The impact of microdose plyometric training on speed and explosive abilities of football players during the pre-season

The impact of microdose plyometric training on speed and explosive abilities of football players during the pre-season | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The impact of microdose plyometric training on speed and explosive abilities of football players during the pre-season Marián Škorik, Tomáš Kalina, Martin Pupiš, Michal Hrubý This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7834908/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Microdosed programming, which involves shorter but more frequent sessions, has been proposed as a practical alternative to traditional scheduling in team sports. We examined whether a microdosed plyometric program provides short-term adaptations comparable to a traditional program when the weekly training volume is matched in elite youth football. Methods In this quasi-experimental, two-group study, U19 players (n = 24) were allocated to a Traditional training group (TRG; 2 sessions per week, ~ 40 min·session⁻¹) or a Microdosed Group (MDG; 3–4 sessions per week, ~ 20 min·session⁻¹). Allocation was nonrandomized and matched on the baseline explosive performance. The 8-week intervention maintained comparable weekly plyometric contacts in both groups. The primary outcomes included 30-m sprint mechanics tested on a 1080 Sprint (peak speed, force, power) modified reactive strength index from a drop jump and countermovement jump height tested on force platforms. The secondary outcomes included change-of-direction/deceleration metrics from the 15-0-5 test and horizontal power production (standing broad jump test). Parametric or non-parametric tests were applied depending on data normality. The significance level (α) was set at p < 0.05. Effect sizes were reported as Hedges’ g or rank-biserial r values with qualitative interpretation. Results Both groups showed significant within-group improvements in RSImod (TRG + 14.95%, MDG + 15.53%) and CMJ JH (TRG + 4.68%, MDG + 10.36%), with moderate-to-large effect sizes within groups. Sprint-related parameters improved in both groups. Change of direction 15-0-5 test metrics also demonstrated favorable within-group changes. No statistically significant between-group differences were observed for any outcome. Conclusions Under a matched weekly contact volume, a higher-frequency, lower-duration microdosed plyometric approach appears viable and comparable to traditional scheduling for the short-term development of explosive and speed-related capacities in elite U19 football. Future work should include external-load and psychological-load monitoring and the assessment of retention. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT07193706. Retrospectively registered on September 18, 2025. microdosing plyometric training youth football reactive strength index countermovement jump sprint Figures Figure 1 BACKGROUND In professional sports, the competitive calendar often contains busy match periods where the priority is not to increase performance but to minimize the risk of injury and make efficient use of recovery time. A similar scenario occurs in international tournaments such as World Championships, EUROs, and others, where signs of fatigue have been observed with rest periods of less than three days [ 1 , 2 ]. In this context, the concept of microdosing can be an important tool for efficiently using time and reducing risks. The concept of microdosing originally appeared in pharmacology, where it refers to the administration of small doses of substances to minimize side effects and maximize efficacy [ 3 , 4 ]. This approach can also be applied to athletic training, where we aim to split the training volume into several higher- and lower-volume units [ 5 ]. Afonso et al. [ 6 ] highlighted the presence of comparable methods, such as distributed training, which have been extensively utilized in the domain of motor learning [ 7 ]. A similar investigation by Kilen et al. [ 8 ] examined how “micro-training” influences endurance and speed metrics such as maximal oxygen consumption and maximal voluntary contraction. The study concluded that short, frequent training sessions can be as effective as longer, less frequent sessions, provided that the total weekly training volume remains consistent. The microdosing approach has been implemented in combination with various methods, such as resistance training [ 9 ], speed training [ 10 ], and plyometric training [ 11 ], where positive adaptations to athletes' physical abilities have been found. Among the methods investigated in the microdosing approach are plyometrics. The plyometric method uses the stretch-shortening (SSC) mechanism, which can be classified as key in generating force during jumping, acceleration, and sprinting [ 12 ]. This is particularly important in football, as sprinting and explosive activities often preceding goal situations [ 13 ]. SSC consists of three basic phases: eccentric (muscle stretch), amortization (transition), and concentric (muscle shortening) [ 14 , 15 ]. Its effective use ensures optimal relationships between muscle length and tension, thereby streamlining neuromuscular contraction [ 16 ] and improving the elastic properties of the tendons [ 17 ]. Additionally, it provides proprioceptive feedback [ 18 ] and stimulates the central nervous system, which was confirmed by Hirayama et al. [ 19 ], by increasing the activation of the triceps surae muscle and decreasing the activity of the tibialis anterior muscle during the braking phase. In a training environment, the effective use of the SSC mechanism has been associated with improvements in muscle strength, explosiveness, sprinting ability, and acceleration and changes of direction [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. These adaptations include improvements in dynamic stability, neuromuscular coordination, and tendon stiffness, leading to more efficient use of elastic energy during fast movements [ 23 , 24 ]. In addition, plyometrics can be used for fatigue monitoring [ 25 , 26 , 27 ] or performance diagnostics. For example, the EUR is an indicator of the effectiveness of the SSC mechanism [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], the RSI is a strong indicator of sprinters' potential and deceleration ability [ 32 , 33 ], and the RSImod is a tool used to assess plyometric performance, change of direction, and agility [ 34 , 35 ]. When combining the microdosing method with the plyometric method, it is essential to mention the concept of the minimum effective dose, which serves as a basis for determining the optimal training volume and allows the identification of the lowest possible amount of training stimuluss that still leads to the desired adaptations [ 36 , 37 ]. Hansen [ 38 ] highlights that training doses are often influenced by organisational constraints, such as facility availability or league rules, rather than physiological needs. The notion of MED within the realm of plyometrics was examined by Torres-Banduc et al. [ 39 ], who conducted a four-week study involving 44 participants. They reported that a lower training volume (approximately 100 jumps per training unit) significantly improved tendon viscoelastic properties, such as stiffness and Achilles tendon relaxation capacity. A greater volume (approximately 200 jumps) is required to significantly increase muscle strength and power. This suggests that a lower dose of plyometrics is sufficient for specific tendon adaptations, whereas improvements in strength require a higher load. However, to achieve adaptations of the variables, care must be taken not only in terms of volume but also in terms of intensity and frequency. Other study [ 40 ] categorized the intensity of plyometrics utilizing SSC on the basis of impact velocity, ground contact time, and load distribution (unilateral/bilateral). Cuthbert et al. [ 5 ] utilized pharmacological concepts to examine microdosing in sports training, likening the volume of training to a dose, the intensity to potency, and the body's reaction to a therapeutic effect. The response is determined by the training program within the training (therapeutic index) and can vary from the MED to a phase of intentional overload. Afonso et al. [ 6 ] emphasized that achieving 'true' microdosing requires a reduction in the total training volume. Compared with traditional approaches, Cuthbert et al. [ 5 ] and Cuadrado-Peñafiel et al. [ 10 ] chose the same training volume per cycle, whereas Liu, Wang, Xu [ 11 ] reduced this volume. A practical application of microdosing was demonstrated by Bonder and Shim [ 41 ], who used short, intense training units (20–30 min) focused on resistance training, plyometric exercises, explosiveness, speed, agility, and change of direction. This approach, which is designed to promote basketball skills such as jumping, landing, acceleration, and deceleration, also emphasizes the stability of key joints and injury prevention. Microdosing allowed for a more efficient distribution of training loads throughout the season, minimizing fatigue and maximizing recovery for the players. Based on previous findings [ 11 ], we hypothesized that microdosed plyometric training would lead to improvements in jumping performance, the reactive strength index, and sprint-related abilities comparable to those of traditional plyometric training, despite the lower per-session volume. The purpose of this study was to assess whether microdosed training, which involves more frequent but shorter training sessions, can achieve similar or superior outcomes compared to the traditional method, given the same overall training volume, in elite youth football players. The parameters monitored were the maximum velocity, vertical jump height, reactive power, change of direction speed, and deceleration ability, which are key performance parameters in football. METHODS Participants Due to practical constraints, the study sample was limited to 24 participants (age = 17.26 ± 0.64 years; body height = 181.60 ± 5.81 cm; body weight = 74.95 ± 7.04 kg) playing the highest national football league. All participants were recruited directly from a single elite youth football club through collaboration with team coaches, without self-selection or external referrals. Recruitment took place within the club environment during the regular pre-season period, ensuring that the sample reflected the natural training context of the team. Players were allocated to the Traditional training group (TRG) or the Microdose group (MDG) via a deterministic matching procedure on the basis of baseline explosive performance. This matching procedure was employed to reduce baseline imbalance and minimize bias that could arise from the absence of randomization. First, all participants were ranked from best to worst primarily in terms of countermovement jump (CMJ) and modified reactive strength index from drop jump (DJ RSImod) performance. Next, athletes were alternately labeled “1” and “2” along the ranking (1, 2, 1, 2, ...), and the two label sets were provisionally assigned to the TRG and MDG. To minimize baseline imbalance, labels were swapped where necessary to ensure that the lower-ranked label produced comparable group distributions. When two players had indistinguishable CMJ/DJ results, the standing broad jump (SBJ) was used as a tie breaker. The first group (n = 12; age = 17.22 ± 0.70 years; body height = 180.00 ± 6.54 cm; body weight = 73.41 ± 8.01 kg) consisted of a control group that followed a traditional training program twice a week. The second group (n = 12; age = 17.33 ± 0.56 years; body height = 184.28 ± 3.09 cm; body weight = 77.52 ± 4.29 kg) comprised the experimental group that underwent microdose training implemented 3–4 times per week. The allocation was designed to ensure equal baseline conditions for both groups and to allow for the most accurate comparison of the impact of the two training approaches. Participants, trainers, and evaluators were not blinded to group assignment. The inclusion criteria were active club membership during the implementation of the experiment and medical fitness to participate in the training and tests. The exclusion criteria were medical limitations that would prevent performance on tests or training, low attendance at training (less than 75% of training units), and nonparticipation in mandatory tests. The participants were experienced athletes with previous experience in plyometric programs, and most were familiar with the testing methods used, minimizing the need for additional familiarization. No injuries occurred during the intervention, which would have prevented participation in testing or completion of the intervention. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica (protocol no. 409/2024) on June 17, 2024. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical principles of scientific research. Detailed information regarding the purpose, procedures, and potential risks of the study was provided to the players and their legal guardians. All players were familiar with the testing procedure used. This trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT07193706). Experimental design This study was conducted as a concurrent two-group quasi-experiment. Because of practical constraints when working with young football players, random sampling was not possible. Both experimental groups received an intervention lasting eight weeks during the preparation period (pre-season). A traditional plyometric training program (TRG) with a frequency of twice a week was assigned to the first group, whereas the second group underwent microdosed plyometric training (MDG) with a higher frequency (3–4 times a week). The training program was divided into three cycles, tailored to the needs of the U19 team, and consulted with the conditioning coach. All training sessions were supervised and delivered by the team’s professional strength and conditioning coach in collaboration with the research team. A parallel design was chosen to ensure equal intervention conditions for both groups and to minimize external influences. In addition to the training sessions related to our intervention, all players underwent the same number of game sessions. Participants, coaches, and outcome assessors were not blinded to group allocation. The overall study design and the 8-week intervention schedule are summarized in Fig. 1 . Note Twenty-four participants (17.26 ± 0.64 y; 181.60 ± 5.81 cm; 74.95 ± 7.04 kg) completed pre- and post-testing of a performance. Based on the baseline explosive performance (CMJ/DJ/BJ), they were allocated to a traditional group (n = 12; ~40-min sessions) or a microdosed group (n = 12; ~20-min sessions). Training progressed across the three phases, with similarly matched weekly contacts. Test procedures Initial testing took place at the football ground, with speed tests (30 m sprint, 15-0-5 test) and long jumps from the spot conducted outdoors in the artificial turf area where the players regularly train. Jump and strength tests were conducted indoors (gym) in a club. Exit testing was conducted at the same location and under similar conditions as entry testing, with the only difference being the execution time. Prior to the actual testing, a standardized 15-minute warm-up was conducted following the Raise-Activation-Mobilization-Potentiation (RAMP) protocol to prepare the athletes for the load and minimize the risk of injury [ 42 ]. Speed tests The speed tests included a 30-meter sprint and a 15-0-5 deceleration and change-of-direction test. Both tests were performed using a 1080 Sprint (1080 Motion, Västerås, Sweden) in the isotonic mode. For the 30-m sprint, a resistance of 1 kg was used, which allowed for accurate measurement of speed and acceleration on the stretch. The test was performed from a high two-point start, with the probands allowed to start on their own. The 1080 Sprint device was selected because of its reliability and accuracy [ 43 ]. From the trials, we extracted performance parameters including peak speed (PS), peak force (PF), and peak power (PP). The 15-0-5 change-of-direction and deceleration test was divided into two phases: the first 15 m was Phase A, where we assessed the maximum acceleration (Max Acc A) and maximum deceleration (Max Dec A), and the subsequent 5 m after the turn was Phase B, where we assessed the maximum reacceleration (Max Acc B) [ 44 ]. It was performed in isotonic mode with 3 kg of resistance, which provided assistance in acceleration and deceleration, and subsequently, 3 kg of resistance in reacceleration. Each proband performed two trials: one involving a 180° turn to the right and the other involving a 180° turn to the left. Better trials were used in the final analysis. The test demonstrated high reliability in assessing kinetic and kinematic data [ 45 ], and its importance was underscored by its ability to effectively capture deceleration in game situations [ 44 ]. Diagnostics of vertical force production Vertical force production was diagnosed using CMJ on valid and reliable K‒Delta strain gauge plates (Kinvent, Orsay, France) in a bilateral setting [ 46 ]. The participants underwent two trials for all bilateral variations, with better results being recorded. The variables assessed were jump height (JH), relative force generated (RF) and relative power (RP). A drop jump from a 30 cm high box, performed on a dual wireless Hawkin force plate (HAWKIN DYNAMICS, Westbrook, USA), which is also considered valid and reliable [ 47 ], was used to measure the reactive force (RSImod). The reason for using two different strain gauge devices was practical limitations, as the same device was not available for all tests. Simultaneously, we sought to maximize the efficiency of the testing process and minimize the potential downtime during the measurements. Horizontal explosive force The SBJ test was performed using a measuring tape. For the bilateral variant, the proband underwent two trials, one for the unilateral variant on each leg. The results were recorded to the nearest 1 cm. The preference for a jump without countermovement minimized the influence of technical differences. Montalvo et al. [ 48 ] suggested that bilateral long jumps are more effective in predicting acceleration performance over distances ranging from 5 to 30 meters, thereby enhancing the test's diagnostic value. Training protocol The intervention program lasted eight weeks and was designed to allow for a sufficient length of adaptation, as recommended by Kumar et al. [ 49 ], while also reflecting the standard length of the preparation period in youth football. The program consisted of a microdosing plyometric program (3–4 training sessions per week, ~ 20 min/unit) for the MDG and a traditional program (2 training sessions per week, ~ 40 min/unit) for the TRG. The macrocycle was divided into three phases. Phase 1 (2 weeks) included 208 contacts per week with exercise divided by the direction of movement (vertical, horizontal, lateral, and medial) and served as a volume phase to accumulate load with less intense contacts. Phase 2 (3 weeks) reduced the volume to 144 contacts and included more challenging reactive exercises (e.g., pogo hops and drop jumps). In Phase 3 (three weeks), due to the start of the school year, the number of training units in the MDG decreased from four to three per week. Nevertheless, the total training volume for both groups remained at a similar level: the TRG, training twice a week, performed 108 vertical + 96 lateral contacts, amounting to 204 contacts per week, whereas the MDG completed three units per week with a volume of 60 + 78 + 60 contacts, amounting to a total of 198 contacts. The selection of exercises and their allocation to each phase are shown in Table 1 . Attendance was monitored at every session, and players were encouraged by the coaching staff to maintain at least 75% adherence as a prerequisite for inclusion in the final analysis. Table 1 Comparison of traditional and microdosed training programs across phases. Traditional training group Microdosed training group Exercises Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Pogo hops (Unil.) 1x4x10 1x2x6 (EA) 1x4x10 1x2x6 (EA) CMJ box jump (Unil.) 1x4x6 1x2x6 (EA) 1x4x6 1x2x6 (EA) Unil. broad jump 1x4x6 (EA) 2x2x6 (EA) Lateral box hop 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) Medial box hop 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) Lateral bound 1x4x6 (EA) 2x2x6 (EA) Hurdle hops 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) Unilateral split jumps 1x2x6 (EA) 2x1x6 (EA) Drop Jump 30cm (Unil.-15cm) 1x4x6 1x2x6 (EA) 2x2x6 1x3x6 (EA) Hurdle hops medial paused 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) Hurdle hops medial continuous 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) Hurdle hops lateral paused 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) Hurdle hops lateral continuous) 1x2x6 (EA) Linear bounds 1x2x6 (EA) 1x3x6 (EA) Triple broad jump 1x2x3 (EA) 1x3x3 (EA) Unil. tuck jump 1x2x6 (EA) 1x2x6 (EA) Total contacts per week 208 144 204 208 144 198 Note. CMJ – countermovement jump, Unil. – unilateral; EA – (each) indicates that the indicated number of repetitions was performed on each limb for unilateral exercises. Training volume notation is provided in the format: 1x2x6, where the first number indicates how many times per week the exercise was performed, the second number indicates the number of sets, and the third number indicates repetitions per set. Statistical analyses The data were processed and analyzed using JASP Statistics (version 0.19.2.0, The Netherlands). Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) summarized somatic characteristics and described mean sprint times, jump heights and distances, and other outcomes at baseline and after the intervention. No formal a priori power analysis was conducted, and the sample size reflected the total number of eligible U19 players available during the study period. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, applied to paired pre–post differences for within-group comparisons and to change scores (post minus pre) for between-group comparisons. When normality was not violated (p > 0.05), paired-samples t-tests were used for within-group comparisons and Student’s t-tests (on change scores) for between-group comparisons; otherwise, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (within-group) and Mann–Whitney U test (between-group) were applied. All tests were two-tailed, with α = 0.05. Effect sizes were reported as Hedges’ g for parametric tests and rank-biserial correlation (r) for non-parametric tests. Hedges’ g was selected instead of Cohen’s d to account for the small sample size and to provide a less biased estimate of the true population effect [ 50 ]. For g, effect sizes and their 95% confidence intervals were recalculated using the small-sample correction J = 1− \(\:\:\frac{3}{4\text{d}\text{f}-1}\) applied to Cohen’s d values reported by the JASP. For non-parametric analyses, r values and their 95% confidence intervals followed JASP’s output. Percentage changes in the between-group table were calculated as the mean of individual percentage changes within each group, with each participant’s change computed as (post − pre)/pre×100. In line with common practice in sports science, effect sizes were interpreted qualitatively (small, medium, and large) within their respective frameworks and were not compared directly across different metrics [ 50 ]. AI-based tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Curie, Paperpal) were used solely for language and grammar editing. All analyses, interpretations, and figure preparation were conducted and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity of the manuscript. RESULTS All 24 players were included in both within-group and between-group analyses, with no exclusion from the final dataset. A protocol deviation occurred in Phase 3, where the MDG group's frequency was reduced from four to three sessions per week due to the start of the school year; however, the total weekly contact volume remained comparable across groups. The results suggest that both training methods effectively improved the performance parameters. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant, indicating the similar effectiveness of both approaches. ** Table 2 . here ** Table 2 Descriptive statistics of performance tests in traditional and microdosed groups before and after intervention. Performance Test Performance parameter Traditional (n = 12) (Mean ± SD) Microdosed (n = 12) (Mean ± SD) Pre Post Effect size CI Low CI High Pre Post Effect size CI Low CI High Drop jump 30cm RSI mod 2.38 ± 0.35 * 2.73 ± 0.46 g = -0.92 -1.56 -0.26 2.45 ± 0.48 * 2.76 ± 0.33 g = -0.59 -1.16 0 Countermovement jump test CMJ jump height 33.42 ± 2.35 * 34.92 ± 2.31 g = -0.72 -1.32 -0.11 33.75 ± 3.82 * 37.00 ± 4.41 r = -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 CMJ relative force 2.69 ± 0.59 2.80 ± 0.18 g = -0.18 -0.71 -0.35 2.79 ± 0.25 2.79 ± 0.29 g = -0.02 -0.55 -0.51 CMJ relative power 51.87 ± 3.35 53.51 ± 3.56 g = -0.53 -1.10 0.05 51.50 ± 5.78 * 55.54 ± 4.31 r = -0.74 -0.92 -0.31 Standing broad jump Broad jump bilateral 243.58 ± 9.45 248.00 ± 10.73 g = -0.57 -1.14 0.02 244.92 ± 13.47 246.08 ± 12.24 g = -0.09 -0.62 0.44 Broad jump left 215.17 ± 14.06 * 222.42 ± 10.40 g = -0.63 -1.21 -0,03 218.00 ± 16.28 216.67 ± 11.67 g = -0.13 -0.40 0.65 Broad jump right 214.42 ± 13.10 219.25 ± 10.59 g = -0.36 -0.90 0.19 215.58 ± 13.35 * 223.08 ± 9.96 g = -0.70 -1.29 -0.09 30 m sprint Peak Speed [m·s − 1 ] 8.68 ± 0.31 * 8.88 ± 0.25 g = -1.10 -1.78 -0.39 8.82 ± 0.24 * 9.10 ± 0.34 r = -0.89 -0.97 -0.64 Peak Force [N] 41.84 ± 4.72 * 44.73 ± 3.15 g = -0.63 -1.20 -0.30 41.86 ± 2.70 * 46.54 ± 5.51 r = -0.82 -0.95 -0.48 Peak Power [W] 359.49 ± 44.83 * 391.25 ± 35.80 g = -0.78 -1.39 -0.15 365.54 ± 29.53 *416.60 ± 59.04 r = -0.90 -0.97 -0.67 15-0-5 test Time 15-0-5 [s] 4.83 ± 0.20 4.76 ± 0.25 g = 0.43 0.13 0.98 4.69 ± 0.26 4.69 ± 0.27 g = 0.00 -0.53 0.53 Max Acc Phase A [m·s − ²] 6.17 ± 0.57 6.38 ± 1.24 g = -0.19 -0.72 0.35 6.22 ± 1.38 6.18 ± 0.95 g = -0.02 -0.55 -0.51 Max Dec Phase A [m·s − ²] 7.69 ± 0.64 7.90 ± 0.60 g = -0.33 -0.87 0.22 * 7.92 ± 0.75 8.46 ± 0.52 g = -1.17 -1.87 -0.44 Max Acc Phase B [m·s − ²] 5.92 ± 0.47 * 6.41 ± 0.42 g = -0.83 -1.45 -0.19 5.90 ± 0.75 * 6.30 ± 0.47 g = -0.73 -1.32 -0.11 Note. RSI – reactive strength index; CMJ – countermovement jump; Acc – acceleration; Dec – deceleration; SD – standard deviation; N – newtons; W – watts; m·s⁻¹ – meters per second; s – seconds; * – statistically significant pre-post difference at p < 0.05.; g – Hedges' g for t-tests, r – rank–biserial correlation for Mann–Whitney tests. Countermovement jump For CMJ, there was a statistically significant improvement in jump height (CMJ JH) in both groups (TRG: p < 0.05, g = 0.72; MDG: p < 0.05, r = 1.00), with a moderate and large effect of the intervention. In contrast, the relative power (CMJ RP) significantly improved only in the MDG (p < 0.05, g = 0.69), whereas the relative force (CMJ RF) did not significantly change in either group. Between-group comparisons of the CMJ JH, CMJ RF, and CMJ RP parameters revealed no statistically significant differences, with small to moderate effects (Table 3 ). Drop jump 30 cm For the RSImod, the TRG achieved a significant improvement with a large effect size (p < 0.05; g = 0.92), whereas the MDG showed a moderate but statistically significant effect (p 0.05; g = 0.08). Broad jump In the standing broad jump (SBJ), the TRG performed slightly better, with a medium effect size (p > 0.05, g = 0.57), whereas the MDG showed negligible changes (p > 0.05, r = -0.09). For the unilateral left-leg jump (SBJ L), the traditional group achieved significant improvement with a large effect size (p 0.05, g = 0.13). The right leg (SBJ R) significantly improved in the microdose group, with a medium effect (p 0.05; g = 0.36). 30 m linear 1080 sprint All sprint parameters significantly improved in both groups. The TRG showed significant improvements in peak speed (p < 0.05; g = 1.10) and force (p < 0.05; g = 0.63), whereas the MDG showed similar results with moderate effects (PS: p < 0.05; g = 0.89; PF: p < 0.05, r = 0.82). The peak power also improved significantly in both groups (TRG, p < 0.05; g = 0.78; MDG, p < 0.05; r = 0.90). When comparing between-group changes, parameters such as Δ Peak Speed, Δ Peak Force, and Δ Peak Power showed negligible effects and were not statistically significant. Change of direction and deceleration of tests 15-0-5 There was a slight decrease in the total 15-0-5 test time in the TRG group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05; r = 0.43). The maximum acceleration in phase A increased slightly, with no statistically significant change (p > 0.05; g = 0.19). The maximum deceleration during Phase A increased with no significant change (p > 0.05; g = 0.33). Conversely, the maximum acceleration in phase B increased significantly with a large effect (p 0.05; g = 0.02). Conversely, the maximum deceleration in phase A significantly changed (p < 0.05; g = 1.17). Similarly, the maximum acceleration in phase B increased significantly, and a large effect was observed (p 0.05) for any of the parameters. We observed the largest difference in the maximum deceleration parameter (Δ Phase A MaxDecel) with a medium effect (p > 0.05; g = 0.60), although it was not significant (p > 0.05). No additional subgroup or exploratory analyses were performed beyond the predefined outcomes. Table 3 Comparison of pre-post percentage changes and between-group differences in performance parameters. Performance Test Performance parameter Statistical test Δ Pre – Post (%) p Effect Size Interpretation Traditional (n = 12) Microdosed (n = 12) Drop jump 30cm RSI mod Student 14.95 15.53 0.84 g = 0.08 trivial Countermovement jump test CMJ jump height Mann-Whitney 4.68 10.36 0.35 r = -0.23 small CMJ relative force Student 11.74 0.77 0.58 g = 0.22 small CMJ relative power Mann-Whitney 3.27 8.75 0.16 r = -0.35 medium Standing broad jump SBJ bilateral Student 1.83 0.6 0.42 g = 0.32 small SBJ left Student 3.61 -0.4 0.05 g = 0.81 large SBJ right Student 2.46 3.67 0.57 g = -0.23 small 30 m Sprint Peak Speed [m·s − 1 ] Mann-Whitney 2.32 3.26 0.75 r = -0.08 trivial Peak Force [N] Mann-Whitney 7.76 11.63 0.98 r = -0.01 trivial Peak Power [W] Mann-Whitney 9.7 14.72 1.00 r = 0.00 trivial 15-0-5 test Time 15-0-5 [s] Student -1.31 0.19 0.53 g = -0.25 small Max Acc Phase A [m·s − ²] Student 3.42 4.1 0.65 g = 0.18 trivial-to-small Max Dec Phase A [m·s − ²] Student 3.8 7.3 0.14 g = -0.6 medium Max Acc Phase B [m·s − ²] Student 8.92 7.83 0.65 g = 0.18 trivial-to-small Note. RSI mod – modified reactive strength index; CMJ – countermovement jump; SBJ – standing broad jump; Acc - acceleration; Dec - deceleration; N - newtons; W - watts; m·s − 1 – meters per second; p – probability value (p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance); g – Hedges' g for t-tests, r – rank–biserial correlation for Mann–Whitney tests. ** Table 3 . here ** DISCUSSION The results of our study demonstrated the positive effects of both tested plyometric training approaches on the development of the speed and explosive abilities of football players during the preparatory period. Both interventions led to statistically significant improvements in several of the parameters studied, with no significant differences between the groups. These findings suggest that microdosing may be an alternative to traditional plyometric training. Similar findings were reported by Liu et al. [ 11 ], who reported that an 8-week microdosing plyometric training intervention led to significant positive adaptations in athletes’ strength–velocity parameters. We observed very similar improvements in the rebound parameters in the traditional and microdosed approaches, as reported in a previous study that reported percentage improvements in the RSI of 11.7% and 12%, respectively [ 11 ]. In our study, we observed improvements in the RSImod of 14.95% and 15.53%, respectively. Similarly, for the CMJ test, Liu et al. [ 11 ] reported improvements of 6.4% and 4.3%, whereas in our study, we obtained values of 10.36% and 4.68%, respectively. The slightly better improvements in our study may be influenced by, among other factors, a higher total volume of reflections in the research design. However, the differences in reflection parameters between the two groups remain negligible, as in the aforementioned study. Plyometric intervention was confirmed to be effective, which is consistent with the findings of other studies [ 12 , 22 ]. Moreover, our study offers a detailed analysis of speed parameters, such as Peak Speed, Peak Force and Peak Power, measured via the 1080 Sprint system. We observed 11.63% and 14.72% improvements in the Peak Force and Peak Power parameters in the MDG, respectively, suggesting that even a low training volume with a relatively high frequency can lead to positive adaptations in strength and power production. The positive effects of plyometric training can likely be attributed to neural adaptation and the more efficient use of SSC [ 24 ]. A link between the microdosing approach and improvements in speed performance was also suggested by Cuadrado-Peñafiel et al. [ 10 ], who used different types of sprints. In the 15-0-5 test, the recorded times only slightly varied, which can be attributed to the lack of targeted training in this area. Hammami et al. [ 51 ] also reported similar outcomes in a considerably younger group of participants. Nevertheless, both training approaches led to an improvement in deceleration during phase A, with the microdosed group showing more pronounced dominance. This confirms the relationship between reactive strength, measured via the reactive strength index, and the ability to effectively decelerate in team sports [ 32 ]. In phase B, we observed an improvement in subsequent reacceleration in both groups, indicating the positive influence of the plyometric intervention on the ability for dynamic reacceleration. Study Limitations We consider the main limitation to be the absence of a control group, which would allow a more accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of both approaches compared with players without plyometric training. However, their inclusion was not possible because of the low number of probands in the U19 category. In addition, we did not monitor the physical training load of the players (GPS data on distance runs, etc.) or the potential psychological load (in the form of a psychological fatigue questionnaire) that might have been present, especially with the higher frequency of the microdosing approach. While the present study revealed significant changes in several performance variables, the relatively small sample size limits the ability to detect small-to-moderate effects. The generalizability of these findings is limited to elite U19 male football players in a preseason context; caution should be taken when extrapolating to other age groups, sexes, or competitive levels. Finally, testing took place only immediately after the intervention, thus not accounting for delayed or short-term adaptation effects. Some positive changes may become apparent only with hindsight, whereas others may fade quickly. Follow-up testing would allow for a more accurate assessment of adaptation sustainability. Practical application The implications for practice from our study suggest that a microdosed plyometric approach for microdosing may be a viable alternative not only for developing rebounding skills but also with significant transfer to velocity, deceleration, and reacceleration. This predisposes them particularly to sports with intermittent loading and frequent changes in direction, where the ability to change movement quickly plays a key role. The use of microdosing can be strategically advantageous, particularly in periods of high match load, when minimizing the risk of overload and fatigue is essential. Given the minimal differences between methods, coaches can use microdosing as a flexible strategy to maintain explosiveness even during periods of higher training and match loads, and its application should be considered in the context of the overall training plan and individual player needs. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that microdosing plyometric training is comparably effective to the traditional approach in developing speed and explosive skills in football players during the preparatory period. Both methods resulted in significant improvements in the parameters studied, with no statistically significant differences between the groups, suggesting that microdosing may be a viable alternative for training practice. The findings point to the potential of a higher training frequency with a lower volume to effectively stimulate adaptations while showing positive effects on force production, reactive power, and deceleration. The minimal differences between the approaches suggest that the choice of training model should be tailored to the individual player's needs and overall training load. Although the results support the use of a microdosing approach, future research should focus on the long-term tracking of adaptive effects, monitoring the overall training load, and the impact of psychological fatigue. These factors could help optimize the use of plyometric training at different phases of the season and improve the individualization of training strategies. Abbreviations 1080 Sprint – motorized resistance device used to assess sprint mechanics PS – Peak speed PP – Peak power PF – Peak force SBJ – Standing broad jump CMJ – Countermovement jump CMJ JH – Jump height (from CMJ) CMJ RF – Reactive force (CMJ-derived) CMJ RP – Reactive power (CMJ-derived) COD – Change of direction DJ – Drop jump ES – Effect size MDG – Microdosed training group RSImod – Reactive strength index (modified; jump height ÷ time to takeoff from DJ) TRG – Traditional training group 15-0-5 – Change of direction test performed on the 1080 Sprint, consisting of Phase A (15-m acceleration followed by deceleration to a full stop) and Phase B (5-m reacceleration). Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica (protocol no. 409/2024). All participants and their legal guardians provided informed consent before participation. This trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT07193706). Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and material The data supporting the findings of this study may be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Access will be provided for research purposes only, subject to institutional and ethical guidelines. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contributions MŠ: Conceptualization, methodology, data collection, data analysis, writing – original draft. TK: formal analysis, visualization, data collection, writing, review and editing. MP: supervision, writing, review and editing. MH: supervision, resources, writing, review and editing. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors thank the club staff, coaches, and U19 players for enabling and supporting the implementation of the intervention and testing procedures. AI-Assisted Technology Disclosure Artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools, such as Chat GPT, Curie and Paperpal, have been used solely for language editing and grammar correction. All content, including data analysis, interpretation, and figure preparation, was produced and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity of the manuscript. References Scoppa V. Fatigue and team performance in soccer: evidence from the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. J Sports Econ. 2015;16(5):482–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002513502794 . Silva JR, Rumpf M, Hertzog M, Nassis G. Does the FIFA World Cup’s congested fixture program affect players’ performance? Asian J Sports Med. 2017;8(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.13805 . Polito V, Stevenson RJ. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 16 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 14 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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10:14:46","extension":"html","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":176400,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7834908/v1/388c4bb72ac64a6d47d78b8a.html"},{"id":96276765,"identity":"faf84288-f80c-4843-a90a-ad5f825abad2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 10:14:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":272271,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy design and 8-week intervention comparing traditional vs. micro-dose training.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote.\u003c/strong\u003eTwenty-four participants (17.26 ± 0.64 y; 181.60 ± 5.81 cm; 74.95 ± 7.04 kg) completed pre- and post-testing of a performance. Based on the baseline explosive performance (CMJ/DJ/BJ), they were allocated to a traditional group (n = 12; ~40-min sessions) or a microdosed group (n = 12; ~20-min sessions). Training progressed across the three phases, with similarly matched weekly contacts.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Screenshot20251119154355.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7834908/v1/e460a3f68ba0a1298525bb61.png"},{"id":102233976,"identity":"f790a384-f718-4cf8-b71d-dbd97a8e4ada","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 16:01:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1563777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7834908/v1/4f3e638c-4d0c-446d-89ef-ef3ff5de662f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The impact of microdose plyometric training on speed and explosive abilities of football players during the pre-season","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn professional sports, the competitive calendar often contains busy match periods where the priority is not to increase performance but to minimize the risk of injury and make efficient use of recovery time. A similar scenario occurs in international tournaments such as World Championships, EUROs, and others, where signs of fatigue have been observed with rest periods of less than three days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In this context, the concept of microdosing can be an important tool for efficiently using time and reducing risks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concept of microdosing originally appeared in pharmacology, where it refers to the administration of small doses of substances to minimize side effects and maximize efficacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This approach can also be applied to athletic training, where we aim to split the training volume into several higher- and lower-volume units [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Afonso et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] highlighted the presence of comparable methods, such as distributed training, which have been extensively utilized in the domain of motor learning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A similar investigation by Kilen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] examined how \u0026ldquo;micro-training\u0026rdquo; influences endurance and speed metrics such as maximal oxygen consumption and maximal voluntary contraction. The study concluded that short, frequent training sessions can be as effective as longer, less frequent sessions, provided that the total weekly training volume remains consistent. The microdosing approach has been implemented in combination with various methods, such as resistance training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], speed training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], and plyometric training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], where positive adaptations to athletes' physical abilities have been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the methods investigated in the microdosing approach are plyometrics. The plyometric method uses the stretch-shortening (SSC) mechanism, which can be classified as key in generating force during jumping, acceleration, and sprinting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This is particularly important in football, as sprinting and explosive activities often preceding goal situations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. SSC consists of three basic phases: eccentric (muscle stretch), amortization (transition), and concentric (muscle shortening) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Its effective use ensures optimal relationships between muscle length and tension, thereby streamlining neuromuscular contraction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] and improving the elastic properties of the tendons [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, it provides proprioceptive feedback [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] and stimulates the central nervous system, which was confirmed by Hirayama et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], by increasing the activation of the triceps surae muscle and decreasing the activity of the tibialis anterior muscle during the braking phase. In a training environment, the effective use of the SSC mechanism has been associated with improvements in muscle strength, explosiveness, sprinting ability, and acceleration and changes of direction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. These adaptations include improvements in dynamic stability, neuromuscular coordination, and tendon stiffness, leading to more efficient use of elastic energy during fast movements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, plyometrics can be used for fatigue monitoring [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] or performance diagnostics. For example, the EUR is an indicator of the effectiveness of the SSC mechanism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], the RSI is a strong indicator of sprinters' potential and deceleration ability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], and the RSImod is a tool used to assess plyometric performance, change of direction, and agility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen combining the microdosing method with the plyometric method, it is essential to mention the concept of the minimum effective dose, which serves as a basis for determining the optimal training volume and allows the identification of the lowest possible amount of training stimuluss that still leads to the desired adaptations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Hansen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] highlights that training doses are often influenced by organisational constraints, such as facility availability or league rules, rather than physiological needs. The notion of MED within the realm of plyometrics was examined by Torres-Banduc et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], who conducted a four-week study involving 44 participants. They reported that a lower training volume (approximately 100 jumps per training unit) significantly improved tendon viscoelastic properties, such as stiffness and Achilles tendon relaxation capacity. A greater volume (approximately 200 jumps) is required to significantly increase muscle strength and power. This suggests that a lower dose of plyometrics is sufficient for specific tendon adaptations, whereas improvements in strength require a higher load. However, to achieve adaptations of the variables, care must be taken not only in terms of volume but also in terms of intensity and frequency. Other study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] categorized the intensity of plyometrics utilizing SSC on the basis of impact velocity, ground contact time, and load distribution (unilateral/bilateral).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuthbert et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] utilized pharmacological concepts to examine microdosing in sports training, likening the volume of training to a dose, the intensity to potency, and the body's reaction to a therapeutic effect. The response is determined by the training program within the training (therapeutic index) and can vary from the MED to a phase of intentional overload. Afonso et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] emphasized that achieving 'true' microdosing requires a reduction in the total training volume. Compared with traditional approaches, Cuthbert et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and Cuadrado-Pe\u0026ntilde;afiel et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] chose the same training volume per cycle, whereas Liu, Wang, Xu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] reduced this volume. A practical application of microdosing was demonstrated by Bonder and Shim [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], who used short, intense training units (20\u0026ndash;30 min) focused on resistance training, plyometric exercises, explosiveness, speed, agility, and change of direction. This approach, which is designed to promote basketball skills such as jumping, landing, acceleration, and deceleration, also emphasizes the stability of key joints and injury prevention. Microdosing allowed for a more efficient distribution of training loads throughout the season, minimizing fatigue and maximizing recovery for the players. Based on previous findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], we hypothesized that microdosed plyometric training would lead to improvements in jumping performance, the reactive strength index, and sprint-related abilities comparable to those of traditional plyometric training, despite the lower per-session volume.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to assess whether microdosed training, which involves more frequent but shorter training sessions, can achieve similar or superior outcomes compared to the traditional method, given the same overall training volume, in elite youth football players. The parameters monitored were the maximum velocity, vertical jump height, reactive power, change of direction speed, and deceleration ability, which are key performance parameters in football.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to practical constraints, the study sample was limited to 24 participants (age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64 years; body height\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;181.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.81 cm; body weight\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.04 kg) playing the highest national football league. All participants were recruited directly from a single elite youth football club through collaboration with team coaches, without self-selection or external referrals. Recruitment took place within the club environment during the regular pre-season period, ensuring that the sample reflected the natural training context of the team. Players were allocated to the Traditional training group (TRG) or the Microdose group (MDG) via a deterministic matching procedure on the basis of baseline explosive performance. This matching procedure was employed to reduce baseline imbalance and minimize bias that could arise from the absence of randomization. First, all participants were ranked from best to worst primarily in terms of countermovement jump (CMJ) and modified reactive strength index from drop jump (DJ RSImod) performance. Next, athletes were alternately labeled \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;2\u0026rdquo; along the ranking (1, 2, 1, 2, ...), and the two label sets were provisionally assigned to the TRG and MDG. To minimize baseline imbalance, labels were swapped where necessary to ensure that the lower-ranked label produced comparable group distributions. When two players had indistinguishable CMJ/DJ results, the standing broad jump (SBJ) was used as a tie breaker. The first group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12; age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70 years; body height\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.54 cm; body weight\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;73.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.01 kg) consisted of a control group that followed a traditional training program twice a week. The second group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12; age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56 years; body height\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;184.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09 cm; body weight\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.29 kg) comprised the experimental group that underwent microdose training implemented 3\u0026ndash;4 times per week. The allocation was designed to ensure equal baseline conditions for both groups and to allow for the most accurate comparison of the impact of the two training approaches. Participants, trainers, and evaluators were not blinded to group assignment. The inclusion criteria were active club membership during the implementation of the experiment and medical fitness to participate in the training and tests. The exclusion criteria were medical limitations that would prevent performance on tests or training, low attendance at training (less than 75% of training units), and nonparticipation in mandatory tests. The participants were experienced athletes with previous experience in plyometric programs, and most were familiar with the testing methods used, minimizing the need for additional familiarization. No injuries occurred during the intervention, which would have prevented participation in testing or completion of the intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Matej Bel University in Bansk\u0026aacute; Bystrica (protocol no. 409/2024) on June 17, 2024. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical principles of scientific research. Detailed information regarding the purpose, procedures, and potential risks of the study was provided to the players and their legal guardians. All players were familiar with the testing procedure used. This trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT07193706).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted as a concurrent two-group quasi-experiment. Because of practical constraints when working with young football players, random sampling was not possible. Both experimental groups received an intervention lasting eight weeks during the preparation period (pre-season). A traditional plyometric training program (TRG) with a frequency of twice a week was assigned to the first group, whereas the second group underwent microdosed plyometric training (MDG) with a higher frequency (3\u0026ndash;4 times a week). The training program was divided into three cycles, tailored to the needs of the U19 team, and consulted with the conditioning coach. All training sessions were supervised and delivered by the team\u0026rsquo;s professional strength and conditioning coach in collaboration with the research team. A parallel design was chosen to ensure equal intervention conditions for both groups and to minimize external influences. In addition to the training sessions related to our intervention, all players underwent the same number of game sessions. Participants, coaches, and outcome assessors were not blinded to group allocation. The overall study design and the 8-week intervention schedule are summarized in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwenty-four participants (17.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64 y; 181.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.81 cm; 74.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.04 kg) completed pre- and post-testing of a performance. Based on the baseline explosive performance (CMJ/DJ/BJ), they were allocated to a traditional group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12; ~40-min sessions) or a microdosed group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12; ~20-min sessions). Training progressed across the three phases, with similarly matched weekly contacts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTest procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitial testing took place at the football ground, with speed tests (30 m sprint, 15-0-5 test) and long jumps from the spot conducted outdoors in the artificial turf area where the players regularly train. Jump and strength tests were conducted indoors (gym) in a club. Exit testing was conducted at the same location and under similar conditions as entry testing, with the only difference being the execution time. Prior to the actual testing, a standardized 15-minute warm-up was conducted following the Raise-Activation-Mobilization-Potentiation (RAMP) protocol to prepare the athletes for the load and minimize the risk of injury [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpeed tests\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe speed tests included a 30-meter sprint and a 15-0-5 deceleration and change-of-direction test. Both tests were performed using a 1080 Sprint (1080 Motion, V\u0026auml;ster\u0026aring;s, Sweden) in the isotonic mode. For the 30-m sprint, a resistance of 1 kg was used, which allowed for accurate measurement of speed and acceleration on the stretch. The test was performed from a high two-point start, with the probands allowed to start on their own. The 1080 Sprint device was selected because of its reliability and accuracy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. From the trials, we extracted performance parameters including peak speed (PS), peak force (PF), and peak power (PP).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 15-0-5 change-of-direction and deceleration test was divided into two phases: the first 15 m was Phase A, where we assessed the maximum acceleration (Max Acc A) and maximum deceleration (Max Dec A), and the subsequent 5 m after the turn was Phase B, where we assessed the maximum reacceleration (Max Acc B) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. It was performed in isotonic mode with 3 kg of resistance, which provided assistance in acceleration and deceleration, and subsequently, 3 kg of resistance in reacceleration. Each proband performed two trials: one involving a 180\u0026deg; turn to the right and the other involving a 180\u0026deg; turn to the left. Better trials were used in the final analysis. The test demonstrated high reliability in assessing kinetic and kinematic data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], and its importance was underscored by its ability to effectively capture deceleration in game situations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDiagnostics of vertical force production\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVertical force production was diagnosed using CMJ on valid and reliable K‒Delta strain gauge plates (Kinvent, Orsay, France) in a bilateral setting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. The participants underwent two trials for all bilateral variations, with better results being recorded. The variables assessed were jump height (JH), relative force generated (RF) and relative power (RP). A drop jump from a 30 cm high box, performed on a dual wireless Hawkin force plate (HAWKIN DYNAMICS, Westbrook, USA), which is also considered valid and reliable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e], was used to measure the reactive force (RSImod). The reason for using two different strain gauge devices was practical limitations, as the same device was not available for all tests. Simultaneously, we sought to maximize the efficiency of the testing process and minimize the potential downtime during the measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHorizontal explosive force\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SBJ test was performed using a measuring tape. For the bilateral variant, the proband underwent two trials, one for the unilateral variant on each leg. The results were recorded to the nearest 1 cm. The preference for a jump without countermovement minimized the influence of technical differences. Montalvo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that bilateral long jumps are more effective in predicting acceleration performance over distances ranging from 5 to 30 meters, thereby enhancing the test's diagnostic value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTraining protocol\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe intervention program lasted eight weeks and was designed to allow for a sufficient length of adaptation, as recommended by Kumar et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e], while also reflecting the standard length of the preparation period in youth football. The program consisted of a microdosing plyometric program (3\u0026ndash;4 training sessions per week, ~\u0026thinsp;20 min/unit) for the MDG and a traditional program (2 training sessions per week, ~\u0026thinsp;40 min/unit) for the TRG. The macrocycle was divided into three phases. Phase 1 (2 weeks) included 208 contacts per week with exercise divided by the direction of movement (vertical, horizontal, lateral, and medial) and served as a volume phase to accumulate load with less intense contacts. Phase 2 (3 weeks) reduced the volume to 144 contacts and included more challenging reactive exercises (e.g., pogo hops and drop jumps). In Phase 3 (three weeks), due to the start of the school year, the number of training units in the MDG decreased from four to three per week. Nevertheless, the total training volume for both groups remained at a similar level: the TRG, training twice a week, performed 108 vertical\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;96 lateral contacts, amounting to 204 contacts per week, whereas the MDG completed three units per week with a volume of 60\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;78\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;60 contacts, amounting to a total of 198 contacts. The selection of exercises and their allocation to each phase are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Attendance was monitored at every session, and players were encouraged by the coaching staff to maintain at least 75% adherence as a prerequisite for inclusion in the final analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of traditional and microdosed training programs across phases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTraditional training group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrodosed training group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExercises\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhase 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhase 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhase 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhase 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhase 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhase 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePogo hops (Unil.)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x4x10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x4x10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCMJ box jump (Unil.)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x4x6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x4x6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnil. broad jump\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x4x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLateral box hop\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedial box hop\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLateral bound\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x4x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHurdle hops\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnilateral split jumps\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2x1x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDrop Jump 30cm (Unil.-15cm)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x4x6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2x2x6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x3x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHurdle hops medial paused\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHurdle hops medial continuous\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHurdle hops lateral paused\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHurdle hops lateral continuous)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLinear bounds\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x3x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriple broad jump\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x3 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x3x3 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUnil. tuck jump\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1x2x6 (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal contacts per week\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e208\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e144\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e204\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e208\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e144\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e198\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote.\u003c/b\u003e CMJ \u0026ndash; countermovement jump, Unil. \u0026ndash; unilateral; EA \u0026ndash; (each) indicates that the indicated number of repetitions was performed on each limb for unilateral exercises. Training volume notation is provided in the format: 1x2x6, where the first number indicates how many times per week the exercise was performed, the second number indicates the number of sets, and the third number indicates repetitions per set.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were processed and analyzed using JASP Statistics (version 0.19.2.0, The Netherlands). Descriptive statistics (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation) summarized somatic characteristics and described mean sprint times, jump heights and distances, and other outcomes at baseline and after the intervention. No formal a priori power analysis was conducted, and the sample size reflected the total number of eligible U19 players available during the study period. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test, applied to paired pre\u0026ndash;post differences for within-group comparisons and to change scores (post minus pre) for between-group comparisons. When normality was not violated (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), paired-samples t-tests were used for within-group comparisons and Student\u0026rsquo;s t-tests (on change scores) for between-group comparisons; otherwise, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (within-group) and Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test (between-group) were applied. All tests were two-tailed, with α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05. Effect sizes were reported as Hedges\u0026rsquo; g for parametric tests and rank-biserial correlation (r) for non-parametric tests. Hedges\u0026rsquo; g was selected instead of Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d to account for the small sample size and to provide a less biased estimate of the true population effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. For g, effect sizes and their 95% confidence intervals were recalculated using the small-sample correction J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026minus;\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:\\frac{3}{4\\text{d}\\text{f}-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e applied to Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d values reported by the JASP. For non-parametric analyses, r values and their 95% confidence intervals followed JASP\u0026rsquo;s output. Percentage changes in the between-group table were calculated as the mean of individual percentage changes within each group, with each participant\u0026rsquo;s change computed as (post\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;pre)/pre\u0026times;100. In line with common practice in sports science, effect sizes were interpreted qualitatively (small, medium, and large) within their respective frameworks and were not compared directly across different metrics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAI-based tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Curie, Paperpal) were used solely for language and grammar editing. All analyses, interpretations, and figure preparation were conducted and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll 24 players were included in both within-group and between-group analyses, with no exclusion from the final dataset. A protocol deviation occurred in Phase 3, where the MDG group's frequency was reduced from four to three sessions per week due to the start of the school year; however, the total weekly contact volume remained comparable across groups. The results suggest that both training methods effectively improved the performance parameters. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant, indicating the similar effectiveness of both approaches.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e** Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. here **\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of performance tests in traditional and microdosed groups before and after intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance parameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditional (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrodosed (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCI Low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCI High\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCI Low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCI High\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrop jump 30cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRSI mod\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 2.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 2.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCountermovement jump test\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCMJ jump height\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 34.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 37.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCMJ relative force\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCMJ relative power\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 55.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStanding broad jump\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBroad jump bilateral\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e248.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e246.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBroad jump left\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 222.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e216.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBroad jump right\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 223.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 m sprint\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak Speed [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 8.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 9.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak Force [N]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 44.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 46.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak Power [W]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e359.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 391.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e365.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*416.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;59.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15-0-5 test\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime 15-0-5 [s]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMax Acc Phase A [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMax Dec Phase A [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 7.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMax Acc Phase B [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 6.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* 6.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote.\u003c/b\u003e RSI \u0026ndash; reactive strength index; CMJ \u0026ndash; countermovement jump; Acc \u0026ndash; acceleration; Dec \u0026ndash; deceleration; SD \u0026ndash; standard deviation; N \u0026ndash; newtons; W \u0026ndash; watts; m\u0026middot;s⁻\u0026sup1; \u0026ndash; meters per second; s \u0026ndash; seconds; * \u0026ndash; statistically significant pre-post difference at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.; g \u0026ndash; Hedges' g for t-tests, r \u0026ndash; rank\u0026ndash;biserial correlation for Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney tests.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCountermovement jump\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor CMJ, there was a statistically significant improvement in jump height (CMJ JH) in both groups (TRG: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72; MDG: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), with a moderate and large effect of the intervention. In contrast, the relative power (CMJ RP) significantly improved only in the MDG (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.69), whereas the relative force (CMJ RF) did not significantly change in either group. Between-group comparisons of the CMJ JH, CMJ RF, and CMJ RP parameters revealed no statistically significant differences, with small to moderate effects (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDrop jump 30 cm\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the RSImod, the TRG achieved a significant improvement with a large effect size (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92), whereas the MDG showed a moderate but statistically significant effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.59). However, the differences observed between the groups were not statistically significant, with a negligible effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBroad jump\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the standing broad jump (SBJ), the TRG performed slightly better, with a medium effect size (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57), whereas the MDG showed negligible changes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, r = -0.09). For the unilateral left-leg jump (SBJ L), the traditional group achieved significant improvement with a large effect size (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.63), in contrast to the MDG, which did not experience significant changes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13). The right leg (SBJ R) significantly improved in the microdose group, with a medium effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.70), whereas the TRG did not significantly improve (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 m linear 1080 sprint\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll sprint parameters significantly improved in both groups. The TRG showed significant improvements in peak speed (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.10) and force (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.63), whereas the MDG showed similar results with moderate effects (PS: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89; PF: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82). The peak power also improved significantly in both groups (TRG, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.78; MDG, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90). When comparing between-group changes, parameters such as Δ Peak Speed, Δ Peak Force, and Δ Peak Power showed negligible effects and were not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eChange of direction and deceleration of tests 15-0-5\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was a slight decrease in the total 15-0-5 test time in the TRG group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.43). The maximum acceleration in phase A increased slightly, with no statistically significant change (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.19). The maximum deceleration during Phase A increased with no significant change (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33). Conversely, the maximum acceleration in phase B increased significantly with a large effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83). In the MDG, the difference in the total time of the 15-0-5 test was minimal, and we observed a decrease in the maximum acceleration in phase A (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02). Conversely, the maximum deceleration in phase A significantly changed (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.17). Similarly, the maximum acceleration in phase B increased significantly, and a large effect was observed (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe differences between the TRG and MDG were not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for any of the parameters. We observed the largest difference in the maximum deceleration parameter (Δ Phase A MaxDecel) with a medium effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.60), although it was not significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). No additional subgroup or exploratory analyses were performed beyond the predefined outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of pre-post percentage changes and between-group differences in performance parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance parameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ Pre \u0026ndash; Post (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect Size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpretation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditional (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrodosed (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrop jump 30cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRSI mod\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etrivial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCountermovement jump test\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCMJ jump height\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esmall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCMJ relative force\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esmall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCMJ relative power\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emedium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStanding broad jump\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSBJ bilateral\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esmall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSBJ left\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elarge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSBJ right\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esmall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 m Sprint\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak Speed [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etrivial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak Force [N]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er = -0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etrivial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeak Power [W]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etrivial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15-0-5 test\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime 15-0-5 [s]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esmall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMax Acc Phase A [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etrivial-to-small\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMax Dec Phase A [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg = -0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emedium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMax Acc Phase B [m\u0026middot;s\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etrivial-to-small\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote.\u003c/b\u003e RSI mod \u0026ndash; modified reactive strength index; CMJ \u0026ndash; countermovement jump; SBJ \u0026ndash; standing broad jump; Acc - acceleration; Dec - deceleration; N - newtons; W - watts; m\u0026middot;s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026ndash; meters per second; p \u0026ndash; probability value (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 indicates statistical significance); g \u0026ndash; Hedges' g for t-tests, r \u0026ndash; rank\u0026ndash;biserial correlation for Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney tests.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e** Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. here **\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of our study demonstrated the positive effects of both tested plyometric training approaches on the development of the speed and explosive abilities of football players during the preparatory period. Both interventions led to statistically significant improvements in several of the parameters studied, with no significant differences between the groups. These findings suggest that microdosing may be an alternative to traditional plyometric training. Similar findings were reported by Liu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], who reported that an 8-week microdosing plyometric training intervention led to significant positive adaptations in athletes\u0026rsquo; strength\u0026ndash;velocity parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe observed very similar improvements in the rebound parameters in the traditional and microdosed approaches, as reported in a previous study that reported percentage improvements in the RSI of 11.7% and 12%, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, we observed improvements in the RSImod of 14.95% and 15.53%, respectively. Similarly, for the CMJ test, Liu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] reported improvements of 6.4% and 4.3%, whereas in our study, we obtained values of 10.36% and 4.68%, respectively. The slightly better improvements in our study may be influenced by, among other factors, a higher total volume of reflections in the research design. However, the differences in reflection parameters between the two groups remain negligible, as in the aforementioned study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlyometric intervention was confirmed to be effective, which is consistent with the findings of other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, our study offers a detailed analysis of speed parameters, such as Peak Speed, Peak Force and Peak Power, measured via the 1080 Sprint system. We observed 11.63% and 14.72% improvements in the Peak Force and Peak Power parameters in the MDG, respectively, suggesting that even a low training volume with a relatively high frequency can lead to positive adaptations in strength and power production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe positive effects of plyometric training can likely be attributed to neural adaptation and the more efficient use of SSC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. A link between the microdosing approach and improvements in speed performance was also suggested by Cuadrado-Pe\u0026ntilde;afiel et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], who used different types of sprints.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the 15-0-5 test, the recorded times only slightly varied, which can be attributed to the lack of targeted training in this area. Hammami et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e] also reported similar outcomes in a considerably younger group of participants. Nevertheless, both training approaches led to an improvement in deceleration during phase A, with the microdosed group showing more pronounced dominance. This confirms the relationship between reactive strength, measured via the reactive strength index, and the ability to effectively decelerate in team sports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. In phase B, we observed an improvement in subsequent reacceleration in both groups, indicating the positive influence of the plyometric intervention on the ability for dynamic reacceleration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe consider the main limitation to be the absence of a control group, which would allow a more accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of both approaches compared with players without plyometric training. However, their inclusion was not possible because of the low number of probands in the U19 category. In addition, we did not monitor the physical training load of the players (GPS data on distance runs, etc.) or the potential psychological load (in the form of a psychological fatigue questionnaire) that might have been present, especially with the higher frequency of the microdosing approach. While the present study revealed significant changes in several performance variables, the relatively small sample size limits the ability to detect small-to-moderate effects. The generalizability of these findings is limited to elite U19 male football players in a preseason context; caution should be taken when extrapolating to other age groups, sexes, or competitive levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, testing took place only immediately after the intervention, thus not accounting for delayed or short-term adaptation effects. Some positive changes may become apparent only with hindsight, whereas others may fade quickly. Follow-up testing would allow for a more accurate assessment of adaptation sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePractical application\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe implications for practice from our study suggest that a microdosed plyometric approach for microdosing may be a viable alternative not only for developing rebounding skills but also with significant transfer to velocity, deceleration, and reacceleration. This predisposes them particularly to sports with intermittent loading and frequent changes in direction, where the ability to change movement quickly plays a key role.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of microdosing can be strategically advantageous, particularly in periods of high match load, when minimizing the risk of overload and fatigue is essential. Given the minimal differences between methods, coaches can use microdosing as a flexible strategy to maintain explosiveness even during periods of higher training and match loads, and its application should be considered in the context of the overall training plan and individual player needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study confirmed that microdosing plyometric training is comparably effective to the traditional approach in developing speed and explosive skills in football players during the preparatory period. Both methods resulted in significant improvements in the parameters studied, with no statistically significant differences between the groups, suggesting that microdosing may be a viable alternative for training practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings point to the potential of a higher training frequency with a lower volume to effectively stimulate adaptations while showing positive effects on force production, reactive power, and deceleration. The minimal differences between the approaches suggest that the choice of training model should be tailored to the individual player's needs and overall training load.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the results support the use of a microdosing approach, future research should focus on the long-term tracking of adaptive effects, monitoring the overall training load, and the impact of psychological fatigue. These factors could help optimize the use of plyometric training at different phases of the season and improve the individualization of training strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e1080 Sprint \u0026ndash; motorized resistance device used to assess sprint mechanics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePS \u0026ndash; Peak speed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePP \u0026ndash; Peak power\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePF \u0026ndash; Peak force\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBJ \u0026ndash; Standing broad jump\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCMJ \u0026ndash; Countermovement jump\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCMJ JH \u0026ndash; Jump height (from CMJ)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCMJ RF \u0026ndash; Reactive force (CMJ-derived)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCMJ RP \u0026ndash; Reactive power (CMJ-derived)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOD \u0026ndash; Change of direction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDJ \u0026ndash; Drop jump\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eES \u0026ndash; Effect size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMDG \u0026ndash; Microdosed training group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRSImod \u0026ndash; Reactive strength index (modified; jump height \u0026divide; time to takeoff from DJ)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTRG \u0026ndash; Traditional training group\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15-0-5 \u0026ndash; Change of direction test performed on the 1080 Sprint, consisting of Phase A (15-m acceleration followed by deceleration to a full stop) and Phase B (5-m reacceleration).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eapproval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Matej Bel University in Bansk\u0026aacute; Bystrica (protocol no. 409/2024). All participants and their legal guardians provided informed consent before participation. This trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT07193706).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study may be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Access will be provided for research purposes only, subject to institutional and ethical guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u0026Scaron;: Conceptualization, methodology, data collection, data analysis, writing \u0026ndash; original draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTK: formal analysis, visualization, data collection, writing, review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMP: supervision, writing, review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMH: supervision, resources, writing, review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the club staff, coaches, and U19 players for enabling and supporting the implementation of the intervention and testing procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAI-Assisted Technology Disclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtificial intelligence (AI)-based tools, such as Chat GPT, Curie and Paperpal, have been used solely for language editing and grammar correction. All content, including data analysis, interpretation, and figure preparation, was produced and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScoppa V. Fatigue and team performance in soccer: evidence from the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. J Sports Econ. 2015;16(5):482\u0026ndash;507. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1527002513502794\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/1527002513502794\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSilva JR, Rumpf M, Hertzog M, Nassis G. Does the FIFA World Cup\u0026rsquo;s congested fixture program affect players\u0026rsquo; performance? 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J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(12):3312\u0026ndash;20. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001470\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1519/JSC.0000000000001470\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"microdosing, plyometric training, youth football, reactive strength index, countermovement jump, sprint","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7834908/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7834908/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrodosed programming, which involves shorter but more frequent sessions, has been proposed as a practical alternative to traditional scheduling in team sports. We examined whether a microdosed plyometric program provides short-term adaptations comparable to a traditional program when the weekly training volume is matched in elite youth football.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this quasi-experimental, two-group study, U19 players (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24) were allocated to a Traditional training group (TRG; 2 sessions per week, ~\u0026thinsp;40 min\u0026middot;session⁻\u0026sup1;) or a Microdosed Group (MDG; 3\u0026ndash;4 sessions per week, ~\u0026thinsp;20 min\u0026middot;session⁻\u0026sup1;). Allocation was nonrandomized and matched on the baseline explosive performance. The 8-week intervention maintained comparable weekly plyometric contacts in both groups. The primary outcomes included 30-m sprint mechanics tested on a 1080 Sprint (peak speed, force, power) modified reactive strength index from a drop jump and countermovement jump height tested on force platforms. The secondary outcomes included change-of-direction/deceleration metrics from the 15-0-5 test and horizontal power production (standing broad jump test). Parametric or non-parametric tests were applied depending on data normality. The significance level (α) was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Effect sizes were reported as Hedges\u0026rsquo; g or rank-biserial r values with qualitative interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth groups showed significant within-group improvements in RSImod (TRG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;14.95%, MDG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15.53%) and CMJ JH (TRG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4.68%, MDG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10.36%), with moderate-to-large effect sizes within groups. Sprint-related parameters improved in both groups. Change of direction 15-0-5 test metrics also demonstrated favorable within-group changes. No statistically significant between-group differences were observed for any outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnder a matched weekly contact volume, a higher-frequency, lower-duration microdosed plyometric approach appears viable and comparable to traditional scheduling for the short-term development of explosive and speed-related capacities in elite U19 football. Future work should include external-load and psychological-load monitoring and the assessment of retention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrial registration:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT07193706. Retrospectively registered on September 18, 2025.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The impact of microdose plyometric training on speed and explosive abilities of football players during the pre-season","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-19 10:14:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7834908/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-09T12:12:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T08:46:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T13:02:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"118783679931526105207501768992898355133","date":"2025-11-24T06:43:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-23T09:18:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"268723622405870912194185104661012453934","date":"2025-11-19T12:18:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"244055099054264405352983313317484930697","date":"2025-11-10T20:14:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T10:32:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-16T14:33:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T00:47:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T00:47:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","date":"2025-10-11T11:38:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c1ba2a0d-489b-4360-9800-6a9f5cfe58e6","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T16:00:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7834908","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01556-5","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-05 15:57:15","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 5th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-19 10:14:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01556-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01556-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7834908","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7834908","identity":"rs-7834908","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}