Valorization of Almond Fruit Residue in Eco-friendly Biodiesel Production

Valorization of Almond Fruit Residue in Eco-friendly Biodiesel Production | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Valorization of Almond Fruit Residue in Eco-friendly Biodiesel Production Seun Christiana Omoniyi, Oluwaseun Adekoya Adelaja, Olayinka Helen Ogunsuyi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7381280/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The increasing global demand for renewable energy solutions brings the need to explore alternative bio-fuel sources to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental pollution. This study investigated the valorization of almond fruit biomass ( Prunus dulcis ) as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were evaluated, and advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), were used to characterize the chemical composition. The oil content of almond nut, almond kernel, and almond hull was analyzed, with the almond nut yielding the highest bio-oil at 34%, followed by the hull (27.05%) and kernel (25.5%). The findings revealed the presence of significant functional groups such as esters, alcohols, and hydrocarbons, with methyl palmitate (8.06%), n-hexadecanoic acid (30.09%), and oleic acid (17.27%) identified as dominant compounds. Comparative analysis of physicochemical properties demonstrated that esterified almond-derived bio-fuels exhibit improved fuel characteristics, including a reduction in kinematic viscosity from 22.4 mm²/s to 2.63 mm²/s, an increase in oxidative stability, and an enhanced calorific value of 30.87–34.73 MJ/kg. Furthermore, engine test bed evaluations indicated improved combustion efficiency and reduced emissions when compared to conventional diesel. These results highlight the potential of almond fruit residue as a viable and eco-friendly biodiesel source, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions. Biomass Pyrolysis Esterification Bio-oil Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7381280","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":528736138,"identity":"9a3f821c-4dde-4a27-a07f-2776186355de","order_by":0,"name":"Seun Christiana Omoniyi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology Akure","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seun","middleName":"Christiana","lastName":"Omoniyi","suffix":""},{"id":528736139,"identity":"fa157a89-35f1-4e27-8c4c-70f0d1623802","order_by":1,"name":"Oluwaseun Adekoya Adelaja","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology Akure","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluwaseun","middleName":"Adekoya","lastName":"Adelaja","suffix":""},{"id":528736140,"identity":"82cc491b-0e6c-49e8-aa89-269302505b82","order_by":2,"name":"Olayinka Helen Ogunsuyi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology Akure","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olayinka","middleName":"Helen","lastName":"Ogunsuyi","suffix":""},{"id":528736141,"identity":"fc270316-5ae4-451c-8bb5-de03761f1a08","order_by":3,"name":"Raphael Babafemi Babaniyi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABD0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYeBoYKBhDJwAbEFnIg0QMPCGk5g9AiYQzWkkCEFgaYlsQGEBOfFnP2swc/HKjYJmPefvbYgx8VEunzww4/BNpiJ6fbgF2LZU9essSBM7d5ZM7kpRv2nJHI3Xg7zQCoJdnY7AAOhx3IMZD+2HabR4Ihx0yCtw2oZXYCSMuBxG24tJx/Y/zj4D+gFv43ZpJ//0mkG85O/4Bfyw2g4QcbgFokcsykeRskEuSlc/DbYjnjXZrFgWMgLe/SpGWOSRhukM4pOJBggNsv5vy5h28cqLltL8Gfe0zyTY2NvPzs9M0fPlTYyeHSggR4YAECJgkqR9Ii30CU6lEwCkbBKBhBAADhG2Ou+IWDhQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"National Biotechnology Research and Development Agency","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raphael","middleName":"Babafemi","lastName":"Babaniyi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-15 12:23:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7381280/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7381280/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93624095,"identity":"fb5a3f9f-42ec-422a-91d1-a0485054a203","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:46:50","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1571361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscript3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/223848c79b653d1a8bb1b98e.docx"},{"id":93622616,"identity":"930ca91b-7688-4565-a79f-3f371389ab1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"372e8c3089be485ab4482162e9e8a47f.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/3ed112d6fb27cd7279ac2bf5.json"},{"id":93623471,"identity":"fda01d73-ea7e-45a2-a81f-d315c8dcab7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:30:50","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":155790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"372e8c3089be485ab4482162e9e8a47f1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/8b6d2a37a7bb03fcba526871.xml"},{"id":93622618,"identity":"9e6fbf50-ef9e-4961-904a-c723e6332b4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":756800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/fa6405a0e02336e0b380a9fd.png"},{"id":93622897,"identity":"a129f4ae-7f5b-4794-8ecc-20c7aaef5001","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/1849416138f75f5f13880e73.png"},{"id":93622896,"identity":"2b099784-0d5c-434f-80f6-4c8ac41d2b8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/c81f978543c41e862c1b3b3e.png"},{"id":93623906,"identity":"2f702665-bc7c-4d66-8d6c-a5c983b69879","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:38:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":99442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/433d2da10e2a973bdeeeb709.jpeg"},{"id":93622625,"identity":"d6bef65a-925a-4f52-beb4-0389dcac4af7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":92321,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/70674edd0b33104ec14e1212.png"},{"id":93622899,"identity":"b9e65c9f-acda-42e0-a300-6426ec3eb76f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":106289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/8946a8048b526e9dc44ab700.png"},{"id":93623468,"identity":"b958c3dc-066c-42e5-b8de-39dfe94b92f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:30:50","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100201,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/2e42efd5defcd491e677ebe7.png"},{"id":93622620,"identity":"14f7957e-5a48-4440-9352-a159d3aa66e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67101,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/df825c1c2dd4c47d8881cca0.png"},{"id":93622628,"identity":"59071510-3c65-40fb-a1a5-6ce01839d6a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/80ea87d9540ba2762a32251d.png"},{"id":93623908,"identity":"086eb3a5-d1c6-4328-9b03-59781a4782ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:38:50","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/88633a270fa009b532340826.png"},{"id":93622904,"identity":"8b88ca5d-7b90-42fe-8af5-713d476920c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/952c0b7bf13a62f3c2330b3f.png"},{"id":93622910,"identity":"eb0bd501-2f9f-4ef4-a140-616714637712","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/3ada47e2ca580ec6bf7f459b.png"},{"id":93622633,"identity":"f3fd4adb-9c7a-4855-9f85-17fecbed21bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/5223b74572c51f57a63cb979.png"},{"id":93624096,"identity":"8e67e190-4834-4668-a2fa-7eac10bdf0ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:46:50","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/65ba4cb98d265e7098c6b284.png"},{"id":93623474,"identity":"2eaa5b06-b132-4906-83e4-14029eaa4cd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:30:50","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":129585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/62b7b79ff4cd4c3312360352.png"},{"id":93622629,"identity":"9e35029e-5f2b-4c99-b5fb-77c8543a8890","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20137,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/4d1f594c10d0828a1b7cfaeb.png"},{"id":93622906,"identity":"9eb4d22f-2904-4b96-9c5d-6b3ac6b4800e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/ab396cd7f6eb69ca3652a192.png"},{"id":93622902,"identity":"7724f995-cdf0-4b31-bd9a-bacd3478ea43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/cd1a62fb4a93cfbddd2ae363.png"},{"id":93623472,"identity":"53b46643-b97c-47a3-b7ff-98e718b66a8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:30:50","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/fd5366beaddb1bd5e3c4cb0b.png"},{"id":93622639,"identity":"7769f290-f832-4e8e-9e7f-bfbd8c9e9dd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/5f4dc31b3b0fd77eb2fe90d8.png"},{"id":93622637,"identity":"28f1efdd-58f6-4759-9a3c-077c53271f63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/cbbaddf9f3a566e7d1823d3c.png"},{"id":93623909,"identity":"be2ac61c-0a6c-48fb-a35a-7237cbc41517","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:38:50","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/c754a34de131147a55753b7b.png"},{"id":93622642,"identity":"73b93809-0a5e-408b-9a23-4841247b411a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"xml","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":154115,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"372e8c3089be485ab4482162e9e8a47f1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/626fc729ea43f3b9c3038b14.xml"},{"id":93622641,"identity":"956e3721-8a26-4e6e-abde-5790585ae77f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 18:14:50","extension":"html","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1/d7c6c81445b6215eddeeba79.html"},{"id":97896436,"identity":"d745ac58-54cc-4272-be0d-6b4a201925fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-10 15:36:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":970887,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscript3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7381280/v1_covered_50306cb7-758d-48f4-b373-07df0203a6c8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Valorization of Almond Fruit Residue in Eco-friendly Biodiesel Production","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biomass, Pyrolysis, Esterification, Bio-oil","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7381280/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7381280/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing global demand for renewable energy solutions brings the need to explore alternative bio-fuel sources to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental pollution. This study investigated the valorization of almond fruit biomass (\u003cem\u003ePrunus dulcis\u003c/em\u003e) as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were evaluated, and advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), were used to characterize the chemical composition. The oil content of almond nut, almond kernel, and almond hull was analyzed, with the almond nut yielding the highest bio-oil at 34%, followed by the hull (27.05%) and kernel (25.5%). The findings revealed the presence of significant functional groups such as esters, alcohols, and hydrocarbons, with methyl palmitate (8.06%), n-hexadecanoic acid (30.09%), and oleic acid (17.27%) identified as dominant compounds. Comparative analysis of physicochemical properties demonstrated that esterified almond-derived bio-fuels exhibit improved fuel characteristics, including a reduction in kinematic viscosity from 22.4 mm\u0026sup2;/s to 2.63 mm\u0026sup2;/s, an increase in oxidative stability, and an enhanced calorific value of 30.87\u0026ndash;34.73 MJ/kg. Furthermore, engine test bed evaluations indicated improved combustion efficiency and reduced emissions when compared to conventional diesel. These results highlight the potential of almond fruit residue as a viable and eco-friendly biodiesel source, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Valorization of Almond Fruit Residue in Eco-friendly Biodiesel Production","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-15 18:14:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7381280/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"76a2cf2c-27fd-421f-9b99-95f189643fcb","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-08T18:38:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-15 18:14:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7381280","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7381280","identity":"rs-7381280","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}