Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt

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Egypt ranks as one of the nations listed in the worldwide tiny house industry, with a notable increase in interest from 2022 to 2029. This can be developed using sustainable, energy-efficient materials that enhance insulation and thermal comfort, making them an affordable and environmentally friendly option. The study aims to demonstrate how applying insulation to walls and roofs can facilitate a transition from unsustainable lifestyles to more sustainable, economical living, ultimately benefiting both individuals and the environment. Methods This study focuses on the concept of tiny housing, environmental sustainability, and guidelines that are applicable during any step of the design procedure. Four thermal insulation materials will be assessed with a passive design approach on a 40 square metre tiny house, with the help of “Design Builder” software, applied to the walls and roof to discover which material possesses the greatest energy efficiency while lowering the energy consumptions. Results Results showed that the base case scenario achieved 30.96% of the total hours feeling discomfort, and after applying the four insulative materials on a 40 square meters tiny housing, the cellulose insulation has proved to be the most effective one among the others in Faiyum, Egypt, experiencing 24.49% of the total hours being discomfort, with 20.92% highest reduction. PPD% has been examined as well for all four scenarios, proving that the cellulose insulation with a 52.36 PPD% showed a 12.28 PPD% reduction. Conclusion Given Egypt’s financial challenges, architects must prioritize thermal considerations and insulative materials in construction. This study evaluates thermal performance between a no-insulation case and four scenarios using common insulative materials to enhance thermal comfort in Fayium housing, Egypt. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1", "name": "Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable..." } } ] } Home Browse Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Yasser A, Hany N and Mosaad G. Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161897.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Case Study Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] Ayah Yasser https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-0039 1 , Nermine Hany 1 , Gihan Mosaad 1 Ayah Yasser https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-0039 1 , Nermine Hany 1 , Gihan Mosaad 1 PUBLISHED 21 Feb 2025 Author details Author details 1 Department of Architecture and Engineering Environmental Design, Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport College of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria, Alexandria Governorate, 1029, Egypt Ayah Yasser Roles: Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Nermine Hany Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision Gihan Mosaad Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background According to “Data Bridge Market Research”, tiny houses are increasingly popular, encouraging people globally to downsize and minimize their ecological footprint. Egypt ranks as one of the nations listed in the worldwide tiny house industry, with a notable increase in interest from 2022 to 2029. This can be developed using sustainable, energy-efficient materials that enhance insulation and thermal comfort, making them an affordable and environmentally friendly option. The study aims to demonstrate how applying insulation to walls and roofs can facilitate a transition from unsustainable lifestyles to more sustainable, economical living, ultimately benefiting both individuals and the environment. Methods This study focuses on the concept of tiny housing, environmental sustainability, and guidelines that are applicable during any step of the design procedure. Four thermal insulation materials will be assessed with a passive design approach on a 40 square metre tiny house, with the help of “Design Builder” software, applied to the walls and roof to discover which material possesses the greatest energy efficiency while lowering the energy consumptions. Results Results showed that the base case scenario achieved 30.96% of the total hours feeling discomfort, and after applying the four insulative materials on a 40 square meters tiny housing, the cellulose insulation has proved to be the most effective one among the others in Faiyum, Egypt, experiencing 24.49% of the total hours being discomfort, with 20.92% highest reduction. PPD% has been examined as well for all four scenarios, proving that the cellulose insulation with a 52.36 PPD% showed a 12.28 PPD% reduction. Conclusion Given Egypt’s financial challenges, architects must prioritize thermal considerations and insulative materials in construction. This study evaluates thermal performance between a no-insulation case and four scenarios using common insulative materials to enhance thermal comfort in Fayium housing, Egypt. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Sustainable, Tiny houses, Thermal comfort, Insulative materials, Energy Efficiency Corresponding Author(s) Ayah Yasser ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Ayah Yasser Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Yasser A et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Yasser A, Hany N and Mosaad G. Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161897.1 ) First published: 21 Feb 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161897.1 ) Latest published: 21 Feb 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161897.1 ) Introduction The American “Tiny House Movement” was established to promote a simpler lifestyle in areas with limited space. The cost-of-living increases significantly when a residence is spacious, which leads to the idea of living in a tiny house. 1 Being one of the most important human necessities, housing is a critical issue that every individual involved must address carefully and effectively. Despite this, it appears that the communities are unable to come up with a long-term, sustainable solution. 2 A key principle of the tiny house movement is the belief that by minimizing one’s ecological footprint, residents can simultaneously decrease their impact on the environment and enhance affordability. 3 The most compact and most efficient solution to many new and ongoing issues, as well as an option for lowering waste production and living expenses, is perhaps to build tiny houses out of sustainable materials. As the term implies, sustainable materials are those that are both ecologically friendly and will last for a longer time. 1 The three pillars of sustainability are: economic growth, social growth, and environmental protection, which are being balanced while discussing the concept sustainability. 4 The rapid rise in housing size is linked to a variety of major consequences for the environment, such as a higher pollutant in the air and usage of energy. Knowing that housing size is one of the biggest determinants of a house’s energy usage, the present-day “go big” construction trend may have severe environmental consequences. Plenty of individuals have freely downgraded to tiny homes in order to reduce the environmental effects associated with traditional residences and live more sustainably. Users of tiny homes end up able to decrease the environmental impact of cooling and heating expenses while also buying fewer material possessions owing to their lower physical footprint. 5 The study encourages designers to use an advanced software to assess the energy efficiency of housing while they are still in the planning process, besides focusing on identifying the design guidelines applied and examining sustainable parameters in tiny housing sector. The study’s novelty is its comparative analysis of the influence of thermal energy-efficient insulative materials applied to the walls on the effectiveness of thermal comfort, with relation to the discomfort hours, in the Egyptian housing. The study consists of several sections. The first delivers the concept of tiny housing, guidelines, criteria, and specifications regarding to design and sustainability. The rest of this study is structured as follows. Examining most widely used thermal insulative materials in the Egyptian market, through reviewing various previous research papers. A case study will examine a proposed 40sqm tiny house located in Faiyum, Egypt, utilizing Design Builder software version 7.0.2.006 ( GetIntoPC.com ) along with the Energy Plus 9.4 plugin, following a passive design approach. Results and findings consist of an analysis comfort diagrams related to discomfort hours. Based on the statistics, the simulation findings are presented in detail in the Discussion. Research problem Egypt’s housing crisis is a complicated issue that has constantly been a concern for the nation. 6 Rapid rise in population, urbanisation, deficient infrastructure, and restricted availability of low-cost housing constitutes some of the primary causes of this challenge, which has increased the demand for the launch of tiny houses as an alternative sustainable economic solution. 7 Furthermore, the daily living and general well-being of Egypt’s citizens are significantly impacted by the lack of thermal comfort. Egypt features extreme temperatures, through which maintaining optimal adequate indoor environment proves challenging under these climatic conditions, especially in the residential housing sector. 8 , 9 Research aim With the aim to improve energy efficiency, minimise heat loss or gain, elevate comfort levels, decrease energy usage and expenses, and contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle, this study aims to provide guidance to Egyptian architects and design firms in order to cautiously select the proper materials to be used as insulation for housing. A thorough analysis of tiny housing design approaches and sustainability-related features were carried out in order to strengthen the connection and fill the gap in the requirements for design between architecture and thermal comfort in residential housing. In order to accomplish the aim of the study, a detailed simulation will be performed, evaluating four insulation materials in order to test their effect on indoor thermal comfort. Methods This study focuses around choosing the most appropriate insulating material through applying it on a 40 square metre tiny house with a straightforward passive architectural layout with the goal to achieve the optimal thermal efficiency in residential housing in Faiyum, Egypt. The research study is divided into two distinct sections: Literature Review and the application on a Case Study. Literature review A comprehensive literature analysis will explore the concept of tiny housing, outlining essential design principles and sustainable parameters for tiny house construction. It will examine energy-efficient insulating materials commonly used in Egypt by analyzing previous academic studies to enhance thermal comfort and well-being for residents. The study will specifically test these materials on a 40-square-meter tiny house in Faiyum, Egypt, focusing on the walls and roof, which are most affected by solar heat radiation. The goal is to minimize reliance on air conditioning and reduce overall energy consumption. Case study The second part of the study examines a case study involving a proposed 40-square-meter tiny house in Faiyum, Egypt. It simulates the effects of four energy-efficient insulating materials applied solely to the walls and roof. This simulation is conducted using Design Builder software version 7.0.2.006, along with the Energy Plus 9.4 plugin. The research evaluates both the base case and four scenarios utilizing a passive design approach, which includes: 1. Base Case: A standard wall and roof without insulation. 2. Scenario One: Applying Fibreglass Insulation – Thickness 300mm 3. Scenario Two: Applying Rockwool Insulation – Thickness 200mm 4. Scenario Three: Applying Cellulose Insulation – Thickness 250mm 5. Scenario Four: Applying EPS Expanded Polystyrene Insulation – Thickness 300mm Literature review Definition of a tiny house There is not one, universally recognized definition of a tiny house, however, in broad terms, a tiny house is referred to as a small, effective dwelling that is commonly within the range of 400 square feet, below or above accordingly, allowing its residents to live more sustainably, comfortably, and easily. 5 As housing, tiny houses are not standard and are difficult to categorize. Shearer and Burton classified them into categories based on four sociological variables (affordability, environmental sustainability, legality, and communal purpose) as well as three structural elements (mobility, size, and design). The term “tiny house” is used to refer to a variety of housing, including those that are fixed, or those who are partially movable (on a temporary foundation). 10 To allow people to maintain simpler lifestyles without as many financial responsibilities, Vail considers tiny houses as an aspect of a movement that seeks to reduce the space occupied. Within context of middle-class housing goals, tiny houses are additionally thought of and potentially presented as a more desirable alternative to conventional forms including caravan parks. 11 Small-scale, sustainable living, both are being utilized as an alternate to traditional housing in a growing movement named “tiny house living”. Tiny houses are smaller in size than the typical independent house but still maintain the exact same aesthetic and character as a standard standalone house. 12 Design principles and parameters while designing a tiny house The method of designing a tiny house can be challenging since each space must be used effectively. According to Susanka, it’s vital to pay attention to the minor details that can enhance its aesthetic appeal and resident satisfaction while creating a tiny house. Along developing a tiny house, a few principles tend to be kept in mind, including 13 : • Utilizing vertical space • Everything in a tiny house needs a particular storage spot for the occupant. Despite this fundamental principle, it is simple for the house to become overstuffed with belongings • Dual-purpose products • Both the usage of space and the utilization of a given item are optimized to serve many purposes • Most-used items should be accessible. • Elements are organized according to how frequently they undergo usage to make identifying particular items simpler • Built-ins with a purpose, are especially helpful in a tiny house due to their ability to conserve space yet maintaining essential amenities like tables, sofas, chairs, and beds • Less is more For an effective planning layout, additional aspects of tiny housing must be taken into perspective, including the housing area, materials for construction, stairs (assuming that a vertical space has been employed), space organization, smart furniture, colours and lightings, and privacy. 14 Since Arch Daily is the most widely used and reputable website dedicated to architecture, emerging architectural knowledge and inspiration globally, an article published by Yiling Shen entitled “6 Tips for Designing and Building a Tiny House” aims to address the importance to consider the following 15 : • Local laws and zoning regulations need to be checked before designing and planning • Good efficient planning • Multifunctionality and prevent shrinking everything • Considering the foundation and the roof of the tiny house • The use of lightweight materials to minimize the weight of the tiny house • Using Eco-friendly sustainable materials for environmental considerations, cost-effective solutions, and regulating energy consumption levels Most well-known energy efficient thermal insulation materials in egypt By limiting heat absorption or transmission through the building envelope, thermal insulation is a good strategy to lower down on the use of energy. Thermal insulation materials are usually applied to insulate the walls, roofing and flooring of a structure, which will improve thermal comfort while preserving the energy generated within. Since this research is to construct a sustainable, energy-efficient tiny housing design in Egypt, four thermal insulative materials has been selected mainly focusing on the most frequently employed materials in Egypt according to the Egyptian Building Code, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, and reviewing various academic research papers, leading to a conclusion to the choice of materials that has been summarized below in Table 1 including: 1. Fibreglass – It is one of the most commonly used insulation materials in Egypt. Fiberglass insulation is known for its excellent thermal performance, as it can effectively reduce heat transfer and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. It is also resistant to moisture, fire, and pests, making it a popular choice for both residential and commercial buildings in Egypt. 2. Rock Wool – It is a popular insulation material used in Egypt. Rockwool insulation offers excellent thermal and acoustic properties, making it suitable for both thermal and sound insulation applications. It is commonly used in walls, roofs, and ceilings to improve energy efficiency and reduce noise transmission. Rockwool insulation is also fire-resistant and can withstand high temperatures without releasing toxic gases. 3. Cellulose – One of the most common used materials in Egypt. Cellulose insulation is made from recycled paper products treated with fire retardants. It provides good thermal performance and is often used in attics and wall cavities 4. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) - Another widely used insulation material in Egypt. EPS is a lightweight and rigid foam board that is made from expanded polystyrene beads. It has excellent insulation properties and is commonly used in various applications, including walls, roofs, and floors. EPS insulation provides high thermal resistance, which helps to reduce energy consumption and maintain a comfortable indoor environment. Table 1. Thermal insulation materials properties to be used during the simulation in Design Builder [By the researchers]. Thermal insulation materials Thermal conductivity Density Fibreglass 0.034 W/m-K 12 Kg/M3-48 kg/m 3 Rockwool 0.047 W/m-K 25 to 200 kg/m 3 Cellulose 0.040 W/m-K 50 and 80 kg/m 3 Expanded Polystrene (EPS) 0.035 – 0.037 W/m-K 11 to 32 kg/m 3 These materials could be listed all together and summed up as outlined in Table 1 , respectively with their thermal properties to be used further during the simulation process, identifying which one is mostly capable of providing an optimum thermal comfort. Case study Housing in Egypt lately requires too many cooling units throughout the summer to preserve optimum levels of thermal comfort. As a result, Egyptian residents are paying high energy bills, a situation that is certainly not economically beneficial. In order to increase a housing’s thermal effectiveness and energy consumption, solutions are necessary. This demonstrates the value and importance of the research topic to lower energy use as much as possible while ensuring the best possible thermal comfort in both the summer and the winter. Thus, by applying four thermal insulative materials as shown in Table 1 to the walls and roof of a 40 square meters tiny housing, this simulation will be examining the discomfort hours and the Fanger PPD% comparing between the base case and the other four scenarios, hence, looking at the most effective energy efficient material to be utilised and recommended to be implemented for further tiny housing projects aiming for a more sustainable environment. Bioclimatic chart analysis and thermal comfort The psychrometric chart provides details about the properties of humidity in the air at a particular level of pressure and temperature. A comfort zone is defined in the diagram itself as the characteristics of the air that the majority of people clothed in a certain manner and performing moderate job duties would consider to be comfortable. In the field of architecture, people are starting to forget the value the psychrometric chart, hence it is essential that architecture students and designers understand how useful to understand the environmental conditioning of structures and how significant the chart is in assisting them in discovering the possibility for regulating their facilities. 16 The technique used in Figure 1 involves first analysing the psychrometric chart in order to determine the ideal design approach that’s best for Faiyum’s environment in Egypt. Climate Consultant is a software that has been used for such purpose, including passive design methods and proportions, which provide readers a sense of whether a structure is within the comfort level or not to inhabit depending on its geographical location. Figure 1 shows 16 strategies, if applied to any building design in Faiyum, Egypt, it would reach to a 100% comfort level. Figure 1. Bioclimatic chart for Faiyum, Egypt, Generated by Climate Consultant Software [By the researchers]. In order to apply only the necessary passive design strategies, Figure 2 below shows the necessary strategies that are highlighted in yellow to achieve optimum passive design. It’s quite notable that the percentage of the year spent in the comfort range failed to exceed 21.6%. The overall number of thermal hours must be raised by roughly 27.8% through maximising the benefits of internal heat gains, mainly during wintertime. More specifically during the summertime, shade from windows might offer an improvement of roughly 21%. Natural ventilation generated 6.1% of the cooling process, and high thermal mass night flushing produced 11.8%. Figure 2. Bioclimatic chart for Faiyum generated using the Climate Consultant tool using recommended passive design strategies. Green represents ‘comfortable’ hours by 70%. Red represents ‘not comfortable’ hours by 30% [By the researchers]. Since this study aims to only test the effect of thermal insulation materials in walls in addition to a natural passive design strategy, the Natural Ventilation Cooling percentage 6.1% and the Internal Heat Gain 27.8% will increase the comfort level by approximate a total of 34%, which gives the designer an initial thought about how effective each strategy can affect the comfort level. However, the previous findings only offered general recommendations for design improvement, given that it was based only on the analysis of the climatic data and did not take into consideration the specificities of any design case. As a consequence, the analysis to come will additionally specify the design variables for the example given. Design Builder v.6.1.0.006 had been the software programme employed as demonstrated in Figure 3 , which is a widely used programme for assessing human thermal well-being and energy consumption in buildings. Energy Plus, a whole-building simulation engine created by the US Department of Energy, is used by it for building energy calculations. 17 Figure 3. Three-dimensional model of a tiny house in Fayium, Egypt, constructed with Design Builder v.6.1.0.006 [By the researchers]. Description of the tiny house model The residential tiny house model designed for this study is a 40 square meters single-storey house (4mx10m), located in Faiyum, Egypt, due to its traditional houses, peaceful, natural surroundings, clean air, and serene envision of the blue lake facing the huge mountains on the other side, through which this location was magnificently chosen. The decision to build a tiny house often stems from personal experiences and a desire for a simpler lifestyle. For many, including those returning from abroad, such as individuals who have lived in crowded cities, a tiny house represents an opportunity to embrace tranquillity and simplicity. The emotional benefits of living in a peaceful environment can significantly enhance overall well-being. Designing a tiny house in Faiyum, Egypt, can be justified by several economic and financial factors that align with the current housing market trends and the specific context of the region as seen in Table 2 below: Table 2. Economic and Financial Justification Factors in Choosing Faiyum as a Proposed Location [By the researchers]. Cost-effectiveness Economic sustainability Energy efficiency Faiyum offers lower land and material costs compared to urban areas, making it more affordable to build a tiny house Building in Faiyum supports local craftsmen and laborers, stimulating the economy while avoiding the high competition for labor found in larger cities The smaller size of tiny homes leads to reduced energy consumption, which is especially beneficial in Faiyum, where utility costs can be substantial in urban areas Tiny homes may experience lower property taxes in Faiyum, providing financial relief compared to urban centres where property taxes can be high Faiyum’s lower cost of living allows for financial freedom, contrasting with the high expenses associated with urban life Opportunities for solar energy investment are more feasible in rural settings like Faiyum, where land is available and less expensive than in crowded cities It is of a simple proposed primitive design, with one window placed each on the longest two facades to allow for cross ventilation and increase the natural light into the space. The setup was entirely designed to allow for natural ventilation considering the research focused on passive design approaches; neither active heating, cooling, mechanical cooling, or ventilation control were allowed to operate considering not everyone with a tiny house can afford purchasing air conditioning. By using the climatic data together with the latitude and longitude data of the city of Faiyum, and by further examining the variations in indoor temperature values of the tiny house in the Design Builder program, issues such as: the best orientation (presented in Figure 4 ), building materials (displayed in Table 4 ) and comfort data simulations, were analysed to help testing the indoor thermal comfort. Table 3 below displays a summary of the project file settings that were loaded into the software including heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), environment, and activity settings. Figure 4. Best Orientation through the Weather Data Software [By the researchers]. Table 3. Specifications for the Tiny Housing Project File Settings in Design Builder [By the researchers]. Project File Settings in Design Builder HVAC Template Natural ventilation –No heating/cooling Mechanical Ventilation Checked off Humidity Control Checked off Natural ventilation operation schedule Dwell_DomCommonAreas_Occ Indoor ventilation setpoint temperature 20 degree celsius Activity template Residential spaces Occupancy density 0.19 people/m 2 According to Givoni (1991), variations in the inside temperature related to orientation can be considered minimal if walls and the building envelope are appropriately insulated at the exterior and windows are properly screened. The outcomes of this investigation, however, showed that there is an immediate and significant connection between the building’s orientation and the amount of energy consumed to maintain a pleasant internal temperature. Therefore, the ideal orientation for this tiny housing model to be constructed in Faiyum, Egypt, was determined before further analysis on thermal comfort data. The optimum orientation for the tiny housing model located in Faiyum, Egypt, is 172.5° North and 7.5° South, according to the calculations based on the longitude and latitude coordinates of Faiyum region. The ideal orientation for the model is shown in Figure 4 . Based on this finding, this approach seeks to maximise the opportunity for solar absorption by orienting the building’s longest side towards the sun. By building the section of the envelope constructed with traditional materials without initially including insulation, the thermal model in the research study was assumed. Following that, the walls and roof are going to have the insulation materials from Table 1 gradually added one at a time to compare the values of discomfort hours, PPD%, assessing the impact of these materials on lowering energy consumption, thereby lowering energy bills and saving money, by narrowing down to the material that has been noticed offering the most notable thermal comfort. Without the addition of any insulation, the following project construction materials assigned in Design Builder as a base case model is represented below as shown in Table 4 , as well as the base case Discomfort Hours chart displayed in Figure 8 . Table 4. Project Base Construction Materials Assigned in Design Builder [By the researchers]. Project construction materials Template Project Construction Template External Walls Uninsulated brick wall 200 mm Ground Floor Combined ground floor - Uninsulated - Lightweight Flat roofs Combined flat roof - Uninsulated - Lightweight External Door Plywood Lightweight Door 40 mm thickness Openings Single glazing 6 mm clear glass Figure 5. Wall Section – Base Case [By the researchers]. Figure 6. Wall Section – Scenario 1 on the left, Scenario 2 on the right [By the researchers]. Figure 7. Wall Section – Scenario 3 on the left, Scenario 4 on the right [By the researchers]. Figure 8. Comfort Graph Extracted from Design Builder Simulation showing 2715 discomfort hours – Base Case Scenario [By the researchers]. The chart of discomfort hours corresponding to the four scenarios in Table 5 applied to the base case can be seen in Figures 9 , 10 , 11 , and 12 . Figure 9. Comfort Graph Extracted from Design Builder Simulation showing 2205 discomfort hours – Scenario 1 applying Fibreglass Insulation – Thickness 300 mm [By the researchers]. Figure 10. Comfort Graph Extracted from Design Builder Simulation showing 2273 discomfort hours – Scenario 2 applying Rockwool Insulation – Thickness 200 mm [By the researchers]. Figure 11. Comfort Graph Extracted from Design Builder Simulation showing 2146.5 discomfort hours – Scenario 3 applying Cellulose Insulation – Thickness 250 mm [By the researchers]. Figure 12. Comfort Graph Extracted from Design Builder Simulation showing 2269.5 discomfort hours – Scenario 4 applying EPS Expanded Polystyrene Insulation – Thickness 300 mm [By the researchers]. Case study simulation results The simulation period was assigned for the overall year from 1 January to 31 December, within hourly output intervals. Four simulations were conducted, all of which modified scenarios for the same housing aimed at testing the four different insulation materials effect to the walls and roof. Table 5 summarizes the simulation scenarios, with Figures 5 , 6 , and 7 showing the wall construction cross section. Table 5. Four Simulation Scenarios Using Four Different Insulation Materials Added to the Walls of the Base Case Scenario [By the researchers]. Scenario Description Base Case No Insulation S1 Fibreglass Insulation – Thickness 300 mm S2 Rockwool Insulation – Thickness 200 mm S3 Cellulose Insulation – Thickness 250 mm S4 EPS Expanded Polystrene Insulation – Thickness 300 mm Discomfort hours refer to the total number of hours in which an individual experiences discomfort, this could be converted into percentage annually, to calculate how much percentage during the year individuals experience discomfort. There are 24 hours in a day and 365 days in a non-leap year. Therefore, the total number of hours in a year is calculated as: 24 hours / day ∗ 365 days / year = 8760 hours / year . Hence, calculating the percentage of discomfort hours in a year: ( Number of discomfort hours obtained from Design Builder / 8760 total hours ) ∗ 100 According to the discomfort hours method, the base case scenario has showed 27.15 discomfort hours, which represents approximately 30.96% of the total hours in a year feeling dissatisfied. Scenario 1 using Fibre Glass insulation has shown 2205 discomfort hours, which means that 25.13% of the total hours feeling discomfort. Scenario 2 using Rock Wool insulation displayed 2273 discomfort hours, which clarifies that 25.91% of the total hours’ individuals don’t feel comfort. Scenario 3 using Cellulose insulation has shown 2146 discomfort hours, meaning 24.49% of the total hours feeling discomfort. Lastly, Scenario 4 using EPS Expanded Polystyrene insulation showed 2269.5 discomfort hours, which means 25.88% of the total hours feeling discomfort. These calculations show the percentage of discomfort for each insulation scenario based on the discomfort hours provided, highlighting that cellulose insulation has the lowest percentage of discomfort among the scenarios tested. Discomfort hours is considered a good method for evaluating thermal comfort in indoor environments. The discomfort hours method takes into account the duration of time that occupants experience discomfort, and is based on the concept that thermal comfort is not solely determined by instantaneous conditions but also by the cumulative effect of prolonged exposure to uncomfortable conditions. It considers both the magnitude and duration of discomfort, providing a more comprehensive assessment of thermal comfort. By considering the duration and intensity of discomfort, it provides a more accurate representation of occupants’ experiences over time. Figure 13 below presents a comparison chart illustrating the discomfort percentages across four scenarios in relation to the base case, demonstrating that cellulose is the most effective insulating material. Figure 13. Comparison Chart of Discomfort Percentages Across Four Scenarios Compared to the Base Case [By the researchers]. The percentage of reduction in discomfort hours for each insulation scenario compared to the base case can be calculated using the following formula: Percentage Reduction = ( Base Case Discomfort Hours − Scenario Discomfort Hours / Base Case Discomfort Hours ) Hence, Table 6 and Figure 14 below demonstrates the percentage reduction in discomfort hours for each insulation scenario compared to the base case, highlighting that cellulose insulation offers the highest reduction in discomfort among the options tested. Table 6. Percentage Reduction in Discomfort Hours for Four Insulation Scenarios Compared to the Base Case [By the researchers]. Scenario Discomfort hours Percentage reduction Base Case 2715 - S1 (Fiberglass) 2205 18.76% S2 (Rock Wool) 2273 16.28% S3 (Cellulose) 2146.5 20.92% S4 (EPS Expanded Polystyrene) 2269.5 16.43% Figure 14. Percentage Reduction in Discomfort Hours for Four Insulation Scenarios [By the researchers]. The Fanger PPD% has also been analysed for all four scenarios, demonstrating that cellulose insulation exhibits significant improvement, as shown in Table 7 below. The percentage of reduction related to the PPD% compared to the base case scenario has been calculated using the formula below: Percentage Reduction = ( Base Case PPD − Scenario PPD / Base Case PPD ) Table 7. Fanger PPD% for Four Insulation Scenarios Compared to the Base Case [By the researchers]. Scenario PPD% Percentage Reduction Base Case 59.69 - S1 (Fiberglass) 53.45 10.38% S2 (Rock Wool) 52.44 12.08% S3 (Cellulose) 52.36 12.28% S4 (EPS Expanded Polystyrene) 53.50 10.33% Conclusion and recommendations Insulation materials play a crucial role in improving thermal comfort in tiny houses. These small living spaces often face challenges in maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature due to their limited size and potential for heat loss or gain. By effectively insulating the walls of a tiny house, the thermal performance can be significantly enhanced, resulting in improved comfort for the occupants. To assess the thermal comfort indoors, the concept of discomfort hours has been utilized. Discomfort hours refer to the duration of time during which the indoor temperature falls outside the acceptable comfort range. By monitoring and analysing discomfort hours, it becomes possible to evaluate the effectiveness of insulation materials in maintaining a comfortable indoor environment. The analytical section included the literature review to know precisely more about tiny housing, design principles and sustainability parameters, as well as searching the most well-known used insulation materials in Egypt according to the Egyptian Building Code, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, and reviewing various academic research papers. The base case scenario in the Discomfort Hours method without the use of any insulation material has proved 30.96% of the total hours feeling discomfort. After examining the four most widely used insulation materials on walls and roof being the two most impacted elements and exposed to the sun heat in Faiyum, Egypt, on a 40 square meters tiny housing, the most effective insulation material that has been applied is the Cellulose insulation material with 20.92% discomfort hours. Cellulose insulation with a 52.36 PPD% has shown a 12.28% PPD% reduction from the base case, which means that it does not only provides effective thermal performance but also contributes to a more comfortable indoor environment by significantly lowering the percentage of dissatisfied occupants compared to the baseline scenario. This indicates that switching to cellulose insulation can enhance the overall comfort level within a space, making it more conducive for occupants by reducing dissatisfaction. This suggests that the insulation has effectively reduced temperature fluctuations and created a more stable and comfortable indoor environment for occupants. There are few recommendations that aim to enhance the energy efficiency of tiny houses in Faiyum: 1. Prioritize Sustainable Materials: Choose eco-friendly thermal insulation materials such as cellulose, which have demonstrated significant reductions in discomfort hours and improved indoor comfort. 2. Optimize Wall and Roof Insulation: Focus on enhancing insulation in walls and roofs, as these elements are most exposed to solar heat, to maximize energy efficiency in tiny houses. 3. Conduct Thermal Performance Simulations: Use simulation tools to analyze the thermal performance of different insulation materials before construction to identify the most effective options for specific climates. 4. Educate Occupants on Energy Efficiency: Provide guidelines and resources for occupants on how to maintain energy efficiency, such as proper ventilation techniques and the use of thermal mass. 5. Engage in Continuous Research: Stay updated with ongoing research and advancements in sustainable building materials to continually improve design practices and material choices. Ethics consent No human participation was involved in this study. Data availability Underlying data Zenodo: Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Tiny Houses: The Role of Sustainable Thermal Insulation Materials in Faiyum, Egypt https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14511096 18 This project contains the following underlying data: - Base Case Simulation.jpg (No insulation at all) - S1.jpg (Applying Fibreglass Insulation – Scenario 1) - S2.jpg (Applying Rockwool Insulation– Scenario 2 ) - S3.jpg (Applying Cellulose Insulation– Scenario 3 ) - S4.jpg (Applying Expanded Polystyrene Insulation– Scenario 4 ) - Bioclimatic chart for Faiyum using Climate Consultant tool.jpg - Comparison Chart of Discomfort Percentages Across Four Scenarios Compared to the Base Case.jpg - Optimum orientation through weather data software.jpg - Percentage Reduction in Discomfort Hours for Four Insulation Scenarios.jpg - Tiny House.dsb (Design Builder file including the 3d model and simulation data parameters Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Acknowledgements Without the outstanding assistance from my supervisors, Gihan Mosaad and Nermine Hany, this study and the research accompanying it would not have been achievable. From the first to the final revision of this study, their passion, professionalism, and careful attention to details have inspired me and encouraged me stay focused. It brings me great pleasure to acknowledge their effort. The members in my family have been more valuable to me during the development of this work compared to anyone else. I would like to thank my parents and husband for their support and affection in whatever I do. They are indeed the ultimate precedents to follow. References 1. Kaur H: JETIRDZ06064. J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res. 2018; 5 (12). 2349-5162. Reference Source Reference Source 2. Lojanica V, Colic-Damjanovic V-M, Jankovic N: Housing of the Future: Housing Design of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. IEEE Xplore. 2018, September 1. Publisher Full Text 3. 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Tiny Homes Market – Global Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028|Data Bridge Market Research.n.d. Reference Source Reference Source 16. Horan P, Luther M: 44 the Annual Conference of the Architectural Science Association.2010. Reference Source 17. EnergyPlusTM Version 22.1.0 Documentation Engineering Reference.2022. Reference Source 18. Tharwat A, Hany N, Mosaad G: Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Tiny Houses: The Role of Sustainable Thermal Insulation Materials in Faiyum, Egypt.2023. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 21 Feb 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Architecture and Engineering Environmental Design, Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport College of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria, Alexandria Governorate, 1029, Egypt Ayah Yasser Roles: Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Nermine Hany Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision Gihan Mosaad Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 21 Feb 2025, 14:226 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161897.1 Copyright © 2025 Yasser A et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Yasser A, Hany N and Mosaad G. Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.161897.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 21 Feb 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Zhai C. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396665 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-396665 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 Aug 2025 Chong Zhai , Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396665 This study addresses a timely topic by investigating sustainable insulation materials for energy-efficient tiny houses in Egypt—a region facing housing affordability and thermal comfort challenges. The methodology combines simulation tools (Design Builder/EnergyPlus) with bioclimatic analysis, and results suggest cellulose insulation ... Continue reading READ ALL This study addresses a timely topic by investigating sustainable insulation materials for energy-efficient tiny houses in Egypt—a region facing housing affordability and thermal comfort challenges. The methodology combines simulation tools (Design Builder/EnergyPlus) with bioclimatic analysis, and results suggest cellulose insulation as the optimal solution. While the research framework is relevant, significant methodological and presentation issues require resolution before indexing. 1. Unrealistic Insulation Thicknesses: The proposed insulation thicknesses (e.g., 300 mm for fiberglass/EPS) are impractical for tiny houses (40 m²), where space optimization is critical. Such thicknesses would drastically reduce interior space and contradict the movement’s emphasis on efficiency. Justification for these dimensions—citing Egyptian building standards or empirical precedents—is absent. 2. Software Legitimacy: Using Design Builder v7.0.2.006 from "GetIntoPC.com" (a platform distributing cracked software) raises ethical and credibility concerns. Peer-reviewed studies must employ licensed or open-source tools (e.g., EnergyPlus standalone). 3. Thermal Conductivity Data Gaps: Table 1 lists thermal conductivity values without referencing sources (e.g., ISO standards, manufacturer datasheets). This omission undermines reproducibility. 4. Passive Design Contradiction: The bioclimatic chart (Figure 1) recommends multiple passive strategies (e.g., shading, night flushing), yet only insulation is tested. The rationale for excluding other strategies is unexplained. 5. Superficial Results Discussion: Figures 8–12 display discomfort hours but lack interpretation. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Net zero Buildings I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Zhai C. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396665 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-396665 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Singhal M. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396669 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-396669 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 20 Aug 2025 Meenakshi Singhal , Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396669 Strengths Timely and Relevant Topic - The focus on tiny houses, energy efficiency, and sustainable insulation materials is highly relevant given the global push toward reducing carbon footprints and promoting affordable, sustainable housing especially in developing ... Continue reading READ ALL Strengths Timely and Relevant Topic - The focus on tiny houses, energy efficiency, and sustainable insulation materials is highly relevant given the global push toward reducing carbon footprints and promoting affordable, sustainable housing especially in developing countries like Egypt. Use of Simulation Tools - The paper utilizes DesignBuilder with EnergyPlus, providing a data-driven simulation framework for evaluating thermal performance. This approach is appropriate and technically sound. Focus on Egyptian Context - The localization of the study to Faiyum, Egypt, makes it valuable for policy and design adaptation in arid and semi-arid climates. Comparative Evaluation - By comparing four insulation materials, the paper helps identify the most efficient thermal insulation, with clear metrics like discomfort hours and PPD%. Major Weaknesses Lack of Clear Research Gap and Theoretical Framework The study does not adequately review or synthesize existing literature to position the research within the broader scholarly discourse. No explicit research gap is identified. The “novelty” claim remains weak without benchmarking against prior case studies or methods. Superficial Methodology While simulation is used, no deeper methodological rigor is shown (e.g., validation of results, sensitivity analysis, etc). The methodology section is vague, lacking details on material selection criteria beyond local availability. Feasibility Concerns Ignored The entire wall assembly - 200 thick brick wall, 200-300 mm thick thermal insulation, air gap and 100 m concrete block for a mere 40 m² home raises questions of spatial efficiency and practicality. No cost-benefit analysis is provided. Thermal performance alone is insufficient without evaluating economic viability, especially in low-income housing contexts. Language and Formatting Issues The manuscript contains several grammatical, typographical, and structural inconsistencies. Overuse of bullet points and informal formatting (not suitable for scientific publication). Paragraphs are often redundant or unfocused, requiring major editing for clarity and academic tone. Minor Issues Climatic data interpretation is overly simplistic. More robust analysis could be done using thermal zoning or energy balance approaches. Psychrometric and bioclimatic analysis, while mentioned, lacks integration into design decision-making beyond general observations. Recommendations for Improvement Reframe the Introduction to clearly state the knowledge gap, objectives, and research contribution. Expand Literature Review to include international precedents on insulation in small dwellings and energy-efficient design in arid regions. Refine Methodology with clear variable definitions, justification of wall thicknesses, validation techniques, and inclusion of cost-efficiency metrics. Improve Structure and English Writing to ensure scientific clarity and professionalism. Consider Stakeholder Relevance - link findings to policy implications or user affordability metrics in Egypt’s socio-economic context. Conclusion While the idea is promising and contextually important, the paper in its current form lacks the academic rigor and depth needed for peer-reviewed publication. With substantial revisions, especially to methodology, literature context, feasibility, and presentation, it could become a valuable contribution to the field of sustainable housing in warm climates. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: 1. Urban Walkability and Pedestrian Infrastructure; Neighborhood Design and Evaluation; Pedestrian Behavior in Indian Urban Contexts2. Building Energy Efficiency; Energy Simulation and Performance Modelling; ECBC Compliance and Building Envelope Optimization I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Singhal M. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396669 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-396669 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Elbeltagi E. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r368503 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-368503 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 19 Mar 2025 Emad Elbeltagi , Department of Civil Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r368503 The study aims to demonstrate how applying insulation to walls and roofs on tiny houses can promote sustainability and economical living. The following are some concerns about the presented work: In general, the paper is poorly ... Continue reading READ ALL The study aims to demonstrate how applying insulation to walls and roofs on tiny houses can promote sustainability and economical living. The following are some concerns about the presented work: In general, the paper is poorly presented and organized. Please refrain from using bullet format and use running text format. The paper lacks reviewing the literature of similar previous efforts and identifying the research gap. The paper lacks presenting a rigorous research methodology, it is merely applying software and monitoring the results While talking about tiny houses with total area around 40-meter square, walls thickness is more than 60 cm. How feasible using these very thick walls in such a tiny house. The research methodology is not clearly presented, clearer presentations are needed. What is optimized in this study? What about the cost of the used material, a cost benefit analysis should be performed. The paper in its current format does not add to the body of knowledge, with no clear research gap or research methodology. Generally, the whole paper needs proper structure and review for the English language. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Construction Management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Elbeltagi E. Reviewer Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r368503 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-368503 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 21 Feb 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 21 Feb 25 read read read Emad Elbeltagi , Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia Meenakshi Singhal , Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India Chong Zhai , Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Zhai C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Aug 2025 | for Version 1 Chong Zhai , Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 0 Views copyright © 2025 Zhai C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This study addresses a timely topic by investigating sustainable insulation materials for energy-efficient tiny houses in Egypt—a region facing housing affordability and thermal comfort challenges. The methodology combines simulation tools (Design Builder/EnergyPlus) with bioclimatic analysis, and results suggest cellulose insulation as the optimal solution. While the research framework is relevant, significant methodological and presentation issues require resolution before indexing. 1. Unrealistic Insulation Thicknesses: The proposed insulation thicknesses (e.g., 300 mm for fiberglass/EPS) are impractical for tiny houses (40 m²), where space optimization is critical. Such thicknesses would drastically reduce interior space and contradict the movement’s emphasis on efficiency. Justification for these dimensions—citing Egyptian building standards or empirical precedents—is absent. 2. Software Legitimacy: Using Design Builder v7.0.2.006 from "GetIntoPC.com" (a platform distributing cracked software) raises ethical and credibility concerns. Peer-reviewed studies must employ licensed or open-source tools (e.g., EnergyPlus standalone). 3. Thermal Conductivity Data Gaps: Table 1 lists thermal conductivity values without referencing sources (e.g., ISO standards, manufacturer datasheets). This omission undermines reproducibility. 4. Passive Design Contradiction: The bioclimatic chart (Figure 1) recommends multiple passive strategies (e.g., shading, night flushing), yet only insulation is tested. The rationale for excluding other strategies is unexplained. 5. Superficial Results Discussion: Figures 8–12 display discomfort hours but lack interpretation. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Net zero Buildings I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Zhai C. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396665) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-396665 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Singhal M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 20 Aug 2025 | for Version 1 Meenakshi Singhal , Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Singhal M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Strengths Timely and Relevant Topic - The focus on tiny houses, energy efficiency, and sustainable insulation materials is highly relevant given the global push toward reducing carbon footprints and promoting affordable, sustainable housing especially in developing countries like Egypt. Use of Simulation Tools - The paper utilizes DesignBuilder with EnergyPlus, providing a data-driven simulation framework for evaluating thermal performance. This approach is appropriate and technically sound. Focus on Egyptian Context - The localization of the study to Faiyum, Egypt, makes it valuable for policy and design adaptation in arid and semi-arid climates. Comparative Evaluation - By comparing four insulation materials, the paper helps identify the most efficient thermal insulation, with clear metrics like discomfort hours and PPD%. Major Weaknesses Lack of Clear Research Gap and Theoretical Framework The study does not adequately review or synthesize existing literature to position the research within the broader scholarly discourse. No explicit research gap is identified. The “novelty” claim remains weak without benchmarking against prior case studies or methods. Superficial Methodology While simulation is used, no deeper methodological rigor is shown (e.g., validation of results, sensitivity analysis, etc). The methodology section is vague, lacking details on material selection criteria beyond local availability. Feasibility Concerns Ignored The entire wall assembly - 200 thick brick wall, 200-300 mm thick thermal insulation, air gap and 100 m concrete block for a mere 40 m² home raises questions of spatial efficiency and practicality. No cost-benefit analysis is provided. Thermal performance alone is insufficient without evaluating economic viability, especially in low-income housing contexts. Language and Formatting Issues The manuscript contains several grammatical, typographical, and structural inconsistencies. Overuse of bullet points and informal formatting (not suitable for scientific publication). Paragraphs are often redundant or unfocused, requiring major editing for clarity and academic tone. Minor Issues Climatic data interpretation is overly simplistic. More robust analysis could be done using thermal zoning or energy balance approaches. Psychrometric and bioclimatic analysis, while mentioned, lacks integration into design decision-making beyond general observations. Recommendations for Improvement Reframe the Introduction to clearly state the knowledge gap, objectives, and research contribution. Expand Literature Review to include international precedents on insulation in small dwellings and energy-efficient design in arid regions. Refine Methodology with clear variable definitions, justification of wall thicknesses, validation techniques, and inclusion of cost-efficiency metrics. Improve Structure and English Writing to ensure scientific clarity and professionalism. Consider Stakeholder Relevance - link findings to policy implications or user affordability metrics in Egypt’s socio-economic context. Conclusion While the idea is promising and contextually important, the paper in its current form lacks the academic rigor and depth needed for peer-reviewed publication. With substantial revisions, especially to methodology, literature context, feasibility, and presentation, it could become a valuable contribution to the field of sustainable housing in warm climates. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise 1. Urban Walkability and Pedestrian Infrastructure; Neighborhood Design and Evaluation; Pedestrian Behavior in Indian Urban Contexts2. Building Energy Efficiency; Energy Simulation and Performance Modelling; ECBC Compliance and Building Envelope Optimization I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Singhal M. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r396669) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-396669 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Elbeltagi E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 19 Mar 2025 | for Version 1 Emad Elbeltagi , Department of Civil Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Elbeltagi E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The study aims to demonstrate how applying insulation to walls and roofs on tiny houses can promote sustainability and economical living. The following are some concerns about the presented work: In general, the paper is poorly presented and organized. Please refrain from using bullet format and use running text format. The paper lacks reviewing the literature of similar previous efforts and identifying the research gap. The paper lacks presenting a rigorous research methodology, it is merely applying software and monitoring the results While talking about tiny houses with total area around 40-meter square, walls thickness is more than 60 cm. How feasible using these very thick walls in such a tiny house. The research methodology is not clearly presented, clearer presentations are needed. What is optimized in this study? What about the cost of the used material, a cost benefit analysis should be performed. The paper in its current format does not add to the body of knowledge, with no clear research gap or research methodology. Generally, the whole paper needs proper structure and review for the English language. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Construction Management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Elbeltagi E. Peer Review Report For: Enhancing energy efficiency in tiny houses: The role of sustainable thermal insulation materials in Faiyum, Egypt [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 2 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :226 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177989.r368503) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-226/v1#referee-response-368503 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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