The ABCs of Cyanobacterial Glycogen: In Vitro Modelling of Glycogen Synthesis and Functional Divergence of Glycogen Synthases in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Summary Glycogen is the principal carbon reserve in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We reconstituted its biosynthetic pathway in vitro—GlgC (Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase), two glycogen synthase isoenzymes (GlgA1, GlgA2) and the branching enzyme GlgB—to define how supply, polymerisation and branching set flux and product structure. GlgA2 shows higher specific activity and cooperates with GlgB-generated branched primers, whereas GlgA1 has higher substrate affinity and responds more to primer concentration. Product profiling links mechanism to architecture: GlgA1 produces more-branched glycogen, while GlgA2 yields longer, less-branched polymers, with GlgB biasing utilisation towards GlgA2. The complementary behaviours of GlgA1 and GlgA2 provide capacity for rapid accumulation versus steady-state maintenance and offer dynamic metabolic levers to tune glycogen content and architecture in cyanobacteria. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes Addition of a schematic diagram of all the glycogen synthesis assays used (Figure 1). Minor language revisions for clarity and adjustments to figure callouts due to the addition of the new figure.