Investigating the relationship between medical school attended and the outcome of the residency match

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Borden, Leila Amiri, Leigh Ann Holterman, Uma Mahajan, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6854710/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background There is limited literature exploring the impact of medical school attended on a student’s potential to pursue a career in their desired medical or surgical specialty. The objectives of this study are two fold. (1) To determine the relationship between matching into a given specialty and a medical school’s academic and scholarly opportunities and resources, measured by US News and World Report’s (USNWR) best medical school research ranking. (2) To determine the feasibility of using Shannon’s Diversity (SD), a mathematical model, to quantify and assess the diversity of specialties matched into by graduates per medical school. Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of residency match lists of graduates of 117 medical schools included in the 2022–2023 USNWR’s research rankings for years 2019–2023. Results Analyses of specialty matching with USNWR research ranking demonstrated three distinct groups: (1) significantly negative correlation, (2) negligible correlation, and (3) significantly positive correlation. Across all years, the diversity of specialties matched into by medical school and a medical school’s USNWR research rank were significantly positively correlated ( τ b = 0.604, p = < 0.001). Conclusion The authors demonstrated the feasibility of a novel application of an ecological diversity index to better understand the long-term effects of the medical school attended on one’s future career opportunities. Our data suggests that students attending medical schools with higher USNWR research rank have resources that help then become more “competitive” applicants. Utilization of SD may provide a methodology to measure and capture changes and trends within residency selection across time. Clinical trial number: not applicable Residency Selection GME UME Medical School Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background There is limited literature exploring the impact of medical school attended on a student’s potential to pursue a career in their desired medical or surgical specialty( 1 , 2 ). It is important that applicants to medical school understand the long-term effects of their medical school choice on their ability to pursue and subsequently match into a given medical or surgical specialty. This paper explores the relationship between medical school attended and the outcome of the residency match to better understand factors that may influence the diversity of physicians across specialties. The number of medical students applying for residency positions is increasing and exceeding the number of positions currently available, with an applicant-to-position ratio of 1.18 in the 2025 National Residency Matching Program (NRMP)( 3 ). In addition, recent changes, such as the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 becoming pass/fail and residency recruitment becoming virtual in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, have made it increasingly difficult for Program Directors (PD) to identify applicants with the most future potential and alignment with their program ( 4 – 6 ). The current residency selection process, particularly for more competitive specialties, likely favors students at institutions with the opportunities and resources necessary to achieve the academic and experiential benchmarks that have historically been desirable markers of candidate competitiveness, such as United States Medical Licening Exam (USMLE) board exams and research. Research is consistently noted as highly important for residency PDs in competitive specialties( 7 ). The US News & World Report (USNWR) is a widely used tool for applicants to medical school as it assigns each school a “research rank” which is calculated utilizing factors such as the number and quality of research projects for medical students, National Institute of Health (NIH) research funding and research activities per faculty( 8 ). There are likely medical school factors other than research that contribute to the success of an applicant to a specific residency specialty that are inaqeduately understood. One measure of such factors may be the variety of specialties matched into by graduates of a medical school as this likely represents an institution’s ability to support a student’s preparation for, and application into, a given specialty. There is a growing body of research demonstrating the benefits of diversity across many domains, including academic training and patient care settings( 9 – 11 ). Diversity as a concept can be defined as the inclusion of differing elements or characteristics amongst individuals. Teams comprised of diverse individuals, each with their unique life experiences, tackle problems from different perspectives, which in turn allows for the development of new solutions and subsequent performance optimization( 12 ). Understanding how systems within medicine contribute to or impede the diversity of the profession is a crucial step towards making meaningful long-term change to the physician workforce in the United States. To do so necessitates inclusion of broad measures of diversity, including factors that may not traditionally be considered, such as specific and sought after experiences obtained through the medical school attended. Developing a reliable and reproducible method to quantitatively measure the variety of specialties matched into by graduates of each medical school provides invaluable information to specialties and can support recruitment from a broad range of medical schools, promoting the inclusion of diverse medical school specific experiences within physician teams. Such a measure may also help applicants choose the medical school that most aligns with their career aspiration, which may include having the opportunity to explore as many different medical and surgical specialties as possible. The purpose of this study is: ( 1 ) to determine the relationship between a medical school’s academic opportunities and resources, indicated by USNWR’s Best Medical School Research Ranking, with matching into a given specialty, and ( 2 ) to determine the feasibility of using Shannon’s Diversity (SD), a mathematical model, to quantify and assess the diversity of specialties matched into by graduates per medical school. Methods Data Collection We collected data between September 2021 and June 2023 via publicly available websites. Specialties Matched into by Graduates of Each Medical School Using medical school websites, the number of students per medical school for years 2019–2023 matching into 24 specialties were recorded. The 24 specialties were chosen based on the commonly cited specialties within the National Residency Matching Program Charting Outcomes reports ( 13 ), with the addition of Urology and Ophthalmology that do not participate in the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS). Preliminary surgery was excluded from analysis as it represents a transitional year and not a final specialty career selection. USNWR Best Medical Schools Research Rank USNWR’s best medical school research ranking was utilized as a proxy measure of an institution’s academic opportunities and resources( 8 ). Analyses were limited to medical schools included within the USNWR’s best medical school research rankings which included only allopathic and osteopathic medical schools (N = 117 per year). The ranking for 2022–2023 was utilized across all years for ease of analysis. Medical schools that did not provide any residency match data at the time of collection were excluded. Shannon’s Diversity (SD)( 14 ) SD, the exponential form of Shannon’s Diversity Index (SDI), expresses the variety of specialties being matched into by graduates of a given medical school. Reporting the exponential transformation allows for a more intuitive comparison across medical schools. SD is calculated using the following equation: where \(\:{p}_{i}\) represents the proportion of graduates of a medical school matching into the \(\:i\) th specialty. The theoretical maximum value of SD in this study is 24, the maximum number of different specialties included in this study. Maximum SD is achieved when all included specialties are equally represented. We acknowledge that there are limitations to this approach, as the goal for a medical school is not to produce the same number of graduates going into each specialty and the same number of seats are not available for all specialties. SD can be thought of as analogous to the effective number of specialties that students from any one medical school have historically matched into. Statistical Analyses To capture the direction of correlations intuitively, that schools considered to be better within the USNWR best medical school research ranking have a lower numerical rank, USNWR ranks were multiplied by -1, yielding a measure which increased with increasing perception of school quality. USNWR grouped medical schools with rankings 118–130 into a single group and so these schools were treated as having a research rank of 118. Kendall’s Tau Correlation Coefficient was utilized, as the variables in this study do not follow a normal distribution. Statistical significance was set at p 0.2–0.3 weak, > 0.3–0.7 moderate, >0.7 strong. Confidence intervals were estimated by bootstrapping. We analyzed the data for this study using SAS software version 9.4. Copyright © 2016 by SAS Institute Inc., (Cary, NC, USA). This study was determined to be Not Human Subjects Research, therefore IRB review was not required by the University of Vermont. Results Correlation of the Probability of Matching into a Given Specialty and a Medical School’s USNWR Research Rank Analyses of the correlation between USNWR research ranking per medical school and the probability of graduates from that medical school matching into a given specialty demonstrated three distinct groups, Table 1 and Figure 1. (1) Specialties with a significantly negative correlation are those specialties that are more often matched into by students from lower ranking medical schools. (2) Specialties with negligible correlation are those that are more often matched into from all medical schools with equal probability. (3) Specialties with a significant positive correlation are those specialties that are more often matched into by students from higher ranking medical schools. Table 1. Correlation of Proportion of students matching into a given specialty by USNWR Research Rank for years 2019 – 2023. [1] ,[2] Specialty Kendall’s τ p-Value N Strength of the association Lower 95% CI bound Upper 95% CI bound Family Medicine -0.471 <.0001 117 moderate -0.556 -0.374 Emergency Medicine -0.361 <.0001 117 moderate -0.449 -0.268 Pediatrics -0.263 <.0001 117 weak -0.366 -0.170 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation -0.209 0.0009 117 weak -0.299 -0.103 Internal Medicine -0.020 0.7467 117 none -0.128 0.082 Psychiatry 0.002 0.9756 117 none -0.099 0.100 General Surgery 0.013 0.832 117 none -0.108 0.123 Obstetrics/Gynecology 0.056 0.3716 117 none -0.065 0.171 Diagnostic Radiology 0.067 0.292 117 none -0.050 0.173 Pathology 0.085 0.1813 117 none -0.009 0.178 Neurology 0.102 0.1069 117 none 0.001 0.205 Anesthesiology 0.151 0.0169 117 none 0.054 0.248 Child Neurology 0.238 0.0002 117 weak 0.146 0.329 Vascular Surgery 0.256 <.0001 117 weak 0.165 0.358 Interventional Radiology 0.305 <.0001 117 moderate 0.210 0.394 Orthopedic Surgery 0.368 <.0001 117 moderate 0.273 0.461 Urology 0.418 <.0001 117 moderate 0.332 0.493 Plastic Surgery 0.442 <.0001 117 moderate 0.356 0.517 Thoracic Surgery 0.460 <.0001 117 moderate 0.381 0.539 Neurosurgery 0.514 <.0001 117 moderate 0.433 0.596 Ophthalmology 0.521 <.0001 117 moderate 0.445 0.611 Otolaryngology 0.522 <.0001 117 moderate 0.455 0.592 Radiation Oncology 0.524 <.0001 117 moderate 0.455 0.591 Dermatology 0.548 <.0001 117 moderate 0.480 0.616 1 Bold face type indicates statistical significance. 2 A positive Kendall’s τ indicates that as a school’s rank improves (i.e., the numerical rank decreases), the proportion of graduates entering the specialty increases (and vice versa) Correlation of SD of Variety of Specialties Matched into and USNWR Rank, per Medical School Across the years 2019-2023, the diversity of specialties matched into by medical school and the corresponding medical school’s USNWR research rank were significantly positively correlated ( τ b = 0.604, p = <0.001), Figure 2 . The Kendall Tau Correlation Coefficients of the SD and medical school’s USNWR research rank by year increased during 2021 ( τ b =0.544), as compared to the other years (2019 τ b =0.446; 2020 τ b =0.434; 2022 τ b =0.457; 2023 τ b =0.388), Table 2 . However, this one-year increase was not significant and is noted here only because 2021 was the first year of the residency match that occurred during COVID-19 when the recruitment process was transitioned to being entirely virtual, which coincided with medical students being unable to complete external away rotations. Table 2. Kendall’s Tau correlation coefficients for matched specialties variety with USNWR research rank across medical schools for years 2019 - 2023. Confidence intervals were estimated by bootstrapping. [2] Match year Kendall’s τ p-Value Lower 95% Confidence limit Upper 95% Confidence limit Average across all years 0.604 <0.0001 0.531 0.673 2019 0.446 <0.0001 0.345 0.533 2020 0.434 <0.0001 0.340 0.523 2021 0.544 <0.0001 0.470 0.621 2022 0.457 <0.0001 0.371 0.545 2023 0.388 <0.0001 0.295 0.481 [1] Bold face type indicates statistical significance. Discussion This study builds upon a growing body of literature demonstrating that the medical school attended impacts one’s future career, and specifically, that it appears to influence a student’s ability to match into their chosen specialty. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using the SD to evaluate the variety of specialties matched into by graduates of each medical school as a methodology to capture a novel and crucial medical school attribute for applicants and the academic medical system at large. Our data demonstrate that students attending medical schools with higher USNWR research rankings match into a broader range of specialties than those matriculating at lower-ranked medical schools. This is a notable example of indirect and unintentional amplification of opportunity loss to individuals who are from more resource-stressed backgrounds and medical schools. Traditionally, an applicant's competitiveness to residency was determined mostly by academic factors achieved primarily during medical school, such as GPA, board exams, and academic awards( 15 – 17 ). One potential explanation for the association found in this study is that higher USNWR research rankings equate with more readily available opportunities and resources that supplement classroom activity. Despite the lack of meaningful peer reviewed evidence supporting the notion that traditional acadademic factors predict future clinical performance, they remain a driving selection factor within residency selection ( 18 – 21 ). Attachment theory conceptualizes the potential long term effects of the medical school attended on a student’s future career within the context of their being known differences in the opportunities and resources between institutions, as measured by USNWR research rankings. Medical school is a time of personal growth where individuals begin to develop and enhance their perception of self-worth. From this perspective, students who attend medical schools where graduates are matching into a broad range of specialties, will assume that their institution has readily available access to the resources to meet benchmarks necessary to be competitive within the match, and, thus, feel more secure in meeting their personal aspirational goals( 22 ). Conversely, students at medical schools where graduates are not often matching into a broad range of competitive specialties, may internalize this as a reflection of their own lack of ability rather than a byproduct of larger systemic deficiencies( 22 – 25 ). The result of this is that individuals at lower-ranked medical schools may doubt their capability to successfully fit into, and excel, in a competitive specialty and thus opt for a “safe” alternative. The potential applicant pool becomes skewed, decreasing the potential diversity across specialties. Having a metric that reliably and reproducibly evaluates a medical school by the variety of specialties matched into provides applicants to medical school, and the academic medical system at large, a novel way to conceptualize the longer-term effects of the medical school attended on one’s future career. Such a measure may identify lower ranked medical schools that match graduates disproportionately well to a high variety of specialties or higher ranked medical schools that match graduates into unexpectedly low variety of specialties. This study introduces such a tool. To support successful applications to a broad range of residencies, including competitive specialties, medical schools matching graduates into a low variety of speciatlies may consider adjusting programs to supplement existing curriculum, in a manner consistent with their mission and vision. These might include dual degrees, research-based options, or other coaching/mentoring opportunities for their medical students. This metric also provides residency programs new information that can inform their understanding of how their selection practices may be influencing their recruitment of diverse applicants to their residency programs. Like all studies, this one has some limitations worth discussing. Our analyses utilized a convenience sample of medical schools that had publicly available data and were included within the USNWR research rankings for 2023. Our sample contains 117 of the roughly 195 accredited degree granting U.S. medical schools, including both allopathic and osteopathic. In recent years, some medical schools have actively chosen not to provide data to the USNWR ranking because of concerns around how their rankings are calculated and we recognize the rankings in this study may be different from the historical rankings for certain schools( 26 ). We also acknowledge that many factors besides medical school – such as innate ability, aptitude, and personal characteristics – can influence an individual’s residency match Future work should focus on better understanding of additional medical school attributes that impact one’s future career opportunities and the diversity of the physician workforce. Studies using SD can provide a methodology to measure and capture changes within the process of residency selection, and can be applied to other stages of medical education and careers. For instance, as residency application evaluation and selection processes change, medical schools with lower USNWR research rankings may begin matching graduates into a broader range of specialties which would be reflected by increasing SDs. Conclusions Utilization of SD has demonstrated novel insights: medical schools with higher USNWR research rankings match graduates into a more diverse range of specialties. These results demonstrate that students attending medical schools with higher USNWR research rankings match graduates into a broader range of specialties than those matriculating at lower-ranked medical schools. This is a notable example of indirect and unintentional amplification of opportunity loss to individuals who are from more resource-stressed backgrounds and medical schools. Abbreviations US News and World Report’s (USNWR), Shannon’s Diversity (SD), National Residency Matching Program (NRMP), United States Medical Licening Exam (USMLE), National Institute of Health (NIH), American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), Shannon’s Diversity Index (SDI) Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate: Not applicable Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: The dataset that was created and analyzed for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Competing Interests: J. Borden is the single member of Ohr Enterprises LLC which owns the patent titled “Method and Systems for Holistic Medical Student and Medical Residency Matching” Previous presentations: AAMC Northeast Group on Educational Affaris 2024 Annual Conference, hosted by NYU Langone Health in NYC, NY – Oral Prentation 05/2024 Funding: No funding was utilized for this study Authors’ contributions: JHB – substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version LA – substantial contributions to the conception, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version LAH – substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version UM – substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version MS – substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version ML – substantial contributions to the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version BP– substantial contributions to the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version DLB – substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version Acknowledgements: Not applicable Author’s Information: Jonathan H. Borden – PGY4 F1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Liela Amiri – Associate Dean of Admissions, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Leigh Ann Holterman – Assistant Director of Student Wellbeing, Assistant Professor of Psychology Uma Mahajan – PGY2 General Surgery Resident Maria Sckolnick – Biostatistician Michael Lawler – PGY2 Internal Medicine Resident Brittney Palermo – MS4 Deborah L. Benzil – Professor and Vice Chair of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation References Love ER, Dexter F, Reminick JI, Sanford JA, Karan S. Interview data highlight importance of "same-state" on anesthesiology residency match. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2021;132(1):223–30. Hasnie UA, Hasnie AA, Preda-Naumescu A, Nelson BJ, Estrada CA, Williams WL. Exploring match space: how medical school and specialty characteristics affect residency match geography in the United States. Academic Medicine. 2022;97(9):1368–73. National Resident Matching P. 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Borden is the single member of Ohr Enterprises LLC which owns the patent titled “Method and Systems for Holistic Medical Student and Medical Residency Matching” Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6854710","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":496781838,"identity":"9be24847-4580-4574-aae2-99812117f40d","order_by":0,"name":"Jonathan H. Borden","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Vermont Medical Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jonathan","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Borden","suffix":""},{"id":496781840,"identity":"363432ff-6747-43ad-bb26-b73b5e61fe0a","order_by":1,"name":"Leila Amiri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Vermont Medical Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leila","middleName":"","lastName":"Amiri","suffix":""},{"id":496781842,"identity":"06e1b987-9233-4e77-a35b-3aa9966cfbb5","order_by":2,"name":"Leigh Ann Holterman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Vermont","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leigh","middleName":"Ann","lastName":"Holterman","suffix":""},{"id":496781843,"identity":"fa01830a-1589-4b8e-bf3c-c712e039a21f","order_by":3,"name":"Uma Mahajan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Case Western Reserve University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uma","middleName":"","lastName":"Mahajan","suffix":""},{"id":496781844,"identity":"2c8c7683-9d31-4607-83ee-2ad475156d2d","order_by":4,"name":"Maria Sckolnick","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Vermont","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"","lastName":"Sckolnick","suffix":""},{"id":496781845,"identity":"ba9158b2-05a8-4dc1-a8f0-8b528d7cecbe","order_by":5,"name":"Michael Lawler","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Vermont","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"","lastName":"Lawler","suffix":""},{"id":496781846,"identity":"0f6e3c69-3fda-4f7b-9180-927d214bec63","order_by":6,"name":"Brittney Palermo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Vermont","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Brittney","middleName":"","lastName":"Palermo","suffix":""},{"id":496781847,"identity":"bd362922-b6da-4c08-b624-3de6d07c95d9","order_by":7,"name":"Deborah L. Benzil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cleveland Clinic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deborah","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Benzil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-09 13:08:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6854710/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6854710/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88894559,"identity":"ac68bc5d-c7b2-492f-9c42-2d67bbcd8ae2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 13:02:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKendall’s τ correlation of students matching into specialties with rank\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6854710/v1/578848c1e591a0188e7c6fd9.jpg"},{"id":88894557,"identity":"bb9118d0-dffe-442a-926c-719095004ea3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 13:02:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80647,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation of Shannon Diversity for Match with USNWER Rank across years\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6854710/v1/6e357fadd9b2e6698b1b0c0b.jpg"},{"id":95205553,"identity":"e5461bfd-e3cf-4b36-8fcb-8b32541b1b15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 13:08:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":895629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6854710/v1/1b040acf-133f-48ca-ac50-0a1d037d21db.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"Competing interest reported. J. Borden is the single member of Ohr Enterprises LLC which owns the patent titled “Method and Systems for Holistic Medical Student and Medical Residency Matching”","formattedTitle":"Investigating the relationship between medical school attended and the outcome of the residency match","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is limited literature exploring the impact of medical school attended on a student\u0026rsquo;s potential to pursue a career in their desired medical or surgical specialty(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is important that applicants to medical school understand the long-term effects of their medical school choice on their ability to pursue and subsequently match into a given medical or surgical specialty. This paper explores the relationship between medical school attended and the outcome of the residency match to better understand factors that may influence the diversity of physicians across specialties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe number of medical students applying for residency positions is increasing and exceeding the number of positions currently available, with an applicant-to-position ratio of 1.18 in the 2025 National Residency Matching Program (NRMP)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, recent changes, such as the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 becoming pass/fail and residency recruitment becoming virtual in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, have made it increasingly difficult for Program Directors (PD) to identify applicants with the most future potential and alignment with their program (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The current residency selection process, particularly for more competitive specialties, likely favors students at institutions with the opportunities and resources necessary to achieve the academic and experiential benchmarks that have historically been desirable markers of candidate competitiveness, such as United States Medical Licening Exam (USMLE) board exams and research. Research is consistently noted as highly important for residency PDs in competitive specialties(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The US News \u0026amp; World Report (USNWR) is a widely used tool for applicants to medical school as it assigns each school a \u0026ldquo;research rank\u0026rdquo; which is calculated utilizing factors such as the number and quality of research projects for medical students, National Institute of Health (NIH) research funding and research activities per faculty(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). There are likely medical school factors other than research that contribute to the success of an applicant to a specific residency specialty that are inaqeduately understood. One measure of such factors may be the variety of specialties matched into by graduates of a medical school as this likely represents an institution\u0026rsquo;s ability to support a student\u0026rsquo;s preparation for, and application into, a given specialty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is a growing body of research demonstrating the benefits of diversity across many domains, including academic training and patient care settings(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Diversity as a concept can be defined as the inclusion of differing elements or characteristics amongst individuals. Teams comprised of diverse individuals, each with their unique life experiences, tackle problems from different perspectives, which in turn allows for the development of new solutions and subsequent performance optimization(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding how systems within medicine contribute to or impede the diversity of the profession is a crucial step towards making meaningful long-term change to the physician workforce in the United States. To do so necessitates inclusion of broad measures of diversity, including factors that may not traditionally be considered, such as specific and sought after experiences obtained through the medical school attended. Developing a reliable and reproducible method to quantitatively measure the variety of specialties matched into by graduates of each medical school provides invaluable information to specialties and can support recruitment from a broad range of medical schools, promoting the inclusion of diverse medical school specific experiences within physician teams. Such a measure may also help applicants choose the medical school that most aligns with their career aspiration, which may include having the opportunity to explore as many different medical and surgical specialties as possible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study is: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) to determine the relationship between a medical school\u0026rsquo;s academic opportunities and resources, indicated by USNWR\u0026rsquo;s Best Medical School Research Ranking, with matching into a given specialty, and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) to determine the feasibility of using Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity (SD), a mathematical model, to quantify and assess the diversity of specialties matched into by graduates per medical school.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe collected data between September 2021 and June 2023 via publicly available websites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpecialties Matched into by Graduates of Each Medical School\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing medical school websites, the number of students per medical school for years 2019\u0026ndash;2023 matching into 24 specialties were recorded. The 24 specialties were chosen based on the commonly cited specialties within the National Residency Matching Program Charting Outcomes reports (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), with the addition of Urology and Ophthalmology that do not participate in the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS). Preliminary surgery was excluded from analysis as it represents a transitional year and not a final specialty career selection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUSNWR Best Medical Schools Research Rank\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUSNWR\u0026rsquo;s best medical school research ranking was utilized as a proxy measure of an institution\u0026rsquo;s academic opportunities and resources(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Analyses were limited to medical schools included within the USNWR\u0026rsquo;s best medical school research rankings which included only allopathic and osteopathic medical schools (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;117 per year). The ranking for 2022\u0026ndash;2023 was utilized across all years for ease of analysis. Medical schools that did not provide any residency match data at the time of collection were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity\u003c/strong\u003e (SD)(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD, the exponential form of Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity Index (SDI), expresses the variety of specialties being matched into by graduates of a given medical school. Reporting the exponential transformation allows for a more intuitive comparison across medical schools. SD is calculated using the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\" style=\"width: 384px; height: 85.2377px;\" width=\"384\" height=\"85.2377\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{p}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e represents the proportion of graduates of a medical school matching into the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:i\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eth specialty. The theoretical maximum value of SD in this study is 24, the maximum number of different specialties included in this study. Maximum SD is achieved when all included specialties are equally represented. We acknowledge that there are limitations to this approach, as the goal for a medical school is not to produce the same number of graduates going into each specialty and the same number of seats are not available for all specialties. SD can be thought of as analogous to the effective number of specialties that students from any one medical school have historically matched into.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo capture the direction of correlations intuitively, that schools considered to be better within the USNWR best medical school research ranking have a lower numerical rank, USNWR ranks were multiplied by -1, yielding a measure which increased with increasing perception of school quality. USNWR grouped medical schools with rankings 118\u0026ndash;130 into a single group and so these schools were treated as having a research rank of 118. Kendall\u0026rsquo;s Tau Correlation Coefficient was utilized, as the variables in this study do not follow a normal distribution. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Results are reported as Kendall\u0026rsquo;s Tau Correlation Coefficient (\u003cem\u003e\u0026tau;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e). The strength of the correlation coefficient was interpreted utilizing the following parameters: 0\u0026ndash;0.2 negligible, \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u0026ndash;0.3 weak, \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u0026ndash;0.7 moderate, \u0026gt;0.7 strong. Confidence intervals were estimated by bootstrapping. We analyzed the data for this study using SAS software version 9.4. Copyright \u0026copy; 2016 by SAS Institute Inc., (Cary, NC, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was determined to be Not Human Subjects Research, therefore IRB review was not required by the University of Vermont.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation of the Probability of Matching into a Given Specialty and a Medical School\u0026rsquo;s USNWR Research Rank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalyses of the correlation between USNWR research ranking per medical school and the probability of graduates from that medical school matching into a given specialty demonstrated three distinct groups, \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 and Figure 1.\u003c/strong\u003e (1) Specialties with a significantly negative correlation are those specialties that are more often matched into by students from lower ranking medical schools. (2) Specialties with negligible correlation are those that are more often matched into from all medical schools with equal probability. (3) Specialties with a significant positive correlation are those specialties that are more often matched into by students from higher ranking medical schools.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Correlation of Proportion of students matching into a given specialty by USNWR Research Rank for years 2019 \u0026ndash; 2023.\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,[2]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse;border: none;width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eSpecialty\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eKendall\u0026rsquo;s \u0026tau;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003ep-Value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eStrength of the association\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eLower 95% CI bound\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eUpper 95% CI bound\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eFamily Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.471\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.556\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.374\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eEmergency Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.361\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.449\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.268\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003ePediatrics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.263\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eweak\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.366\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.170\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003ePhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.209\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.0009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eweak\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.299\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.103\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eInternal Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.7467\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.128\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.082\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003ePsychiatry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.9756\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.099\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eGeneral Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.832\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.108\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.123\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eObstetrics/Gynecology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.056\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.3716\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.065\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.171\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eDiagnostic Radiology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.067\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.292\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.050\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.173\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003ePathology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.085\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.1813\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e-0.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.178\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eNeurology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.102\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.1069\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.205\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eAnesthesiology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.151\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.0169\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003enone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.054\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.248\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eChild Neurology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.238\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.0002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eweak\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.146\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.329\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eVascular Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.256\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eweak\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.165\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.358\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eInterventional Radiology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.305\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.210\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.394\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eOrthopedic Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.368\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.273\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.461\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eUrology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.418\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.332\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.493\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003ePlastic Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.442\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.356\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.517\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eThoracic Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.460\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.381\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.539\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eNeurosurgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.514\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.433\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.596\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eOphthalmology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.445\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.611\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eOtolaryngology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.522\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.455\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.592\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n 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windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.455\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.591\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003eDermatology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.548\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003emoderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.480\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66.8pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:105%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:105%;color:black;\"\u003e0.616\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Bold face type indicates statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eA positive Kendall\u0026rsquo;s \u0026tau; indicates that as a school\u0026rsquo;s rank improves (i.e., the numerical rank decreases), the proportion of graduates entering the specialty increases (and vice versa)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation of SD of Variety of Specialties Matched into and USNWR Rank, per Medical School\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcross the years 2019-2023, the diversity of specialties matched into by medical school and the corresponding medical school\u0026rsquo;s USNWR research rank were significantly positively correlated (\u003cem\u003e\u0026tau;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.604, p = \u0026lt;0.001), \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2\u003c/strong\u003e. The Kendall Tau Correlation Coefficients of the SD and medical school\u0026rsquo;s USNWR research rank by year increased during 2021 (\u003cem\u003e\u0026tau;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e =0.544), as compared to the other years (2019 \u003cem\u003e\u0026tau;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e =0.446; 2020 \u003cem\u003e\u0026tau;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e =0.434; 2022 \u003cem\u003e\u0026tau;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e =0.457; 2023 \u003cem\u003e\u0026tau;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e =0.388), \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. However, this one-year increase was not significant and is noted here only because 2021 was the first year of the residency match that occurred during COVID-19 when the recruitment process was transitioned to being entirely virtual, which coincided with medical students being unable to complete external away rotations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKendall\u0026rsquo;s Tau correlation coefficients for matched specialties variety with USNWR research rank across medical schools for years 2019 - 2023. Confidence intervals were estimated by bootstrapping.\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[2]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse;border: none;width: 625px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003eMatch year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003eKendall\u0026rsquo;s \u0026tau;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ep-Value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eLower 95% Confidence limit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eUpper 95% Confidence limit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003eAverage across all years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.604\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.531\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.673\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.446\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.345\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.533\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.434\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.340\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.523\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.544\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.470\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.621\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.457\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.371\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.545\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.388\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.295\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;color:black;\"\u003e0.481\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e Bold face type indicates statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study builds upon a growing body of literature demonstrating that the medical school attended impacts one\u0026rsquo;s future career, and specifically, that it appears to influence a student\u0026rsquo;s ability to match into their chosen specialty. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using the SD to evaluate the variety of specialties matched into by graduates of each medical school as a methodology to capture a novel and crucial medical school attribute for applicants and the academic medical system at large. Our data demonstrate that students attending medical schools with higher USNWR research rankings match into a broader range of specialties than those matriculating at lower-ranked medical schools. This is a notable example of indirect and unintentional amplification of opportunity loss to individuals who are from more resource-stressed backgrounds and medical schools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, an applicant's competitiveness to residency was determined mostly by academic factors achieved primarily during medical school, such as GPA, board exams, and academic awards(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). One potential explanation for the association found in this study is that higher USNWR research rankings equate with more readily available opportunities and resources that supplement classroom activity. Despite the lack of meaningful peer reviewed evidence supporting the notion that traditional acadademic factors predict future clinical performance, they remain a driving selection factor within residency selection (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttachment theory conceptualizes the potential long term effects of the medical school attended on a student\u0026rsquo;s future career within the context of their being known differences in the opportunities and resources between institutions, as measured by USNWR research rankings. Medical school is a time of personal growth where individuals begin to develop and enhance their perception of self-worth. From this perspective, students who attend medical schools where graduates are matching into a broad range of specialties, will assume that their institution has readily available access to the resources to meet benchmarks necessary to be competitive within the match, and, thus, feel more secure in meeting their personal aspirational goals(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, students at medical schools where graduates are not often matching into a broad range of competitive specialties, may internalize this as a reflection of their own lack of ability rather than a byproduct of larger systemic deficiencies(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). The result of this is that individuals at lower-ranked medical schools may doubt their capability to successfully fit into, and excel, in a competitive specialty and thus opt for a \u0026ldquo;safe\u0026rdquo; alternative. The potential applicant pool becomes skewed, decreasing the potential diversity across specialties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving a metric that reliably and reproducibly evaluates a medical school by the variety of specialties matched into provides applicants to medical school, and the academic medical system at large, a novel way to conceptualize the longer-term effects of the medical school attended on one\u0026rsquo;s future career. Such a measure may identify lower ranked medical schools that match graduates disproportionately well to a high variety of specialties or higher ranked medical schools that match graduates into unexpectedly low variety of specialties. This study introduces such a tool. To support successful applications to a broad range of residencies, including competitive specialties, medical schools matching graduates into a low variety of speciatlies may consider adjusting programs to supplement existing curriculum, in a manner consistent with their mission and vision. These might include dual degrees, research-based options, or other coaching/mentoring opportunities for their medical students. This metric also provides residency programs new information that can inform their understanding of how their selection practices may be influencing their recruitment of diverse applicants to their residency programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike all studies, this one has some limitations worth discussing. Our analyses utilized a convenience sample of medical schools that had publicly available data and were included within the USNWR research rankings for 2023. Our sample contains 117 of the roughly 195 accredited degree granting U.S. medical schools, including both allopathic and osteopathic. In recent years, some medical schools have actively chosen not to provide data to the USNWR ranking because of concerns around how their rankings are calculated and we recognize the rankings in this study may be different from the historical rankings for certain schools(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). We also acknowledge that many factors besides medical school \u0026ndash; such as innate ability, aptitude, and personal characteristics \u0026ndash; can influence an individual\u0026rsquo;s residency match\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture work should focus on better understanding of additional medical school attributes that impact one\u0026rsquo;s future career opportunities and the diversity of the physician workforce. Studies using SD can provide a methodology to measure and capture changes within the process of residency selection, and can be applied to other stages of medical education and careers. For instance, as residency application evaluation and selection processes change, medical schools with lower USNWR research rankings may begin matching graduates into a broader range of specialties which would be reflected by increasing SDs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eUtilization of SD has demonstrated novel insights: medical schools with higher USNWR research rankings match graduates into a more diverse range of specialties. These results demonstrate that students attending medical schools with higher USNWR research rankings match graduates into a broader range of specialties than those matriculating at lower-ranked medical schools. This is a notable example of indirect and unintentional amplification of opportunity loss to individuals who are from more resource-stressed backgrounds and medical schools.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eUS News and World Report\u0026rsquo;s (USNWR), Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity (SD), National Residency Matching Program (NRMP), United States Medical Licening Exam (USMLE), National Institute of Health (NIH), American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity Index (SDI)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials: The dataset that was created and analyzed for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting Interests:\u0026nbsp;J. Borden is the single member of Ohr Enterprises LLC which owns the patent titled \u0026ldquo;Method and Systems for Holistic Medical Student and Medical Residency Matching\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious presentations:\u0026nbsp;AAMC Northeast Group on Educational Affaris 2024 Annual Conference, hosted by NYU Langone Health in NYC, NY \u0026ndash; Oral Prentation 05/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding: No funding was utilized for this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJHB \u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLA \u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the conception, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLAH \u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUM \u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMS \u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eML \u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBP\u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDLB \u0026ndash; substantial contributions to the conception, design of the work, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the manuscript, and has approved the submitted version\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s Information:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJonathan H. Borden \u0026ndash; PGY4 F1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiela Amiri \u0026ndash; Associate Dean of Admissions, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeigh Ann Holterman \u0026ndash; Assistant Director of Student Wellbeing, Assistant Professor of Psychology\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUma Mahajan \u0026ndash; PGY2 General Surgery Resident\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaria Sckolnick \u0026ndash; Biostatistician\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMichael Lawler \u0026ndash; PGY2 Internal Medicine Resident\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBrittney Palermo \u0026ndash; MS4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDeborah L. Benzil \u0026ndash; Professor and Vice Chair of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLove ER, Dexter F, Reminick JI, Sanford JA, Karan S. Interview data highlight importance of \u0026quot;same-state\u0026quot; on anesthesiology residency match. Anesthesia \u0026amp; Analgesia. 2021;132(1):223\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHasnie UA, Hasnie AA, Preda-Naumescu A, Nelson BJ, Estrada CA, Williams WL. Exploring match space: how medical school and specialty characteristics affect residency match geography in the United States. Academic Medicine. 2022;97(9):1368\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Resident Matching P. NRMP Releases 2025 Main Residency Match Results and Data Report, Providing In-Depth Insight into the Largest Residency Match in History. 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLin GL, Nwora C, Warton L. Pass/fail score reporting for USMLE Step 1: an opportunity to redefine the transition to residency together. Academic Medicine. 2020;95(9):1308\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarkham TH, De Haan JB, Guzman-Reyes S, Brollier LD, Campbell AN, Pivalizza EG. Potential harm of elimination of score reporting for the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 examination to anesthesiology residency selection. Anesthesia \u0026amp; Analgesia. 2021;132(1):275\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEhrlich H, Sutherland M, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Implications of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 examination transition to pass/fail on medical students\u0026apos; education and future career opportunities. The American Surgeon. 2021;87(8):1196\u0026ndash;202.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRachel WK, Paige MF, Ingrid B, et al. Residency program directors\u0026rsquo; views on research conducted during medical school: a national survey. Academic Medicine. 2023;98(10):1185\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorse R, Brooks E, Hines K, Wellington S. Methodology: 2023 best medical schools rankings 2023 [Available from: https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/articles/medical-schools-methodology.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDenson N, Chang MJ. Racial Diversity Matters: The Impact of Diversity-Related Student Engagement and Institutional Context. Am Educ Res J. 2009;46(2):322\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen JJ, Gabriel BA, Terrell C. The case for diversity in the health care workforce. Health Affairs. 2002;21(5):90\u0026ndash;102.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell LG, Mehtani S, Dozier ME, Rinehart J. Gender-Heterogeneous Working Groups Produce Higher Quality Science. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e79147.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBantel KA, Jackson SE. Top management and innovations in banking: does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal. 1989;10(1S):107\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Residency Matching P. Results and Data: 2023 Main Residency Match. National Residency Matching Program; 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJost L. Entropy and diversity. Oikos. 2006;113(2):363\u0026ndash;75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGauer JL, Jackson JB. The Association of USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK Scores With Residency Match Specialty and Location. Medical Education Online. 2017;22(1):1358579.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMitsouras K, Dong F, Safaoui MN, Helf S. Student Academic Performance Factors Affecting Matching Into First-Choice Residency and Competitive Specialties. BMC Medical Education. 2019;19(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGreen M, Jones P, Thomas JX, Jr. Selection criteria for residency: results of a national program directors survey. Acad Med. 2009;84(3):362\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZuckerman SL, Kelly PD, Dewan MC, et al. Predicting resident performance from preresidency factors: a systematic review and applicability to neurosurgical training. World Neurosurgery. 2018;110:475\u0026ndash;84.e10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurkhardt JC, Parekh KP, Gallahue FE, London KS, Edens MA, Humbert AJ, et al. A Critical Disconnect: Residency Selection Factors Lack Correlation With Intern Performance. J Grad Med Educ. 2020;12(6):696\u0026ndash;704.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGudgel BM, Melson AT, Dvorak J, Ding K, Siatkowski RM. Correlation of Ophthalmology Residency Application Characteristics with Subsequent Performance in Residency. J Acad Ophthalmol (2017). 2021;13(2):e151\u0026ndash;e7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLipman JM, Colbert CY, Ashton R, French J, Warren C, Yepes-Rios M, et al. A Systematic Review of Metrics Utilized in the Selection and Prediction of Future Performance of Residents in the United States. J Grad Med Educ. 2023;15(6):652\u0026ndash;68.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCassidy J, Jones JD, Shaver PR. Contributions of attachment theory and research: a framework for future research, translation, and policy. Development and Psychopathology. 2013;25(4 Pt 2):1415\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJost JT, Pelham BW, Sheldon O, Sullivan BN. Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2003;33(1):13\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJost JT, Banaji MR, Nosek BA. A decade of system justification theory: accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology. 2004;25(6):881\u0026ndash;919.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcCoy SK, Wellman JD, Cosley B, Saslow L, Epel E. Is the belief in meritocracy palliative for members of low status groups? Evidence for a benefit for self-esteem and physical health via perceived control. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2013;43(4):307\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoyle P. As More Medical Schools Withdraw from the U.S. News Rankings, How Should Prospective Students Decide Where to Apply? 2023 [Available from: https://www.aamc.org/news/more-medical-schools-withdraw-us-news-rankings-how-should-prospective-students-decide-where-apply.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Residency Selection, GME, UME, Medical School","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6854710/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6854710/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is limited literature exploring the impact of medical school attended on a student’s potential to pursue a career in their desired medical or surgical specialty. The objectives of this study are two fold. (1) To determine the relationship between matching into a given specialty and a medical school’s academic and scholarly opportunities and resources, measured by US News and World Report’s (USNWR) best medical school research ranking. (2) To determine the feasibility of using Shannon’s Diversity (SD), a mathematical model, to quantify and assess the diversity of specialties matched into by graduates per medical school.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors conducted a cross-sectional study of residency match lists of graduates of 117 medical schools included in the 2022–2023 USNWR’s research rankings for years 2019–2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalyses of specialty matching with USNWR research ranking demonstrated three distinct groups: (1) significantly negative correlation, (2) negligible correlation, and (3) significantly positive correlation. Across all years, the diversity of specialties matched into by medical school and a medical school’s USNWR research rank were significantly positively correlated (\u003cem\u003eτ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.604, p = \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors demonstrated the feasibility of a novel application of an ecological diversity index to better understand the long-term effects of the medical school attended on one’s future career opportunities. Our data suggests that students attending medical schools with higher USNWR research rank have resources that help then become more “competitive” applicants. Utilization of SD may provide a methodology to measure and capture changes and trends within residency selection across time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical trial number: not applicable\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigating the relationship between medical school attended and the outcome of the residency match","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-12 13:02:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6854710/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e45c2da9-a3bd-4769-97b5-689c6fc6b6ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-05T13:08:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-12 13:02:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6854710","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6854710","identity":"rs-6854710","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}