An Examination of Anxiety Levels in Preschool Children of Divorced Parents

An Examination of Anxiety Levels in Preschool Children of Divorced Parents | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Examination of Anxiety Levels in Preschool Children of Divorced Parents Hakan Şahin, Oğuz Keleş This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8005707/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Today, increasing divorce rates lead to fundamental changes in the family structure and can negatively affect the psychosocial development of children. This study aimed to examine the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents are divorced and to compare these levels with those of children whose parents are divorced together. Additionally, it seeks to determine whether there are significant differences in anxiety levels according to children's demographic characteristics. Methods This study was conducted via a descriptive comparative survey model. The study group consisted of 111 children attending preschool educational institutions in Ankara. This group included 47 children whose parents were divorced and 64 children whose parents were together. As a data collection tool, the “Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children–Parent Form” developed by Spence et al. (2001) and adapted into Turkish by Şahin (2020), was used. The data were analyzed via SPSS 25.0. Independent samples t tests, Mann‒Whitney U tests, and Kruskal‒Wallis H tests were applied. Results The analysis results revealed four main findings: (1) The overall anxiety levels of children with divorced parents were significantly greater than those of children whose parents were together (t(109)= 1.788, p < .05). (2) No significant differences were found in anxiety levels in terms of sex or age group. (3) A significant difference was identified on the basis of mothers' education levels; children of mothers who graduated from primary school presented greater anxiety in the subdimensions of obsessive‒compulsive disorder (χ²(3) = 12.137, p < .05) and fear of physical injury (χ²(3) = 7.838, p < .05). (4) No significant differences were found in terms of fathers' education levels or the type of school attended. Conclusions These findings indicate that preschool children from divorced families have high levels of anxiety. It has been determined that family structure and parental education level play decisive roles in children's anxiety levels. Early screening studies should be conducted during the preschool period, seminars on parenting skills should be organized for mothers with low education levels, and psychological support services should be expanded for parents who are divorced. Family family structure divorced parents anxiety early childhood Introduction The family is the fundamental social structure in the development process of an individual from birth onward, and it is also the first environment where a child's physical, emotional, and social needs are met [1]. In this environment, children learn love, trust, commitment, and social norms, and establish the foundations of their individual identities [2,3]. The role of the family in child development shapes not only the child's physical development but also their social-emotional adaptation. The literature emphasizes that the quality of the family environment plays a decisive role in children's academic achievement, psychosocial adjustment, and overall mental health [4,5]. These ages, which fall within the early childhood period, constitute a critical period in an individual's development, and the forms of interaction within the family during this process strongly affect children's personality development and social adaptation skills. A supportive and warm family environment helps children develop stress management skills, whereas conflict-ridden and unhealthy communication environments increase the risk of anxiety and behavioral problems [6]. The family environment plays a vital role in children’s overall development, particularly in shaping their experiences with anxiety. Anxiety is typically defined as an emotional reaction to perceived threat or danger and often arises in response to ambiguous or uncertain situations [7]. Although anxiety is considered a normative aspect of childhood development, it may indicate an underlying anxiety disorder when it becomes chronic and intense: and begins to interfere with daily functioning [8]. Spielberger conceptualized anxiety in terms of two components: state anxiety, which reflects a temporary emotional response to specific situations, and trait anxiety, which represents a more enduring tendency toward anxious behavior [9,10]. Common symptoms observed in children include persistent restlessness, specific phobias, sleep difficulties, nausea, headaches, and withdrawal from social interaction [11]. Environmental risk factors such as overprotective parenting styles, exposure to traumatic experiences, and ongoing family conflict have been identified as key contributors to elevated anxiety in childhood [12,13]. In addition to individual factors, the family environment and parental attitudes play critical roles in the development of anxiety. Overprotective, inconsistent, or conflict-laden family dynamics—as well as parental separation—can undermine children's psychological resilience and contribute to heightened anxiety levels [13,12]. Within this framework, divorce represents a significant structural disruption in the family unit that profoundly impacts children's psychological well-being and developmental trajectory. It not only destabilizes the parental relationship but also disrupts the child's routines, sense of security, and emotional stability [14]. Especially during the preschool period, children may not be able to comprehend the divorce process because of their underdeveloped abstract thinking skills and may associate this situation with their own mistakes, thereby developing feelings of guilt [15,16]. Research has shown that there is a strong link between parental divorce and increased anxiety, depression, attention problems, and behavioral issues in children [17,18]. Divorce can trigger feelings of loss of control, uncertainty, and emotional turmoil in children, thereby laying the groundwork for anxiety disorders [19,4]. Persistent parental conflict, inconsistent discipline practices, and a lack of emotional support can further increase children's anxiety levels [20]. The intensity of conflicts experienced by parents during the divorce process can play a decisive role in children's psychological health, leading to increased anxiety levels [21]. After divorce, the departure of one of the parents from the home can cause the child to experience feelings of abandonment [22,23]. Additionally, negative changes in economic conditions after divorce, weakening of social support networks, and increased stress levels in parents can contribute to the chronic nature of the uncertainty and stress experienced by children [24,25]. During this process, healthy communication and supportive parental attitudes are crucial for children to rebuild their sense of security [26]. Parental conflict, inconsistent disciplinary approaches, and a lack of emotional support further exacerbate children's anxiety symptoms [20,19]. The process of divorce not only disrupts the emotional well-being of the child but also affects their social relationships and academic functioning. Preschool-aged children, in particular, may struggle to comprehend the structural changes in the family resulting from divorce, which may lead to the emergence of both anxiety and depressive symptoms [23,16,4]. Similarly, Bora and Ünüvar compared the anxiety levels of children from divorced and intact families, and reported that divorce particularly affects dimensions such as social and separation anxiety [27]. Güngör examined the influence of parental education on children's anxiety and reported that anxiety levels decreased as parental education increased [28]. Çiftçi Topaloğlu investigated gender-based differences in the anxiety levels of 4- to 5-year-old children and reported no statistically significant differences [29]. In another study, Özdal and Aral reported that children experiencing paternal absence presented higher levels of anxiety than did those living with both parents [30]. Similarly, Buluş and Güngör reported that anxiety levels in children tended to increase with age [31]. However, many of these studies focused on specific subdimensions of anxiety or were conducted with relatively small sample sizes, limiting their generalizability. Moreover, few studies have offered a comprehensive evaluation of anxiety during preschool years, especially among 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds. This situation requires a more comprehensive examination of the effects of divorce on anxiety levels in children, particularly during the preschool period. This study was conducted to compare the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents are divorced and those whose parents are together; to explain the role of demographic factors in anxiety levels by conducting an assessment covering all dimensions of anxiety. In this respect, the study aims to fill the gap in the literature and to examine in depth the effects of divorce on children's psychological development. Additionally, the findings are anticipated to contribute to the development of preventive and supportive strategies for parents and educators aimed at reducing children's anxiety levels. Methods This section provides detailed information regarding the research design, study sample, data collection instruments, and the methods used for data analysis. Research Model This study used a descriptive comparative survey design to assess the anxiety levels of preschool-aged children whose parents were divorced and to compare these levels with those of children whose parents remained married. We also explored whether children's anxiety levels varied significantly on the basis of selected demographic variables. In this respect, the study is an example of a general survey model. Survey research aims to describe the characteristics of a group [32]. Survey research also includes approaches that aim to describe a past or current situation as it exists [33]. Working Group This study included a total of 111 children attending preschool education institutions in Ankara from 2025-2026. In line with the purpose of the study, children were selected on the basis of the criterion sampling method, which is a purposeful sampling method. At this stage, each preschool was visited, teachers were interviewed, and families of children whose parents were divorced and whose parents were together in the same school were reached. Within the scope of the study, 47 preschool children whose parents were divorced and whose parents were reached were included. To enable meaningful comparison, parents of 64 preschool children with similar demographic characteristics whose parents were still married were also interviewed. The demographic distribution of the preschool children included in the study is presented in Table 1. Table 1. Distribution of Preschool Children by Demographic Characteristics Demographic Variable Category f % Type of school Preschool 23 48.9 Pre kindergarden 16 34.0 Private School 8 17.0 Gender Girl 23 48.9 Male 24 51.1 Age 3 years 11 23.5 4 years 12 25.5 5 years 24 51.1 Father’s Education Level Elementary education 12 25.5 High school 22 46.8 Associate degree 7 14.9 Undergraduate and postgraduate 6 12.8 Mother’s Education Level Elementary education 10 21.3 High school 15 31.9 Associate degree 9 19.1 Undergraduate and postgraduate 13 27.7 Table 1 displays the distribution of preschool children according to their demographic characteristics. A total of 48.9% (n = 23) of the children were enrolled in public preschools, 34.0% (n = 16) were enrolled in prekindergartens, and 17.0% (n = 8) were enrolled in private schools. Among the participants, 48.9% (n = 23) were female, and 51.1% (n = 24) were male. In terms of age, 23.5% (n = 11) of the children were 3 years old, 25.5% (n = 12) were 4 years old, and 51.1% (n = 24) were 5 years old. With respect to paternal education, 25.5% (n = 12) of fathers had completed elementary education, 46.8% (n = 22) had a high school diploma, 14.9% (n = 7) held an associate degree, and 12.8% (n = 6) had completed undergraduate or postgraduate studies. In terms of maternal education, 21.3% (n = 10) of mothers had completed elementary education, 31.9% (n = 15) high school, 19.1% (n = 9) associate degree, and 27.7% (n = 13) undergraduate or higher education. Data collection To assess the anxiety levels of preschool-aged children, the Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children–Parent Form, originally developed by Spence et al. [34] and adapted into Turkish by Şahin [35], was employed. The scale includes 28 items distributed across five subdimensions. During the adaptation process, the items were first translated into Turkish and then evaluated by experts in the field to ensure both linguistic and conceptual equivalence. The adapted version was administered to 918 parents of preschool children, and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. The CFA results indicated that item factor loadings ranged from .40- .73, and standardized regression coefficients ranged from .16-.53. The analysis demonstrated that anxiety levels in preschool children were significantly explained by general anxiety (R² = .88, p < .05), social anxiety (R² = .38, p < .05), fear of physical injury (R² = .51, p < .05), separation anxiety (R² = .88, p < .05), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (R² = .87, p < .05). Model fit indices confirmed the validity of the four-factor structure of the Turkish version of the scale. Reliability analysis demonstrated strong internal consistency, with a total Cronbach’s alpha of .877. The subscale reliability coefficients were .679 for general anxiety, .741 for social anxiety, .622 for fear of physical injury, .736 for separation anxiety, and .633 for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The corrected item-total correlation coefficients ranged from .320 to .555 overall, with subscale-specific ranges as follows: .367–.526 for general anxiety, .473–.555 for social anxiety, .357–.512 for fear of physical injury, .351–.514 for separation anxiety, and .320–.479 for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Additionally, separate CFA models were tested for each age group, all of which confirmed satisfactory model fit [35]. Data collection process and analysis The data for this study were collected during the 2025-2026 academic year at various preschool education institutions in Ankara. Prior to the data collection process, the necessary permissions were obtained from school administrations, and the study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines. In the study, teachers and parents of children were informed about the purpose, scope, and confidentiality principles of the study; participation was voluntary. The data collection tool used was the Preschool Children's Anxiety Scale – Parent Form developed by Spence et al. [34] wich was adapted into Turkish by Şahin [35]. The forms filled out by the parents were collected in accordance with the confidentiality principle and prepared for analysis. Within the scope of the research, descriptive statistics were calculated regarding the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents were divorced. A t-test for independent samples was applied to determine whether there were significant differences in anxiety levels according to the marital status of the children's parents. Additionally, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to examine differences between children's demographic characteristics (age, gander, school type, parental education level) and their anxiety levels. The significance level was set at p < .05 for all the statistical analyses. The analyses were conducted via the SPSS 25.0 software package. Findings Descriptive statistics Table 2 presents descriptive statistics based on parents’ responses to the items on the Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children–Parent Form. The table includes the number of items, minimum and maximum possible scores, mean scores, and standard deviations for each subdimension of the scale. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for Subdimensions of the Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children– Parent Forms Scale Dimension N Number of items Minimum Maxsimum S x General Anxiety 47 5 0.00 13.00 4.60 3.23 Social Anxiety 47 6 0.00 18.00 6.26 4.45 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 47 5 0.00 15.00 4.62 3.87 Physical Injury Fear 47 7 1.00 23.00 8.83 5.43 Separation Anxiety 47 5 0.00 19.00 6.06 3.99 Total Anxiety Score 47 28 6.00 81.00 30.36 16.64 An examination of the descriptive statistics presented in Table 2 reveals that general anxiety scores among preschool children with divorced parents ranged from 0.00-13.00, with a mean of 4.60 (X̄ = 3.23). For the social anxiety subscale, scores varied between 0.00 and 18.00, yielding a mean of 6.26 (X̄ = 4.45). For the obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale, scores ranged from 0.00-15.00, with an average of 4.62 (X̄ = 3.87). The scores for fear of physical injury subscale fell between 1.00 and 23.00, with a mean of 8.83 (X̄ = 5.43). For the separation anxiety subscale, children scored between 0.00 and 19.00, with a mean value of 6.06 (X̄ = 3.99). Finally the total anxiety scores ranged from 6.00-81.00, with an overall mean of 30.36 (SD = 16.64). This section examines whether there is a statistically significant difference in the anxiety levels of preschool children according to their parents' marital status. An independent samples t-test was conducted for this purpose, and the results are presented in Table 3. Table 3. t-Test results on the anxiety levels of preschool children based on parental marital Status Scale Dimensions Family Status N S x sd t p General Anxiety Divorced 47 4.60 3.23 109 1.286 0.201 Together 64 3.53 2.92 Social Anxiety Divorced 47 6.26 4.45 109 1.254 0.212 Together 64 4.97 3.64 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Divorced 47 4.62 3.87 109 1.529 0.129 Together 64 3.31 2.97 Physical Injury Fear Divorced 47 8.83 5.43 109 1.173 0.243 Together 64 7.40 4.47 Separation Anxiety Divorced 47 6.06 3.99 109 1.805 0.074 Together 64 4.48 3.27 Total Anxiety Score Divorced 47 30.36 16.64 109 1.788 0.047* Together 64 23.19 12.81 * p < .05. An examination of the data in Table 3 shows that preschool children’s anxiety levels varied across all subdimensions on the basis of their parents’ marital status: general anxiety (t(109)= 1.286, p > .05), social anxiety (t(109) = 1.254, p > .05), obsessive‒compulsive disorder (t(109) = 1.529, p > .05), fear of physical injury (t(109) = 1.173, p > .05), and separation anxiety (t(109) = 1.805, p > .05). Although none of these differences reached statistical significance, analysis of the mean scores revealed that children of divorced parents scored higher on all subdimensions. Specifically, their average scores were 𝑋̄ = 4.60 for general anxiety, 𝑋̄ = 6.26 for social anxiety, 𝑋̄ = 4.62 for obsessive‒compulsive disorder, 𝑋̄ = 8.83 for fear of physical injury, 𝑋̄ = 6.06 for separation anxiety, and 𝑋̄ = 30.36 for total anxiety. In contrast, the average scores of children whose parents were cohabiting were 𝑋̄ = 3.53 for general anxiety, 𝑋̄ = 4.97 for social anxiety, 𝑋̄ = 3.31 for obsessive‒compulsive disorder, 𝑋̄ = 7.40 for fear of physical injury, 𝑋̄ = 4.48 for separation anxiety, and 𝑋̄ = 23.19 for total anxiety. Among these, a statistically significant difference was found only in total anxiety scores (t(109)= 1.788, p < .05), indicating that the total anxiety levels of children with divorced parents were significantly greater than those of children whose parents were living together. This section examines whether the anxiety levels of preschool children with divorced parents differ significantly according to gender, age, and parental education level. The results of the statistical analyses conducted for these demographic variables are presented in Table 4 through Table 8. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparisons between two independent groups, whereas the Kruskal–Wallis H test was applied for comparisons involving more than two groups. Table 4. Mann–Whitney U test results on anxiety levels of children from divorced families according to gender Scale Dimensions Gender N S x sd t p General Anxiety Girl 23 5.17 2.82 45 1.208 0.233 Male 24 4.04 3.54 Social Anxiety Girl 23 7.00 5.27 45 1.126 0.266 Male 24 5.54 3.46 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Girl 23 5.52 3.82 45 1.595 0.118 Male 24 3.75 3.79 Physical Injury Fear Girl 23 10.13 5.57 45 1.638 0.108 Male 24 7.58 5.09 Separation Anxiety Girl 23 6.70 3.76 45 1.064 0.293 Male 24 5.46 4.19 Total Anxiety Score Girl 23 34.52 16.08 45 1.713 0.094 Male 24 26.38 16.51 * p < .05 According to the data presented in Table 4, anxiety levels among children from divorced families were compared based on gender. The results revealed no statistically significant differences between boys and girls across any of the subdimensions: general anxiety (t(109) = 1.208, p > .05), social anxiety (t(109) = 1.126, p > .05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (t(109) = 1.595, p > .05), fear of physical injury (t(109) = 1.638, p > .05), and separation anxiety (t(109) = 1.064, p > .05). Likewise, no significant gender difference was observed in total anxiety scores (t(109) = 1.713, p > .05). Table 5. Kruskal-Wallis test results according to the ages of preschool children Scale Dimensions Age N S x sd X 2 p General Anxiety 3 years 11 3.89 4.01 19.75 2 1.268 0.531 4 years 12 4.75 3.44 25.13 5 years 24 4.15 2.83 25.39 Social Anxiety 3 years 11 4.53 5.02 17.75 2 2.820 0.244 4 years 12 6.92 5.16 25.58 5 years 24 6.93 3.80 26.28 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 3 years 11 4.25 4.25 22.75 2 0.162 0.922 4 years 12 4.67 3.52 25.21 5 years 24 4.97 4.02 25.88 Physical Injury Fear 3 years 11 8.25 5.73 22.00 2 1.860 0.395 4 years 12 6.92 3.45 20.00 5 years 24 9.92 5.98 26.46 Separation Anxiety 3 years 11 5.62 4.19 22.89 2 0.637 0.727 4 years 12 6.50 3.85 26.71 5 years 24 6.96 4.12 26.96 Total Anxiety Score 3 years 11 26.64 20.23 19.05 2 1.221 0.443 4 years 12 29.75 14.57 24.71 5 years 24 32.92 16.37 26.46 As shown in Table 5, a Kruskal–Wallis H test was conducted to examine whether the anxiety levels of preschool children differed significantly across age groups (3, 4, and 5 years). The results revealed no statistically significant differences in any of the subdimensions: general anxiety (χ²(2) = 1.268, p > .05), social anxiety (χ²(2) = 2.820, p > .05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (χ²(2) = 0.162, p > .05), fear of physical injury (χ²(2) = 1.860, p > .05), separation anxiety (χ²(2) = 0.637, p > .05), or total anxiety scores (χ²(2) = 1.221, p > .05). Although the mean anxiety scores tended to be higher in 5-year-olds across most subscales, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Table 6. Kruskal-Wallis H test results regarding anxiety levels of preschool children according to the institution they attended Scale Dimensions Type Of School N S x Mean sd X 2 p General Anxiety Preschool 23 3.96 3.28 21.09 2 2.098 0.350 Pre-kindergarden 16 5.31 3.65 26.41 Private School 8 5.00 1.85 27.56 Social Anxiety Preschool 23 5.61 3.83 22.67 2 1.203 0.548 Pre-kindergarden 16 6.19 4.82 23.53 Private School 8 8.25 5.31 28.75 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Preschool 23 3.96 4.04 21.22 2 2.157 0.340 Pre-kindergarden 16 5.69 4.22 27.69 Private School 8 4.38 2.20 24.63 Physical Injury Fear Preschool 23 7.48 5.32 20.39 2 3.874 0.144 Pre-kindergarden 16 11.00 5.68 29.16 Private School 8 8.38 4.31 24.06 Separation Anxiety Preschool 23 5.52 4.29 21.63 2 3.334 0.189 Pre-kindergarden 16 7.38 4.05 29.03 Private School 8 5.00 2.33 20.75 Total Anxiety Score Preschool 23 26.52 17.16 20.17 2 3.691 0.158 Pre-kindergarden 16 35.56 17.36 28.50 Private School 8 31.00 11.71 26.00 When Table 6 was examined, no significant difference was found in the anxiety levels of children whose parents were divorced according to the institution they attended (kindergarten, preschool, private school). No statistically significant difference were found in the sub-dimensions of general anxiety (X2(2)= 2,098; p > 0,05), social anxiety (X2(2)= 1,203; p > 0,05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (X2(2)= 2,157; p > 0,05), fear of physical injury (X2(2)= 3,874; p > 0,05) or separation anxiety (X2(2)= 3,334; p > 0,05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the institutions in terms of the total anxiety score (X2(2)= 3,691; p > 0,05). These findings reveal that the anxiety levels of children with divorced parents attending kindergarten, preschool and private schools are similar. Table 7. Kruskal-Wallis H test results regarding the anxiety levels of preschool children according to their fathers' education levels Scale Dimensions Father's Education Level N S x sd X 2 p General Anxiety Elementary education 12 5.42 3.18 27.50 3 1.280 0.734 High school 22 4.27 3.40 22.20 Associate Degree 7 4.43 2.23 24.93 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 6 4.33 4.13 22.50 Social Anxiety Elementary education 12 6.58 3.48 26.08 3 0.770 0.857 High school 22 6.18 4.28 23.64 Associate Degree 7 7.00 6.71 24.79 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 6 5.00 4.65 20.25 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Elementary education 12 6.42 4.48 30.13 3 5.441 0.142 High school 22 4.59 3.63 23.89 Associate Degree 7 2.14 2.19 15.21 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 6 4.00 3.95 22.42 Physical Injury Fear Elementary education 12 11.25 5.64 29.92 3 3.190 0.363 High school 22 8.00 5.18 22.11 Associate Degree 7 7.00 3.16 20.29 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 6 9.17 7.36 23.42 Separation Anxiety Elementary education 12 6.42 5.02 23.67 3 1.921 0.589 High school 22 5.86 3.58 23.91 Associate Degree 7 4.71 3.04 19.64 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 6 7.67 4.50 30.08 Total Anxiety Score Elementary education 12 36.08 18.74 27.67 3 1.845 0.605 High school 22 28.91 16.03 23.11 Associate Degree 7 25.29 14.97 19.29 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 6 30.17 17.38 25.42 A Kruskal–Wallis H test was conducted to examine whether the anxiety levels of children from divorced families differed significantly according to their fathers’ educational attainment. The results indicated no statistically significant differences across any of the anxiety subdimensions: general anxiety (χ²(3) = 0.483, p > .05), social anxiety (χ²(3) = 0.689, p > .05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (χ²(3) = 3.565, p > .05), fear of physical injury (χ²(3) = 0.361, p > .05), separation anxiety (χ²(3) = 0.390, p > .05), or total anxiety score (χ²(3) = 0.545, p > .05). These findings suggest that the anxiety levels of preschool-aged children from divorced families do not significantly vary according to their fathers’ level of education. Table 8. Kruskal-Wallis H test results on anxiety levels of preschool children according to their mothers’ educational status Scale Dimensions Mather's Education Level N S x sd X 2 p General Anxiety Elementary education 10 7.40 3.65 34.30 3 7.286 0.060 High school 15 4.13 2.64 22.67 Associate Degree 9 3.89 2.93 21.00 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 13 3.54 2.85 19.85 Social Anxiety Elementary education 10 7.20 6.04 25.30 3 0.125 0.979 High school 15 5.80 3.03 23.33 Associate Degree 9 6.11 3.52 24.50 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 13 6.31 5.38 23.58 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Elementary education 10 7.70 3.30 35.85 3 12.137 0.007* High school 15 3.00 3.36 17.67 Associate Degree 9 5.56 4.33 26.67 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 13 3.46 3.20 20.35 Physical Injury Fear Elementary education 10 13.20 6.58 33.00 3 7.838 0.050* High school 15 7.80 4.89 21.70 Associate Degree 9 9.33 4.44 26.50 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 13 6.46 4.16 18.15 Separation Anxiety Elementary education 10 9.40 5.39 32.75 3 6.153 0.098 High school 15 4.53 3.25 19.00 Associate Degree 9 6.00 2.83 24.94 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 13 5.46 3.18 22.54 Total Anxiety Score Elementary education 10 44.90 21.18 34.10 3 8.404 0.049* High school 15 25.27 11.18 20.40 Associate Degree 9 30.89 14.00 25.39 Undergraduate and postgraduate education 13 25.23 15.09 19.73 *p .05), social anxiety (χ²(3) = 0.125, p > .05), or separation anxiety (χ²(3) = 6.153, p > .05) among children from divorced families on the basis of their mothers’ level of education. Similarly, total anxiety scores did not differ significantly by maternal education level (χ²(3) = 7.404, p > .05). However, significant differences were observed in the obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale (χ²(3) = 12.137, p < .05) and the fear of physical injury subscale (χ²(3) = 7.838, p < .05). Post hoc comparisons via the Tamhane test showed that children whose mothers had completed only primary school reported significantly higher levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (𝑋̄ = 7.70, SD = 3.30) and fear of physical injury (𝑋̄ = 13.00, SD = 3.30) than did to children whose mothers had higher educational qualifications. In addition, total anxiety scores differed significantly according to maternal education level (χ²(3) = 8.404, p < .05). Children of mothers with only a primary education had significantly higher overall anxiety scores (𝑋̄ = 34.10, SD = 3.30) than those whose mothers had attained secondary or higher education. Discussion The increasing rate of divorce today leads to fundamental changes in family structure and can negatively affect children's psychosocial development. Divorcing and the divorce process can cause changes in children's routines, reshape the roles and responsibilities of parental figures, and disrupt the child's need for secure attachment [14,26]. This situation can have negative effects on the emotional and social development of children, particularly during their preschool years, leading to increased anxiety levels. This study examined the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents were divorced and compared these levels with those of children whose parents were divorced. The results revealed that the total anxiety levels of children from divorced families were significantly greater. This finding supports the studies of Aral and Başar and Özdal and Aral, who reported that parental conflict, parental attitudes, and stress factors experienced during the divorce process increase children's anxiety levels [36,30,13]. Aral and Gürsoy reported that children of divorced parents had higher depression scores and tended to be more withdrawn [37]. Serin and Öztürk reported that children from divorced families had lower self-esteem and higher anxiety levels[38]. Similarly, In parallel with national findings, research conducted internationally also highlights that children of divorced parents often face considerable challenges in their academic, emotional, and behavioral development. These children are frequently reported to experience difficulties in school performance, reduced motivation, limited classroom participation, and an increased likelihood of disciplinary problems compared to children from intact families. In addition to academic outcomes, the psychological strain brought about by divorce—especially in cases where parental conflict is pronounced—has been associated with both internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression, and externalizing behaviors including aggression, hyperactivity, and difficulties in self-regulation. [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. Although no significant difference was found in anxiety levels according to age group, anxiety scores increased with age. This finding is consistent with the study by Güngör and Buluş, but contradicts the results reported by Battaglia and colleagues and Küçüködük, who noted that separation anxiety decreases with age [48,49,50]. These different results may be related to age-related developmental characteristics, cognitive awareness levels, and differences in parent‒child relationships. International studies indicate that there are age-related differences in anxiety profiles [51]. Stibolt and colleagues reported that children with high social anxiety showed age-related differences in refocusing their attention after making mistakes, with this effect decreasing during adolescence. [52]. These findings suggest that age plays a decisive role in the expression of anxiety symptoms and cognitive regulation processes. Additionally, as children age, their cognitive awareness increases, enabling them to better perceive environmental threats, which may influence their anxiety levels. For example, increased brain activity associated with errors in 6-year-old children was found to predict the onset of new anxiety disorders at age 9. This highlights the impact of cognitive and neurological changes that develop with age on anxiety levels [42]. The study revealed no significant difference between children of divorced parents in terms of the type of school they attend and their fathers' level of education. However, the total anxiety levels of children whose parents are divorced significantly differ according to their mothers' educational status, with children whose mothers have a primary school education having higher levels of obsessive‒compulsive disorder, fear of physical injury, and total anxiety. In line with this finding, as mothers' educational levels increase, children's anxiety decreases, as do children's social anxiety, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, specific fears, and total anxiety [53,54,55,28,56,13,27]. These findings suggest that mothers with low educational levels may experience more intense life and future anxieties along with their parenting attitudes. This situation may cause anxiety in children. Additionally, studies have shown that as a mother's educational level increases, the relationship she builds with her child is positively affected [57,58,59]. As the mother's educational level increases, her knowledge about child development contributes to her being more conscious of her parenting attitudes, which may lead to establishing a healthy relationship with the child and the child feeling secure. Limitations Although this study presents important findings on the anxiety levels of preschool children from divorced families, it has several limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small; it was limited to 47 participants for children of divorced families and 64 participants for children of married families. This may have affected the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the study was conducted only in preschool education institutions in Ankara, which restricts its geographical representation. In terms of data collection tools, this study was based solely on parent reports. Different data sources, such as teacher opinions, direct observations of the child, or one-on-one interviews with the child, were not used to assess the child’s anxiety levels. This creates a limitation in evaluating anxiety in a more comprehensive and objective manner. Because of the cross-sectional design of this study, definitive conclusions regarding cause‒and‒effect relationships cannot be drawn. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the effects of divorce on anxiety. Details of the divorce process, such as how long ago the divorce took place, the child's situation before and after the divorce, and custody arrangements, were not included in the study. This limits a deeper understanding of the effects of divorce. Recommendations Future studies with larger sample groups covering different cities could increase the generalizability of the findings. Using longitudinal research designs to examine the long-term effects of divorce on children’s anxiety levels could yield meaningful results. Instead of relying solely on parental reports, employing multiple data collection methods, such as teacher assessments, observations with the child, and age-appropriate child interview techniques, can allow for a more objective evaluation of children’s anxiety levels. The inclusion of details of the divorce process in research can help identify the factors that most affect children. It is important for preschool teachers to receive training to recognize children from divorced families and identify signs of high anxiety that may be present in these children. On the basis of the finding that children whose mothers have lower education levels exhibit higher levels of obsessive‒compulsive symptoms and fear of physical injury, additional support strategies can be developed for these children. Approaches that help highly anxious children feel safe in the school environment can be adopted in the classroom. Considering the limitations of relying solely on parent evaluations, teachers’ ability to observe the child in the classroom should be enhanced, and collaboration with parents should be encouraged. The finding that the children of mothers with lower education levels have higher levels of anxiety highlights the importance of parental education programs. Expanding the availability of psychological support services for families undergoing divorce and implementing regular early screening studies for children can be ensured. The strengthening of psychological counseling services in preschool education institutions and the spread of similar support services nationwide, as the study was limited to Ankara, are important steps. Awareness programs on child development can be organized for families who are divorced, and their participation in these programs can be encouraged. Conclusion This study examined the anxiety levels of preschool children from divorced families and compared these levels with those of children whose parents were together. On the basis of these findings, the general anxiety levels of children whose parents were divorced were found to be significantly higher than those of children whose parents were together. No significant differences in anxiety levels were found in terms of gender and age group. A significant difference was found according to the mothers' educational levels; children of mothers with a primary school education rpresented greater anxiety in the obsessive‒compulsive disorder and fear of physical injury subdimensions. No significant differences were found in terms of fathers' educational levels or type of school attended. These findings indicate that preschool children from divorced families have high anxiety levels. Family structure and parental educational level were found to play decisive roles in children's anxiety levels. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Istanbul 29 Mayıs University (Approval No: 2025/11-5, Date: 03 November 2025). The research strictly adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and complied with all relevant national and institutional research ethics regulations. Prior to data collection, the research protocol, data protection plan, and participant information forms were submitted to and approved by the ethics committee. All participants were informed in detail about the purpose, scope, and procedures of the research. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from every adult participant. For all participants under the age of 16, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before participation. Parents were assured that participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw their child’s data at any time without consequence, and that the study posed no physical or psychological risk to their children. The study involved the administration of standardized psychological assessment instruments in a non-invasive manner. No experimental manipulation or intervention was conducted. The confidentiality of all collected data was guaranteed, and personal identifiers were permanently removed during analysis. All digital data were stored on password-protected devices, and hard copies were secured in a locked cabinet accessible only to the principal investigators. In accordance with institutional data management policies and the Law on the Protection of Personal Data (No. 6698) of the Republic of Türkiye, all data will be retained securely for a maximum of two years following the study’s completion and subsequently destroyed to prevent unauthorized access. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants retained the right to withdraw at any stage without any negative consequences. Funding No funding. Competing interests The author declares no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Istanbul 29 Mayıs University (Approval No: 2025/11-5, Date: 03 November 2025). The research strictly adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and complied with all relevant national and institutional research ethics regulations. Prior to data collection, the research protocol, data protection plan, and participant information forms were submitted to and approved by the ethics committee. All participants were informed in detail about the purpose, scope, and procedures of the research. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from every adult participant. For all participants under the age of 16, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before participation. Parents were assured that participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw their child’s data at any time without consequence, and that the study posed no physical or psychological risk to their children. The study involved the administration of standardized psychological assessment instruments in a non-invasive manner. No experimental manipulation or intervention was conducted. The confidentiality of all collected data was guaranteed, and personal identifiers were permanently removed during analysis. All digital data were stored on password-protected devices, and hard copies were secured in a locked cabinet accessible only to the principal investigators. In accordance with institutional data management policies and the Law on the Protection of Personal Data (No. 6698) of the Republic of Türkiye, all data will be retained securely for a maximum of two years following the study’s completion and subsequently destroyed to prevent unauthorized access. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants retained the right to withdraw at any stage without any negative consequences. Availability of data and material The data are provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files. Consent for publication Not applicable. Author contributions The conceptualization of the study was conducted by H.Ş. The methodology was designed by H.Ş. The validation process was conducted by H.Ş. The formal analysis was performed by O.K. The research was conducted by H.Ş. Data curation was performed by O.K. The original draft of the manuscript was prepared by H.Ş., and the writing, revision, and editing were performed by O.K, H.Ş. H.Ş. has read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgment Not applicable. References Oktay, A., Gürkan, T., Zembat, R., & Unutkan, Ö. (2003). Okul öncesi programı uygulama rehberi (Ne yapıyorum? Neden yapıyorum? Nasıl yapmalıyım?) Ya-Pa Yayınları. Köksal-Akyol, A. (2003). Anne-baba-çocuk ilişkisi. Bilim ve Aklın Aydınlığında Eğitim Dergisi, 3(36), 7–10. Tezel-Şahin, F., & Özyürek, A. (2010). Anne baba eğitimi ve okul öncesinde aile katılımı. Morpa Yayınları. Demir, T., & Kuru, E. (2020). Boşanmanın çocuklar üzerindeki psikolojik etkileri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 45–60. Yılmaz, M., & Ünal, M. (2021). Okul öncesi eğitime devam eden 57–68 aylık çocukların okul kaygılarının incelenmesi. Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 331–358. Erdoğan, E., & Yavuzer, H. (2019). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8005707","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":541344740,"identity":"19b2690e-7438-4161-9257-555495b83aee","order_by":0,"name":"Hakan Şahin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwY2MJ3AxsB84ACYeYB4LWwJMC2MDURpYWDgMWAgSos5+7HEzwV/7PL4pHs+HuapYZDju5HA/rgCjxbLnrTD0jPbkovZZM5uOMxzjMFY8kYCY+MZfA47kN4gzdvAnNgmkbvhMG8DQ+IGkBZ8LjM4/7z5N8+feqCWnAcgLfWEtdxIOybNw3YYpIUBpCXBgLCWZ2nWvG3HgVrSDA7OOSZhOPPMw8aZ+B2WZnyb50914vwZyY8/vKmxkec7nnzgIz4t6EACiPFHyygYBaNgFIwCIgAAPipTRbsJbrcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hakan","middleName":"","lastName":"Şahin","suffix":""},{"id":541344741,"identity":"bf3974b7-858b-4dd5-8908-9ce0bbebcbc5","order_by":1,"name":"Oğuz Keleş","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul 29 May University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oğuz","middleName":"","lastName":"Keleş","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-01 12:38:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8005707/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8005707/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95529600,"identity":"4ee3ba44-a45a-4b60-b0d2-0cbfcb0cde9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:17:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1507127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8005707/v1/dc89c822-f02f-41b8-a78b-82e7506ba603.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An Examination of Anxiety Levels in Preschool Children of Divorced Parents","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe family is the fundamental social structure in the development process of an individual from birth onward, and it is also the first environment where a child's physical, emotional, and social needs are met [1]. In this environment, children learn love, trust, commitment, and social norms, and establish the foundations of their individual identities [2,3]. The role of the family in child development shapes not only the child's physical development but also their social-emotional adaptation. The literature emphasizes that the quality of the family environment plays a decisive role in children's academic achievement, psychosocial adjustment, and overall mental health [4,5]. These ages, which fall within the early childhood period, constitute a critical period in an individual's development, and the forms of interaction within the family during this process strongly affect children's personality development and social adaptation skills. A supportive and warm family environment helps children develop stress management skills, whereas conflict-ridden and unhealthy communication environments increase the risk of anxiety and behavioral problems [6].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe family environment plays a vital role in children’s overall development, particularly in shaping their experiences with anxiety. Anxiety is typically defined as an emotional reaction to perceived threat or danger and often arises in response to ambiguous or uncertain situations [7]. Although anxiety is considered a normative aspect of childhood development, it may indicate an underlying anxiety disorder when it becomes chronic and intense: and begins to interfere with daily functioning [8]. Spielberger conceptualized anxiety in terms of two components: state anxiety, which reflects a temporary emotional response to specific situations, and trait anxiety, which represents a more enduring tendency toward anxious behavior [9,10]. Common symptoms observed in children include persistent restlessness, specific phobias, sleep difficulties, nausea, headaches, and withdrawal from social interaction [11]. Environmental risk factors such as overprotective parenting styles, exposure to traumatic experiences, and ongoing family conflict have been identified as key contributors to elevated anxiety in childhood [12,13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to individual factors, the family environment and parental attitudes play critical roles in the development of anxiety. Overprotective, inconsistent, or conflict-laden family dynamics—as well as parental separation—can undermine children's psychological resilience and contribute to heightened anxiety levels [13,12]. Within this framework, divorce represents a significant structural disruption in the family unit that profoundly impacts children's psychological well-being and developmental trajectory. It not only destabilizes the parental relationship but also disrupts the child's routines, sense of security, and emotional stability [14]. Especially during the preschool period, children may not be able to comprehend the divorce process because of their underdeveloped abstract thinking skills and may associate this situation with their own mistakes, thereby developing feelings of guilt [15,16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch has shown that there is a strong link between parental divorce and increased anxiety, depression, attention problems, and behavioral issues in children [17,18]. Divorce can trigger feelings of loss of control, uncertainty, and emotional turmoil in children, thereby laying the groundwork for anxiety disorders [19,4]. Persistent parental conflict, inconsistent discipline practices, and a lack of emotional support can further increase children's anxiety levels [20]. The intensity of conflicts experienced by parents during the divorce process can play a decisive role in children's psychological health, leading to increased anxiety levels [21]. After divorce, the departure of one of the parents from the home can cause the child to experience feelings of abandonment [22,23]. Additionally, negative changes in economic conditions after divorce, weakening of social support networks, and increased stress levels in parents can contribute to the chronic nature of the uncertainty and stress experienced by children [24,25]. During this process, healthy communication and supportive parental attitudes are crucial for children to rebuild their sense of security [26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParental conflict, inconsistent disciplinary approaches, and a lack of emotional support further exacerbate children's anxiety symptoms [20,19]. The process of divorce not only disrupts the emotional well-being of the child but also affects their social relationships and academic functioning. Preschool-aged children, in particular, may struggle to comprehend the structural changes in the family resulting from divorce, which may lead to the emergence of both anxiety and depressive symptoms [23,16,4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, Bora and Ünüvar compared the anxiety levels of children from divorced and intact families, \u0026nbsp; and reported that divorce particularly affects dimensions such as social and separation anxiety [27]. Güngör examined the influence of parental education on children's anxiety and reported that anxiety levels decreased as parental education increased [28]. Çiftçi Topaloğlu investigated gender-based differences in the anxiety levels of 4- to 5-year-old children and reported no statistically significant differences [29]. In another study, Özdal and Aral reported that children experiencing paternal absence presented higher levels of anxiety than did those living with both parents [30]. Similarly, Buluş and Güngör reported that anxiety levels in children tended to increase with age [31]. However, many of these studies focused on specific subdimensions of anxiety or were conducted with relatively small sample sizes, limiting their generalizability. Moreover, few studies have offered a comprehensive evaluation of anxiety during preschool years, especially among 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds. This situation requires a more comprehensive examination of the effects of divorce on anxiety levels in children, particularly during the preschool period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to compare the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents are divorced and those whose parents are together; to explain the role of demographic factors in anxiety levels by conducting an assessment covering all dimensions of anxiety. In this respect, the study aims to fill the gap in the literature and to examine in depth the effects of divorce on children's psychological development. Additionally, the findings are anticipated to contribute to the development of preventive and supportive strategies for parents and educators aimed at reducing children's anxiety levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section provides detailed information regarding the research design, study sample, data collection instruments, and the methods used for data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study used a descriptive comparative survey design to assess the anxiety levels of preschool-aged children whose parents were divorced and to compare these levels with those of children whose parents remained married. We also explored whether children's anxiety levels varied significantly on the basis of selected demographic variables. In this respect, the study is an example of a general survey model. Survey research aims to describe the characteristics of a group [32]. Survey research also includes approaches that aim to describe a past or current situation as it exists [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study included a total of 111 children attending preschool education institutions in Ankara from 2025-2026. In line with the purpose of the study, children were selected on the basis of the criterion sampling method, which is a purposeful sampling method. At this stage, each preschool was visited, teachers were interviewed, and families of children whose parents were divorced and whose parents were together in the same school were reached. Within the scope of the study, 47 preschool children whose parents were divorced and whose parents were reached were included. To enable meaningful comparison, parents of 64 preschool children with similar demographic characteristics whose parents were still married were also interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe demographic distribution of the preschool children included in the study is presented in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Distribution of Preschool Children by Demographic Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of school\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreschool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre kindergarden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather’s Education Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother’s Education Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 displays the distribution of preschool children according to their demographic characteristics. A total of 48.9% (n = 23) of the children were enrolled in public preschools, 34.0% (n = 16) were enrolled in prekindergartens, and 17.0% (n = 8) were enrolled in private schools. Among the participants, 48.9% (n = 23) were female, and 51.1% (n = 24) were male. In terms of age, 23.5% (n = 11) of the children were 3 years old, 25.5% (n = 12) were 4 years old, and 51.1% (n = 24) were 5 years old. With respect to paternal education, 25.5% (n = 12) of fathers had completed elementary education, 46.8% (n = 22) had a high school diploma, 14.9% (n = 7) held an associate degree, and 12.8% (n = 6) had completed undergraduate or postgraduate studies. In terms of maternal education, 21.3% (n = 10) of mothers had completed elementary education, 31.9% (n = 15) high school, 19.1% (n = 9) associate degree, and 27.7% (n = 13) undergraduate or higher education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess the anxiety levels of preschool-aged children, the Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children–Parent Form, originally developed by Spence et al. [34] and adapted into Turkish by Şahin [35], was employed. The scale includes 28 items distributed across five subdimensions. During the adaptation process, the items were first translated into Turkish and then evaluated by experts in the field to ensure both linguistic and conceptual equivalence. The adapted version was administered to 918 parents of preschool children, and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. The CFA results indicated that item factor loadings ranged from .40- .73, and standardized regression coefficients ranged from .16-.53. The analysis demonstrated that anxiety levels in preschool children were significantly explained by general anxiety (R² = .88, p \u0026lt; .05), social anxiety (R² = .38, p \u0026lt; .05), fear of physical injury (R² = .51, p \u0026lt; .05), separation anxiety (R² = .88, p \u0026lt; .05), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (R² = .87, p \u0026lt; .05). Model fit indices confirmed the validity of the four-factor structure of the Turkish version of the scale. Reliability analysis demonstrated strong internal consistency, with a total Cronbach’s alpha of .877. The subscale reliability coefficients were .679 for general anxiety, .741 for social anxiety, .622 for fear of physical injury, .736 for separation anxiety, and .633 for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The corrected item-total correlation coefficients ranged from .320 to .555 overall, with subscale-specific ranges as follows: .367–.526 for general anxiety, .473–.555 for social anxiety, .357–.512 for fear of physical injury, .351–.514 for separation anxiety, and .320–.479 for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Additionally, separate CFA models were tested for each age group, all of which confirmed satisfactory model fit [35].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection process and analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data for this study were collected during the 2025-2026 academic year at various preschool education institutions in Ankara. Prior to the data collection process, the necessary permissions were obtained from school administrations, and the study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines. In the study, teachers and parents of children were informed about the purpose, scope, and confidentiality principles of the study; participation was voluntary. The data collection tool used was the Preschool Children's Anxiety Scale – Parent Form developed by Spence et al. [34] wich was adapted into Turkish by Şahin [35]. The forms filled out by the parents were collected in accordance with the confidentiality principle and prepared for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the scope of the research, descriptive statistics were calculated regarding the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents were divorced. A t-test for independent samples was applied to determine whether there were significant differences in anxiety levels according to the marital status of the children's parents. Additionally, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to examine differences between children's demographic characteristics (age, gander, school type, parental education level) and their anxiety levels. The significance level was set at p \u0026lt; .05 for all the statistical analyses. The analyses were conducted via the SPSS 25.0 software package.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 presents descriptive statistics based on parents\u0026rsquo; responses to the items on the Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children\u0026ndash;Parent Form. The table includes the number of items, minimum and maximum possible scores, mean scores, and standard deviations for each subdimension of the scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Descriptive Statistics for Subdimensions of the Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children\u0026ndash; Parent Forms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale Dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinimum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaxsimum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObsessive-Compulsive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Anxiety Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn examination of the descriptive statistics presented in Table 2 reveals that general anxiety scores among preschool children with divorced parents ranged from 0.00-13.00, with a mean of 4.60 (X̄ = 3.23). For the social anxiety subscale, scores varied between 0.00 and 18.00, yielding a mean of 6.26 (X̄ = 4.45). For the obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale, scores ranged from 0.00-15.00, with an average of 4.62 (X̄ = 3.87). The scores for fear of physical injury subscale fell between 1.00 and 23.00, with a mean of 8.83 (X̄ = 5.43). For the separation anxiety subscale, children scored between 0.00 and 19.00, with a mean value of 6.06 (X̄ = 3.99). Finally the total anxiety scores ranged from 6.00-81.00, with an overall mean of 30.36 (SD = 16.64).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section examines whether there is a statistically significant difference in the anxiety levels of preschool children according to their parents\u0026apos; marital status. An independent samples t-test was conducted for this purpose, and the results are presented in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 3. t-Test results on the anxiety levels of preschool children based on parental marital Status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"602\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale Dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTogether\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTogether\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObsessive-Compulsive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTogether\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTogether\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTogether\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Anxiety Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.047*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTogether\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* p \u0026lt; .05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn examination of the data in Table 3 shows that preschool children\u0026rsquo;s anxiety levels varied across all subdimensions on the basis of their parents\u0026rsquo; marital status: general anxiety (t(109)= 1.286, p \u0026gt; .05), social anxiety (t(109) = 1.254, p \u0026gt; .05), obsessive‒compulsive disorder (t(109) = 1.529, p \u0026gt; .05), fear of physical injury (t(109) = 1.173, p \u0026gt; .05), and separation anxiety (t(109) = 1.805, p \u0026gt; .05). Although none of these differences reached statistical significance, analysis of the mean scores revealed that children of divorced parents scored higher on all subdimensions. Specifically, their average scores were\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 4.60 for general anxiety,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 6.26 for social anxiety,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 4.62 for obsessive‒compulsive disorder,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 8.83 for fear of physical injury,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 6.06 for separation anxiety, and\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 30.36 for total anxiety. In contrast, the average scores of children whose parents were cohabiting were\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 3.53 for general anxiety,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 4.97 for social anxiety,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 3.31 for obsessive‒compulsive disorder,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 7.40 for fear of physical injury,\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 4.48 for separation anxiety, and\u0026nbsp;𝑋̄ = 23.19 for total anxiety. Among these, a statistically significant difference was found only in total anxiety scores (t(109)= 1.788, p \u0026lt; .05), indicating that the total anxiety levels of children with divorced parents were significantly greater than those of children whose parents were living together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section examines whether the anxiety levels of preschool children with divorced parents differ significantly according to gender, age, and parental education level. The results of the statistical analyses conducted for these demographic variables are presented in Table 4 through Table 8. The Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test was used for comparisons between two independent groups, whereas the Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis H test was applied for comparisons involving more than two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test results on anxiety levels of children from divorced families according to gender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"601\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale Dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObsessive-Compulsive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Anxiety Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* p \u0026lt; .05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the data presented in Table 4, anxiety levels among children from divorced families were compared based on gender. The results revealed no statistically significant differences between boys and girls across any of the subdimensions: general anxiety (t(109) = 1.208, p \u0026gt; .05), social anxiety (t(109) = 1.126, p \u0026gt; .05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (t(109) = 1.595, p \u0026gt; .05), fear of physical injury (t(109) = 1.638, p \u0026gt; .05), and separation anxiety (t(109) = 1.064, p \u0026gt; .05). Likewise, no significant gender difference was observed in total anxiety scores (t(109) = 1.713, p \u0026gt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Kruskal-Wallis test results according to the ages of preschool children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"607\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale Dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObsessive-Compulsive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Anxiety Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 5, a Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis H test was conducted to examine whether the anxiety levels of preschool children differed significantly across age groups (3, 4, and 5 years). The results revealed no statistically significant differences in any of the subdimensions: general anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(2) = 1.268, p \u0026gt; .05), social anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(2) = 2.820, p \u0026gt; .05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(2) = 0.162, p \u0026gt; .05), fear of physical injury (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(2) = 1.860, p \u0026gt; .05), separation anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(2) = 0.637, p \u0026gt; .05), or total anxiety scores (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(2) = 1.221, p \u0026gt; .05). Although the mean anxiety scores tended to be higher in 5-year-olds across most subscales, these differences did not reach statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. Kruskal-Wallis H test results regarding anxiety levels of preschool children according to the institution they attended\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale Dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType Of School\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreschool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-kindergarden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreschool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-kindergarden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObsessive-Compulsive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreschool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-kindergarden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreschool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-kindergarden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreschool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-kindergarden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Anxiety Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreschool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-kindergarden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen Table 6 was examined, no significant difference was found in the anxiety levels of children whose parents were divorced according to the institution they attended (kindergarten, preschool, private school). No statistically significant difference were found in the sub-dimensions of general anxiety (X2(2)= 2,098; p \u0026gt; 0,05), social anxiety (X2(2)= 1,203; p \u0026gt; 0,05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (X2(2)= 2,157; p \u0026gt; 0,05), fear of physical injury (X2(2)= 3,874; p \u0026gt; 0,05) or separation anxiety (X2(2)= 3,334; p \u0026gt; 0,05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the institutions in terms of the total anxiety score (X2(2)= 3,691; p \u0026gt; 0,05). These findings reveal that the anxiety levels of children with divorced parents attending kindergarten, preschool and private schools are similar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. Kruskal-Wallis H test results regarding the anxiety levels of preschool children according to their fathers\u0026apos; education levels\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"603\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale Dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026apos;s Education Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObsessive-Compulsive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Anxiety Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis H test was conducted to examine whether the anxiety levels of children from divorced families differed significantly according to their fathers\u0026rsquo; educational attainment. The results indicated no statistically significant differences across any of the anxiety subdimensions: general anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 0.483, p \u0026gt; .05), social anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 0.689, p \u0026gt; .05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 3.565, p \u0026gt; .05), fear of physical injury (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 0.361, p \u0026gt; .05), separation anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 0.390, p \u0026gt; .05), or total anxiety score (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 0.545, p \u0026gt; .05). These findings suggest that the anxiety levels of preschool-aged children from divorced families do not significantly vary according to their fathers\u0026rsquo; level of education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8. Kruskal-Wallis H test results on anxiety levels of preschool children according to their mothers\u0026rsquo; educational status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"609\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale Dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMather\u0026apos;s Education Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObsessive-Compulsive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.050*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Anxiety Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.049*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate and postgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0,05\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn analysis of the data in Table 8 indicates that no statistically significant differences were found in general anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 7.286, p \u0026gt; .05), social anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 0.125, p \u0026gt; .05), or separation anxiety (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 6.153, p \u0026gt; .05) among children from divorced families on\u0026nbsp;the basis of their mothers\u0026rsquo; level of education. Similarly, total anxiety scores did not differ significantly by maternal education level (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 7.404, p \u0026gt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, significant differences were observed in the obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 12.137, p \u0026lt; .05) and the fear of physical injury subscale (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 7.838, p \u0026lt; .05). Post hoc comparisons via the Tamhane test showed that children whose mothers had completed only primary school reported significantly higher levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (𝑋̄ = 7.70, SD = 3.30) and fear of physical injury (𝑋̄ = 13.00, SD = 3.30) than did to children whose mothers had higher educational qualifications. In addition, total anxiety scores differed significantly according to maternal education level (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3) = 8.404, p \u0026lt; .05). Children of mothers with only a primary education had significantly higher overall anxiety scores (𝑋̄ = 34.10, SD = 3.30) than those whose mothers had attained secondary or higher education.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing rate of divorce today leads to fundamental changes in family structure and can negatively affect children's psychosocial development. Divorcing and the divorce process can cause changes in children's routines, reshape the roles and responsibilities of parental figures, and disrupt the child's need for secure attachment [14,26]. This situation can have negative effects on the emotional and social development of children, particularly during their preschool years, leading to increased anxiety levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents were divorced and compared these levels with those of children whose parents were divorced. The results revealed that the total anxiety levels of children from divorced families were significantly greater. This finding supports the studies of Aral and Başar and Özdal and Aral, who reported that parental conflict, parental attitudes, and stress factors experienced during the divorce process increase children's anxiety levels [36,30,13]. Aral and Gürsoy reported that children of divorced parents had higher depression scores and tended to be more withdrawn [37]. \u0026nbsp; Serin and Öztürk reported that children from divorced families had lower self-esteem and higher anxiety levels[38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, In parallel with national findings, research conducted internationally also highlights that children of divorced parents often face considerable challenges in their academic, emotional, and behavioral development. These children are frequently reported to experience difficulties in school performance, reduced motivation, limited classroom participation, and an increased likelihood of disciplinary problems compared to children from intact families. In addition to academic outcomes, the psychological strain brought about by divorce—especially in cases where parental conflict is pronounced—has been associated with both internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression, and externalizing behaviors including aggression, hyperactivity, and difficulties in self-regulation. [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough no significant difference was found in anxiety levels according to age group, anxiety scores increased with age. This finding is consistent with the study by Güngör and Buluş, but contradicts the results reported by Battaglia and colleagues and Küçüködük, who noted that separation anxiety decreases with age [48,49,50]. These different results may be related to age-related developmental characteristics, cognitive awareness levels, and differences in parent‒child relationships. International studies indicate that there are age-related differences in anxiety profiles [51]. Stibolt and colleagues reported that children with high social anxiety showed age-related differences in refocusing their attention after making mistakes, with this effect decreasing during adolescence. [52]. \u0026nbsp; These findings suggest that age plays a decisive role in the expression of anxiety symptoms and cognitive regulation processes. Additionally, as children age, their cognitive awareness increases, enabling them to better perceive environmental threats, which may influence their anxiety levels. For example, increased brain activity associated with errors in 6-year-old children was found to predict the onset of new anxiety disorders at age 9. This highlights the impact of cognitive and neurological changes that develop with age on anxiety levels [42].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed no significant difference between children of divorced parents in terms of the type of school they attend and their fathers' level of education. However, the total anxiety levels of children whose parents are divorced significantly differ according to their mothers' educational status, with children whose mothers have a primary school education having higher levels of obsessive‒compulsive disorder, fear of physical injury, and total anxiety. In line with this finding, as mothers' educational levels increase, children's anxiety decreases, as do children's social anxiety, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, specific fears, and total anxiety [53,54,55,28,56,13,27]. These findings suggest that mothers with low educational levels may experience more intense life and future anxieties along with their parenting attitudes. This situation may cause anxiety in children. Additionally, studies have shown that as a mother's educational level increases, the relationship she builds with her child is positively affected [57,58,59]. As the mother's educational level increases, her knowledge about child development contributes to her being more conscious of her parenting attitudes, which may lead to establishing a healthy relationship with the child and the child feeling secure. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough this study presents important findings on the anxiety levels of preschool children from divorced families, it has several limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small; it was limited to 47 participants for children of divorced families and 64 participants for children of married families. This may have affected the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the study was conducted only in preschool education institutions in Ankara, which restricts its geographical representation. In terms of data collection tools, this study was based solely on parent reports. Different data sources, such as teacher opinions, direct observations of the child, or one-on-one interviews with the child, were not used to assess the child’s anxiety levels. This creates a limitation in evaluating anxiety in a more comprehensive and objective manner. Because of the cross-sectional design of this study, definitive conclusions regarding cause‒and‒effect relationships cannot be drawn. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the effects of divorce on anxiety. Details of the divorce process, such as how long ago the divorce took place, the child's situation before and after the divorce, and custody arrangements, were not included in the study. This limits a deeper understanding of the effects of divorce.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture studies with larger sample groups covering different cities could increase the generalizability of the findings. Using longitudinal research designs to examine the long-term effects of divorce on children’s anxiety levels could yield meaningful results. Instead of relying solely on parental reports, employing multiple data collection methods, such as teacher assessments, observations with the child, and age-appropriate child interview techniques, can allow for a more objective evaluation of children’s anxiety levels. The inclusion of details of the divorce process in research can help identify the factors that most affect children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is important for preschool teachers to receive training to recognize children from divorced families and identify signs of high anxiety that may be present in these children. On the basis of the finding that children whose mothers have lower education levels exhibit higher levels of obsessive‒compulsive symptoms and fear of physical injury, additional support strategies can be developed for these children. Approaches that help highly anxious children feel safe in the school environment can be adopted in the classroom. Considering the limitations of relying solely on parent evaluations, teachers’ ability to observe the child in the classroom should be enhanced, and collaboration with parents should be encouraged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe finding that the children of mothers with lower education levels have higher levels of anxiety highlights the importance of parental education programs. Expanding the availability of psychological support services for families undergoing divorce and implementing regular early screening studies for children can be ensured. The strengthening of psychological counseling services in preschool education institutions and the spread of similar support services nationwide, as the study was limited to Ankara, are important steps. Awareness programs on child development can be organized for families who are divorced, and their participation in these programs can be encouraged.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the anxiety levels of preschool children from divorced families and compared these levels with those of children whose parents were together. On the basis of these findings, the general anxiety levels of children whose parents were divorced were found to be significantly higher than those of children whose parents were together. No significant differences in anxiety levels were found in terms of gender and age group. A significant difference was found according to the mothers\u0026apos; educational levels; children of mothers with a primary school education rpresented greater anxiety in the obsessive‒compulsive disorder and fear of physical injury subdimensions. No significant differences were found in terms of fathers\u0026apos; educational levels or type of school attended. These findings indicate that preschool children from divorced families have high anxiety levels. Family structure and parental educational level were found to play decisive roles in children\u0026apos;s anxiety levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Istanbul 29 Mayıs University (Approval No: 2025/11-5, Date: 03 November 2025). The research strictly adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and complied with all relevant national and institutional research ethics regulations. Prior to data collection, the research protocol, data protection plan, and participant information forms were submitted to and approved by the ethics committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants were informed in detail about the purpose, scope, and procedures of the research. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from every adult participant. For all participants under the age of 16, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before participation. Parents were assured that participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw their child\u0026rsquo;s data at any time without consequence, and that the study posed no physical or psychological risk to their children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study involved the administration of standardized psychological assessment instruments in a non-invasive manner. No experimental manipulation or intervention was conducted. The confidentiality of all collected data was guaranteed, and personal identifiers were permanently removed during analysis. All digital data were stored on password-protected devices, and hard copies were secured in a locked cabinet accessible only to the principal investigators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with institutional data management policies and the Law on the Protection of Personal Data (No. 6698) of the Republic of T\u0026uuml;rkiye, all data will be retained securely for a maximum of two years following the study\u0026rsquo;s completion and subsequently destroyed to prevent unauthorized access. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants retained the right to withdraw at any stage without any negative consequences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Istanbul 29 Mayıs University (Approval No: 2025/11-5, Date: 03 November 2025). The research strictly adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and complied with all relevant national and institutional research ethics regulations. Prior to data collection, the research protocol, data protection plan, and participant information forms were submitted to and approved by the ethics committee. All participants were informed in detail about the purpose, scope, and procedures of the research. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from every adult participant. For all participants under the age of 16, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before participation. Parents were assured that participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw their child’s data at any time without consequence, and that the study posed no physical or psychological risk to their children. The study involved the administration of standardized psychological assessment instruments in a non-invasive manner. No experimental manipulation or intervention was conducted. The confidentiality of all collected data was guaranteed, and personal identifiers were permanently removed during analysis. All digital data were stored on password-protected devices, and hard copies were secured in a locked cabinet accessible only to the principal investigators. In accordance with institutional data management policies and the Law on the Protection of Personal Data (No. 6698) of the Republic of Türkiye, all data will be retained securely for a maximum of two years following the study’s completion and subsequently destroyed to prevent unauthorized access. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants retained the right to withdraw at any stage without any negative consequences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data are provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe conceptualization of the study was conducted by H.Ş. The methodology was designed by H.Ş. The validation process was conducted by H.Ş. The formal analysis was performed by O.K. The research was conducted by H.Ş. Data curation was performed by O.K. The original draft of the manuscript was prepared by H.Ş., and the writing, revision, and editing were performed by O.K, H.Ş. H.Ş. \u0026nbsp; has read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOktay, A., G\u0026uuml;rkan, T., Zembat, R., \u0026amp; Unutkan, \u0026Ouml;. (2003). \u003cem\u003eOkul \u0026ouml;ncesi programı uygulama rehberi (Ne yapıyorum? Neden yapıyorum? Nasıl yapmalıyım?)\u003c/em\u003e Ya-Pa Yayınları.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK\u0026ouml;ksal-Akyol, A. (2003). Anne-baba-\u0026ccedil;ocuk ilişkisi. Bilim ve Aklın Aydınlığında Eğitim Dergisi, 3(36), 7\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTezel-Şahin, F., \u0026amp; \u0026Ouml;zy\u0026uuml;rek, A. (2010). Anne baba eğitimi ve okul \u0026ouml;ncesinde aile katılımı. Morpa Yayınları.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDemir, T., \u0026amp; Kuru, E. (2020). Boşanmanın \u0026ccedil;ocuklar \u0026uuml;zerindeki psikolojik etkileri. 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Boşanmanın \u0026ccedil;ocuklar \u0026uuml;zerindeki etkileri: Duygusal ve davranışsal sonu\u0026ccedil;lar. \u003cem\u003eT\u0026uuml;rk Psikoloji Dergisi\u003c/em\u003e, 31(2), 101\u0026ndash;120.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmery, R. E. (2016). \u003cem\u003eTwo homes, one childhood: A parenting plan to last a lifetime\u003c/em\u003e. Avery.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarı, H. (2022). Boşanmanın \u0026ccedil;ocuklar \u0026uuml;zerindeki etkileri. \u003cem\u003e\u0026Ccedil;ocuk ve Gen\u0026ccedil;lik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi\u003c/em\u003e, 29(1), 43\u0026ndash;56.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Family Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, 15(3), 355\u0026ndash;370. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.355\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHetherington, E. M., \u0026amp; Kelly, J. (2002). \u003cem\u003eFor better or for worse: Divorce reconsidered\u003c/em\u003e. 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(2009). \u003cem\u003eEbeveyn ve \u0026ouml;ğretmen m\u0026uuml;kemmeliyet\u0026ccedil;iliğinin 5-6 yaş okul \u0026ouml;ncesi d\u0026ouml;nem \u0026ccedil;ocuklarının algılanan kaygı d\u0026uuml;zeyini \u0026ouml;ng\u0026ouml;rmedeki rol\u0026uuml;\u003c/em\u003e [Y\u0026uuml;ksek lisans tezi, Pamukkale \u0026Uuml;niversitesi].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;ift\u0026ccedil;i Topaloğlu, D. (2013). 4\u0026ndash;5 yaş \u0026ccedil;ocuklarının kaygı d\u0026uuml;zeylerinin cinsiyete g\u0026ouml;re karşılaştırılması. \u003cem\u003eEğitimde Yansımalar\u003c/em\u003e, 33, 10\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zdal, H., \u0026amp; Aral, N. (2006). Baba yoksunu \u0026ccedil;ocukların kaygı d\u0026uuml;zeylerinin incelenmesi. \u003cem\u003eAnkara \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fak\u0026uuml;ltesi Dergisi\u003c/em\u003e, 39(1), 91\u0026ndash;109.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuluş, M., \u0026amp; G\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r, H. 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Early-life risk factors for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eChild and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health\u003c/em\u003e, 9(1), 1\u0026ndash;17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0053-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;k\u0026ouml;d\u0026uuml;k, C. (2015). \u003cem\u003e3-5 yaş arasında ve anaokuluna giden \u0026ccedil;ocuk annelerinin ayrılma kaygısı ve bağlanma bi\u0026ccedil;imleri ile \u0026ccedil;ocuğun davranışları ve ayrılma kaygısı arasındaki ilişki: Bilişsel esnekliğin aracı rol\u0026uuml;\u003c/em\u003e [Y\u0026uuml;ksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe \u0026Uuml;niversitesi].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShaw, D. S., Keenan, K., Vondra, J. I., Delliquadri, E., \u0026amp; Giovanelli, J. (2008). Antecedents of preschool children\u0026rsquo;s internalizing problems: A longitudinal study of low-income families. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry\u003c/em\u003e, 39(4), 465\u0026ndash;476. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00471\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStibolt, M., Beyer, T., Nigg, J. T., \u0026amp; Martel, M. M. (2025). Age-related changes in error processing and social anxiety: Insights from ERP studies. \u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Cognitive Neuroscience\u003c/em\u003e, 55, 101155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101155\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeesdo, K., Knappe, S., \u0026amp; Pine, D. S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatric Clinics of North America\u003c/em\u003e, 32(3), 483\u0026ndash;524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;akıcı, S. (2006). \u003cem\u003eAlt ve \u0026uuml;st sosyoekonomik d\u0026uuml;zeydeki ailelerin aile işlevlerinin, anne \u0026ccedil;ocuk ilişkilerinin ve aile işlevlerinin anne-\u0026ccedil;ocuk ilişkilerine etkisinin incelenmesi\u003c/em\u003e [Y\u0026uuml;ksek lisans tezi, Gazi \u0026Uuml;niversitesi].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG\u0026uuml;m\u0026uuml;ş, M. (1997). \u003cem\u003eAnksiyete d\u0026uuml;zeyi y\u0026uuml;ksek ve d\u0026uuml;ş\u0026uuml;k olan okul \u0026ouml;ncesi d\u0026ouml;nem \u0026ccedil;ocuklarının annelerinin tutumları ve kaygı d\u0026uuml;zeylerinin incelenmesi\u003c/em\u003e [Y\u0026uuml;ksek lisans tezi, Ankara \u0026Uuml;niversitesi].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHsu, H. C. (2004). Antecedents and consequences of separation anxiety in first-time mothers: Infant, mother, and social-contextual characteristics. \u003cem\u003eInfant Behavior and Development\u003c/em\u003e, 27(2), 113\u0026ndash;133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2003.09.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMızrak\u0026ccedil;ı, H. (1994). \u003cem\u003eAnnelerin eğitim d\u0026uuml;zeyi ile \u0026ccedil;ocuk yetiştirme tutumları arasındaki ilişki\u003c/em\u003e [Y\u0026uuml;ksek lisans tezi, Ankara \u0026Uuml;niversitesi].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, O. (2009). \u003cem\u003eAnnenin eğitim d\u0026uuml;zeyi ile \u0026ccedil;ocuğun sosyal ve duygusal gelişimi arasındaki ilişki\u003c/em\u003e [Y\u0026uuml;ksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe \u0026Uuml;niversitesi].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaulus, F. W., Backes, A., Sander, C. S., Weber, M., \u0026amp; von Gontard, A. (2015). Anxiety disorders and behavioral inhibition in preschool children: A population-based study. Child Psychiatry \u0026amp; Human Development, 46(1), 150\u0026ndash;157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0467-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Family, family structure, divorced parents, anxiety, early childhood","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8005707/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8005707/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground \u003c/strong\u003eToday, increasing divorce rates lead to fundamental changes in the family structure and can negatively affect the psychosocial development of children. This study aimed to examine the anxiety levels of preschool children whose parents are divorced and to compare these levels with those of children whose parents are divorced together. Additionally, it seeks to determine whether there are significant differences in anxiety levels according to children's demographic characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003eThis study was conducted via a descriptive comparative survey model. The study group consisted of 111 children attending preschool educational institutions in Ankara. This group included 47 children whose parents were divorced and 64 children whose parents were together. As a data collection tool, the “Anxiety Scale in Preschool Children–Parent Form” developed by Spence et al. (2001) and adapted into Turkish by Şahin (2020), was used. The data were analyzed via SPSS 25.0. Independent samples t tests, Mann‒Whitney U tests, and Kruskal‒Wallis H tests were applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eThe analysis results revealed four main findings: (1) The overall anxiety levels of children with divorced parents were significantly greater than those of children whose parents were together (t(109)= 1.788, p \u0026lt; .05). (2) No significant differences were found in anxiety levels in terms of sex or age group. (3) A significant difference was identified on the basis of mothers' education levels; children of mothers who graduated from primary school presented greater anxiety in the subdimensions of obsessive‒compulsive disorder (χ²(3) = 12.137, p \u0026lt; .05) and fear of physical injury (χ²(3) = 7.838, p \u0026lt; .05). (4) No significant differences were found in terms of fathers' education levels or the type of school attended.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions \u003c/strong\u003eThese findings indicate that preschool children from divorced families have high levels of anxiety. It has been determined that family structure and parental education level play decisive roles in children's anxiety levels. Early screening studies should be conducted during the preschool period, seminars on parenting skills should be organized for mothers with low education levels, and psychological support services should be expanded for parents who are divorced.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Examination of Anxiety Levels in Preschool Children of Divorced Parents","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-10 09:33:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8005707/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-20T13:22:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329871525135676096422788475828048450190","date":"2025-12-17T06:10:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"74469943532196643539205318020242990419","date":"2025-12-11T19:03:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T13:10:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T19:19:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T17:59:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T05:54:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-11-07T05:50:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fd9c14c6-66d7-46e2-a0ae-00870ed1aa53","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-09T13:23:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-10 09:33:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8005707","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8005707","identity":"rs-8005707","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}