Disorder-Induced Suppression and Load Optimization in Organic Microcavity Quantum Batteries

Disorder-Induced Suppression and Load Optimization in Organic Microcavity Quantum Batteries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Disorder-Induced Suppression and Load Optimization in Organic Microcavity Quantum Batteries Sahil Bhardwaj¹, Vikas Sidhu¹ This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9463893/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Quantum batteries have attracted considerable attention as next-generation energy-storage devices capable of exploiting collective quantum effects for enhanced charging performance. However, the extraction of stored energy from realistic disordered systems remains insufficiently explored. In the present work, we investigate the influence of static disorder on the charging and extraction behaviour of an organic microcavity quantum battery consisting of molecular two-level emitters coupled to an optical cavity and an external load channel. The system is modelled within an open quantum framework using a disordered Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian with Lindblad dissipation. A pulsed charge–store–extract protocol is employed to distinguish the charging and discharge stages. Numerical simulations performed using QuTiP show that increasing disorder leads to a systematic reduction in extraction efficiency, with larger molecular ensembles exhibiting stronger degradation. We further find that the optimal extraction coupling shifts to higher values in the presence of disorder, indicating that stronger output coupling is required to overcome disorder-induced trapping losses. For N = 4, the optimal coupling increases from 650 GHz to 1150 GHz under moderate disorder. In addition, the collective scaling advantage progressively weakens as disorder increases. These results provide useful design guidelines for practical disorder-resilient organic quantum batteries and highlight the importance of co-optimising both charging and extraction processes. PACS / Subject Classification 03.65.Yz — Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods 42.50.Pq — Cavity quantum electrodynamics 05.30.-d — Quantum statistical mechanics 88.80.ff — Energy storage systems 02.70.-c — Computational techniques in physics Quantum batteries Open quantum systems Static disorder Microcavity polaritons Energy extraction Tavis–Cummings model Lindblad dynamics Collective charging Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterials.zip.zip Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 12 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 11 May, 2026 Editor invited by journal 08 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 19 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9463893","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":628750166,"identity":"55d831b4-f5a8-4292-ac7f-9baeefcef6e5","order_by":0,"name":"Sahil Bhardwaj¹","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwkgwcPAwMzA337w4YcfNnIg0QMPiNIicSbZWLInzRisJYEILUCQYCbAw3YosQHMxqPFXLr52Ye3bXbs8g0H0hgkeA6kzw87/BBoi52cbgN2LZZzjhnPnNuWzGxwuPHYgwKLO7kbb6cZALUkG5sdwOGwGwnGzLzbmJkNGA6kG0jwPMvdODsBpOVA4jacWtI/A7XUM8s3JJhJ8LAdTjecnf6BgJYckC2HmYGhBNaSIC+dg98Wyxk5xYxz/x1nNrgBCWTDDdI5BQcSDHD7xVwifTPDmzPVyfL9kKiUl5+dvvnDhwo7OVxaYCAZ4VSwSgP8ykHADs6SbyCsehSMglEwCkYWAADcvGZMOI7jMgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Maharshi Dayanand University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sahil","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhardwaj¹","suffix":""},{"id":628750167,"identity":"ad1a86d6-7bab-41b3-a22b-ba453446dd54","order_by":1,"name":"Vikas Sidhu¹","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maharshi Dayanand University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vikas","middleName":"","lastName":"Sidhu¹","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-19 17:23:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9463893/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9463893/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108494217,"identity":"6f48735c-eee1-490b-a0ae-0c9f2f5d1c92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 10:03:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":739962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DisorderInducedSuppressionandLoadOptimizationinOrganicMicrocavityQuantumBatteries.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9463893/v1_covered_be53f536-edba-4654-aef5-5ee76e9f3c75.pdf"},{"id":108475563,"identity":"cbc14331-f041-48b4-be6a-f4d3ecf93e08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 06:46:24","extension":"zip","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1991345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterials.zip.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9463893/v1/33cdba0ae7aa9193b3c99168.zip"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Disorder-Induced Suppression and Load Optimization in Organic Microcavity Quantum Batteries","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-quantum-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Quantum Science](https://link.springer.com/journal/44464)","snPcode":"44464","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44464/3","title":"Discover Quantum Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quantum batteries, Open quantum systems, Static disorder, Microcavity polaritons, Energy extraction, Tavis–Cummings model, Lindblad dynamics, Collective charging","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9463893/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9463893/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eQuantum batteries have attracted considerable attention as next-generation energy-storage devices capable of exploiting collective quantum effects for enhanced charging performance. However, the extraction of stored energy from realistic disordered systems remains insufficiently explored. In the present work, we investigate the influence of static disorder on the charging and extraction behaviour of an organic microcavity quantum battery consisting of molecular two-level emitters coupled to an optical cavity and an external load channel. The system is modelled within an open quantum framework using a disordered Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian with Lindblad dissipation. A pulsed charge–store–extract protocol is employed to distinguish the charging and discharge stages. Numerical simulations performed using QuTiP show that increasing disorder leads to a systematic reduction in extraction efficiency, with larger molecular ensembles exhibiting stronger degradation. We further find that the optimal extraction coupling shifts to higher values in the presence of disorder, indicating that stronger output coupling is required to overcome disorder-induced trapping losses. For N = 4, the optimal coupling increases from 650 GHz to 1150 GHz under moderate disorder. In addition, the collective scaling advantage progressively weakens as disorder increases. 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