),4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOndova, M., \u0026amp; Stevulova, N. (2012). Benifits of flyash utilization in concrete road cover. 46,6 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579512060176\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuntzinger, D.N. and Eatmon, T.D. (2009) A Lifecycle assessment of portland cement manufacturing: comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies, J. Cleaner Prod., vol. 17, p. 668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.007\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShen, W., Zhang, C., Zhang, W., Cao, L., \u0026amp; Ye, J. (2015). Preparation of titanium dioxide nano particle modified photocatalytic self-cleaning concrete. Journal of cleaner production , 87,762-765. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.0 14\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNath, P., \u0026amp; Sarker, P. (2011). Effect of flyash on the durability properties of high strength concrete. Procedia engineering , 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.144\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP. R. de Matos, R. Junckes and L. R. Prud\u0026ecirc;ncio Jr, \u0026quot;Influ\u0026ecirc;ncia do uso de cinza volante na eleva\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o adiab\u0026aacute;tica de temperatura e resist\u0026ecirc;ncia \u0026agrave; compress\u0026atilde;o de concretos,\u0026quot; Mat\u0026eacute;ria, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1-16, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS. Zhang, B. B. Chen, b. tian, X. Lu and B. Xiong. \u0026quot;Effect of fly ash content on the microstructure and strength of concrete under freeze\u0026ndash;Thaw Condition,\u0026quot; Buildings, vol. 12, no. 12, p. 2113, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122113\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. Czop, B. Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk and M. Kajda-Szcześniak, \u0026quot;Evaluation of the immobilization of fly ash from the incineration of municipal waste in cement mortar incorporating nanomaterials\u0026mdash;A case study,\u0026quot; Energies, vol. 15, no. 23, p. 9050, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239050\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBajaj, K., \u0026amp; Shrivastava, Y. (2012). Performance of flyash and high volume flyash concrete in pavement design. IACSIT Coimbatore conferences. 28, p. 5. Singapore: IACSIT Press, Singapore.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarp, O.; Huisman, C.L.; Reller, A. Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide. Prog. Solid State Chem. 2004,32, 33\u0026ndash;177. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.200 4.08.001\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHashimoto, K.; Iire, H.; Fujishima, A. TiO2 photocatalysis: A historical overview and future prospects. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 2005, 44, 8269. [CrossRef]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSegundo, I. R., Freitas, E., Landi Jr., S., Costa, M. F., \u0026amp; O. Carneiro, J. (2019, October). Smart, photocatalytic and self cleaning asphalt mixtures: a literature review. MDPI , 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110696\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarneiro, J.O.O.; Azevedo, S.; Teixeira, V.; Fernandes, F.; Freitas, E.; Silva, H.; Oliveira, J. Development of photocatalytic asphalt mixtures by the deposition and volumetric incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles.Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 38, 594\u0026ndash;601. [CrossRef] https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.005\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRocha Segundo, I.; Ferreira, C.; Freitas, E.F.; Carneiro, J.O.; Fernandes, F.; Landi J\u0026uacute;nior, S.; Costa, M.F. Assessment of photocatalytic, superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties on hot mix asphalts coated with TiO2 and/or ZnO aqueous solutions. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 166, 36\u0026ndash;44. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110696\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRocha Segundo, I.G.; Landi, S., Jr.; Oliveira, S.M.B.; de Freitas, E.F.; Carneiro, J.A.O. Photocatalytic asphalt mixtures: Mechanical performance and impacts of traffic and weathering abrasion on photocatalytic efficiency. Catal. Today 2018, 326, 94\u0026ndash;100. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110696\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHassan, M.; Mohammad, L.N.; Asadi, S.; Dylla,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH.; Cooper, S. Sustainable photocatalytic asphalt pavements for mitigation of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide vehicle emissions. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2012, 25, 365 371.[CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943- 5533.000613\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFujishima, A.; Rao, T.N.; Tryk, D.A. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem.Rev. 2000, 1, 1\u0026ndash;21. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1016/S13895567(00)00002- 2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBogutyn, S.; Arboleda, C.; Bordelon, A.; Tikalsky, P. Rejuvenation techniques for mortar containing photocatalytic TiO2 material. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 96, 96\u0026ndash;101. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-5567(00)00002-2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSmits, M.; Tytgat, T.; Craeye, B.; Costarramone, N.; Lacombe, S.; Lenaerts, S. Photocatalytic degradation of soot deposition: Self-cleaning effect on titanium dioxide coated cementitious materials. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 222, 411\u0026ndash;418. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.089\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Hal, M.; Verbruggen, S.W.; Yang, X.Y.; Lenaerts, S.; Tytgat, T. Image analysis and in situ FTIR as complementary detection tools for photocatalytic soot oxidation. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 367, 269\u0026ndash;277. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.154\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSakthipriya, M., \u0026amp; Manikandan, R. (2020). An experimental studyon TiO2 based self cleansing concrete by partial replacement of sand by waste glass. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering , 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE- V7I12P103\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHashimoto, K.; Iire, H.; Fujishima, A. TiO2 photocatalysis: A historical overview and future prospects. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 2005, 44, 8269. [CrossRef]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHusken, G., \u0026amp; Brouwers, H. (2009). Air purification by cementitious materials: evaluation of air purifying properties. International cenference on construction and building technology, (p. 13).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Titania, Photocatalysis, Nanoparticles, Methylene blue dye, FTIR","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876639/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876639/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study innovatively investigates the use of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e particles and flyash with cement to reduce pollution. The study was conducted by replacing OPC with photocatalytic concrete, prepared by partial replacement of cement with TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and flyash. As it is a chemically stable and versatile semiconductor, TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, when incorporated into concrete mixes as a photocatalyst, degrades organic pollutants like NOx, SOx etc. in the presence of UV light radiation. For the best efficiency of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, flyash was added, which not only adds to the durability of concrete but also increases the porosity of concrete, and thus increases the number of active sites for the photocatalytic reactions to take place. The M30 concrete mix ratio was used for the casting of nominal and photocatalytic concrete. Cement was partially replaced by 10%, 15% and 20% flyash. TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was used as 1.6%, 2.2%, and 2.6% by the weight of M30-grade concrete. Concrete cubes were made based on combinations of varying percentages of flyash and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for the slump cone test and compressive strength test. The early compressive strength, though decreased due to addition of flyash but attained the peak value of 42.65 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 15% flyash which further increased to 52.60 N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for the combination of 15% flyash and 2.6% TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The photocatalytic activity of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and degradation of pollutants was investigated by exposing the cubes sprayed with methylene blue dye as a model pollutant and structurally by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test, where the graphs obtained were compared with the reference graphs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Self-cleansing of rigid pavements by using flyash and titanium dioxide.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-03 14:20:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4876639/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"49a04f4f-01cd-4fca-b259-173b2229586b","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-20T09:47:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-03 14:20:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4876639","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4876639","identity":"rs-4876639","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}