Percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar disorders as day surgery：A-2-Year Follow- Up Retrospective Cohort Study

Percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar disorders as day surgery：A-2-Year Follow- Up Retrospective Cohort Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar disorders as day surgery：A-2-Year Follow- Up Retrospective Cohort Study Shuo Wang, Mingzheng Chang, Dinglin An, Luoran Wang, Yuze Wang, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6292491/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in European Spine Journal → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: This study summarizes clinical data on daytime percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spinal stenosis, comparing outcomes with those of matched hospitalized patients, aiming to analyze its clinical efficacy and identify associated challenges. Methods: Retrieve clinical data from the shared database of orthopedic cases, which contains a total of 5,793 cases. Among them, 2,592 cases involve lumbar spine diseases, with some of these patients having undergone daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery for LDH or LSS by the same team. Match these with hospitalized patients at a 1:2 ratio. A total of 478 patients were recruited, of which 164 underwent daytime surgery and 314 underwent inpatient surgery. All patients were followed with 2 years; a set of clinical outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Results: Compared to the inpatient surgery group, the day surgery group demonstrated significantly reduced hospitalization duration and costs (P<0.05). However, the incidence of worsened symptoms after discharge was significantly lower in the PEID-A group compared to the PEID-D group (0.7% and 5.2%, respectively; P<0.05). Conclusion : The therapeutic effect of percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar spine diseases performed as day surgery is satisfactory. While offering advantages such as lower costs and shorter hospital stays, daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery requires enhanced preoperative preparation, postoperative medication, patient guidance, and rehabilitation. Lumber Degenerative disease Day surgery Percutaneous endoscopic surgery Complication Curative effect Figures Figure 1 Introduction The concept of day surgery has been the subject of considerable interest and development since its inception[ 1 , 2 ]. This can be attributed to a number of factors, including the relatively brief period of hospitalisation, the low cost involved, and the prudent utilisation of limited medical resources. Currently, the aforementioned concept is applicable to the majority of hospitals, and professional day surgery centres are also becoming increasingly prevalent in developed areas. In the field of spinal surgery, the advent of numerous minimally invasive techniques has facilitated the implementation of day surgery. In comparison to traditional inpatient surgery, daytime lumber surgery has the potential to markedly reduce hospital stays, while also lowering medical expenses and enhancing patients' surgical experiences and recovery rates. Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), as the most prevalent lumbar diseases charcterised by pain and numbness in the lower back and limbs. They have a significant impact on individuals and society[ 3 , 4 ]. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar surgery, being a minimally invasive technique, offers minimal trauma and rapid recovery compared to traditional open surgery, rendering it highly suitable for daytime procedures[ 5 – 7 ]. With advancements in medical technology and rising patient expectations, daytime surgery has been gaining great recognition as a safe and effective treatment option. In spinal surgery, particularly for treating lumbar spine diseases, daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery becomes more and more popular as a minimally invasive approach. Compared to traditional inpatient surgery, daytime surgery not only markedly shortens hospital stays but also has the potential to lower medical expenses and enhance patients’ surgical experiences and recovery rates. The procedures for percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) are typically performed using either the interlaminar approach (PEID) or the transforaminal approach (PETD), both widely adopted for treating lumbar disc herniation[ 8 ][ 9 ], while Delta/Plus endoscopy is primarily utilized for treating patients with lumbar spinal stenosis[ 10 ]. Previous studies have sought to compare the efficacy of day surgery with that of inpatient surgery[ 11 ]. However, the matching of patients is not sufficiently detailed, surgical procedures are relatively simple, follow-up times are short, and imaging analysis is not comprehensive enough, which may affect the final results. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and benefits of daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery for treating lumbar spine diseases. This will be achieved by comparing pre- and post-operative imaging and symptom improvements between daytime surgery patients and those undergoing inpatient surgery. Additionally, we will evaluate postoperative complication rates, pain management, surgical costs, and overall surgical outcomes. Through comprehensive analysis and discussion of these data, we aim to explore the potential of daytime surgery in enhancing surgical efficiency and improving patient rehabilitation quality. Materials and methods All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Due to its retrospective nature, all patients were exempted from informed consent. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria ： Aged 18 years or older, with or without LBP (including radiculopathy for patients without LBP). CT or MRI data confirming herniated disc or lumbar spinal stenosis consistent with the presenting symptoms and signs. Symptoms persist for more than 3 months despite ineffective conservative treatment. Complete preoperative, intraoperative, and 2-year postoperative follow-up data. Exclusion criteria ： History of lumbar infection, spondylolisthesis, lumbar instability, scoliosis, lumbar fracture, or prior spinal surgery. Presence of tumors, severe obesity (body mass index ≥ 35.0 kg/m²), neuromuscular syndrome, or immunosuppression. Surgical intervention following recurrence. Experiencing mental illness or cognitive impairment that hinders participation in research or the provision of effective data. Patient population We reviewed the data of 164 out of 203 patients with LDH or LSS who underwent daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery from January 2017 to January 2022, within a database comprising 2592 Han Chinese patients with lumbar spine diseases （Figure 1）. Additionally, 39 patients were excluded due to incomplete or missing preoperative or follow-up data. Of the remaining patients, 130 had LDH, with 77 undergoing PEID surgery and 53 undergoing PETD surgery. 34 patients with LSS underwent Delta/Plus endoscopy. We collected data from the same database on 314 patients who underwent inpatient surgery performed by the same surgeons for LDH or LSS, and used them as the control group. Additionally, 158 patients were excluded due to advanced age, involvement of segments that did not match the daytime surgery group, or incomplete follow-up data, ensuring a high degree of matching with the preoperative conditions of the daytime surgery group patients. Among the included patients, there were 242 cases of lumbar disc herniation, with 151 undergoing PEID surgery and 91 undergoing PETD surgery. 72 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were treated with Delta/Plus endoscopy. In addition to collecting data on gender, age, disease, involved segments, and surgical methods for patients in each group, the following miscellaneous factors potentially affecting patient prognosis were also gathered: BMI：≤35.0 kg/m² Smoking：>1 cigarette per day for ≥1 year. Labor intensity: Labor intensity was assessed using the validated labor intensity index by Leijon et al.[12], consisting of 7 questions administered during hospital visits. The index was calculated by summing responses to all questions into a single value. Given the absence of a defined threshold for labor intensity, we categorized the index into three levels based on the frequency distribution of questionnaire responses: low physical workload (index 7-14), moderate physical workload (index 15-23), and high physical workload (index 24-31)[13]. Hypertension classification：grade 1, blood pressure of 140−159/90−99 mmHg; grade 2, blood pressure of 160−179/100−109 mmHg; and grade 3, blood pressure of≥180/≥110 mmHg. Type 2 diabetes: whether the patient ever been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Clinical assessment During the preoperative period and at the 2-year follow-up, assessments of lower back pain (LBP) and leg pain were conducted using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores[14], whereas physical function was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores[15]. The surgical effectiveness of LDH patients was assessed using the Macnab criteria[16] at the final follow-up. Additionally, surgical duration, intraoperative fluorescence projection duration, incision length, blood loss, hospital stay duration, costs, intraoperative and postoperative complications, as well as the incidence and reasons for delayed discharge, were recorded and analyzed. Imaging assessment Using lumbar spine CT images, the Involved segmental spinal canal occupancy rate[17] was measured by Image J software version 1.51 (National Institutes of Health, USA). Pfirrmann grade[18] of lumbar disc degeneration for the Involved segmental were assessed during MRI images of the lumbar spine. Disc height index（DHI）[19] for the Involved segmental and adjacent segments and lumbar sagittal parameters was assessed on lateral lumbar spine X-ray images by Surgimap version 2.3.2.1（Nemaris Inc. ™） Statistical analysis A Shapiro–Wilk test was conductedto assess the normality of the data. All continuous variables were reported as the mean and the standard deviation, and all categorical values were reported as the number of cells and the percentages. The Student t test was used to analyze differences in normally distributed continuous variables, and the chi-square test, was used for categorical variables. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software version 27 (IBM Corp.). A 2-tailedp value of <.05 was considered significant. Results Demographic data for the day and inpatient groups Compared with the matched hospitalized operation group, the prevalence of hypertension was lower in the PEID-D group (P < 0.05), and the prevalence of type II diabetes was also lower in the PETD-D group (P 0.05) (Table 1). The hospitalization duration, costs, and intraoperative conditions The hospital stays for daytime patients in the PEID, PETD, and Delta/Plus endoscopic surgery groups was significantly shorter compared to that of the inpatient surgery group (P<0.05). Simultaneously, the costs for daytime patients were significantly lower compared to those for hospitalized patients (P0.05) (Table 2). Intraoperative and postoperative complications The number of symptoms worsen cases after discharge in the PEID-A group was significantly lower compared to that in the PEID-D group (0.7% and 5.2%, P0.05）. There is no significant difference in other indicators between the corresponding two groups（P>0.05）（Table 3）. Clinical outcome The postoperative and preoperative VAS-B and VAS-L scores, as well as the ODI values, were displayed in Table 4. The data revealed that the postoperative VAS-B, VAS-L and ODI scores in each group was significantly lower than those before operation at all follow-up time points（P0.05). Based on the Macnab criteria, the surgical outcomes at 2 years postoperatively were as follows （ Table 5 ） : 1. PEID-D group—Out of 77 patients, 35 had excellent results,34 had good results, 5 had fair results, and 3 had poor results. 2. PEID-A group—Out of 151 patients, 76 had excellent results, 60 had good results, 11 had fair results, and 4 had poor results. 3. PETD-D group—Out of 53 patients, 23 had excellent results,24 had good results, 4 had fair results, and 2 had poor results. 4. PETD-A group—Out of 91 patients, 47 had excellent results, 37 had good results, 5 had fair results, and 2 had poor results. The satisfaction rate among hospitalized patients undergoing PEID and PETD surgery was higher compared to that of daytime surgery patients, though the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Moreover, no significant differences in the Macnab (P>0.05) outcomes were found between the corresponding two groups. Radiographic measurement In both the daytime and inpatient groups, the postoperative lumbar spinal canal occupancy rate decreased significantly compared to pre-surgery levels（P<0.05）. Regarding sagittal parameters of the lumbar spine, the lumbar lordosis angle increased across all groups post-surgery, but only the PEID-A group showed statistically significant differences（P0.05）. In patients undergoing surgery for LDH, the DHI significantly decreased in the surgical and adjacent segments（P0.05）. Additionally, postoperative Pfirrmann grading for LDH patients significantly increased compared to preoperative levels（P0.05）. Notably, there were no significant differences in these indicators between the daytime and inpatient groups（P>0.05）. Discussion Day surgery has become a mature surgical method, gaining increasing popularity among clinicians and patients for its shorter hospitalization times, lower infection risks, and faster recovery rates[ 2 , 20 ]. Moreover, day surgery improves patient turnover, reduces insurance burdens, increases hospital profits, and promotes the efficient utilization of healthcare[ 21 ]. Lumbar percutaneous endoscopic technology[ 22 ] is a minimally invasive surgical approach used to treat LDH and LSS. It includes intervertebral foramen and vertebral plate approaches, which complement each other and facilitate access to various lumbar structures. Due to its advantages in minimally invasive operation and alignment with the benefits of day surgery, lumbar percutaneous endoscopic technology is particularly suitable for performing daytime lumbar percutaneous endoscopy in hospitals for the treatment of lumbar spine diseases. Our team has been conducting daytime percutaneous endoscopic lumbar spine surgery for several years, with a total of 203 patients included in our established lumbar spine database. Among them, 164 cases had complete preoperative and postoperative follow-up data. Using a rough 1:2 ratio, we identified 314 highly matched cases from the database as the inpatient surgery group. Other than a lower prevalence of hypertension in the PEID-D group(P < 0.05) and a lower prevalence of diabetes in the PETD-D group(5.7% vs 18.7%, P < 0.05) compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery group, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in baseline characteristics or prevalence of comorbidities༈Table 1 ༉. The difference is attributable to the fact that patients undergoing daytime surgery typically have relatively good physical conditions and require minimal intervention before surgery. In contrast, the inpatient surgery group excludes only patients with surgical contraindications, resulting in a broader range of physical conditions among its members. In fact, whether it's a specialized outpatient surgical center or a daytime surgical ward within a general hospital, patient selection plays a critical role[ 23 ]. Proper selection of patients for ambulatory practices can optimize resources and enhance both patient and provider satisfaction[ 24 ]. The benefits of daytime surgery, such as shorter hospital stays and lower surgical costs, have been widely established[ 25 ]. In our study, the daytime surgery group exhibited significantly reduced hospitalization durations and lower surgical costs compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery group(P < 0.05). Importantly, the daytime surgery group did not incurr hospitalization expenses. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of surgical duration, anesthesia duration, incision length, and intraoperative blood loss(P > 0.05). These findings are consistent with previous research[ 26 ] and align with our team's clinical experience, in which no discernible differences were perceived between surgeries performed on daytime versus hospitalized patients (Table 2 ). Previous studies have indicated that the incidence of postoperative complications in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar spine surgery is typically around 8.6%[ 27 ]. In our analysis, we calculated the rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications for each daytime surgery group—PEID, PETD, and Delta/Plus endoscopy—at 10.3%, 7.5%, and 5.9%, respectively. These findings aligned with prior research and showed slightly higher rates compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery groups (7.3%, 6.6% and 5.6%). However, these differences were not statistically significant(P > 0.05)(Table 3 ). The slightly higher incidence of complications in day surgery may stem from its frequent use for follow-up procedures, which sometimes leads to inadequate energy supplements and instrument preparation for surgeons. In the PEID-D group, 2 patients with residual intervertebral disc and 5 patients with nerve root or cauda equina injuries during surgery (3 cases at L4/5 segment and 2 cases at L5/S1 segment). Postoperatively, four of these five cases experienced temporary exacerbation of numbness on the outer calf or sole, while one case developed foot drop, necessitating open exploratory surgery. Two years later, the first four cases fully recovered, while the patient with foot drop showed partial recovery. Additionally, one patient experienced allergic shock during surgery but recovered following immediate treatment. In the PETD-D group, there was 1 patient with residual intervertebral disc, 3 patients with nerve root or cauda equina injuries (2 cases at L4/5 segment and 1 case at L5/S1 segment), and 1 patient who experienced a nerve root hook fracture, successfully managed intraoperatively. In the Delta/Plus endoscopy group, one patient with residual intervertebral disc and one patient who suffered a dural tear. Simultaneously, a higher proportion of patients was observed in the daytime surgery group who reported satisfaction with their postoperative outcomes but experienced worsened symptoms upon returning home compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery group. This difference was statistically significant among the groups undergoing PEID surgery༈5.2% vs 0.7%, P < 0.05༉༈Table 3 ༉. It is likely that the primary reason for this difference is that daytime surgery patients have shorter hospital stays. Postoperative symptoms in hospitalized patients can worsen during their stay, thus requiring delayed discharge for resolution[ 28 ]. In contrast, daytime surgery patients experiencing similar symptoms cannot strictly follow the doctor's advice before discharge and may only receive medication guidance through telephone follow-up, which also increases doctors' communication workload. Both daytime and inpatient lumbar percutaneous endoscopic surgeries have shown excellent efficacy in improving patient symptoms[ 11 , 29 ]. At the 2-year follow-up, significant improvements were noted in VAS-B and VAS-L, as well as ODI scores, across all groups undergoing percutaneous endoscopic surgery during the day(Table 4 ). Importantly, these outcomes did not significantly differ from those observed in the corresponding hospitalized surgery group, highlighting its robust surgical efficacy and potential substitution role. Cao et al.[ 26 ] summarized the Excellence/Good Rate (%) based on the Modified MacNab Criteria for non-day PETD surgery, finding consistent ratios ranging from 89–97%. Their study also indicated no significant difference in this rate between daytime and hospitalization settings. In our statistical analysis of patients with LDH at the 2-year follow-up, the daytime group proportions for PEID and PETD were 89.6% and 88.7%, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference compared to the inpatient group༈90.1% and 92.3%༉༈Table 5 ༉. Based on these results, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy performed as a day surgery can achieve similar levels of satisfaction in treating LDH compared to hospitalization. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar spine treatment aims to reduce spinal canal space occupancy by removing protruding intervertebral discs or adipose tissue that compress the spinal cord and nerves[ 30 ]. This alleviates pressure and compression on the spinal cord and nerves effectively. In this study, both the daytime and inpatient surgery groups showed a significant reduction in postoperative spinal canal occupancy rates, highlighting the effective decompression achieved through lumbar percutaneous endoscopic technology. Simultaneously, we measured the DHI of the surgical segment and its adjacent upper and lower segments. We found a significant decrease in the DHI of the surgical segment and its lower adjacent segment post-surgery in patients with LDH. However, there was no significant change in the DHI of the upper adjacent segment, and no notable differences were found in patients with LSS. In a prospective cohort study involving 108 cases, McGirt et al.[ 31 ] found that disc height in the operated segment decreases over time following discectomy. Post-surgery, disc height of the surgically treated segment decreased by 18% at 3 months and by 26% at 2 years. Meanwhile, previous studies have demonstrated that a decrease in intervertebral disc height is frequently accompanied by intervertebral disc dehydration, a factor associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Therefore, these findings underscore the importance of monitoring the degeneration of adjacent intervertebral discs in LDH patients post-surgery, particularly focusing on the discs in the lower adjacent segment. Changes in DHI can also impact the LL[ 32 ]. In our study, we observed varying degrees of postoperative increase in the LL, with a significant difference noted in the PEID-A group. We hypothesize that similar significant increases in the LL would be observed in other groups if there were a sufficient number of patients. In this study, the Pfirrmann grade of LDH patients after surgery was worse compared to before surgery, a finding that has been consistently confirmed[ 33 ]. Notably, there were no significant differences in radiological parameters pre- and postoperatively between the daytime and inpatient surgery groups. This indicates that daytime surgery not only improved symptoms but also exhibited a highly consistent radiological improvement effect comparable to inpatient surgery. Several limitations of this study should be noted. Firstly, our team adopts a relatively conservative approach when selecting patients for day surgery. Patients with suboptimal physical health are generally not recommended for day surgery due to safety concerns, which inevitably results in variations in baseline conditions among the groups. Additionally, most of the day surgeries performed by our team are follow-up procedures. This situation sometimes leads to challenges related to team member fatigue and equipment preparation, which could contribute to the relatively higher incidence of complications observed. These factors should be taken into account when interpreting the results of the study, as they may influence the generalizability and applicability of the findings to broader clinical practice. Conclusion The therapeutic effectiveness and radiological improvement achieved through daytime percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar spine diseases can yield satisfactory outcomes. However, there remains ample opportunity for enhancing patient selection, preoperative preparation, postoperative medication protocols, discharge guidance, and rehabilitation treatments. Furthermore, it is essential to consider the development of policies pertaining to day surgery in hospitals and operating rooms. This will facilitate the advancement of day surgery, enhance surgical efficacy, and minimize complications. Declarations Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation (81874022, 82172483 and 82102522), National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFC2509700), Shandong Province Taishan Scholar Project (tsqn202211317 and tstp20231247), Key R&D Project of Shandong Province (2022CXGC010503 and 2022ZLGX03), Shandong Natural Science Foundation (ZR202102210113) and National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-PUMCH-D-004) Conflict of Interest : The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Ethics approval : This study was approved by the ethics committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University [KYLL-2021(KS)-055]. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent to participate : This study only used the X-ray, CT and MRI images (without head region) of patients and information is anonymized. There is no concern about identifying information in the submission. Consent for publication : The authors agree to publication. This manuscript has not been published in any journals. Author Contribution: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The conceptualization was proposed by Xinyu Liu and Shuo Wang. Data collection and analysis were performed by Shuo Wang, Mingzheng Chang, Lianlei Wang and Luoran Wang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dinglin An, Yuze Wang and Yanguo Wang. The review and editing were performed by Xinyu Liu. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Rodriguez LV, Bloomstone JA (2023) Benchmarking outcomes for day surgery.Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 37(3):331-342 Pendharkar AV, Shahin MN, Ho AL, Sussman ES, et al. (2018) Outpatient spine surgery: defining the outcomes, value, and barriers to implementation.Neurosurg Focus 44(5):E11 Zhang AS, Xu A, Ansari K, Hardacker K, et al. 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(2021) Adjuvant surgical decision-making system for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation after percutaneous endoscopic lumber discectomy: a retrospective nonlinear multiple logistic regression prediction model based on a large sample.Spine J 21(12):2035-2048 Tables Table 1. General information of patients in the two groups. Factors Day surgery Ambulatory surgery P value PEID (N=77) PETD (N=53) Delta/Plus (N=34) PEID (N=151) PETD (N=91) Delta/Plus (N=72) P1 P2 P3 Age ‡ 39.1±11.6 43.2±15.9 38.5±11.2 40.7±12.6 41.5±15.8 40.7±15.6 0.361 0.539 0.449 Male sex 51(66.2%） 33(62.3%） 19(55.9%） 105(69.5%） 46(50.5%） 42(58.3%） 0.653 0.224 0.836 Body mass index ‡ （kg/m 2 ） 24.8±3.4 25.2±3.6 25.0±3.8 24.7±3.6 24.8±3.8 24.5±3.9 0.887 0.523 0.566 Smoking § 9（11.7%） 4（7.5%） 4（11.8%） 14（9.3%） 10（11.0%） 7（9.7%） 0.567 0.501 0.748 Disease duration ‡ 5.8±10.6 6.1±6.1 4.5±5.8 7.3±14.2 6.6±6.2 4.1±4.8 0.428 0.601 0.257 Labor intensity § 0.864 0.807 0.982 Low physical work load 21(27.3%) 16(30.2%) 11(32.4%) 45 (29.8%) 24(26.4%) 23(31.9%) Moderate physical work load 37(48.1%) 25(47.2%) 16(47.1%) 73(48.3%) 48(52.7%) 33(45.8%) High physical work load 19(24.7%) 12(22.6%) 7(20.6%) 33 (21.9%) 19(20.9%) 16(22.2%) Hypertension grade § 0.044* 0.069 0.086 Grade 0 41(53.2%) 28(52.8%) 21（61.8%） 68(45.0%) 40(44.0%) 37（51.4%） Grade 1 21(27.3%) 16(30.2%) 11（32.4%） 37(24.5%) 22(24.2%) 21（29.2%） Grade 2 15(19.5%) 9(17.0%) 2（5.9%） 32(21.2%) 19(20.9%) 10（13.9%） Grade 3 0(0%) 0(0%) 0（0%） 14(9.3%) 10(11.0%) 4（5.6%） Type 2 diabetes § 9（11.7%） 3(5.7%) 4（11.8%） 20（13.2%） 17（18.7%） 10（13.9%） 0.739 0.029* 0.763 Number of segments § 0.779 0.417 / Single segment 73(94.8%) 51(96.2%) 34(100%) 140(92.7%) 86（94.5%） 72（100%） Double segments 4(5.2%) 2(3.8%) 0(0%) 11（7.3%） 5（5.5%） 0（0%） Severe prolapse § 20(26.0) 11(20.8%) / 37（24.5%） 16（17.6%） / 0.872 0.662 / Level § 0.908 0.698 0.917 L3/4 or higher 1(1.3%) 6(11.3%) 3(8.8%) 3（2.0%） 13（14.3%） 7（9.7%） L4/5 24(31.2%) 38(71.7%) 18(52.9%) 49（32.5%） 59（64.8%） 35（48.6%） L5/S1 52 (67.5%) 9(17.0%) 13(38.2%) 99（65.6%） 19（20.9%） 30（41.7%） Type of disc herniation § 0.950 0.743 / Median 6(7.8%) 3(5.7%) / 12（7.9%） 2（2.2%） / Paramedian 38(49.4%) 5(9.4%) / 76（50.3%） 9（9.9%） / Lateral 28(36.4%) 25(47.2%) / 56（37.1%） 46（50.5%） / Far lateral 5(6.5%) 20(37.7%) / 7（4.6%） 34（37.4%） / ‡ Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution. §Data are presented as number of patients with percentage in parentheses. * Statistically significant. Table 2. Clinical outcome measurements and postoperative complications between 2 groups ‡ Parameter Day surgery Ambulatory surgery P value PEID (N=77) PETD (N=53) Delta/Plus (N=34) PEID (N=151) PETD (N=91) Delta/Plus (N=72) P1 P2 P3 Hospital stays (days) 1.0±0.1 1.1±0.4 1.0±0.2 6.7±1.7 6.0±2.1 5.0±3.0 <0.05* <0.05* <0.05* Total cost (USD$) 3321±10 3232±22 3325±23 3840±24 3749±46 3838±21 <0.05* <0.05* <0.05* Operation time (minutes) 75.6±19.7 86.7±28.8 73.4±28.7 73.4±22.8 84.0±28.4 69.8±19.0 0.479 0.589 0.433 Fluoroscopy time （seconds） 3.5±1.6 13.5±2.1 13.2±2.5 3.6±1.7 13.3±2.3 13.1±2.3 0.764 0.605 0.920 Length of incision (cm) 0.73±0.1 0.75±0.1 0.75±0.1 0.72±0.1 0.73±0.1 0.75±0.1 0.443 0.301 0.753 Intraoperative blood loss (mL) 20.4±6.0 19.9±6.1 20.6±6.1 20.5±6.3 19.8±6.0 19.1±5.7 0.925 0.944 0.231 ‡ Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution.c * Statistically significant. Table 3. Clinical outcome measurements and postoperative complications between 2 groups § Parameter Day surgery Ambulatory surgery P value PEID (N=77) PETD (N=53) Delta/Plus (N=34) PEID (N=151) PETD (N=91) Delta/Plus (N=72) P1 P2 P3 Residue or recurrence 2（2.6%） 1（1.8%） 1（2.9%） 5（3.3%） 1（1.1%） 2（2.8%） 0.912 0.727 0.562 Nerve root injury 5（6.5%） 3（5.7%） 0（0%） 6（3.9%） 5（5.5%） 0（0%） 0.608 0.737 / Dural tear 0（0%） 0（0%） 1（2.9%） 0（0%） 0（0%） 4（5.6%） / / 0.919 Anaphylactic shock 1（1.3%） 0（0%） 0（0%） 0（0%） 0（0%） 0（0%） 0.338 / / Total 8（10.3%） 4（7.5%） 2（5.9%） 11（7.3%） 6（6.6%） 4（5.6%） 0.583 0.902 0.702 Symptoms worsen after discharge 4（5.2%） 2（3.8%） 2（5.9%） 1（0.7%） 1（1.1%） 2（2.8%） 0.046* 0.557 0.416 Intraoperative instrument damage 0（0%） 1（2.0%） 0（0%） 0（0%） 0（0%） 0（0%） / 0.368 / Revision cases 6（7.8%） 4（7.5%） / 8（5.3%） 5（5.4%） / 0.561 0.725 §Data are presented as number of patients with percentage in parentheses. * Statistically significant. Table 4. Comparison of VAS-B, VAS-L and ODI scores between 2 groups ‡ Groups/ Time Point VAS-B P VAS-L P ODI P Pre-op Final Pre-op Final Pre-op Final PEID-D 6.8±3.0 1.9±2.6 <0.05* 7.4±2.6 1.1±1.3 <0.05* 52.7±7.8 9.5±3.9 <0.05* PEID-A 7.0±2.3 1.6±1.9 <0.05* 7.3±2.6 1.1±1.4 <0.05* 53.7±7.3 8.6±4.0 <0.05* P 0.553 0.240 0.802 0.832 0.357 0.110 PETD-D 7.9±3.3 2.3±2.5 <0.05* 8.1±3.2 2.8±2.7 <0.05* 54.6±5.0 8.5±3.8 <0.05* PETD-A 7.6±3.3 1.7±1.6 <0.05* 7.5±3.0 2.2±2.1 <0.05* 54.0±4.1 8.1±3.5 <0.05* P 0.522 0.075 0.286 0.164 0.459 0.538 Delta/plus-D 6.9±3.1 1.6±1.7 <0.05* 7.2±2.4 1.9±2.2 <0.05* 52.2±7.5 8.9±2.9 <0.05* Delta/plus-A 7.2±3.1 1.7±1.7 <0.05* 7.3±2.8 1.4±1.0 <0.05* 53.9±6.5 8.3±3.1 <0.05* P 0.665 0.861 0.959 0.091 0.215 0.353 ‡ Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution. * Statistically significant. Table 5. Modified MacNab Criteria. § Groups Excellent Good Fair Poor Excellent/Good rate P PEID-D 35(45.5 %) 34(44.2%) 5(6.5%) 3(3.9%) 89.6% 0.851 PEID-A 76(50.3%) 60(39.7%) 11(7.3%) 4(2.6%) 90.1% PETD-D 23(43.4%) 24(45.3%) 4(7.5%) 2(3.8%) 88.7% 0.762 PETD-A 47(51.6%) 37(40.7%) 5(5.5%) 2(2.2%) 92.3% §Data are presented as number of patients with percentage in parentheses. * Statistically significant. Table 6. Comparisons of Radiographic Measurement Between the Two Groups. ‡ Parameter Day surgery Ambulatory surgery P value PEID (N=77) PETD (N=53) Delta/Plus (N=34) PEID (N=151) PETD (N=91) Delta/Plus (N=72) P1 P2 P3 Disc height index Superior segment Pre-op 0.34±0.04 0.34±0.03 0.32±0.06 0.34±0.05 0.35±0.04 0.33±0.05 0.741 0.818 0.265 Superior segment Final 0.33±0.03 0.34±0.03 0.31±0.06 0.34±0.04 0.34±0.03 0.32±0.06 0.268 0.908 0.271 P 0.092 0.701 0.387 0.883 0.374 0.156 Surgical segment Pre-op 0.34±0.03 0.36±0.04 0.34±0.07 0.35±0.04 0.36±0.04 0.35±0.06 0.114 0.761 0.685 Surgical segment Final 0.27±0.05 0.29±0.06 0.34±0.08 0.28±0.06 0.28±0.07 0.33±0.08 0.709 0.989 0.482 P <0.05* <0.05* 0.883 <0.05* <0.05* 0.103 Inferior segment Pre-op 0.40±0.03 0.41±0.04 0.40±0.03 0.40±0.03 0.40±0.02 0.40±0.03 0.056 0.057 0.774 Inferior segment Final 0.36±0.04 0.35±0.08 0.39±0.04 0.35±0.06 0.34±0.06 0.40±0.04 0.084 0.367 0.211 P <0.05* <0.05* 0.054 <0.05* <0.05* 0.318 Lumbar lordosis（°） Pre-op 36.4±6.2 35.6±6.2 32.8±6.8 35.8±5.8 36.7±7.4 32.3±6.9 0.473 0.362 0.713 Final 38.2±8.5 38.4±8.7 34.0±7.9 37.5±8.3 37.1±8.3 34.5±7.8 0.546 0.389 0.741 P 0.127 0.057 0.514 <0.05* 0.710 0.07 Sacral slope（°） Pre-op 31.4±4.2 31.3±5.2 28.3±9.6 30.5±4.2 31.2±5.1 28.4±9.8 0.122 0.954 0.933 Final 30.7±6.2 30.6±5.4 27.8±7.3 31.4±4.5 30.4±4.8 26.5±6.2 0.301 0.841 0.366 P 0.360 0.517 0.814 0.082 0.288 0.168 Spinal canal occupation rate Pre-op 0.60±0.04 0.62±0.06 0.63±0.06 0.61±0.04 0.62±0.05 0.62±0.04 0.059 0.717 0.291 Final 0.21±0.04 0.21±0.05 0.21±0.04 0.21±0.04 0.21±0.06 0.21±0.05 0.802 0.970 0.980 P <0.05* <0.05* <0.05* <0.05* <0.05* <0.05* Pfirrmann grade Pre-op 3.3±0.9 3.3±0.9 3.2±0.9 3.2±0.9 3.4±0.9 3.4±0.9 0.831 0.527 0.287 Final 3.8±1.0 3.4±0.9 3.7±0.9 3.8±0.9 3.7±1.0 3.5±0.8 0.986 0.720 0.397 P <0.05* <0.05* 0.688 <0.05* <0.05* 0.851 ‡ Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution. * Statistically significant. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in European Spine Journal → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6292491","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":444401771,"identity":"27d07e24-29c0-4bae-98a9-2cf827c35db5","order_by":0,"name":"Shuo Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuo","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":444401772,"identity":"b691b3de-80bb-4b69-855a-80b9e1502a20","order_by":1,"name":"Mingzheng Chang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingzheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""},{"id":444401773,"identity":"385c4db6-a725-478e-8870-47ed93312688","order_by":2,"name":"Dinglin An","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dinglin","middleName":"","lastName":"An","suffix":""},{"id":444401774,"identity":"fe00729d-c11f-4570-a3fb-07d7f4e6319b","order_by":3,"name":"Luoran Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luoran","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":444401775,"identity":"e468ee22-c32e-40b1-9f55-20b76fcb6873","order_by":4,"name":"Yuze Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuze","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":444401776,"identity":"24c3e9bb-fee0-4ac4-9706-b99fc9999143","order_by":5,"name":"Yanguo Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanguo","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":444401777,"identity":"26400335-cba8-4589-ad81-6842d553fb1b","order_by":6,"name":"Lianlei Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lianlei","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":444401778,"identity":"a887c8fb-d4a3-41b4-9186-c7432a037acb","order_by":7,"name":"Xinyu Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAgkGfmbmww9I0GIgwSDZzpZmQIoWIDrPoyBBlGJz9h4zaR4Di8TNh3mAOmtsoglqsew5A9IikbjtMO+BBwzH0nIbCDrpRu42qBa+BAPGhsNEaLn/FqJlczOQJE7LDV6Ilg3MRGs5k//Zco6BhPGMw8BATiDKL8ePJd54U1En299/+PCDDzU2hLUAAQsiOhKIUA4CzB+IVDgKRsEoGAUjFQAAaT86sYaB1CIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-24 07:08:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6292491/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6292491/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-025-09084-5","type":"published","date":"2025-06-25T15:57:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81023222,"identity":"0c36f52d-1f05-4a09-b23d-d8f5b54833f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 10:08:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":185926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart for the cohorts and study groups included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6292491/v1/516ed67bd4c48a9fc4fb830a.jpeg"},{"id":85686247,"identity":"8d1530b4-0018-49c7-8e50-fcc504903a45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-30 16:05:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1096926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6292491/v1/44b3a04e-d3b8-44eb-9277-3ff5101af0e8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar disorders as day surgery：A-2-Year Follow- Up Retrospective Cohort Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concept of day surgery has been the subject of considerable interest and development since its inception[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This can be attributed to a number of factors, including the relatively brief period of hospitalisation, the low cost involved, and the prudent utilisation of limited medical resources. Currently, the aforementioned concept is applicable to the majority of hospitals, and professional day surgery centres are also becoming increasingly prevalent in developed areas. In the field of spinal surgery, the advent of numerous minimally invasive techniques has facilitated the implementation of day surgery. In comparison to traditional inpatient surgery, daytime lumber surgery has the potential to markedly reduce hospital stays, while also lowering medical expenses and enhancing patients' surgical experiences and recovery rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), as the most prevalent lumbar diseases charcterised by pain and numbness in the lower back and limbs. They have a significant impact on individuals and society[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar surgery, being a minimally invasive technique, offers minimal trauma and rapid recovery compared to traditional open surgery, rendering it highly suitable for daytime procedures[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. With advancements in medical technology and rising patient expectations, daytime surgery has been gaining great recognition as a safe and effective treatment option. In spinal surgery, particularly for treating lumbar spine diseases, daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery becomes more and more popular as a minimally invasive approach. Compared to traditional inpatient surgery, daytime surgery not only markedly shortens hospital stays but also has the potential to lower medical expenses and enhance patients\u0026rsquo; surgical experiences and recovery rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe procedures for percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) are typically performed using either the interlaminar approach (PEID) or the transforaminal approach (PETD), both widely adopted for treating lumbar disc herniation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], while Delta/Plus endoscopy is primarily utilized for treating patients with lumbar spinal stenosis[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies have sought to compare the efficacy of day surgery with that of inpatient surgery[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the matching of patients is not sufficiently detailed, surgical procedures are relatively simple, follow-up times are short, and imaging analysis is not comprehensive enough, which may affect the final results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and benefits of daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery for treating lumbar spine diseases. This will be achieved by comparing pre- and post-operative imaging and symptom improvements between daytime surgery patients and those undergoing inpatient surgery. Additionally, we will evaluate postoperative complication rates, pain management, surgical costs, and overall surgical outcomes. Through comprehensive analysis and discussion of these data, we aim to explore the potential of daytime surgery in enhancing surgical efficiency and improving patient rehabilitation quality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u0026nbsp;Due to its retrospective nature, all patients were exempted from informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e：\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAged 18 years or older, with or without LBP (including radiculopathy for patients without LBP). CT or MRI data confirming herniated disc or lumbar spinal stenosis consistent with the presenting symptoms and signs. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSymptoms persist for more than 3 months despite ineffective conservative treatment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eComplete preoperative, intraoperative, and 2-year postoperative follow-up data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e：\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHistory of lumbar infection, spondylolisthesis, lumbar instability, scoliosis, lumbar fracture, or prior spinal surgery.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePresence of tumors, severe obesity (body mass index \u0026ge; 35.0 kg/m\u0026sup2;), neuromuscular syndrome, or immunosuppression.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSurgical intervention following recurrence.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eExperiencing mental illness or cognitive impairment that hinders participation in research or the provision of effective data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePatient population\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe reviewed the data of 164 out of 203 patients with LDH or LSS who underwent daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery from January 2017 to January 2022, within a database comprising 2592 Han Chinese patients with lumbar spine diseases\u0026nbsp;（Figure 1）. Additionally, 39 patients were excluded due to incomplete or missing preoperative or follow-up data. Of the remaining patients, 130 had LDH, with 77 undergoing PEID surgery and 53 undergoing PETD surgery. 34 patients with LSS underwent Delta/Plus endoscopy.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe collected data from the same database on 314 patients who underwent inpatient surgery performed by the same surgeons for LDH or LSS, and used them as the control group. Additionally, 158 patients were excluded due to advanced age, involvement of segments that did not match the daytime surgery group, or incomplete follow-up data, ensuring a high degree of matching with the preoperative conditions of the daytime surgery group patients. Among the included patients, there were 242 cases of lumbar disc herniation, with 151 undergoing PEID surgery and 91 undergoing PETD surgery. 72 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were treated with Delta/Plus endoscopy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to collecting data on gender, age, disease, involved segments, and surgical methods for patients in each group, the following miscellaneous factors potentially affecting patient prognosis were also gathered:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBMI：\u0026le;35.0 kg/m\u0026sup2;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSmoking：\u0026gt;1 cigarette per day for \u0026ge;1 year.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLabor intensity: Labor intensity was assessed using the validated labor intensity index by Leijon et al.[12], consisting of 7 questions administered during hospital visits. The index was calculated by summing responses to all questions into a single value. Given the absence of a defined threshold for labor intensity, we categorized the index into three levels based on the frequency distribution of questionnaire responses: low physical workload (index 7-14), moderate physical workload (index 15-23), and high physical workload (index 24-31)[13].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHypertension classification：grade 1, blood pressure of 140\u0026minus;159/90\u0026minus;99 mmHg; grade 2, blood pressure of 160\u0026minus;179/100\u0026minus;109 mmHg; and grade 3, blood pressure of\u0026ge;180/\u0026ge;110 mmHg.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eType 2 diabetes: whether the patient ever been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical assessment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the preoperative period and at the 2-year follow-up, assessments of lower back pain (LBP) and leg pain were conducted using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores[14], whereas physical function was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores[15]. The surgical effectiveness of LDH patients was assessed using the Macnab criteria[16] at the final follow-up. Additionally, surgical duration, intraoperative fluorescence projection duration, incision length, blood loss, hospital stay duration, costs, intraoperative and postoperative complications, as well as the incidence and reasons for delayed discharge, were recorded and analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImaging assessment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing lumbar spine CT images, the Involved segmental spinal canal occupancy rate[17] was measured by Image J software version 1.51 (National Institutes of Health, USA). Pfirrmann grade[18] of lumbar disc degeneration for the Involved segmental were assessed during MRI images of the lumbar spine. Disc height index（DHI）[19]\u0026nbsp;for the Involved segmental and adjacent segments and lumbar sagittal parameters was assessed on lateral lumbar spine X-ray images by Surgimap version 2.3.2.1（Nemaris Inc. \u0026trade;）\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test was conductedto assess the normality of the data. All continuous variables were reported as the mean and the standard deviation, and all categorical values were reported as the number of cells and the percentages. The Student t test was used to analyze differences in normally distributed continuous variables, and the chi-square test, was used for categorical variables. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software version 27 (IBM Corp.). A 2-tailedp value of \u0026lt;.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographic data for the day and inpatient groups\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with the matched hospitalized operation group, the prevalence of hypertension was lower in the PEID-D group (P \u0026lt; 0.05), and the prevalence of type II diabetes was also lower in the PETD-D group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in the other variables(P\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe hospitalization duration, costs, and intraoperative conditions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hospital stays for daytime patients in the PEID, PETD, and Delta/Plus endoscopic surgery groups was significantly shorter compared to that of the inpatient surgery group (P\u0026lt;0.05). Simultaneously, the costs for daytime patients were significantly lower compared to those for hospitalized patients (P\u0026lt;0.05). No significant differences were observed in in the remaining variables (P\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntraoperative and postoperative complications\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of symptoms worsen cases after discharge in the PEID-A group was significantly lower compared to that in the PEID-D group (0.7% and 5.2%, P\u0026lt;0.05). Meanwhile, the incidence of complications was higher in the day surgery group compared to the inpatient surgery group, although this difference was not statistically significant（P\u0026gt;0.05）. There is no significant difference in other indicators between the corresponding two groups（P\u0026gt;0.05）（Table 3）.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical outcome\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe postoperative and preoperative VAS-B and VAS-L scores, as well as the ODI values, were displayed in\u0026nbsp;Table 4. The data revealed that the postoperative VAS-B, VAS-L and ODI scores in each group was significantly lower than those before operation at all follow-up time points（P\u0026lt;0.05）, but no significant difference was observed between the corresponding two groups(P\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBased on the Macnab criteria, the surgical outcomes at 2 years postoperatively were as follows\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e（\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 5\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e）\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. PEID-D group\u0026mdash;Out of 77 patients, 35 had excellent results,34 had good results, 5 had fair results, and 3 had poor results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. PEID-A group\u0026mdash;Out of 151 patients, 76 had excellent results, 60 had good results, 11 had fair results, and 4 had poor results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. PETD-D group\u0026mdash;Out of 53 patients, 23 had excellent results,24 had good results, 4 had fair results, and 2 had poor results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. PETD-A group\u0026mdash;Out of 91 patients, 47 had excellent results, 37 had good results, 5 had fair results, and 2 had poor results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe satisfaction rate among hospitalized patients undergoing PEID and PETD surgery was higher compared to that of daytime surgery patients, though the difference was not statistically significant (P\u0026gt;0.05). Moreover, no significant differences in the Macnab (P\u0026gt;0.05) outcomes were found between the corresponding two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRadiographic measurement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn both the daytime and inpatient groups, the postoperative lumbar spinal canal occupancy rate decreased significantly compared to pre-surgery levels（P\u0026lt;0.05）. Regarding sagittal parameters of the lumbar spine, the lumbar lordosis angle increased across all groups post-surgery, but only the PEID-A group showed statistically significant differences（P\u0026lt;0.05）; there was no significant change in sacral tilt angle（P\u0026gt;0.05）. In patients undergoing surgery for LDH, the DHI significantly decreased in the surgical and adjacent segments（P\u0026lt;0.05）, while there was no significant change in the preceding segment（P\u0026gt;0.05）. Additionally, postoperative Pfirrmann grading for LDH patients significantly increased compared to preoperative levels（P\u0026lt;0.05）. However, there were no significant differences in postoperative DHI and Pfirrmann grading for patients with LSS compared to preoperative levels（P\u0026gt;0.05）. Notably, there were no significant differences in these indicators between the daytime and inpatient groups（P\u0026gt;0.05）.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDay surgery has become a mature surgical method, gaining increasing popularity among clinicians and patients for its shorter hospitalization times, lower infection risks, and faster recovery rates[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, day surgery improves patient turnover, reduces insurance burdens, increases hospital profits, and promotes the efficient utilization of healthcare[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLumbar percutaneous endoscopic technology[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] is a minimally invasive surgical approach used to treat LDH and LSS. It includes intervertebral foramen and vertebral plate approaches, which complement each other and facilitate access to various lumbar structures. Due to its advantages in minimally invasive operation and alignment with the benefits of day surgery, lumbar percutaneous endoscopic technology is particularly suitable for performing daytime lumbar percutaneous endoscopy in hospitals for the treatment of lumbar spine diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur team has been conducting daytime percutaneous endoscopic lumbar spine surgery for several years, with a total of 203 patients included in our established lumbar spine database. Among them, 164 cases had complete preoperative and postoperative follow-up data. Using a rough 1:2 ratio, we identified 314 highly matched cases from the database as the inpatient surgery group. Other than a lower prevalence of hypertension in the PEID-D group(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and a lower prevalence of diabetes in the PETD-D group(5.7% vs 18.7%, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery group, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in baseline characteristics or prevalence of comorbidities༈Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e༉. The difference is attributable to the fact that patients undergoing daytime surgery typically have relatively good physical conditions and require minimal intervention before surgery. In contrast, the inpatient surgery group excludes only patients with surgical contraindications, resulting in a broader range of physical conditions among its members. In fact, whether it's a specialized outpatient surgical center or a daytime surgical ward within a general hospital, patient selection plays a critical role[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Proper selection of patients for ambulatory practices can optimize resources and enhance both patient and provider satisfaction[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe benefits of daytime surgery, such as shorter hospital stays and lower surgical costs, have been widely established[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, the daytime surgery group exhibited significantly reduced hospitalization durations and lower surgical costs compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery group(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Importantly, the daytime surgery group did not incurr hospitalization expenses. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of surgical duration, anesthesia duration, incision length, and intraoperative blood loss(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These findings are consistent with previous research[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] and align with our team's clinical experience, in which no discernible differences were perceived between surgeries performed on daytime versus hospitalized patients (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have indicated that the incidence of postoperative complications in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar spine surgery is typically around 8.6%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. In our analysis, we calculated the rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications for each daytime surgery group\u0026mdash;PEID, PETD, and Delta/Plus endoscopy\u0026mdash;at 10.3%, 7.5%, and 5.9%, respectively. These findings aligned with prior research and showed slightly higher rates compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery groups (7.3%, 6.6% and 5.6%). However, these differences were not statistically significant(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The slightly higher incidence of complications in day surgery may stem from its frequent use for follow-up procedures, which sometimes leads to inadequate energy supplements and instrument preparation for surgeons. In the PEID-D group, 2 patients with residual intervertebral disc and 5 patients with nerve root or cauda equina injuries during surgery (3 cases at L4/5 segment and 2 cases at L5/S1 segment). Postoperatively, four of these five cases experienced temporary exacerbation of numbness on the outer calf or sole, while one case developed foot drop, necessitating open exploratory surgery. Two years later, the first four cases fully recovered, while the patient with foot drop showed partial recovery. Additionally, one patient experienced allergic shock during surgery but recovered following immediate treatment. In the PETD-D group, there was 1 patient with residual intervertebral disc, 3 patients with nerve root or cauda equina injuries (2 cases at L4/5 segment and 1 case at L5/S1 segment), and 1 patient who experienced a nerve root hook fracture, successfully managed intraoperatively. In the Delta/Plus endoscopy group, one patient with residual intervertebral disc and one patient who suffered a dural tear. Simultaneously, a higher proportion of patients was observed in the daytime surgery group who reported satisfaction with their postoperative outcomes but experienced worsened symptoms upon returning home compared to the corresponding inpatient surgery group. This difference was statistically significant among the groups undergoing PEID surgery༈5.2% vs 0.7%, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05༉༈Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e༉. It is likely that the primary reason for this difference is that daytime surgery patients have shorter hospital stays. Postoperative symptoms in hospitalized patients can worsen during their stay, thus requiring delayed discharge for resolution[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, daytime surgery patients experiencing similar symptoms cannot strictly follow the doctor's advice before discharge and may only receive medication guidance through telephone follow-up, which also increases doctors' communication workload.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth daytime and inpatient lumbar percutaneous endoscopic surgeries have shown excellent efficacy in improving patient symptoms[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. At the 2-year follow-up, significant improvements were noted in VAS-B and VAS-L, as well as ODI scores, across all groups undergoing percutaneous endoscopic surgery during the day(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Importantly, these outcomes did not significantly differ from those observed in the corresponding hospitalized surgery group, highlighting its robust surgical efficacy and potential substitution role. Cao et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] summarized the Excellence/Good Rate (%) based on the Modified MacNab Criteria for non-day PETD surgery, finding consistent ratios ranging from 89\u0026ndash;97%. Their study also indicated no significant difference in this rate between daytime and hospitalization settings. In our statistical analysis of patients with LDH at the 2-year follow-up, the daytime group proportions for PEID and PETD were 89.6% and 88.7%, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference compared to the inpatient group༈90.1% and 92.3%༉༈Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e༉. Based on these results, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy performed as a day surgery can achieve similar levels of satisfaction in treating LDH compared to hospitalization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercutaneous endoscopic lumbar spine treatment aims to reduce spinal canal space occupancy by removing protruding intervertebral discs or adipose tissue that compress the spinal cord and nerves[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. This alleviates pressure and compression on the spinal cord and nerves effectively. In this study, both the daytime and inpatient surgery groups showed a significant reduction in postoperative spinal canal occupancy rates, highlighting the effective decompression achieved through lumbar percutaneous endoscopic technology. Simultaneously, we measured the DHI of the surgical segment and its adjacent upper and lower segments. We found a significant decrease in the DHI of the surgical segment and its lower adjacent segment post-surgery in patients with LDH. However, there was no significant change in the DHI of the upper adjacent segment, and no notable differences were found in patients with LSS. In a prospective cohort study involving 108 cases, McGirt et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] found that disc height in the operated segment decreases over time following discectomy. Post-surgery, disc height of the surgically treated segment decreased by 18% at 3 months and by 26% at 2 years. Meanwhile, previous studies have demonstrated that a decrease in intervertebral disc height is frequently accompanied by intervertebral disc dehydration, a factor associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Therefore, these findings underscore the importance of monitoring the degeneration of adjacent intervertebral discs in LDH patients post-surgery, particularly focusing on the discs in the lower adjacent segment. Changes in DHI can also impact the LL[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, we observed varying degrees of postoperative increase in the LL, with a significant difference noted in the PEID-A group. We hypothesize that similar significant increases in the LL would be observed in other groups if there were a sufficient number of patients. In this study, the Pfirrmann grade of LDH patients after surgery was worse compared to before surgery, a finding that has been consistently confirmed[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Notably, there were no significant differences in radiological parameters pre- and postoperatively between the daytime and inpatient surgery groups. This indicates that daytime surgery not only improved symptoms but also exhibited a highly consistent radiological improvement effect comparable to inpatient surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations of this study should be noted. Firstly, our team adopts a relatively conservative approach when selecting patients for day surgery. Patients with suboptimal physical health are generally not recommended for day surgery due to safety concerns, which inevitably results in variations in baseline conditions among the groups. Additionally, most of the day surgeries performed by our team are follow-up procedures. This situation sometimes leads to challenges related to team member fatigue and equipment preparation, which could contribute to the relatively higher incidence of complications observed. These factors should be taken into account when interpreting the results of the study, as they may influence the generalizability and applicability of the findings to broader clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe therapeutic effectiveness and radiological improvement achieved through daytime percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar spine diseases can yield satisfactory outcomes. However, there remains ample opportunity for enhancing patient selection, preoperative preparation, postoperative medication protocols, discharge guidance, and rehabilitation treatments. Furthermore, it is essential to consider the development of policies pertaining to day surgery in hospitals and operating rooms. This will facilitate the advancement of day surgery, enhance surgical efficacy, and minimize complications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation (81874022, 82172483 and 82102522), National Key R\u0026amp;D Program of China (2023YFC2509700), Shandong Province Taishan Scholar Project (tsqn202211317 and tstp20231247), Key R\u0026amp;D Project of Shandong Province (2022CXGC010503 and 2022ZLGX03), Shandong Natural Science Foundation (ZR202102210113) and National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-PUMCH-D-004)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e: This study was approved by the ethics committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University [KYLL-2021(KS)-055]. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: This study only used the X-ray, CT and MRI images (without head region) of patients and information is anonymized. There is no concern about identifying information in the submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors agree to publication. This manuscript has not been published in any journals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. The conceptualization was proposed by Xinyu Liu and Shuo Wang. Data collection and analysis were performed by Shuo Wang, Mingzheng Chang, Lianlei Wang and Luoran Wang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dinglin An, Yuze Wang and Yanguo Wang. The review and editing were performed by Xinyu Liu. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodriguez LV, Bloomstone JA (2023) Benchmarking outcomes for day surgery.Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 37(3):331-342\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePendharkar AV, Shahin MN, Ho AL, Sussman ES, et al. (2018) Outpatient spine surgery: defining the outcomes, value, and barriers to implementation.Neurosurg Focus 44(5):E11\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang AS, Xu A, Ansari K, Hardacker K, et al. 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A Historical Control Study of Daytime Operation with a 8-Hour Hospital Stay versus Inpatient Operation.Orthop Surg 15(9):2354-2362\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeijon O, Wiktorin C, H\u0026auml;renstam A, Karlqvist L (2002) Validity of a self-administered questionnaire for assessing physical work loads in a general population.J Occup Environ Med 44(8):724-735\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJensen JN, Holtermann A, Clausen T, Mortensen OS, Carneiro IG, Andersen LL (2012) The greatest risk for low-back pain among newly educated female health care workers; body weight or physical work load.BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13(87\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOstelo RW, Vlaeyen JW, van den Brandt PA, de Vet HC (2005) Residual complaints following lumbar disc surgery: prognostic indicators of outcome.Pain 114(1-2):177-185\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFujiwara A, Kobayashi N, Saiki K, Kitagawa T, Tamai K, Saotome K (2003) Association of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score with the Oswestry Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, and short-form 36.Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28(14):1601-1607\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKambin P, Sampson S (1986) Posterolateral percutaneous suction-excision of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Report of interim results.Clin Orthop Relat Res 207):37-43\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSayıt E, Aghdasi B, Daubs MD, Wang JC (2015) The Occupancy of the Components in the Cervical Spine and Their Changes with Extension and Flexion.Global Spine J 5(5):396-405\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N (2001) Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(17):1873-1878\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkeda K, Yamada T, Inoue N, Nishimura A, Sudo A (2015) Risk factors for lumbar intervertebral disc height narrowing: a population-based longitudinal study in the elderly.BMC Musculoskelet Disord 16(344\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLatka K, Kolodziej W, Domisiewicz K, Pawus D, et al. (2023) Outpatient Spine Procedures in Poland: Clinical Outcomes, Safety, Complications, and Technical Insights into an Ambulatory Spine Surgery Center.Healthcare (Basel) 11(22):2944\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLatka K, Kołodziej W, Rajski R, Pawuś D, Chowaniec J, Latka D (2023) Outpatient Spine Surgery in Poland: A Survey on Popularity, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.Risk Manag Healthc Policy 16(1839-1848\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi R, Chen B, Shen W, Wang Q (2021) Evaluation on curative effects of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy via a transforaminal approach versus an interlaminar approach for patients with lumbar disc herniation: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore) 100(39):e27089\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHodgson JA, Cyr KL, Sweitzer B (2023) Patient selection in ambulatory surgery.Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 37(3):357-372\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRajan N, Rosero EB, Joshi GP (2021) Patient Selection for Adult Ambulatory Surgery: A Narrative Review.Anesth Analg 133(6):1415-1430\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJiang H, Han J, Lu A, Liu X (2014) Day surgery management model in china: practical experience and initial evaluation.Int J Clin Exp Med 7(11):4471-4474\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCao J, Huang W, Wu T, Jia J, Cheng X (2019) Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for lumbar disc herniation as day surgery - short-term clinical results of 235 consecutive cases.Medicine (Baltimore) 98(49):e18064\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen X, Chamoli U, Vargas Castillo J, Ramakrishna V, Diwan AD (2020) Complication rates of different discectomy techniques for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur Spine J 29(7):1752-1770\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJu CI, Lee SM (2023) Complications and Management of Endoscopic Spinal Surgery.Neurospine 20(1):56-77\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi X, Bai J, Hong Y, Zhang J, et al. (2021) Minimum Seven-Year Follow-Up Outcomes of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Lumbar Degenerative Disease.Int J Gen Med 14(779-785\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYin G, Wang C, Liu SQ (2021) Comparative Analysis of the Therapeutic Efficiency and Radiographic Measurement Between the Transforaminal Approach and Interlaminar Approach in Percutaneous Endoscopic Discectomy.Turk Neurosurg 31(6):857-865\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcGirt MJ, Eustacchio S, Varga P, Vilendecic M, et al. (2009) A prospective cohort study of close interval computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging after primary lumbar discectomy: factors associated with recurrent disc herniation and disc height loss.Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34(19):2044-2051\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi Z, Li P, Wu W, Jiang Y, Wang Y (2023) Analysis of the Efficacy of Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation with Different Types/Grades of Modic Changes.J Pain Res 16(1927-1940\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi Y, Wang B, Li H, Chang X, et al. (2021) Adjuvant surgical decision-making system for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation after percutaneous endoscopic lumber discectomy: a retrospective nonlinear multiple logistic regression prediction model based on a large sample.Spine J 21(12):2035-2048\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e General information of patients in the two groups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"936\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 284px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmbulatory surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus (N=34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=151)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus (N=72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u0026plusmn;11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026plusmn;15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.5\u0026plusmn;11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026plusmn;12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u0026plusmn;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026plusmn;15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale sex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(66.2%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(62.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(55.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(69.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(50.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(58.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody mass index\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e（kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026plusmn;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026plusmn;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026plusmn;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5\u0026plusmn;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9（11.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（7.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（11.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14（9.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10（11.0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7（9.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisease duration\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026plusmn;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026plusmn;6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026plusmn;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026plusmn;14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026plusmn;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026plusmn;4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabor intensity\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow physical work load\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(30.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(32.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (29.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(26.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(31.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate physical work load\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(48.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(47.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(47.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73(48.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(52.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High physical work load\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(24.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(22.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(20.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (21.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(20.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension grade\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrade 0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(53.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(52.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21（61.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(45.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(44.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37（51.4%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrade 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(30.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11（32.4%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(24.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21（29.2%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrade 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（5.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(20.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10（13.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrade 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(11.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（5.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType 2 diabetes\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9（11.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（11.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20（13.2%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17（18.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10（13.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of segments\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle segment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73(94.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(96.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140(92.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86（94.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72（100%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDouble segments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(5.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11（7.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5（5.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere prolapse\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37（24.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16（17.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL3/4 or higher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(8.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3（2.0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13（14.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7（9.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(31.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(71.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(52.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49（32.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59（64.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35（48.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL5/S1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (67.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(38.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99（65.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19（20.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30（41.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of disc herniation\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12（7.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（2.2%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParamedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(49.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76（50.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9（9.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(47.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56（37.1%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46（50.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFar lateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(37.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7（4.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34（37.4%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; Data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026sect;Data are presented as number of patients with percentage in parentheses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Clinical outcome measurements and postoperative complications between 2 groups\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"936\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmbulatory surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus (N=34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=151)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus (N=72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital stays (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026plusmn;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026plusmn;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026plusmn;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026plusmn;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal cost (USD$)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3321\u0026plusmn;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3232\u0026plusmn;22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3325\u0026plusmn;23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3840\u0026plusmn;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3749\u0026plusmn;46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3838\u0026plusmn;21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOperation time (minutes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.6\u0026plusmn;19.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026plusmn;28.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.4\u0026plusmn;28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.4\u0026plusmn;22.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u0026plusmn;28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u0026plusmn;19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFluoroscopy time （seconds）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026plusmn;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026plusmn;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026plusmn;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026plusmn;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026plusmn;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026plusmn;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of incision (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative blood loss (mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u0026plusmn;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u0026plusmn;6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u0026plusmn;6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u0026plusmn;6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8\u0026plusmn;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u0026plusmn;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; Data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution.c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Statistically significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Clinical outcome measurements and postoperative complications between 2 groups\u003csup\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"936\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmbulatory surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus (N=34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=151)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus (N=72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidue or recurrence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（2.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（1.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（2.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5（3.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（1.1%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（2.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNerve root injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5（6.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3（5.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6（3.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5（5.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDural tear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（2.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（5.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnaphylactic shock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（1.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8（10.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（7.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（5.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11（7.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6（6.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（5.6%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSymptoms worsen after discharge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（5.2%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（3.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（5.9%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.7%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（1.1%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（2.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative instrument damage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（2.0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevision cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6（7.8%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（7.5%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8（5.3%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5（5.4%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026sect;Data are presented as number of patients with percentage in parentheses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Comparison of VAS-B, VAS-L and ODI scores between 2 groups\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"860\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime Point\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVAS-B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVAS-L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID-D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026plusmn;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026plusmn;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026plusmn;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u0026plusmn;7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026plusmn;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026plusmn;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026plusmn;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026plusmn;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026plusmn;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u0026plusmn;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD-D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026plusmn;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026plusmn;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6\u0026plusmn;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026plusmn;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026plusmn;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026plusmn;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u0026plusmn;4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/plus-D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026plusmn;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u0026plusmn;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026plusmn;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u0026plusmn;7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026plusmn;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/plus-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026plusmn;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026plusmn;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026plusmn;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.9\u0026plusmn;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; Data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Modified MacNab Criteria.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026sect;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcellent/Good rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID-D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(45.5 %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(44.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(50.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60(39.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD-D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(43.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(45.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(51.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(40.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(5.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026sect;Data are presented as number of patients with percentage in parentheses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u003c/strong\u003e Comparisons of Radiographic Measurement Between the Two Groups.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"945\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmbulatory surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(N=34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=151)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta/Plus (N=72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 945px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisc height index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuperior segment Pre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuperior segment Final\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical segment Pre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical segment Final\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInferior segment Pre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInferior segment Final\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 945px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLumbar lordosis（\u0026deg;）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.4\u0026plusmn;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.6\u0026plusmn;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u0026plusmn;6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.8\u0026plusmn;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026plusmn;7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.3\u0026plusmn;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u0026plusmn;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4\u0026plusmn;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u0026plusmn;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u0026plusmn;8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u0026plusmn;8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u0026plusmn;7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 945px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSacral slope（\u0026deg;）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u0026plusmn;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3\u0026plusmn;5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.3\u0026plusmn;9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u0026plusmn;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026plusmn;5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026plusmn;9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u0026plusmn;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026plusmn;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u0026plusmn;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u0026plusmn;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026plusmn;4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u0026plusmn;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 945px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpinal canal occupation rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 945px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePfirrmann grade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026plusmn;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026plusmn;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026plusmn;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026plusmn;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; Data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation of continuous variables with a normal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Statistically significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-spine-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"esjo","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Spine Journal](http://link.springer.com/journal/586)","snPcode":"586","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/586/3","title":"European Spine Journal","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Lumber, Degenerative disease, Day surgery, Percutaneous endoscopic surgery, Complication, Curative effect","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6292491/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6292491/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study summarizes clinical data on daytime percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spinal stenosis, comparing outcomes with those of matched hospitalized patients, aiming to analyze its clinical efficacy and identify associated challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eRetrieve clinical data from the shared database of orthopedic cases, which contains a total of 5,793 cases. Among them, 2,592 cases involve lumbar spine diseases, with some of these patients having undergone daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery for LDH or LSS by the same team. Match these with hospitalized patients at a 1:2 ratio. A total of 478 patients were recruited, of which 164 underwent daytime surgery and 314 underwent inpatient surgery. All patients were followed with 2 years; a set of clinical outcomes were extracted and analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Compared to the inpatient surgery group, the day surgery group demonstrated significantly reduced hospitalization duration and costs (P\u0026lt;0.05). However, the incidence of worsened symptoms after discharge was significantly lower in the PEID-A group compared to the PEID-D group (0.7% and 5.2%, respectively; P\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The therapeutic effect of percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar spine diseases performed as day surgery is satisfactory. While offering advantages such as lower costs and shorter hospital stays, daytime percutaneous endoscopic surgery requires enhanced preoperative preparation, postoperative medication, patient guidance, and rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Percutaneous endoscopic treatment for lumbar disorders as day surgery：A-2-Year Follow- Up Retrospective Cohort Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-21 10:08:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6292491/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-12T01:17:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-12T00:11:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-21T14:59:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-21T10:30:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"903343343080294336276655917368148414","date":"2025-04-19T10:51:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"5215025959826267432064683286236799599","date":"2025-04-17T12:48:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"192680716568757521050190247546373728308","date":"2025-04-17T08:57:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-30T12:42:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T05:43:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T05:43:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Spine Journal","date":"2025-03-24T07:05:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-spine-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"esjo","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Spine Journal](http://link.springer.com/journal/586)","snPcode":"586","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/586/3","title":"European Spine Journal","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fa144474-5818-4c19-bc26-442c1808c271","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-30T16:02:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6292491","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-025-09084-5","journal":{"identity":"european-spine-journal","isVorOnly":false,"title":"European Spine Journal"},"publishedOn":"2025-06-25 15:57:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 25th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-21 10:08:07","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00586-025-09084-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-025-09084-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6292491","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6292491","identity":"rs-6292491","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}