Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet

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Rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, and increased frequency of natural disasters are driving the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. These environmental shifts endanger the health and welfare of animals and the delicate balance between human populations, livestock, and wildlife. As the stewards of animal health, veterinarians are uniquely positioned to lead the change in addressing these complex challenges at the nexus of human, animal, and environmental health and well-being. This article calls for urgent actions to integrate climate adaptation and mitigation strategies into veterinary practice and education. It underscores the critical need for veterinarians to embrace the One Health approach to tackle climate-driven disease outbreaks and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance to safeguard human and animal populations while protecting natural ecosystems. The article further explores the role of veterinarians in fostering sustainable agricultural practices, reducing the environmental impact of livestock production, conserving biodiversity and advocating for policy reforms that protect both animal and planetary health. As we face an era of unprecedented climate disruption, this call to action aims to inspire the global veterinary community to actively get involved in combating climate change and its worst impacts. By building climate-resilient practices, enhancing disease surveillance, and championing environmental stewardship, veterinarians can contribute significantly to a healthier, more sustainable future for all species on Earth." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1", "name": "Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier..." } } ] } Home Browse Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Akello W. Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158307.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Opinion Article Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] Winnifred Akello https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5365-8118 Winnifred Akello https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5365-8118 PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2024 Author details Author details College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Winnifred Akello Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Climate gateway. Abstract Abstract Climate change is rapidly transforming ecosystems and reshaping the landscapes of animal health, with profound consequences for public health, food security, and biodiversity. Rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, and increased frequency of natural disasters are driving the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. These environmental shifts endanger the health and welfare of animals and the delicate balance between human populations, livestock, and wildlife. As the stewards of animal health, veterinarians are uniquely positioned to lead the change in addressing these complex challenges at the nexus of human, animal, and environmental health and well-being. This article calls for urgent actions to integrate climate adaptation and mitigation strategies into veterinary practice and education. It underscores the critical need for veterinarians to embrace the One Health approach to tackle climate-driven disease outbreaks and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance to safeguard human and animal populations while protecting natural ecosystems. The article further explores the role of veterinarians in fostering sustainable agricultural practices, reducing the environmental impact of livestock production, conserving biodiversity and advocating for policy reforms that protect both animal and planetary health. As we face an era of unprecedented climate disruption, this call to action aims to inspire the global veterinary community to actively get involved in combating climate change and its worst impacts. By building climate-resilient practices, enhancing disease surveillance, and championing environmental stewardship, veterinarians can contribute significantly to a healthier, more sustainable future for all species on Earth. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Climate Change, Veterinarians, One Health, Climate-Resilience, Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity, Public Health, Climate Action Corresponding Author(s) Winnifred Akello ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Winnifred Akello Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Akello W. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Akello W. Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158307.1 ) First published: 13 Nov 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158307.1 ) Latest published: 13 Nov 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158307.1 ) Introduction In the face of one of the most pressing challenges of our time – climate change – the veterinary profession stands at a critical juncture. Often perceived solely as protectors of animal health, veterinarians now find themselves as frontline defenders of the environment, public health, and the fragile ecosystems that sustain all life. Climate change is not just an environmental issue; it is a public health emergency that deeply affects human, animal, and ecological well-being. It is time for the veterinary community to rise to the challenge, embrace a proactive role in combating climate change, and lead with the values of the One Health approach. The connection between climate change and animal health is multi-dimensional. Animals, specifically livestock, are a significant factor in the greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, contributing approximately 14.5% of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases globally ( FAO 2017 ). At the same time, climate change is threatening all life. Increasing temperatures, rising sea levels, frequent extreme weather events like floods, cyclones, droughts, and uncontrollable wildfires ( Dey and Lewis 2021 ) are the harrowing realities of a rapidly changing climate. These changes disrupt ecosystems, destroy habitats, shift disease patterns and drive unprecedented biodiversity loss ( Upadhyay 2020 ). Veterinarians are already seeing the consequences: vector-borne diseases such as bluetongue virus and parasitic infections in livestock are spreading and becoming more prevalent in once-safe areas ( Lacetera 2019 ). Heat stress in livestock reduces productivity and increases disease vulnerability ( FAO 2020 ). Wild animals are migrating in search of cooler habitats, and many have become extinct ( Ziswiler 2012 ), while pets face new health challenges as their environments change ( Narayan 2023 ). As stewards of animal health, veterinarians cannot watch as the climate crisis endangers the very species we have sworn to protect. At the heart of veterinary medicine is the One Health principle, which emphasizes that human, animal, and environmental health are inextricably linked. Climate change is driving home this truth with brutal clarity. The rise in zoonotic diseases like avian influenza, Dengue and Rift Valley fever, the increased threat of food insecurity, and foodborne pathogens are direct consequences of climate-driven environmental disruptions ( Rupasinghe et al. 2022 ). Additionally, climate change has been linked to antimicrobial resistance because of the alarming spread of diseases, which results in the escalating use of antimicrobials ( Lio et al. 2023 ). Why must the veterinary professionals act? Safeguarding animal health is safeguarding human health. The veterinary profession must become advocates for environmental stewardship, educators in sustainable practices, and innovators in mitigating the impacts of climate change on health. Here is why and how the veterinary professionals must act: Zoonotic disease prevention : As climate change alters disease patterns and drives wildlife closer to domestic animals and human populations, veterinarians play a crucial role in early disease detection and response to outbreaks. By preventing zoonotic diseases, we are preventing future pandemics. Sustainable agriculture : The veterinary profession can champion sustainable, climate-smart livestock practices. Advising farmers on sustainable livestock management can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate deforestation, and support food security. Biodiversity conservation : Veterinarians have the knowledge and tools to protect endangered species and promote biodiversity. With climate change contributing to habitat destruction, veterinarians must work closely with conservationists to safeguard wildlife and preserve ecosystems. Climate-resilient practices : Veterinarians can encourage climate resilience within the industry by promoting better practices for animal care in extreme weather conditions, such as heat stress management, disease prevention, and water conservation. These help build sustainable, adaptive systems that protect both livelihoods and ecosystems. Community leadership : Veterinarians are trusted voices in their communities. We can lead awareness campaigns, educate the public on the effects of climate change on animal health that would significantly impact human health, and advocate for policies that promote climate actions at local, national, and international levels. The time to act is now There is no more time for complacency. The worst impacts of climate change are already here, and we must harness the power of veterinary medicine as a tool for climate action and health security. The veterinary profession must be more than reactive; it must be proactive. As climate advocates, veterinarians can push for systemic changes that support sustainable livestock farming, wildlife conservation, responsible use of natural resources and more robust environmental protection. Moreover, we can lobby for more significant investments in climate resilience research, primarily disease surveillance and prevention. The urgency is apparent. Each of us has a role to play. It is time to rethink how we educate future veterinarians. Veterinary schools must adapt their curriculum to address climate change. Veterinary practices must work towards reducing their carbon footprints and modelling sustainability. Furthermore, veterinary voices must join the growing chorus demanding climate justice for all species. Conclusions In conclusion, veterinarians have the expertise, the influence, and the moral responsibility to act. As climate change alters our world, veterinarians must become the champions of a vision where animals, humans, and the environment can thrive together. Every veterinarian, veterinary student, and allied professional must become a climate warrior, advocating for sustainable livestock practices, speaking up for animal welfare, pushing for climate-focused education in institutions, joining climate initiatives and lobbying for policy changes that protect the planet. The challenges may seem impossible, but every action counts. Together, we can shape a future where veterinary medicine is not just a bystander but a powerful force for positive change, a profession that not only heals animals but also safeguards the planet for generations to come. In the words of Jane Goodall, “What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make.” Let us make the difference our world desperately needs. Ethics and consent Ethics and consent not required for this article. Data availability No data are associated with this article. References Dey R, Lewis SC: Chapter 6 - Natural Disasters Linked to Climate Change.Trevor MBT, editor. The Impacts of Climate Change Letcher. Elsevier; 2021; pp. 177–193. Publisher Full Text FAO: Livestock Solutions for Climate Change. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO; 2017. Reference Source FAO: Animal Health and Climate Change. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO; 2020. Reference Source Lacetera N: Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health and Welfare. Anim. Front. 2019; 9 (1): 26–31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Lio MS, Roberta GF, Maugeri A, et al. : How Antimicrobial Resistance Is Linked to Climate Change: An Overview of Two Intertwined Global Challenges. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023; 20 (3). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Narayan E: How Climate Change Will Affect Your Pet – and How to Help Them Cope. PreventionWeb; 2023. Reference Source Rupasinghe R, Chomel BB, Martínez-López B: Climate Change and Zoonoses: A Review of the Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Trends. Acta Trop. 2022; 226 : 106225. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Upadhyay RK: Markers for Global Climate Change and Its Impact on Social, Biological and Ecological Systems: A Review. Am. J. Clim. Chang. 2020; 09 (3): 159–203. Publisher Full Text Ziswiler V: Extinct and Vanishing Animals: A Biology of Extinction and Survival. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012. Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Winnifred Akello Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 13 Nov 2024, 13:1360 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158307.1 Copyright © 2024 Akello W. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Akello W. Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158307.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Alders R. Reviewer Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r340715 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-340715 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 10 Jan 2025 Robyn Alders , Development Policy Centre, Australian National University,, Canberra,, Australia; Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r340715 This opinion article addresses a crucial topic and the author is to be commended for their efforts. There is growing literature on the topic, and the author has cited only one reference for each of the key points. Given ... Continue reading READ ALL This opinion article addresses a crucial topic and the author is to be commended for their efforts. There is growing literature on the topic, and the author has cited only one reference for each of the key points. Given the importance of the topic, it would be ideal to include a second citation for key points. The brevity of the opinion means that some points do not receive in-depth attention. For example, there is a large and growing literature on GHG emissions from livestock with some authors questioning the robustness of some data. The Conclusions are valid. However, it would be ideal to also mention: * the importance of animal genetics to animal health. Veterinarians should encourage the raising of animals that are well-adapted to their local environments, requiring fewer inputs such as antimicrobials. See FAO 2025: Benefits from and threats to animal genetic resources ; and * the need for climate-smart actions to complement actions addressing other planetary boundaries. See WOAH 2021: Planetary Boundaries and Veterinary Services . Additional comments: * In the Abstract, it is suggested that "As the stewards of animal health" be changed to "As stewards of animal health". Veterinarians are not the only stewards of animal health. * Under sustainable agriculture, it would be ideal to mention that improved animal health can contribute to improved nutrient yields by reducing losses of human-edible components of animal carcases, i.e. meat and red and green offal. Is the topic of the opinion article discussed accurately in the context of the current literature? Partly Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Partly Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature? Partly Are the conclusions drawn balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: One Health, sustainable livestock production, animal health, disease prevention I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Alders R. Reviewer Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r340715 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-340715 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Nagy GJ. Reviewer Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r352442 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-352442 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 28 Dec 2024 Gustavo J Nagy , Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r352442 The author analyzed the increasing role of veterinarians in the Environmental and Public Health domains beyond their traditional animal health stewards and safeguards. The author focuses on the importance of climate change, highlighting the carbon emissions from livestock and ... Continue reading READ ALL The author analyzed the increasing role of veterinarians in the Environmental and Public Health domains beyond their traditional animal health stewards and safeguards. The author focuses on the importance of climate change, highlighting the carbon emissions from livestock and how climate change and the increasing frequency of extreme weather affect animal health by spreading vector-borne diseases. The author's strong advocacy for the One Health approach to sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation is a key point. This approach places veterinarians' roles at the center of One Health, enabling them to better address animal and planetary health issues beyond the traditional care of livestock. The author highlights the urgent need for climate action—both adaptation and mitigation—underscoring the pivotal role of veterinarians in managing it. He presents a list of well-known activities where veterinarians can act, which is not novel and is typically found with the assistance of AI generators. However, an Opinion Article is not that novel; it should address relevant topics, and this article does it. In this vein, the author's emphasis on a new vision of environmental protection, sustainable agriculture, Health, and biodiversity conservation calls for proactive systemic changes. Veterinarians must be proactive instead of reactive to the above mentioned issues and push for systemic changes. He mentions several relevant topics, such as the need for a new approach to teaching veterinary medicine, including carbon management and sustainable practices. The author highlights the veterinarian's capacity and responsibility to become a champion regarding the environment and animal and human Health. A One-Health approach, including allied professionals, is crucial to achieving One Health with a Planetary Vision. The author makes a common mistake (for non-climate change specialists) by using mitigation and mitigation instead of reduction/reduction, for instance, "mitigate deforestation." In climate change, mitigation refers to the carbon budget (C emission-C sink) and the actions to balance them better. Finally, although the citations are correct and relatively new, they should have included a few more recent ones -from 2022 to 2024-. Also, as an "Allied scientist" to the One Health approach from the Earth and Environmental Sciences focused on Interdisciplinary Climate studies, I feel the need to punctuate that this Opinion Article about One Health could have put a bit more emphasis on the Planetary Health approach , which I firmly believe merges with One Health, mainly when the focus is on climate change. Is the topic of the opinion article discussed accurately in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Partly Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature? Yes Are the conclusions drawn balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Interdisicplinary Climate Studies. Climate Change. Environemntal Sciences. Climate Adaptation. Planetary Health. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Nagy GJ. Reviewer Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r352442 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-352442 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Adnyana IMDM. Reviewer Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r344540 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-344540 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 03 Dec 2024 I Made Dwi Mertha Adnyana , Department of Biology, Faculty of Information Technology and Science, Universitas Hindu Indonesia, East Denpasar, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r344540 Dear Authors, The manuscript presents an important and timely perspective on the role of veterinarians in addressing climate change challenges. The manuscript addresses an important topic and provides a good foundation for discussion, but requires substantial revision to strengthen ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear Authors, The manuscript presents an important and timely perspective on the role of veterinarians in addressing climate change challenges. The manuscript addresses an important topic and provides a good foundation for discussion, but requires substantial revision to strengthen its academic rigor and practical utility. Abstract The first paragraph (lines 6–15) is heavily focused on problem description but lacks quantification of impacts. Specific statistics or concrete examples would strengthen the opening argument. The second paragraph (lines 16–27) discussing action steps is somewhat vague. Phrases like "integrate climate adaptation and mitigation strategies" need more specific examples or a clearer definition of what these strategies entail. The final paragraph (lines 28-36) could be more impactful by including specific, measurable outcomes or goals rather than general statements about building "climate-resilient practices." Keywords The keywords (lines 261-280) are appropriate but could be more specific to help with database searches. Consider adding terms related to specific veterinary practices or climate change mitigation strategies. Introduction The introduction (lines 154-239) provides a solid foundation but would benefit from more specific data and concrete examples of how climate change is already impacting veterinary practice. While the 14.5% greenhouse gas emission figure from livestock is cited, the introduction should better quantify other key impacts. Additionally, the transition between paragraphs could be improved to create better flow and logical progression of ideas. Why Must Veterinary Professionals Act? In lines 689-725, the five key areas of action (zoonotic disease prevention, sustainable agriculture, biodiversity conservation, climate-resilient practices, and community leadership) are well-identified but lack specific implementation strategies. Each area would benefit from concrete examples of successful interventions or pilot programs. The manuscript should provide more detailed guidance on how veterinarians can practically implement these actions in their daily practice. The Time to Act Section Lines 154-188 make broad statements about urgency but would be strengthened by including specific timelines, benchmarks, or goals for the veterinary profession. The section lacks measurable objectives that would help guide institutional and individual responses. References and Evidence Base The paper relies heavily on reports and some older references (e.g., Ziswiler 2012). More recent peer-reviewed literature should be incorporated, particularly regarding emerging climate impacts on animal health and innovative veterinary responses (Red 1 and Ref 2). The manuscript would benefit from including case studies or success stories where veterinary interventions have effectively addressed climate-related challenges. Is the topic of the opinion article discussed accurately in the context of the current literature? Partly Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature? Partly Are the conclusions drawn balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Partly References 1. Shafique M, Khurshid M, Muzammil S, Arshad M, et al.: Traversed dynamics of climate change and One Health. Environmental Sciences Europe . 2024; 36 (1). Publisher Full Text 2. Adnyana IM, Utomo B, Eljatin DS, Sudaryati NL: One Health approach and zoonotic diseases in Indonesia: Urgency of implementation and challenges. Narra J . 2023; 3 (3): e257 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: One Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistic, zoonotic disease I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Adnyana IMDM. Reviewer Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r344540 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-344540 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 13 Nov 24 read read read I Made Dwi Mertha Adnyana , Universitas Hindu Indonesia, East Denpasar, Indonesia Gustavo J Nagy , Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay Robyn Alders , Australian National University,, Canberra,, Australia; Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Alders R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Jan 2025 | for Version 1 Robyn Alders , Development Policy Centre, Australian National University,, Canberra,, Australia; Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK 0 Views copyright © 2025 Alders R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This opinion article addresses a crucial topic and the author is to be commended for their efforts. There is growing literature on the topic, and the author has cited only one reference for each of the key points. Given the importance of the topic, it would be ideal to include a second citation for key points. The brevity of the opinion means that some points do not receive in-depth attention. For example, there is a large and growing literature on GHG emissions from livestock with some authors questioning the robustness of some data. The Conclusions are valid. However, it would be ideal to also mention: * the importance of animal genetics to animal health. Veterinarians should encourage the raising of animals that are well-adapted to their local environments, requiring fewer inputs such as antimicrobials. See FAO 2025: Benefits from and threats to animal genetic resources ; and * the need for climate-smart actions to complement actions addressing other planetary boundaries. See WOAH 2021: Planetary Boundaries and Veterinary Services . Additional comments: * In the Abstract, it is suggested that "As the stewards of animal health" be changed to "As stewards of animal health". Veterinarians are not the only stewards of animal health. * Under sustainable agriculture, it would be ideal to mention that improved animal health can contribute to improved nutrient yields by reducing losses of human-edible components of animal carcases, i.e. meat and red and green offal. Is the topic of the opinion article discussed accurately in the context of the current literature? Partly Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Partly Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature? Partly Are the conclusions drawn balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise One Health, sustainable livestock production, animal health, disease prevention I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Alders R. Peer Review Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r340715) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-340715 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Nagy G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Dec 2024 | for Version 1 Gustavo J Nagy , Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay 0 Views copyright © 2024 Nagy G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The author analyzed the increasing role of veterinarians in the Environmental and Public Health domains beyond their traditional animal health stewards and safeguards. The author focuses on the importance of climate change, highlighting the carbon emissions from livestock and how climate change and the increasing frequency of extreme weather affect animal health by spreading vector-borne diseases. The author's strong advocacy for the One Health approach to sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation is a key point. This approach places veterinarians' roles at the center of One Health, enabling them to better address animal and planetary health issues beyond the traditional care of livestock. The author highlights the urgent need for climate action—both adaptation and mitigation—underscoring the pivotal role of veterinarians in managing it. He presents a list of well-known activities where veterinarians can act, which is not novel and is typically found with the assistance of AI generators. However, an Opinion Article is not that novel; it should address relevant topics, and this article does it. In this vein, the author's emphasis on a new vision of environmental protection, sustainable agriculture, Health, and biodiversity conservation calls for proactive systemic changes. Veterinarians must be proactive instead of reactive to the above mentioned issues and push for systemic changes. He mentions several relevant topics, such as the need for a new approach to teaching veterinary medicine, including carbon management and sustainable practices. The author highlights the veterinarian's capacity and responsibility to become a champion regarding the environment and animal and human Health. A One-Health approach, including allied professionals, is crucial to achieving One Health with a Planetary Vision. The author makes a common mistake (for non-climate change specialists) by using mitigation and mitigation instead of reduction/reduction, for instance, "mitigate deforestation." In climate change, mitigation refers to the carbon budget (C emission-C sink) and the actions to balance them better. Finally, although the citations are correct and relatively new, they should have included a few more recent ones -from 2022 to 2024-. Also, as an "Allied scientist" to the One Health approach from the Earth and Environmental Sciences focused on Interdisciplinary Climate studies, I feel the need to punctuate that this Opinion Article about One Health could have put a bit more emphasis on the Planetary Health approach , which I firmly believe merges with One Health, mainly when the focus is on climate change. Is the topic of the opinion article discussed accurately in the context of the current literature? Yes Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Partly Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature? Yes Are the conclusions drawn balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Interdisicplinary Climate Studies. Climate Change. Environemntal Sciences. Climate Adaptation. Planetary Health. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Nagy GJ. Peer Review Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r352442) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-352442 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Adnyana I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 03 Dec 2024 | for Version 1 I Made Dwi Mertha Adnyana , Department of Biology, Faculty of Information Technology and Science, Universitas Hindu Indonesia, East Denpasar, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2024 Adnyana I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Authors, The manuscript presents an important and timely perspective on the role of veterinarians in addressing climate change challenges. The manuscript addresses an important topic and provides a good foundation for discussion, but requires substantial revision to strengthen its academic rigor and practical utility. Abstract The first paragraph (lines 6–15) is heavily focused on problem description but lacks quantification of impacts. Specific statistics or concrete examples would strengthen the opening argument. The second paragraph (lines 16–27) discussing action steps is somewhat vague. Phrases like "integrate climate adaptation and mitigation strategies" need more specific examples or a clearer definition of what these strategies entail. The final paragraph (lines 28-36) could be more impactful by including specific, measurable outcomes or goals rather than general statements about building "climate-resilient practices." Keywords The keywords (lines 261-280) are appropriate but could be more specific to help with database searches. Consider adding terms related to specific veterinary practices or climate change mitigation strategies. Introduction The introduction (lines 154-239) provides a solid foundation but would benefit from more specific data and concrete examples of how climate change is already impacting veterinary practice. While the 14.5% greenhouse gas emission figure from livestock is cited, the introduction should better quantify other key impacts. Additionally, the transition between paragraphs could be improved to create better flow and logical progression of ideas. Why Must Veterinary Professionals Act? In lines 689-725, the five key areas of action (zoonotic disease prevention, sustainable agriculture, biodiversity conservation, climate-resilient practices, and community leadership) are well-identified but lack specific implementation strategies. Each area would benefit from concrete examples of successful interventions or pilot programs. The manuscript should provide more detailed guidance on how veterinarians can practically implement these actions in their daily practice. The Time to Act Section Lines 154-188 make broad statements about urgency but would be strengthened by including specific timelines, benchmarks, or goals for the veterinary profession. The section lacks measurable objectives that would help guide institutional and individual responses. References and Evidence Base The paper relies heavily on reports and some older references (e.g., Ziswiler 2012). More recent peer-reviewed literature should be incorporated, particularly regarding emerging climate impacts on animal health and innovative veterinary responses (Red 1 and Ref 2). The manuscript would benefit from including case studies or success stories where veterinary interventions have effectively addressed climate-related challenges. Is the topic of the opinion article discussed accurately in the context of the current literature? Partly Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations? Yes Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature? Partly Are the conclusions drawn balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Partly References 1. Shafique M, Khurshid M, Muzammil S, Arshad M, et al.: Traversed dynamics of climate change and One Health. Environmental Sciences Europe . 2024; 36 (1). Publisher Full Text 2. Adnyana IM, Utomo B, Eljatin DS, Sudaryati NL: One Health approach and zoonotic diseases in Indonesia: Urgency of implementation and challenges. Narra J . 2023; 3 (3): e257 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise One Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistic, zoonotic disease I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Adnyana IMDM. Peer Review Report For: Climate Change and Veterinary Medicine: A Call to Action for a Healthier Planet [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1360 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.173879.r344540) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1360/v1#referee-response-344540 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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