Quantitative Assessment and Valorization of the Noun Plain’s Volcanic Geoheritage (Cameroon): A Strategic Framework for a UNESCO Global Geopark

Quantitative Assessment and Valorization of the Noun Plain’s Volcanic Geoheritage (Cameroon): A Strategic Framework for a UNESCO Global Geopark | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Quantitative Assessment and Valorization of the Noun Plain’s Volcanic Geoheritage (Cameroon): A Strategic Framework for a UNESCO Global Geopark Luc Achille Ziem This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9665889/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Noun Plain (Cameroon Volcanic Line) offers an exceptional but under exploited geomorphological diversity. This research is a quantitative assessment of 19 pilot geosites (PN-01 to PN-19) using [1] methodology to assess the potential of future UNESCO Global Geopark. The inventory comprises four volcanic systems: phreatomagmatic maars, strombolian scoria cones, morpho-structural landscapes and felsic intrusions. Results indicate high international Scientific Values (SV) for Mbapit Peak (PN-17, SV: 395), a rhyolitic needle showing evidence of bimodal magmatism and the Nkoambeng/Kechuentim complexes (SV: 395/380), described by green core clinopyroxenes indicative of deep magmatic mixing. Lake Monoun (PN-06, SV: 390) is a world reference of limnic hazards, while the Potential Educational Use (PEU) and Potential Touristic Use (PTU) reach their peaks at Mfoumben (PN-04, PEU: 380) and Petpenoun (PN-09, PTU: 395), where volcanic architecture is associated with Bamoun cultural heritage. However, the high Degradation Risks (DR) at Njigoumbe (PN-14, DR: 400) and Chapchap (PN-05, DR: 380) due to quarrying shows the need for urgent protection. The proposed “Water and Fire” framework is a holistic model connecting the Earth Sciences to the intangible heritage of the Bamoun people. The strategy aims to use the geoheritage of the Noun Plain as a driver of geotourism and socio-economic resilience within the framework of the UNESCO Geopark. Geology Cameroon Volcanic Line Geoheritage magmatic mixing UNESCO Global Geopark Geotourism Bamoun cultural heritage Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction The Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) is one of the famous geological features in Africa that extends over 1,600 km across the continental and oceanic domains (Fig. 1 ). In this structure, the Noun Plain, in the Western Highlands of Cameroon, is a major volcanic zone. It is a real natural laboratory where phreatomagmatic formations (maars), Strombolian cones and differentiated massifs coexist. These formations are not only objects of magmatic study but also major assets of geological heritage illustrating the dynamics of the Earth’s interior. Geoheritage is defined as geological features of great scientific, educational or aesthetic value [ 2 ]. This natural heritage coexists with a rich Bamoun culture in the Noun Plain, resulting in an exceptional geological and cultural landscape. However, despite their international scientific importance, evidenced by the limnic hazard of Lake Monoun [ 3 , 4 ] and the magmatic bimodality of the Mbapit massif [ 5 ], these resources are still vulnerable. Rapid urbanisation, the absence of a formal legal protection framework, and the intensive exploitation of scoria and granitoid quarries (e.g., Njigoumbé, Chapchap) threaten the integrity of these geosites. Although geotourism has established its position globally as a driver of sustainable development, it hasn’t been effectively implemented in Cameroon yet. It is worth noting that, the UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) designation offers a comprehensive framework for integrating socioeconomic resilience with geological conservation [ 2 ]. As such in accordance with UNESCO standards, this article presents an original synthesis aiming at establishing a rigorous scientific inventory and a strategic management framework for the Noun Plain. Drawn on a rigorous quantitative assessment (method by [ 1 ]), the present study integrates recent data from [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] to analyse 19 major géosites, with the aim of illustrating how geodiversity can be rooted in local cultural identity to transform this geoheritage into a lever for sustainable territorial development. 2. Geographic and Geological Setting 2.1. Geographic Location The Noun Plain is located in the West Region of Cameroon, between the Bamiléké Plateau to the southwest and the Bamoun Plateau to the northeast. It covers an area of about 800 to 900 km² and ranges from 1,100 to 1,200 meters above sea level in average [6, 9]. The Noun River is the main river that drains the plain, and it is surrounded by large volcano-plutonic massifs, such as the Mbapit Massif (1,988 m). 2.2. Geological framework and tectonics The Noun Plain is an important part of the continental part of the CVL. The geological basement of that area is made up of Pan-African granitic plutons and gneisses [10]. Recent lava flows have penetrated through this Precambrian bedrock along major tectonic fractures. The final explosive phase, corresponding to a plio-Quaternary episode of alkaline, undersaturated silica, allowed the formation of pyroclastic projection cones [2] and the enlargement of the explosion craters [11]. Based on how they emerged, four types of volcanoes can be distinguished in Noun Plain [12]: (i) Hydromagmatic volcanoes: such as Monoun, Banéfo, and Ngouondam; (ii) Hydro-holomagmatic volcanoes: including Nchout-Monoun, Tchoua Maar, Ménéné Ouest, Njiripa Sud, Njiripa Ouest, and Yupe; (iii) Holo-hydromagmatic volcanoes: among which Lake Baleng, Negop Ghang, the Mfouet lakes, and Mount Mbépit; (iv) Holomagmatic volcanoes: represented by the Nkoanbeng and Kechuentim volcanoes. The first three types are mostly maars, and the fourth type is made up of pyroclastic cones. The volcanism in the Noun Plain occurred in three distinct phases [6]: (i) Fissural effusive phase: Early Tertiary basalt floods and rhyolites that formed the foundation of the plain; (ii) Central phase: Construction of domes and thick rhyolitic flows, most notably within the Mbépit Massif; (iii) Explosive strombolian and phreatomagmatic phase: Plio-Quaternary activity that produced over a hundred scoria cones and several maars. The volcanic products are predominantly alkaline, ranging from basanites and alkali basalts to more evolved felsic terms like rhyolites and trachytes. Recent studies by [13] highlight that these recent pyroclastic deposits, such as those at Petpenoun and Baïgom, provide critical insights into the petrogenetic evolution and mantle source (garnet-lherzolite) beneath the CVL. 3. Methodology This study applies a multidimensional synthesis methodology, converting descriptive geomorphological data from [6, 7, 8], into an integrated quantitative assessment. This process meets UNESCO Global Geopark standards by using accepted methods for site inventory. 3.1. Inventory compilation and classification The inventory was acquired by merging three regional databases. It led to the list of 19 major geosites (PN-01 to PN-19). In the interest of scientific consistency, the sites were classified into four morpho-structural systems according to their genesis: - Phreatomagmatic systems (Maars): 7 geosites formed by interactions of magma with water; - Strombolian complexes, including 8 scoria cones and monogenetic stratovolcanoes; - Volcanic dam systems and depressions including the unique Petpenoun (lava-flow dam) and tectonic structures (Tam-chi); - Differentiated and intrusive massifs: e.g. acidic (rhyolitic) accumulations of the Mbapit Massif and Njigoumbe volcano. 3.2. Quantitative Assessment Each geosite received a weighted numerical assessment using the [1] method's four indicators: - Scientific Value (SV): assessed using seven criteria (Table 1), including scientific knowledge, integrity, rarity, and representativeness). - Potential Educational Use (PEU): appraised through the study of geological landform visibility, accessibility for school groups, and proximity to urban regions (Table 2); - Potential Touristic Use (PTU) estimated via the area's beauty, its link to Bamoun's intangible history, and its current infrastructure (Table 2). - Degradation Risk (DR) estimated through the vulnerability to anthropogenic threats (urbanization, industrial, and artisanal quarrying; Table 3). SV of the geosites was estimated by employing a weighting method given in reference [1]. The authors have prioritized 'representativeness' above all other criteria by allocating it 30% of the overall score. Next in the line is the 'key locality' with a weight of 20%, which is the site used as major references for specific geological features. It is interesting that while integrity and rarity are given the same weight of 15% each, the authors also ensure that the dual approach of evaluating the state of conservation and the rarity of the landforms is rightly carried out. Lastly, usage restrictions (10%), scientific knowledge (5%), and geological diversity (5%) together form the rest of the assessment frame giving a detailed quantitative picture of the geological heritage of the region. To get a total score the mark given (1, 2 or 4) is multiplied by the weighting (e. g. score x 0. 30 for representativeness) and the results are added. Usually, the final score is shown on a scale of 100 to 400 points to make the comparison easier. PEU was evaluated through a set of ten criteria, with emphasis on accessibility and educational potential (20% each) to spot if the place would be good for school visits. PTU was concerned only with whether the place would attract visitors coming from the general public. So, it gave the highest weight to landscape and accessibility (15% each) and in addition, considered interpretive facilities and the Bamoun's intangible history. These evaluations are a demonstration of the site's capability to be an 'open-air classroom' and of its potential to encourage sustainable local development through geotourism. DR indices are the result of the evaluation based on five major factors. Each factor is given a different weighting coefficient to reflect the extent of its contribution to the site's vulnerability: (i) degradation of geological components (35%): this is definitely the principal component to focus on. It corresponds to the possible disappearance of geological elements given their inherent weakness (e. g. their size and the hardness of the rock) and the intervention of natural or human-induced erosive agents. (ii) Close to potential degrading areas/activities (20%): this factor considers the site's closeness to possible external threatening entities such as mines, factories or urban areas. (iii) Legal protection (20%): this factor shows whether the site is located in an area benefiting from direct or indirect legal protections which may help to reduce risks. (iv) Accessibility (15%): in the case where the site is more accessible to the general public, the probability of human damage like misuse or vandalism is greater. (v) Population density (10%): this factor studies the number of the residents owing to whose inappropriate use the site could be damaged. 3.3. Strategic Synthesis As a result, the scores derived from this exercise enabled the site prioritization which leads to the introduction of the "Water and Fire" setup. This approach uses the geosites having high scientific value (SV) as conservation score bases, whereas the locations with high tourist scoring (PTU) act as centers for economic growth. 4. Results The pilot geosites quantitative evaluation of 19 places (PN-01 to PN-19) shows a region where the scientific rarity is very close to the Bamoun cultural identity. A comprehensive inventory has been created and these places have been thoroughly evaluated. They are the 'Water and Fire' geosites of the Noun Plain. The quantitative assessment of individual geosites, based on [1] way, reveals that Mbapit (PN-17) and Nkoambeng (PN-10) geosites have been identified as top-tier scientific sites at the international level, and Petpenoun (PN-09) has been recognized as an outstanding geotourism hub with high potential. Each of the technical data sheets (Supplementary Information) contains the technical characteristics, morphogenesis and management suggestion for each site; This way, they represent a core dataset for the strategic setup of the proposed UNESCO Global Geopark. The chosen geosites fall into four morpho-structural categories: phreatomagmatic systems, strombolian scoria cones, volcanic dams and structural depressions, differentiated and intrusive massifs (Table 4). 4.1. Group 1: Phreatomagmatic systems (Maars) This group features the most diverse range of magma-water interactions in the area and achieves very high scientific (SV) and educational (PEU) scores. Concerning scientific and educational value, the group's scientific highlight is Lake Monoun (Fig. 2a; PN-06, SV: 390). It is a globally recognized limnic hazard since the 1984 gas eruption and has spawned a considerable body of scientific literature (e. g. [3 4 15, 16 17 18, 19 20 21, 22 23 24, 25 26 27 28 29]). Its internal walls, showing listric faults, be an unparalleled educational means for studying the Pan-African basement. Amongst 'textbook examples', Tchoua (Fig. 2b; PN-12, SV: 355) and the Maar Nfou (Fig. 2c; PN-16, SV: 350) are remarkable for the pristine condition of their morphologies (tuff ring) and their basal surge deposits. Neghop-Ghang (Fig. 2e; PN-01, SV: 325) is a great example of the changeover from explosive to effusive phases, whereas Ngouondam (Fig. 2f; PN-08, SV: 290) is a good instance of a low-rimmed maar formed from a deep hydrovolcanic explosion. At last, Sanka-Ndoumkain (Fig 2g, f; PN-13, SV: 280), also known as "Nchout-Monoun", integrates linguistic and historical factors crucial for understanding the evolution of the plain's craters. Lake Mfouet (Fig. 2d; PN-02, PTU: 365) is a perfect example of a cultural, aesthetic and risk link. The lake's emerald green water, aside from their mere visual appearance, are the place where the Bamoun community initiates its members. This has made the lake sacred and the natural protection from the human demolition of the site (DR: 180). But, the multi-maar system at Lake Monoun (PN-06, DR: 350) and the eruptive transitions at Neghop-Ghang (PN-01, DR: 320) highlight natural hazards and environmental vulnerabilities that can be improved by monitoring. Table 4 Final quantitative assessment (according to [1] Method) SV: Scientific Value, PEU: Potential Educational Use, PTU: Potential Touristic Use, DR: Degradation Risk. Group ID Geosite Name SV PEU PTU DR Interest / Justification G1 PN-01 Neghop-Ghang 325 310 280 320 Pristine maar, explosive-effusive transition. PN-02 Lake Mfouet 365 340 365 180 Emerald color, Bamoun initiation rituals. PN-06 Lake Monoun 390 350 320 350 Multi-maar, international limnic hazard (CO2). PN-08 Ngouondam 290 300 260 190 Low-rimmed maar, deep hydrovolcanic explosion. PN-12 Tchoua 355 360 310 130 Tuff-ring morphology, structural infilling. PN-13 Sanka-Ndoumkain 280 290 310 240 "Nchout-Monoun", linguistic heritage. PN-16 Maar Nfou 350 350 340 100 Pristine status, UNESCO-standard gallery forest. G2 PN-03 Njitande 315 320 290 110 Representative monogenetic Strombolian cone. PN-04 Mfoumben 345 380 330 310 Stratovolcano archetype, panoramic didactic view. PN-05 Chapchap 310 320 280 380 Fertile tephra (agro-services), quarrying threat. PN-07 Makwet 320 330 335 210 High aesthetic contrast, lookout over Monoun. PN-10 Nkoambeng 395 340 310 360 Magma mixing, green-core clinopyroxenes. PN-11 Kechuentim 380 340 310 220 Multi-crater complex, petrological rarity. PN-15 Ngouen 270 280 280 210 Satellite cone, legible eruptive phases. PN-18 South Volcano 305 310 310 110 Holomagmatic, intact, base-of-cone lava flows. G3 PN-09 Petpenoun 330 310 395 120 Volcanic dam, "Legend of the Twins" heritage. PN-19 Tam-chi 290 250 250 230 Tectonic graben, U-shaped structural valley. G4 PN-14 Njigoumbe 315 340 250 400 Intrusive dome, critical loss via industrial quarry. PN-17 Mbapit Peak 395 385 385 120 Rhyolitic needle, bimodal magmatism climax. 4.2. Group 2: Strombolian complexes (Scoria Cones) These sites depict the "Fire" element of the Noun plain and act as crucial geological landmarks as well as significant contributors to the agricultural economy of the region. The scientific and educational points of view: the extreme scarcity of the rocks on this group globally. For one thing, the findings of green-core clinopyroxenes at Nkoambeng (Fig 3a; PN-10, SV: 395) and the multi-crater complex of Kechuentim (Fig 3b; PN-11, SV: 380) represent pieces of crucial evidence of complex magma mixing and mantle processes under the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). But, from an educational point of view, Mfoumben (Fig. 3c; PN-04, PEU: 380) is a "stratovolcano archetype"; its strong vertical growth and well-exposed stratigraphy provide an excellent didactic snapshot of eruptive dynamics. Other places help telling the eruptive history of the area through their accessibility: Njitande (Fig 3d; PN-03, SV: 315) is a perfect example of a monogenetic cone, while South Volcano (Fig 4d; PN-18, SV: 305) keep help holomagmatic lava flows right at the base of its well-preserved core. Last but not least, Ngouen (Fig. 4e; PN-15, SV: 270) is a crucial satellite cone where students can easily identify eruptive phases with a clear definition. Socio-cultural link and conservation challenges: The Bamoun agrarian culture is inextricably bound to the volcanic landscapes, on which the people depend, and which have sustained generations the fertile tephra of Chapchap (Fig 4a; PN - 05) and the high aesthetic contrast of Makwet (Fig. 4b, c; PN-07, PTU: 335), which offers a magnificent view over Lake Monoun, are the double value of these places. Still, the economic and visual attraction of the area entails substantial pressure. Chapchap (PN-05, DR: 380) and Nkoambeng (PN-10, DR: 360) are critically endangered due to the combination of pozzolan quarrying, and agricultural expansion on their slopes. Then again, sites such as Njitande (PN-03, DR: 110) and South Volcano (PN-18, DR: 110) are still quite well-preserved, displaying the original volcanic morphology of the Noun plain that existed before human intervention. 4.3. Group 3: Morpho-structural landscapes and volcanic dams This group is a concrete example of the morphogenic process on which volcanism influences hydrological reform, leading to a fusion of physical science and cultural stories. Morphogenesis and legend: Petpenoun morphogenesis and myth (Fig. 5 a, b, and c; PN-09, PTU: 395) is the iconic touristic point in the region. Architecturally pleasing, it is also scientifically significant as a volcanic dam formed by the ancient lava flows of Nkoambeng that is quite rare. This geologic event corresponds exactly to the Bamoun "Legend of the Twins, " which is a mythological depiction of how these two lakes came into being. The site has a very low degradation risk (DR: 120), which points to the long-term conservation of this natural-cum-cultural heritage. Tectonic context: Unlike the volcanic edifices, the Tam-chi depression (Fig. 5d; PN-19, SV: 290) is a geological tectonic feature displaying a valley where one can observe the downward movement along the N30E graben. Its U-shaped valley vividly shows the massive tectonic processes that had a hand in the formation of the Noun Plain. 4.4. Group 4: Felsic intrusions and bimodal magmatism This group is the most advanced and chemically variable stage of the volcanic history of the region and depicts the extremes of both conservation and destruction. Petrological paroxysms: Mbapit Peak (Fig. 6a, b; PN-17, SV: 395) is a scientific treasure, representing a rhyolitic needle that signifies the most intense bimodal magmatism in the Noun. Its almost perfect results in SV, PEU, and PTU reflect its position as a nationally significant site, which is also protected by its natural isolation (DR: 120). The industrial threat: While Mbapit is still untouched, the Njigoumbe intrusive dome (Fig. 6c; PN-14, SV: 315) is an example of a place in danger. Despite its scientific importance, it is the site with the greatest degradation risk in the whole study (DR: 400) due to very intense industrial quarrying. This geosite is a major illustration of how the industrial demand for volcanic products can result in the complete loss of geological heritage that cannot be replaced. 5. Discussion: Challenges and strategic directions for the Noun UNESCO Global Geopark 5. 1. The "Geocultural synergy" as a conservation system The results from our quantitative analysis demonstrate that the Noun Plain is not just a local interest area, but it is also a place that meets the three essential criteria of a UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp): it has internationally significant geology, it can be used well for educational purposes, and it has deep cultural roots. One of the major revelations of this research is the function of Bamoun cosmogony as a naturally governing tool. At times where legislative norms are not implemented due to lack of sanctions, the traditional sacredness like the initiation rites at Lake Mfouet (PN-02) has, in fact, been a very effective way in safeguarding the site. We maintain that the upcoming Geopark should establish "Geocultural Storytelling" as a permanent feature. Drawing together the scientific origin story (e. g. magma mixing at Nkoambeng or phreatomagmatism at Monoun) and Bamoun oral lore (e. g. the "Twins of Petpenoun") will not only bring locals and visitors to a mutual understanding of the area but also enhance the Potential Educational Use (PEU) of the site. And, this approach will unveil geological science as a human and cultural activity, this way, raising the social acceptability of the project indefinitely. 5.2. Confronting the industrial-heritage conflict: the Njigoumbe crisis The high Degradation Risk (DR: 400) that was measured at Njigoumbe (PN-14) and Chapchap (PN-05) reveals a deep, systemic failure in the management of regional territories. Up to now, the local people and officials have only seen these geosites as sources from which to extract materials, i. e. "material mines. " In reality, these are non-renewable "natural heritage" that should be preserved. That means, to ease the tension, a shift to the UNESCO approach with the Multi-use Zonation Strategy is needed: Sanctuary zones: totally safeguarding the central vents and morphologies that are unique (e. g. the green-core clinopyroxene outcrops of Nkoambeng) where no extraction activities are allowed. The controlled buffer zones: granting a small degree of local, artisanal extraction on distant, less significant flows to keep the local people's ways of living while at the same time preserving the scientific "heart" of the site. Economic reorientation: using the Petpenoun (PN-09) luxurious facility as a main entrance point to develop the "Fire and Water" high-end scientific trails which leads to the transformation of the local economy from the exploitation of non-renewable resources to sustainable geotourism. 5. 3. Going beyond the logistical and educational challenges The main barrier to UGGp candidacy is still the absence of interpretive infrastructure. To help close this gap, our conceptualization puts forward a set of three priority "operational axes": Infrastructure and connectivity: the "Bridge over the Noun" is not only a physical structure to facilitate movement; it represents a strategic link that shall see the Neghop-Ghang and Mfouet clusters forming a single entity. This would allow visitors to the area to have a "one-day geocultural circuit, " something important in the success of commercial tourism. Multilingual interpretation: the deployment of uniform, resistant signboards at Mfoumben (PN-04) and Lake Monoun (PN-06). We propose the use of three languages (French, English, and Bamoun) so that while the bilingual nature of Cameroon is kept, the local identity in language is also recognized. Human capital development: training local Bamoun youngsters to become "Geo-guides". This professional instruction should give them the knowledge to interpret the volcanic nature of the landscape and the ancestral history, Because of this Geoparks' revenues will be used to improve the community's social fabric. 6. Conclusion Both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the Noun Plain lead to the recognition of the area as a region of world geoheritage importance. Through the use of [30] method on nineteen geosites, this research has unveiled a distinctive 'water and fire' landscape where phreatomagmatic maars, Strombolian cones, and bimodal massifs coexist with exceptional morphological clarity. For example, Nkoambeng (PN-10) and Mbapit Peak (PN-17) have attained international recognition as main examples of magmatic mixing and bimodal things. And, the study of Bamoun intangible heritage, for instance, the sacred character of Lake Mfouet (PN-02) and the tales of Petpenoun (PN-09), reveals that geodiversity is one of the cornerstones of local cultural and social identity. But, the high Degradation Risk (DR) levels at Njigoumb (PN-14) and Chapchap (PN-05) act as a red light; heavy extraction of scoria and volcanic rocks could result in the destruction of these non-renewable geological records. To counteract these threats and, at the same time, make the Noun Plain a center of sustainable development, the proposed strategic pillars are: - Geo-legislation: Identify the most important geosites and officially declare them as national natural monuments to give a legal basis for prohibiting uncontrolled mining. - Facilities and educational materials: Create a regional volcanological interpretation center and provide bilingual explanations through placards and brochures that allow the public to understand the geological information. - Community-driven geotourism: Empower the traditional authorities of the Bamoun ethnic group in the management of the project and train the local young people as certified 'geoguides. ' This way, they can earn money through tourism rather than resorting to destructive industries. - Scientific monitoring: Keep the geochemical monitoring of Lake Monoun, and at the same time, invite foreign scientists to conduct research on Eocene bimodal volcanism. Combining the tangible as well as intangible heritage of the Noun Plain with the UNESCO Global Geopark model, the region will be able to meet its urgent economic requirements without losing sight of the geoconservation imperative. After all, the 'Water and Fire' concept changes this volcanic region from a source of weakness to a powerful engine of sustainable development of the whole area. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to the administrative and customary authorities, and the local people of Noun Department. Very special thanks are due to the creators of the website visiterlecamerounavecmoi who shared some beautiful images of the geosites. We are deeply grateful to the Geosciences Laboratory of the cole Normale Suprieure of Yaound, and also to the University of Yaound for their administrative support. Author contributions Luc Achille ZIEM A BIDIAS (Corresponding author: [email protected] ): Conceptualization; Data curation; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing – original draft; Writing – review & editing. Sahada MOUCHILI NGUEGNI, Arnaud Patrice KOUSKEand Dieudonné Charles Isidore ILOUGA: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology; Resources; Software; Visualization; Roles/Writing – original draft; Writing – review & editing. Leandre Harold NJEUATCHOUA KAMENI: Adamou NSANGOU,Hermine Suzinie KENNA, Amidou MOUNDI, and Pierre KAMGANG: Methodology; Resources; Writing – original draft; Writing – review & editing. References Brilha, J. (2016). Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: A review. Geoheritage, 8(2), 119–134. UNESCO. (2015). Operational guidelines for UNESCO Global Geoparks. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 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Inventory and assessment of the Mbapit Massif geomorphosites (Cameroon Volcanic Line): Assets for the development of local geotourism. Geoheritage, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00471-6 Ziem à Bidias, L. A., Mouchili Nguegni S., Ilouga, D. C. I., Kenna H.S., Moundi, A., Kamgang P. (2023a). Geomorphological component of volcanic geoheritage of Kouoptamo, Cameroon Volcanic Line: Geoconservation and perspectives for geotourism industry International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 11 (2023) 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.06.001 Ziem à Bidias, L. A., Njeuatchoua Kameni L.H.., Moundi, A., Kamgang P. (2023b). Geoheritage of the volcanic landscapes of Foumbot-Kouomboum region, Noun Plain, Cameroon: Geomorphological features and assessment of geomorphosites. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 11 (2023) 464–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.08.002 Wandji, P., Bardintzeff, J. -M., Ménard, J. J., & Tchoua, M. F. (2000). The alkaline fassaite-bearing volcanic province of the Noun Plain (West Cameroon). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 1, 1–14. Wotchoko, P., Wandji, P., Bardintzeff, J. -M., & Bellon, H. (2005). Données pétrologiques et géochronologiques nouvelles Sur le volcanisme alcalin néogène à récent de la rive Ouest du noun (plaine du noun, Ligne du Cameroun) [Newpetrological and geochronological data on the Neogene to recent alkaline volcanismof thewestern bank of the Noun (Noun Plain, Cameroon Volcanic Line)]. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 66(1–3), 97–105. Wandji, P., Wotchoko, P., Bardintzeff, J. -M., & Bellon, H. (2010). Late Tertiary and Quaternary alkaline volcanism in the western Noun Plain (Cameroon Volcanic Line): New K-Ar ages, petrology and isotope data. Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, 48, 67–94. Wandji, P. (1995). Le volcanisme récent de la plaine du Noun (Ouest-Cameroun) : volcanologie, pétrologie, géochimie et pouzzolanicité [Recent volcanic activity in the Noun Plain (Western Cameroon) : Volcanology, petrology, geochemistry and volcanic ash]. (Doctoral dissertation) University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Ziem A Bidias, L.A., Hiredya, C., Ram Mohan, M., Chalapathi Rao, N.V., 2021. Green core clinopyroxenes from basanites of Petpenoun volcanoes, Noun Plain, Cameroon volcanic line: chemistry and genesis. Bull. Volcanol. doi: 10.1007/s00445- 021- 01437- 4. .Njome, M. S., & de Wit, M. J. (2014). The Cameroon Line: Analysis of an intraplate magmatic province transecting both oceanic and continental lithospheres: Constraints, controversies and models. Earth-Science Reviews , 139 , 168–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.09.003. Halbwachs, M., Grangeon, J., Sabroux, J. -C., & Villevielle, A. (1993). Purge par auto-siphon du gaz carbonique dissous dans le lac Monoun (Cameroun): premiers resultats experimentaux [Self siphon purge of dissolved carbon dioxide in Lake Monon (Cameroon): First experimental result]. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 316(4), 483–489. Halbwachs, M., Sabroux, J. -C., Grangeon, J., Kayser, G., Tochon-Danguy, J. -C., Felix, A., ... Hell, J. (2004). Degassing the “killer lakes” Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. EOS, 85(30), 281–288. Kusakabe, M., Tanyileke, G., McCord, S. A., & Scladow, S. G. (2000). Recent pH and CO2 profiles at lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon: implications for the degassing strategy and its numerical simulation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 97, 241–260. Nagao, K., Kusakabe, M., Yoshida, Y., & Tanyileke, G. (2010). Noble gases in lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. Geochemical Journal, 44(6), 519–543. Issa, O. T., Tchamabe, B. C., Oginuma, Y., Issa, Fantong,W., Fouepe, A., ... Tsunogai, U. (2013). Contribution ofmethane to total gas pressure in deep waters at lakes Nyos and Monoun (Cameroon, West Africa). Geochemical Journal, 44(3), 349–362. Kozono, T., Kusakabe, M., Yoshida, Y., Ntchantcho, R., Ohba, T., Tanyileke, G., & Hell, J. V. (2016). Numerical assessment of the potential for future limnic eruptions at lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon, based on regular monitoring data. Geological Society Special Publication, 437(1), 163–175. Saiki, K., Kaneko, K., Ohba, T., Sanemasa, M., Kusakabe, M., Ntchancho, R., ... Hell, J. V. (2016). Vertical distribution of dissolved CO2 from lakes Nyos and Monoun (Cameroon) as estimated by sound speed in water. Geological Society Special Publication, 437(1), 185–192. Yoshida, Y., Issa, K. M., Satake, H., & Ohba, T. (2010). An efficient method for measuring CO2 concentration in gassy lakes: Application to lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. Geochemical Journal, 44(5), 441–448. Yoshida, Y., Kusakabe, M., Issa, O. T., Tanyileke, G., & Hell, J. V. (2016). Decreasing capability of the degassing systems at lakes Nyos andMonoun (Cameroon): A newgas removal system applied to Lake Monoun to prevent a future limnic eruption. Geological Society Special Publication, 437(1), 205–212 Kusakabe,M. (2015). Evolution of CO2 content in lakes Nyos andMonoun, and sub-lacustrine CO2-recharge systemat Lake Nyos as envisaged fromCO2/ 3He ratios and noble gas signatures. In D. Rouwet, B. Christenson, F. Tassi, & J. Vandemeulebrouck (Eds.), Volcanic lakes (pp. 427–450). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Kusakabe, M. (2017). Lakes Nyos and Monoun gas disasters (Cameroon): Limnic eruptions caused by excessive accumulation of magmatic CO2 in crater lakes. Geochemistry Monograph Serie, 1(1), 1–50. Tanyileke, G., Ntchantcho, R., Fantong, W. Y., Aka, F. T., & Hell, J. V. (2019). 30 Years of the Lakes Nyos and Monoun gas disasters: A scientific, technological, institutional and social adventure. Journal of African Earth Sciences , 150 , 415–432. Ohba, T., Oginuma, Y., Saiki, K., Kusakabe, M., Issa, Fouepe, T. A., Ntchantcho, R., Tanyileke, G., & Hell, J. V. (2022). A depression containing CO 2 -enriched water at the bottom of Lake Monoun, Cameroon, and implications for the 1984 limnic eruption. Frontiers in Earth Science , 10 , 766791. Nche, L. A., Hasegawa, T., Aka, F. T., Ohba, T., Mafany, G. T., Németh, K., Miyabuchi, Y., Kaneda, Y., Asaah, A. N. E., Wajiba, P. M., Ngwa, C. N., Tchop, J. L., Nguet, P. W., Nfomou, N., Suh, C. E., Fantong, W. Y., & Mouncherou, F. O. (2025). Volcanic history and magma systems of Lake Monoun Polygenetic Maar, Noun Plain, Western part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line: Constraints from stratigraphy, chronology and geochemistry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , 460 , 108265. Kouokam Sado, C., Wotchoko, P., Cheo, E. S., Chako-Tchamabé, B., Chenyi, M.-L. V., Guedjeo, C. S., Fantong, W. Y., & Mouncherou, F. O. (2025). Pre-eruptive CO 2 -rich fluid interactions and siderite genesis at the Monoun Maar Volcano, Cameroon Volcanic Line: Insights from stable carbon and oxygen systematic. Earth Sciences , 14 (4), 160–171. Visiter le Cameroun avec moi. (n.d.). Home [https://facebook.com/visiterlecamerounavecmoi]. Facebook. Retrieved May 2, 2026, from facebook.com Tables Tables 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformationGEOSITEDATASHEET.docx Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9665889","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":637471848,"identity":"73043688-2684-41aa-a166-86a677901bbf","order_by":0,"name":"Luc Achille Ziem","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIie3PIQvCQBgG4BsHSwPr2n6D5dK8/RDLHQczWcVgOBFmtA78DYLJfDI0iasDDVsxm4zidxtY5KY2wXth8DLeh49DyMbmF4PhK3XxnakqUQgNylvCGiIVQ7Emsp2gJ0EISFb/aCXBHO/WPKFBZzmDK+OcruYZXJmEfRNxZm5c8ER00/MWyOEkNgcOZB8Ppekp2CNAlLP2YcmTkyAKiiMzI3Fx56ZJ1JD7UZC8aice9lxNeEOkonC0nfjYJQU7CpHqJdsLRopKF/NbgkV2Ka4j2lukg6q8TmhE8rqERvISXi/Zp3Od6JuxjY2NzX/kAaPYa4gObBiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Yaounde 1","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luc","middleName":"Achille","lastName":"Ziem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-05-09 18:50:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9665889/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9665889/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109146977,"identity":"b9b58e35-8445-4a7f-9ea9-fbecfc2eb836","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) volcanic centers, including the Noun Plain (adapted from [14]). Oceanic volcanoes include Pagalú, São Tomé, Príncipe, Bioko, as well as two seamounts. The continental sector includes Mts. Cameroon, Manengouba, Bambouto, and Oku, as well as the Adamawa and Biu plateaus and the Mandara Mountains (with the Kapsiki Plateau serving as the northernmost extension). The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) fault system is also shown.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/baa0bab58bb8d518def59f51.jpg"},{"id":109146989,"identity":"0979b74b-6a56-4936-9777-36ea827730d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:27","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":388548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhreatomagmatic systems:\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003ePanoramic view of Lake Monoun, PN-06 (a) and Lake Tchoua, PN-12 (b), Kouoptamo District, 6 km from Foumbot. \u003cem\u003ePhotos (a) and (b) from [30], reproduced with kind permission. \u003c/em\u003ePhreatomagmatic systems: (c) Maar Nfou (PN-16), displaying its characteristic emerald-green water; (d) Lake Mfouet (PN-02), showing its distinctive greenish hues; (e) Lake Neghop-Ghang (PN-01), characterized by clear and limpid waters; (f) Lake Ngouondam (PN-08), located 15 km from Kouoptamo, renowned for seasonal color shifts between green and blue; (g) and (h) Lake Sanka-Ndoumkain (PN-13), situated 10 km west of Kouoptamo, which features clear waters and a maximum depth of 34 m—a significant depth for its small surface area, making it ideal for swimming. \u003cem\u003ePhotos (f), (g) and (h) from [30], reproduced with kind permission.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/c342ec75b11093b9b64dd2f6.jpg"},{"id":109146978,"identity":"5d9dfb20-721f-4124-88fb-c25a7cb945ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":290502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStrombolian complexes (Scoria Cones): (a) Nkoambeng (PN-10), the region’s largest volcanic cone, characterized by its dry, multi-lobed crater breached on the northern flank; (b) Kechuentim (PN-11), a complex multi-crater system of global petrological significance due to its green-core clinopyroxene markers; (c) Mfoumben (PN-04), an archetypal stratovolcano offering a panoramic didactic view of the Noun Plain; (d) Njitande (PN-03), a representative monogenetic cone displaying a well-preserved truncated circular profile;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/5e1faeb9828be26f94cafbb0.jpg"},{"id":109146988,"identity":"f787e37a-1bc1-4713-ba66-a0969ccdb311","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:27","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":280372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Chapchap volcano (PN-05), featuring fertile tephra deposits vital for local agro-services but currently threatened by intensive quarrying; (b) and (c) Makwet cone (PN-07), a high-aesthetic lookout providing a commanding view over the Monoun multi-maar system; (d) South Volcano \u0026nbsp;(PN-18), showing intact holomagmatic lava flows extending from its base; (e) Ngouen volcano (PN-15), a satellite cone illustrating legible successive eruptive phases.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/39b886c782a1f540ee05ed1a.jpg"},{"id":109146985,"identity":"a5aece06-d26e-4a27-98bc-d81626f92d1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:27","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":301355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMorphostructural landscapes and volcanic dam systems (Group 3): (a) Aerial overview of planned infrastructure and tourist facilities at the \u003ca href=\"https://ayilaa.com/en/lac/5568-lac-petpenoun\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePetpenoun volcanic complex\u003c/a\u003e. (b) Aerial view of the Petpenoun site highlighting the cultural landscape and site development; (c) Panoramic view of the twin lakes of Petpenoun (PN-09), a rare example of a volcanic dam formed by lava flows blocking the local river system; The figure demonstrates the site's high aesthetic value, a key factor in its regional attractiveness. (d) View of the Tam-chi depression (PN-19), showing a large-scale tectonic graben. \u003cem\u003ePhotos (a), (b) and (c) from [30], reproduced with kind permission.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/115374778248756ef515346b.jpg"},{"id":109146979,"identity":"befd966a-515e-4628-b84e-395b330e11aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":275985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFelsic intrusions and bimodal magmatism paroxysms (Group 4): (a) Distant view of the Mbépit Massif, highlighting its major morphological impact on the Noun Plain; (b) Rhyolitic peak of Mount Mbépit (PN-17), a majestic needle representing the most evolved stage of regional bimodal magmatism; (c) Njigoumbé volcano (PN-14), an intrusive dome showing the dramatic impact of industrial quarrying on geological integrity and illustrating the critical degradation risk (DR: 400).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/71b590a54523d48d9454ce03.jpg"},{"id":109147050,"identity":"16c7e4f6-b22b-43dc-ab3c-1d0264e39fed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1989713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/6a556ba7-7960-4cb8-8d4a-40ea250202c5.pdf"},{"id":109146984,"identity":"ea732035-d979-47a9-bed8-c2c89c2d9fe7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:26","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":67486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformationGEOSITEDATASHEET.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/3fc6dedfd791e024b53b0b4d.docx"},{"id":109146987,"identity":"e7485d36-93cd-42e1-9270-d5e67ed21bab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 04:26:27","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":55854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9665889/v1/6251df98ec0cf2a4ea9feefc.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantitative Assessment and Valorization of the Noun Plain’s Volcanic Geoheritage (Cameroon): A Strategic Framework for a UNESCO Global Geopark\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) is one of the famous geological features in Africa that extends over 1,600 km across the continental and oceanic domains (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In this structure, the Noun Plain, in the Western Highlands of Cameroon, is a major volcanic zone. It is a real natural laboratory where phreatomagmatic formations (maars), Strombolian cones and differentiated massifs coexist. These formations are not only objects of magmatic study but also major assets of geological heritage illustrating the dynamics of the Earth\u0026rsquo;s interior. Geoheritage is defined as geological features of great scientific, educational or aesthetic value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This natural heritage coexists with a rich Bamoun culture in the Noun Plain, resulting in an exceptional geological and cultural landscape. However, despite their international scientific importance, evidenced by the limnic hazard of Lake Monoun [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] and the magmatic bimodality of the Mbapit massif [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], these resources are still vulnerable. Rapid urbanisation, the absence of a formal legal protection framework, and the intensive exploitation of scoria and granitoid quarries (e.g., Njigoumb\u0026eacute;, Chapchap) threaten the integrity of these geosites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough geotourism has established its position globally as a driver of sustainable development, it hasn\u0026rsquo;t been effectively implemented in Cameroon yet. It is worth noting that, the UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) designation offers a comprehensive framework for integrating socioeconomic resilience with geological conservation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. As such in accordance with UNESCO standards, this article presents an original synthesis aiming at establishing a rigorous scientific inventory and a strategic management framework for the Noun Plain. Drawn on a rigorous quantitative assessment (method by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]), the present study integrates recent data from [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] to analyse 19 major g\u0026eacute;osites, with the aim of illustrating how geodiversity can be rooted in local cultural identity to transform this geoheritage into a lever for sustainable territorial development.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"2. Geographic and Geological Setting","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Geographic Location\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Noun Plain is located in the West Region of Cameroon, between the Bamil\u0026eacute;k\u0026eacute; Plateau to the southwest and the Bamoun Plateau to the northeast. It covers an area of about 800 to 900 km\u0026sup2; and ranges from 1,100 to 1,200 meters above sea level in average [6, 9]. The Noun River is the main river that drains the plain, and it is surrounded by large volcano-plutonic massifs, such as the Mbapit Massif (1,988 m).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Geological framework and tectonics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Noun Plain is an important part of the continental part of the CVL. The geological basement of that area is made up of Pan-African granitic plutons and gneisses [10]. Recent lava flows have penetrated through this Precambrian bedrock along major tectonic fractures. The final explosive phase, corresponding to a plio-Quaternary episode of alkaline, undersaturated silica, allowed the formation of pyroclastic projection cones [2] and the enlargement of the explosion craters [11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on how they emerged, four types of volcanoes can be distinguished in \u0026nbsp;Noun Plain [12]: (i) Hydromagmatic volcanoes: such as Monoun, Ban\u0026eacute;fo, and Ngouondam; (ii) Hydro-holomagmatic volcanoes: including Nchout-Monoun, Tchoua Maar, M\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute; Ouest, Njiripa Sud, Njiripa Ouest, and Yupe; (iii) Holo-hydromagmatic volcanoes: among which Lake Baleng, Negop Ghang, the Mfouet lakes, and Mount Mb\u0026eacute;pit; (iv) Holomagmatic volcanoes: represented by the Nkoanbeng and Kechuentim volcanoes. The first three types are mostly maars, and the fourth type is made up of pyroclastic cones. The volcanism in the Noun Plain occurred in three distinct phases [6]: (i) Fissural effusive phase: Early Tertiary basalt floods and rhyolites that formed the foundation of the plain; (ii) Central phase: Construction of domes and thick rhyolitic flows, most notably within the Mb\u0026eacute;pit Massif; (iii) Explosive strombolian and phreatomagmatic phase: Plio-Quaternary activity that produced over a hundred scoria cones and several maars. The volcanic products are predominantly alkaline, ranging from basanites and alkali basalts to more evolved felsic terms like rhyolites and trachytes. Recent studies by [13] highlight that these recent pyroclastic deposits, such as those at Petpenoun and Ba\u0026iuml;gom, provide critical insights into the petrogenetic evolution and mantle source (garnet-lherzolite) beneath the CVL.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study applies a multidimensional synthesis methodology, converting descriptive geomorphological data from [6, 7, 8], into an integrated quantitative assessment. This process meets UNESCO Global Geopark standards by using accepted methods for site inventory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1. Inventory compilation and classification\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inventory was acquired by merging three regional databases. It led to the list of 19 major geosites (PN-01 to PN-19). In the interest of scientific consistency, the sites were classified into four morpho-structural systems according to their genesis:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Phreatomagmatic systems (Maars): 7 geosites formed by interactions of magma with water;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Strombolian complexes, including 8 scoria cones and monogenetic stratovolcanoes;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Volcanic dam systems and depressions including the unique Petpenoun (lava-flow dam) and tectonic structures (Tam-chi);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Differentiated and intrusive massifs: e.g. acidic (rhyolitic) accumulations of the Mbapit Massif and Njigoumbe volcano.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2. Quantitative Assessment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach geosite received a weighted numerical assessment using the [1] method\u0026apos;s four indicators:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Scientific Value (SV): assessed using seven criteria (Table 1), including scientific knowledge, integrity, rarity, and representativeness).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Potential Educational Use (PEU): appraised through the study of geological landform visibility, accessibility for school groups, and proximity to urban regions (Table 2);\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Potential Touristic Use (PTU) estimated via the area\u0026apos;s beauty, its link to Bamoun\u0026apos;s intangible history, and its current infrastructure (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Degradation Risk (DR) estimated through the vulnerability to anthropogenic threats (urbanization, industrial, and artisanal quarrying; Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSV of the geosites was estimated by employing a weighting method given in reference [1]. The authors have prioritized \u0026apos;representativeness\u0026apos; above all other criteria by allocating it 30% of the overall score. Next in the line is the \u0026apos;key locality\u0026apos; with a weight of 20%, which is the site used as major references for specific geological features. It is interesting that while integrity and rarity are given the same weight of 15% each, the authors also ensure that the dual approach of evaluating the state of conservation and the rarity of the landforms is rightly carried out. Lastly, usage restrictions (10%), scientific knowledge (5%), and geological diversity (5%) together form the rest of the assessment frame giving a detailed quantitative picture of the geological heritage of the region. To get a total score the mark given (1, 2 or 4) is multiplied by the weighting (e. g. score x 0. 30 for representativeness) and the results are added. Usually, the final score is shown on a scale of 100 to 400 points to make the comparison easier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;PEU was evaluated through a set of ten criteria, with emphasis on accessibility and educational potential (20% each) to spot if the place would be good for school visits.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePTU was concerned only with whether the place would attract visitors coming from the general public. So, it gave the highest weight to landscape and accessibility (15% each) and in addition, considered interpretive facilities and the Bamoun\u0026apos;s intangible history. These evaluations are a demonstration of the site\u0026apos;s capability to be an \u0026apos;open-air classroom\u0026apos; and of its potential to encourage sustainable local development through geotourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDR indices are the result of the evaluation based on five major factors. Each factor is given a different weighting coefficient to reflect the extent of its contribution to the site\u0026apos;s vulnerability: (i) degradation of geological components (35%): this is definitely the principal component to focus on. It corresponds to the possible disappearance of geological elements given their inherent weakness (e. g. their size and the hardness of the rock) and the intervention of natural or human-induced erosive agents. (ii) Close to potential degrading areas/activities (20%): this factor considers the site\u0026apos;s closeness to possible external threatening entities such as mines, factories or urban areas. (iii) Legal protection (20%): this factor shows whether the site is located in an area benefiting from direct or indirect legal protections which may help to reduce risks. (iv) Accessibility (15%): in the case where the site is more accessible to the general public, the probability of human damage like misuse or vandalism is greater. (v) Population density (10%): this factor studies the number of the residents owing to whose inappropriate use the site could be damaged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3. Strategic Synthesis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result, the scores derived from this exercise enabled the site prioritization which leads to the introduction of the \u0026quot;Water and Fire\u0026quot; setup. This approach uses the geosites having high scientific value (SV) as conservation score bases, whereas the locations with high tourist scoring (PTU) act as centers for economic growth.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pilot geosites quantitative evaluation of 19 places (PN-01 to PN-19) shows a region where the scientific rarity is very close to the Bamoun cultural identity. A comprehensive inventory has been created and these places have been thoroughly evaluated. They are the \u0026apos;Water and Fire\u0026apos; geosites of the Noun Plain. The quantitative assessment of individual geosites, based on [1] way, reveals that Mbapit (PN-17) and Nkoambeng (PN-10) geosites have been identified as top-tier scientific sites at the international level, and Petpenoun (PN-09) has been recognized as an outstanding geotourism hub with high potential. Each of the technical data sheets (Supplementary Information) contains the technical characteristics, morphogenesis and management suggestion for each site; This way, they represent a core dataset for the strategic setup of the proposed UNESCO Global Geopark. The chosen geosites fall into four morpho-structural categories: phreatomagmatic systems, strombolian scoria cones, volcanic dams and structural depressions, differentiated and intrusive massifs (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1. Group 1: Phreatomagmatic systems (Maars)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis group\u0026nbsp;features\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;most diverse range\u0026nbsp;of magma-water interactions in the\u0026nbsp;area\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;achieves very\u0026nbsp;high scientific (SV) and educational (PEU) scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcerning scientific and educational value, the group\u0026apos;s scientific highlight is Lake Monoun (Fig. 2a; PN-06, SV: 390). It is a globally recognized limnic hazard since the 1984 gas eruption and has spawned a considerable body of scientific literature (e. g. [3 4 15, 16 17 18, 19 20 21, 22 23 24, 25 26 27 28 29]). Its internal walls, showing listric faults, be an unparalleled educational means for studying the Pan-African basement. Amongst \u0026apos;textbook examples\u0026apos;, Tchoua (Fig. 2b; PN-12, SV: 355) and the Maar Nfou (Fig. 2c; PN-16, SV: 350) are remarkable for the pristine condition of their morphologies (tuff ring) and their basal surge deposits. Neghop-Ghang (Fig. 2e; PN-01, SV: 325) is a great example of the changeover from explosive to effusive phases, whereas Ngouondam (Fig. 2f; PN-08, SV: 290) is a good instance of a low-rimmed maar formed from a deep hydrovolcanic explosion. At last, Sanka-Ndoumkain (Fig 2g, f; PN-13, SV: 280), also known as \u0026quot;Nchout-Monoun\u0026quot;, integrates linguistic and historical factors crucial for understanding the evolution of the plain\u0026apos;s craters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLake Mfouet (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2d; PN-02, PTU: 365) is a perfect example of a cultural, aesthetic and risk link.\u0026nbsp;The lake\u0026apos;s emerald green water, aside from their mere visual appearance, are the place where the Bamoun community initiates its members.\u0026nbsp;This has made the lake sacred\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;the natural protection from the human demolition of the site (DR: 180).\u0026nbsp;But, the multi-maar system at\u0026nbsp;Lake\u0026nbsp;Monoun (PN-06, DR: 350) and the eruptive transitions at Neghop-Ghang (PN-01, DR: 320) highlight natural hazards and environmental vulnerabilities that can be improved by monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFinal quantitative assessment (according to [1] Method)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSV: Scientific Value, PEU: Potential Educational Use, PTU: Potential Touristic Use, DR: Degradation Risk.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eID\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeosite Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterest / Justification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeghop-Ghang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePristine maar, explosive-effusive transition.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLake Mfouet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmerald color, Bamoun initiation rituals.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLake Monoun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulti-maar, international limnic hazard (CO2).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgouondam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow-rimmed maar, deep hydrovolcanic explosion.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTchoua\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuff-ring morphology, structural infilling.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSanka-Ndoumkain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Nchout-Monoun\u0026quot;, linguistic heritage.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaar Nfou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePristine status, UNESCO-standard gallery forest.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNjitande\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepresentative monogenetic Strombolian cone.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMfoumben\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStratovolcano archetype, panoramic didactic view.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChapchap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertile tephra (agro-services), quarrying threat.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMakwet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh aesthetic contrast, lookout over Monoun.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNkoambeng\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMagma mixing, green-core clinopyroxenes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKechuentim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulti-crater complex, petrological rarity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgouen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSatellite cone, legible eruptive phases.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Volcano\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHolomagmatic, intact, base-of-cone lava flows.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePetpenoun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic dam,\u0026nbsp;\u0026quot;Legend of the Twins\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;heritage.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTam-chi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTectonic graben, U-shaped structural valley.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNjigoumbe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntrusive dome,\u0026nbsp;critical loss via industrial quarry.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePN-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMbapit Peak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRhyolitic needle, bimodal magmatism climax.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2. Group 2: Strombolian complexes (Scoria Cones)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese sites depict the \u0026quot;Fire\u0026quot; element of the Noun plain and act as crucial geological landmarks as well as significant contributors to the agricultural economy of the region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scientific and educational points\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;view:\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;extreme scarcity of the rocks on this group globally.\u0026nbsp;For one thing,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;findings\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;green-core clinopyroxenes at Nkoambeng (Fig 3a; PN-10, SV: 395)\u0026nbsp;and the\u0026nbsp;multi-crater complex of Kechuentim (Fig 3b; PN-11, SV: 380) represent pieces of crucial evidence of complex magma mixing and mantle processes under the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBut, from an educational point\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;view, Mfoumben (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3c; PN-04, PEU: 380) is a \u0026quot;stratovolcano archetype\u0026quot;; its strong vertical growth and well-exposed stratigraphy provide an excellent didactic snapshot of eruptive dynamics.\u0026nbsp;Other places help telling\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;eruptive history\u0026nbsp;of the\u0026nbsp;area through their accessibility: Njitande (Fig 3d; PN-03, SV: 315) is a perfect example of a monogenetic cone, while South Volcano (Fig 4d; PN-18, SV: 305) keep help holomagmatic lava flows right\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;the base\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;its well-preserved core.\u0026nbsp;Last but not least, Ngouen (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4e; PN-15, SV: 270) is a crucial satellite cone where students can easily identify eruptive phases with a clear definition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio-cultural link and conservation challenges: The Bamoun agrarian culture is inextricably bound to the volcanic landscapes, on which the people depend, and which have sustained generations the fertile tephra of Chapchap (Fig 4a; PN - 05) and the high aesthetic contrast of Makwet (Fig. 4b, c; PN-07, PTU: 335), which offers a magnificent view over Lake Monoun, are the double value of these places. Still, the economic and visual attraction of the area entails substantial pressure. Chapchap (PN-05, DR: 380) and Nkoambeng (PN-10, DR: 360) are critically endangered due to the combination of pozzolan quarrying, and agricultural expansion on their slopes. Then again, sites such as Njitande (PN-03, DR: 110) and South Volcano (PN-18, DR: 110) are still quite well-preserved, displaying the original volcanic morphology of the Noun plain that existed before human intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3. Group 3: Morpho-structural landscapes and volcanic dams\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis\u0026nbsp;group is a concrete example of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;morphogenic process on which volcanism influences hydrological reform, leading to a fusion of physical science\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;cultural stories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMorphogenesis and legend: Petpenoun morphogenesis and myth (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5 a, b, and c; PN-09, PTU: 395) is\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;iconic touristic point in the region.\u0026nbsp;Architecturally pleasing, it is also scientifically significant as a volcanic dam formed by\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;ancient lava flows of Nkoambeng that is quite rare.\u0026nbsp;This\u0026nbsp;geologic event corresponds exactly to\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Bamoun \u0026quot;Legend of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Twins, \u0026quot; which is a mythological depiction of how these two lakes came into being.\u0026nbsp;The site has a very low degradation risk (DR: 120), which points to\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;long-term conservation of this natural-cum-cultural heritage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTectonic context: Unlike the volcanic edifices, the Tam-chi depression (Fig. 5d; PN-19, SV: 290) is a geological tectonic feature displaying a valley where one can observe the downward movement along the N30E graben. Its U-shaped valley vividly shows the massive tectonic processes that had a hand in the formation of the Noun Plain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.4. Group 4: Felsic intrusions and bimodal magmatism\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis group is the most advanced and chemically variable stage of the volcanic history of the region and depicts the extremes of both conservation and destruction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePetrological paroxysms: Mbapit Peak (Fig. 6a, b; PN-17, SV: 395) is a scientific treasure, representing a rhyolitic needle that signifies the most intense bimodal magmatism in the Noun. Its almost perfect results in SV, PEU, and PTU reflect its position as a nationally significant site, which is also protected by its natural isolation (DR: 120).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe industrial threat: While Mbapit is still untouched, the Njigoumbe intrusive dome (Fig. 6c; PN-14, SV: 315) is an example of a place in danger. Despite its scientific importance, it is the site with the greatest degradation risk in the whole study (DR: 400) due to very intense industrial quarrying. This geosite is a major illustration of how the industrial demand for volcanic products can result in the complete loss of geological heritage that cannot be replaced.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion: Challenges and strategic directions for the Noun UNESCO Global Geopark","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.\u0026nbsp;1.\u0026nbsp;The \u0026quot;Geocultural synergy\u0026quot; as a conservation\u0026nbsp;system\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;results from our\u0026nbsp;quantitative\u0026nbsp;analysis demonstrate\u0026nbsp;that the Noun Plain\u0026nbsp;is not just a local interest area, but it is also\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;place that meets the three essential criteria of a UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp): it has internationally significant geology, it can be used well for educational purposes, and it has deep cultural roots.\u0026nbsp;One of the major revelations of this research is the function of Bamoun cosmogony as a naturally governing tool.\u0026nbsp;At times where legislative norms are not implemented due to lack of sanctions,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;traditional sacredness like\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;initiation rites at Lake Mfouet (PN-02) has, in fact, been\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;very effective way in safeguarding the site.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe maintain that the upcoming Geopark should establish \u0026quot;Geocultural Storytelling\u0026quot; as a permanent feature.\u0026nbsp;Drawing together the scientific origin story (e.\u0026nbsp;g.\u0026nbsp;magma mixing at Nkoambeng or phreatomagmatism at Monoun) and Bamoun oral lore (e.\u0026nbsp;g.\u0026nbsp;the \u0026quot;Twins of Petpenoun\u0026quot;) will not only bring locals and visitors to a mutual understanding of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;area but also enhance the Potential Educational Use (PEU) of the site.\u0026nbsp;And, this approach will unveil geological science\u0026nbsp;as a\u0026nbsp;human and cultural activity, this way, raising\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;social acceptability of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;project indefinitely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.2. Confronting the industrial-heritage conflict: the Njigoumbe crisis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe high Degradation Risk (DR: 400) that was measured at\u0026nbsp;Njigoumbe\u0026nbsp;(PN-14) and Chapchap (PN-05) reveals a deep,\u0026nbsp;systemic\u0026nbsp;failure\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the management of\u0026nbsp;regional\u0026nbsp;territories.\u0026nbsp;Up to now,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;local people and officials have only seen these geosites as sources from which to extract materials, i.\u0026nbsp;e.\u0026nbsp;\u0026quot;material mines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026quot; In reality, these are non-renewable \u0026quot;natural heritage\u0026quot; that should be preserved.\u0026nbsp;That means, to ease\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;tension, a shift to the UNESCO approach with the Multi-use Zonation Strategy is needed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSanctuary zones: totally safeguarding\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;central vents and morphologies that are unique (e.\u0026nbsp;g.\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;green-core clinopyroxene outcrops of Nkoambeng) where no extraction activities are allowed.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe controlled buffer zones: granting a small degree of local, artisanal extraction on distant, less significant flows to keep the local people\u0026apos;s ways of living while at the same time preserving the scientific \u0026quot;heart\u0026quot; of the site.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEconomic reorientation: using\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Petpenoun (PN-09) luxurious facility as a main entrance point to develop the \u0026quot;Fire\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Water\u0026quot; high-end scientific trails which leads to the transformation of the local economy from the exploitation of non-renewable resources to sustainable geotourism.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.\u0026nbsp;3.\u0026nbsp;Going beyond the\u0026nbsp;logistical and educational\u0026nbsp;challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main barrier to UGGp candidacy is still the absence of interpretive infrastructure. To help close this gap, our conceptualization puts forward a set of three priority \u0026quot;operational axes\u0026quot;:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInfrastructure and connectivity: the \u0026quot;Bridge over the Noun\u0026quot; is not only a physical structure to facilitate movement; it represents a strategic link that shall see the Neghop-Ghang and Mfouet clusters forming a single entity. This would allow visitors to the area to have a \u0026quot;one-day geocultural circuit, \u0026quot; something important in the success of commercial tourism.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMultilingual interpretation: the deployment of uniform, resistant signboards at Mfoumben (PN-04) and Lake Monoun (PN-06). We propose the use of three languages (French, English, and Bamoun) so that while the bilingual nature of Cameroon is kept, the local identity in language is also recognized.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuman capital development: training local Bamoun youngsters to become \u0026quot;Geo-guides\u0026quot;. This professional instruction should give them the knowledge to interpret the volcanic nature of the landscape and the ancestral history, Because of this Geoparks\u0026apos; revenues will be used to improve the community\u0026apos;s social fabric.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBoth quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the Noun Plain lead to the recognition of the area as a region of world geoheritage importance. Through the use of [30] method on nineteen geosites, this research has unveiled a distinctive \u0026apos;water and fire\u0026apos; landscape where phreatomagmatic maars, Strombolian cones, and bimodal massifs coexist with exceptional morphological clarity. For example, Nkoambeng (PN-10) and Mbapit Peak (PN-17) have attained international recognition as main examples of magmatic mixing and bimodal things. And, the study of Bamoun intangible heritage, for instance, the sacred character of Lake Mfouet (PN-02) and the tales of Petpenoun (PN-09), reveals that geodiversity is one of the cornerstones of local cultural and social identity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBut, the high Degradation Risk (DR) levels at Njigoumb (PN-14) and Chapchap (PN-05) act as a red light; heavy extraction of scoria and volcanic rocks could result in the destruction of these non-renewable geological records. To counteract these threats and, at the same time, make the Noun Plain a center of sustainable development, the proposed strategic pillars are:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Geo-legislation: Identify the most important geosites and officially declare them as national natural monuments to give a legal basis for prohibiting uncontrolled mining.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Facilities and educational materials: Create a regional volcanological interpretation center and provide bilingual explanations through placards and brochures that allow the public to understand the geological information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Community-driven geotourism: Empower the traditional authorities of the Bamoun ethnic group in the management of the project and train the local young people as certified \u0026apos;geoguides. \u0026apos; This way, they can earn money through tourism rather than resorting to destructive industries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Scientific monitoring: Keep the geochemical monitoring of Lake Monoun, and at the same time, invite foreign scientists to conduct research on Eocene bimodal volcanism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCombining the tangible as well as intangible heritage of the Noun Plain with the UNESCO Global Geopark model, the region will be able to meet its urgent economic requirements without losing sight of the geoconservation imperative. After all, the \u0026apos;Water and Fire\u0026apos; concept changes this volcanic region from a source of weakness to a powerful engine of sustainable development of the whole area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to the administrative and customary authorities, and the local people of Noun Department. Very special thanks are due to the creators of the website visiterlecamerounavecmoi who shared some beautiful images of the geosites. We are deeply grateful to the Geosciences Laboratory of the cole Normale Suprieure of Yaound, and also to the University of Yaound for their administrative support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLuc Achille ZIEM A BIDIAS (Corresponding author: [email protected]): Conceptualization; Data curation; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing \u0026ndash; original draft; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSahada MOUCHILI NGUEGNI, Arnaud Patrice KOUSKEand Dieudonn\u0026eacute; Charles Isidore ILOUGA: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology; Resources; Software; Visualization; Roles/Writing \u0026ndash; original draft; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeandre Harold NJEUATCHOUA KAMENI: Adamou NSANGOU,Hermine Suzinie KENNA, Amidou MOUNDI, and Pierre KAMGANG: Methodology; Resources; Writing \u0026ndash; original draft; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrilha, J. (2016). Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: A review. Geoheritage, 8(2), 119\u0026ndash;134.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNESCO. (2015). Operational guidelines for UNESCO Global Geoparks. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000391354\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSigurdsson, H., Devine, J. D., Tchoua, F. M., Presser, T. S., Pringle, M. K. W., \u0026amp; Evans, W. C. (1987). Origin of lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroon. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 31(1\u0026ndash;2), 1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKling, G.W., Evans,W. C., Tanyileke, G., Kusakabe, M., Ohba, T., Yoshida, Y., \u0026amp; Hell, J. V. (2005). Degassing lakes Nyos andMonoun: Defusing certain disaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(40), 14185\u0026ndash;14190.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWandji, P., Tchokona Seuwi, D., Bardintzeff, J. -M., Bellon, H., \u0026amp; Platevoet, B. (2008). Rhyolites of the Mbapit Massif in the Cameroon Volcanic Line: An early extrusive volcanic episode of Eocene age. Mineralogy and Petrology, 94(3\u0026ndash;4), 271\u0026ndash;286.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiem \u0026agrave; Bidias, L. A., Ilouga, D. C. I., Moundi, A., \u0026amp; Nsangou, A. (2020). Inventory and assessment of the Mbapit Massif geomorphosites (Cameroon Volcanic Line): Assets for the development of local geotourism. Geoheritage, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00471-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiem \u0026agrave; Bidias, L. A., Mouchili Nguegni S., Ilouga, D. C. I., Kenna H.S., Moundi, A., Kamgang P. (2023a). Geomorphological component of volcanic geoheritage of Kouoptamo, Cameroon Volcanic Line: Geoconservation and perspectives for geotourism industry International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 11 (2023) 365\u0026ndash;384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.06.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiem \u0026agrave; Bidias, L. A., Njeuatchoua Kameni L.H.., Moundi, A., Kamgang P. (2023b). Geoheritage of the volcanic landscapes of Foumbot-Kouomboum region, Noun Plain, Cameroon: Geomorphological features and assessment of geomorphosites. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 11 (2023) 464\u0026ndash;482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.08.002 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWandji, P., Bardintzeff, J. -M., M\u0026eacute;nard, J. J., \u0026amp; Tchoua, M. F. (2000). The alkaline fassaite-bearing volcanic province of the Noun Plain (West Cameroon). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 1, 1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWotchoko, P., Wandji, P., Bardintzeff, J. -M., \u0026amp; Bellon, H. (2005). Donn\u0026eacute;es p\u0026eacute;trologiques et g\u0026eacute;ochronologiques nouvelles Sur le volcanisme alcalin n\u0026eacute;og\u0026egrave;ne \u0026agrave; r\u0026eacute;cent de la rive Ouest du noun (plaine du noun, Ligne du Cameroun) [Newpetrological and geochronological data on the Neogene to recent alkaline volcanismof thewestern bank of the Noun (Noun Plain, Cameroon Volcanic Line)]. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 66(1\u0026ndash;3), 97\u0026ndash;105.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWandji, P., Wotchoko, P., Bardintzeff, J. -M., \u0026amp; Bellon, H. (2010). Late Tertiary and Quaternary alkaline volcanism in the western Noun Plain (Cameroon Volcanic Line): New K-Ar ages, petrology and isotope data. Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, 48, 67\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWandji, P. (1995). Le volcanisme r\u0026eacute;cent de la plaine du Noun (Ouest-Cameroun) : volcanologie, p\u0026eacute;trologie, g\u0026eacute;ochimie et pouzzolanicit\u0026eacute; [Recent volcanic activity in the Noun Plain (Western Cameroon) : Volcanology, petrology, geochemistry and volcanic ash]. (Doctoral dissertation) University of Yaounde I, Yaound\u0026eacute;, Cameroon.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiem A Bidias, L.A., Hiredya, C., Ram Mohan, M., Chalapathi Rao, N.V., 2021. Green core clinopyroxenes from basanites of Petpenoun volcanoes, Noun Plain, Cameroon volcanic line: chemistry and genesis. Bull. Volcanol. doi: 10.1007/s00445- 021- 01437- 4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e.Njome, M. S., \u0026amp; de Wit, M. J. (2014). The Cameroon Line: Analysis of an intraplate magmatic province transecting both oceanic and continental lithospheres: Constraints, controversies and models. \u003cem\u003eEarth-Science Reviews\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e139\u003c/em\u003e, 168\u0026ndash;194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.09.003. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHalbwachs, M., Grangeon, J., Sabroux, J. -C., \u0026amp; Villevielle, A. (1993). Purge par auto-siphon du gaz carbonique dissous dans le lac Monoun (Cameroun): premiers resultats experimentaux [Self siphon purge of dissolved carbon dioxide in Lake Monon (Cameroon): First experimental result]. Comptes Rendus de l\u0026rsquo;Acad\u0026eacute;mie des Sciences, 316(4), 483\u0026ndash;489.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHalbwachs, M., Sabroux, J. -C., Grangeon, J., Kayser, G., Tochon-Danguy, J. -C., Felix, A., ... Hell, J. (2004). Degassing the \u0026ldquo;killer lakes\u0026rdquo; Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. EOS, 85(30), 281\u0026ndash;288.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKusakabe, M., Tanyileke, G., McCord, S. A., \u0026amp; Scladow, S. G. (2000). Recent pH and CO2 profiles at lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon: implications for the degassing strategy and its numerical simulation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 97, 241\u0026ndash;260.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNagao, K., Kusakabe, M., Yoshida, Y., \u0026amp; Tanyileke, G. (2010). Noble gases in lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. Geochemical Journal, 44(6), 519\u0026ndash;543.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIssa, O. T., Tchamabe, B. C., Oginuma, Y., Issa, Fantong,W., Fouepe, A., ... Tsunogai, U. (2013). Contribution ofmethane to total gas pressure in deep waters at lakes Nyos and Monoun (Cameroon, West Africa). Geochemical Journal, 44(3), 349\u0026ndash;362.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKozono, T., Kusakabe, M., Yoshida, Y., Ntchantcho, R., Ohba, T., Tanyileke, G., \u0026amp; Hell, J. V. (2016). Numerical assessment of the potential for future limnic eruptions at lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon, based on regular monitoring data. Geological Society Special Publication, 437(1), 163\u0026ndash;175.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaiki, K., Kaneko, K., Ohba, T., Sanemasa, M., Kusakabe, M., Ntchancho, R., ... Hell, J. V. (2016). Vertical distribution of dissolved CO2 from lakes Nyos and Monoun (Cameroon) as estimated by sound speed in water. Geological Society Special Publication, 437(1), 185\u0026ndash;192.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoshida, Y., Issa, K. M., Satake, H., \u0026amp; Ohba, T. (2010). An efficient method for measuring CO2 concentration in gassy lakes: Application to lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon. Geochemical Journal, 44(5), 441\u0026ndash;448.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoshida, Y., Kusakabe, M., Issa, O. T., Tanyileke, G., \u0026amp; Hell, J. V. (2016). Decreasing capability of the degassing systems at lakes Nyos andMonoun (Cameroon): A newgas removal system applied to Lake Monoun to prevent a future limnic eruption. Geological Society Special Publication, 437(1), 205\u0026ndash;212\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKusakabe,M. (2015). Evolution of CO2 content in lakes Nyos andMonoun, and sub-lacustrine CO2-recharge systemat Lake Nyos as envisaged fromCO2/ 3He ratios and noble gas signatures. In D. Rouwet, B. Christenson, F. Tassi, \u0026amp; J. Vandemeulebrouck (Eds.), Volcanic lakes (pp. 427\u0026ndash;450). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKusakabe, M. (2017). Lakes Nyos and Monoun gas disasters (Cameroon): Limnic eruptions caused by excessive accumulation of magmatic CO2 in crater lakes. Geochemistry Monograph Serie, 1(1), 1\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTanyileke, G., Ntchantcho, R., Fantong, W. Y., Aka, F. T., \u0026amp; Hell, J. V. (2019). 30 Years of the Lakes Nyos and Monoun gas disasters: A scientific, technological, institutional and social adventure. \u003cem\u003eJournal of African Earth Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e150\u003c/em\u003e, 415\u0026ndash;432. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOhba, T., Oginuma, Y., Saiki, K., Kusakabe, M., Issa, Fouepe, T. A., Ntchantcho, R., Tanyileke, G., \u0026amp; Hell, J. V. (2022). A depression containing CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-enriched water at the bottom of Lake Monoun, Cameroon, and implications for the 1984 limnic eruption. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Earth Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e, 766791.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNche, L. A., Hasegawa, T., Aka, F. T., Ohba, T., Mafany, G. T., N\u0026eacute;meth, K., Miyabuchi, Y., Kaneda, Y., Asaah, A. N. E., Wajiba, P. M., Ngwa, C. N., Tchop, J. L., Nguet, P. W., Nfomou, N., Suh, C. E., Fantong, W. Y., \u0026amp; Mouncherou, F. O. (2025). Volcanic history and magma systems of Lake Monoun Polygenetic Maar, Noun Plain, Western part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line: Constraints from stratigraphy, chronology and geochemistry. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e460\u003c/em\u003e, 108265.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKouokam Sado, C., Wotchoko, P., Cheo, E. S., Chako-Tchamab\u0026eacute;, B., Chenyi, M.-L. V., Guedjeo, C. S., Fantong, W. Y., \u0026amp; Mouncherou, F. O. (2025). Pre-eruptive CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-rich fluid interactions and siderite genesis at the Monoun Maar Volcano, Cameroon Volcanic Line: Insights from stable carbon and oxygen systematic. \u003cem\u003eEarth Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(4), 160\u0026ndash;171.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVisiter le Cameroun avec moi. (n.d.). \u003cem\u003eHome\u003c/em\u003e [https://facebook.com/visiterlecamerounavecmoi]. Facebook. Retrieved May 2, 2026, from facebook.com\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Yaounde 1","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cameroon Volcanic Line, Geoheritage, magmatic mixing, UNESCO Global Geopark, Geotourism, Bamoun cultural heritage","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9665889/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9665889/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Noun Plain (Cameroon Volcanic Line) offers an exceptional but under exploited geomorphological diversity. This research is a quantitative assessment of 19 pilot geosites (PN-01 to PN-19) using [1] methodology to assess the potential of future UNESCO Global Geopark. The inventory comprises four volcanic systems: phreatomagmatic maars, strombolian scoria cones, morpho-structural landscapes and felsic intrusions. Results indicate high international Scientific Values (SV) for Mbapit Peak (PN-17, SV: 395), a rhyolitic needle showing evidence of bimodal magmatism and the Nkoambeng/Kechuentim complexes (SV: 395/380), described by green core clinopyroxenes indicative of deep magmatic mixing. Lake Monoun (PN-06, SV: 390) is a world reference of limnic hazards, while the Potential Educational Use (PEU) and Potential Touristic Use (PTU) reach their peaks at Mfoumben (PN-04, PEU: 380) and Petpenoun (PN-09, PTU: 395), where volcanic architecture is associated with Bamoun cultural heritage. However, the high Degradation Risks (DR) at Njigoumbe (PN-14, DR: 400) and Chapchap (PN-05, DR: 380) due to quarrying shows the need for urgent protection. The proposed \u0026ldquo;Water and Fire\u0026rdquo; framework is a holistic model connecting the Earth Sciences to the intangible heritage of the Bamoun people. The strategy aims to use the geoheritage of the Noun Plain as a driver of geotourism and socio-economic resilience within the framework of the UNESCO Geopark.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quantitative Assessment and Valorization of the Noun Plain’s Volcanic Geoheritage (Cameroon): A Strategic Framework for a UNESCO Global Geopark","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-13 04:25:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9665889/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b7b7fc9a-27a4-49e0-a087-117c2f7fd63d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":67852114,"name":"Geology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T04:25:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-13 04:25:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9665889","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9665889","identity":"rs-9665889","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}