Thermodynamic and Kinetic Insights into Biochar Production from Empty Fruit Bunches: A Volatile-State Approach

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Insights into Biochar Production from Empty Fruit Bunches: A Volatile-State Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Thermodynamic and Kinetic Insights into Biochar Production from Empty Fruit Bunches: A Volatile-State Approach Fitria Yulistiani, Aqsha Aqsha, Yazid Bindar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6724773/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents the novel integration of a volatile-state perspective into the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) kinetic model for empty fruit bunches (EFB) pyrolysis, addressing key limitations of conventional solid-state models that assume full conversion and neglect volatile emissions and ash formation. Unlike traditional approaches, the modified volatile-state KAS method captures the dynamic behavior of volatile compounds during thermal decomposition, yielding an average activation energy reduction of 14.2% compared to the solid-state method. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows a non-linear variation in activation energy with conversion, reflecting complex structural changes in EFB. The volatile-state model provides a more consistent activation energy (151.99 kJ/mol) and high correlation coefficients (R² up to 0.9993), affirming its reliability. Additionally, thermodynamic parameters—enthalpy (ΔH = 147.27 kJ/mol) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG = 100.57 kJ/mol)—are derived to deepen the mechanistic understanding of the process. By integrating kinetic and thermodynamic insights with this novel framework, the research offers a more accurate and predictive model for optimizing energy-efficient biochar production, with significant implications for sustainable energy, waste management, and carbon sequestration industries. pyrolysis kinetic thermodynamic solid-state approach volatile-state approach Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 25 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6724773","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484803354,"identity":"4728e93c-d0e4-4828-b9f9-7dac326b3be8","order_by":0,"name":"Fitria Yulistiani","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-2374","institution":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fitria","middleName":"","lastName":"Yulistiani","suffix":""},{"id":484803355,"identity":"16ea9ba9-edda-4c44-9c2a-70461d62af4d","order_by":1,"name":"Aqsha Aqsha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aqsha","middleName":"","lastName":"Aqsha","suffix":""},{"id":484803356,"identity":"4a6c6f04-5045-431f-bc86-1ed27c2c3e06","order_by":2,"name":"Yazid Bindar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yazid","middleName":"","lastName":"Bindar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-22 12:06:51","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6724773/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6724773/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86851230,"identity":"2d588507-6d2c-4d76-b1a9-b676147c8a64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-16 09:49:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":453166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"UKo8submit.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6724773/v1_covered_31e8e62c-91c4-4caf-9689-ca3908998c49.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Insights into Biochar Production from Empty Fruit Bunches: A Volatile-State Approach","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chemical-papers","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"chpa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chemical Papers](http://link.springer.com/journal/11696)","snPcode":"11696","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/CHPA/default.aspx","title":"Chemical Papers","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"pyrolysis, kinetic, thermodynamic, solid-state approach, volatile-state approach","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6724773/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6724773/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents the novel integration of a volatile-state perspective into the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) kinetic model for empty fruit bunches (EFB) pyrolysis, addressing key limitations of conventional solid-state models that assume full conversion and neglect volatile emissions and ash formation. 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