Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. a new bacterium isolated from the breast milk of a senegalese mother breast-feeding a healthy child and genomic description of Neobacillus dielmonensis and Neobacillus drentensis

Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. a new bacterium isolated from the breast milk of a senegalese mother breast-feeding a healthy child and genomic description of Neobacillus dielmonensis and Neobacillus drentensis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. a new bacterium isolated from the breast milk of a senegalese mother breast-feeding a healthy child and genomic description of Neobacillus dielmonensis and Neobacillus drentensis Salematou SARR, Ousmane Ndour, Adama Mbow, Mamadou Bèye, Anissa Idrissa Abdoulaye, and 10 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8725336/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As part of a comprehensive study investigating the breast milk microbiota of healthy and malnourished children through a culturomic approach, a novel bacterial strain belonging to the genus Neobacillus was isolated, identified, and characterized using a taxonogenomic strategy. This isolate, designated as strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ, was recovered from the breast milk of a mother nursing a healthy infant. Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ (= CSUR QA0830ᵀ = CECT 31295ᵀ) is a Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic, and non-spore-forming bacillus capable of growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, at temperatures ranging from ambient to 45°C. With a genome size of 5.83 Mbp, strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ exhibits a G + C content of 42.3%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed a high sequence similarity (99.4%) between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and Neobacillus dielmonensis . However, significant genomic divergence was observed through digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), which showed only 26.2% similarity—well below the 70% threshold for species delimitation. Furthermore, rpoB gene analysis indicated a distant relationship with Neobacillus drentensis (83.5% similarity). Collectively, these genomic data demonstrate that although strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ is phylogenetically closely related to N. dielmonensis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, it remains distinct at the whole-genome and rpoB levels from previously described species within the Neobacillus nomenclature. These findings confirm that this isolate represents a unique and previously undescribed taxon. Consequently, we propose the description of the type strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ as a new species named Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. breast milk Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. new species Senegal Severe acute malnutrition taxonogenomics Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction The genus Neobacillus was recently proposed to resolve the polyphyletic nature of the original Bacillus genus, which was long considered a phylogenetically incoherent group. Originally established in 1872 by Ferdinand Julius Cohn ( Cohn, 1972 ), Bacillus had expanded to include nearly 293 species and subspecies by 2020 ( Patel et Gupta, 2020 ). Members of this group exert a profound impact on human activity, ranging from notorious pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus ( Koehler, 2009; Bottone, 2010; Schoeni et Wong, 2005 ) to beneficial species for agriculture ( B. thuringiensis , B. velezensis ) ( Sanchis et Bourguet, 2009 ), industrial enzyme production ( B. subtilis , B. clausii , B. licheniformis and B. wakoensis ) ( Logan et De Vos P, 2009; Logan, 2012; Pignatelli et Moya, 2009; Harwood, 1992; Stein, 2005; FMF d'Elshaghabee et al., 2017; Nogi et al., 2005; Dunlap, 2019 ) and as a natural resource for plant health and nutrition ( Saxena et al., 2020 ). In 1991, Ash et al. revealed substantial phylogenetic heterogeneity within Bacillus through comparative 16S rRNA analysis, highlighting the need for a major taxonomic revision ( Ash et al., 1991 ). Subsequently, in 2020, Patel and Gupta identified 36 molecular markers, specifically conserved signature indels (CSIs), which supported the reclassification of Bacillus into six new genera: Peribacillus , Alkalihalobacillus , Cytobacillus , Mesobacillus , Metabacillus , and Neobacillus ( Berkeley et al., 1984; Patel et Gupta, 2020 ). As of January 2026, the genus Neobacillus comprises 28 validly published species ( https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/neobacillus ) LPSN, 2026), represented by the type species Neobacillus niacin ( Nagel, 1991 ). While members of this genus are typically isolated from soil, water, and human skin, the present report describes an isolate from human breast milk. Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ (= CSUR QA0830ᵀ = CECT 31295ᵀ) is a Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic, and non-spore-forming bacillus capable of growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions between ambient temperature and 45°C. The genome size is 5.83 Mbp with a G + C content of 42.3%. Although 16S rRNA gene analysis showed a high sequence similarity (99.4%) with Neobacillus dielmonensis , digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) revealed a significant genomic divergence of 26.2%—well below the 70% threshold for species limitation. Furthermore, rpoB gene similarity with Neobacillus drentensis was only 83.5%, indicating a distant relationship. Collectively, these results confirm that strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ represents a unique and previously undescribed taxon. We therefore propose the description of the type strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ as a new species named Neobacillus camarae sp. nov." Materials and methods Ethical Considerations and study design This study was initiated in 2022 following administrative authorization from the National Ethics and Scientific Committee of the Senegalese Ministry of Health and Social Action (MSAS; No. 00000233/MSAS/CNERS/SP, issued on September 11, 2022). The project aimed to characterise the breast milk microbiota of Senegalese women across four regions (Dakar, Podor, Matam, and Niakhar) to identify potential probiotic strains. All procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Sample Collection and Logistics Following written informed consent, breast milk samples (10–15 ml each) were collected from participants who met established inclusion criteria. These mothers were nursing either healthy or malnourished infants and resided in Niakhar, Senegal. Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ was isolated during this process. Initial processing was performed at the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) laboratory in Dakar, where samples were transported at + 4°C, aliquoted into cryovials, and stored at − 80°C. Subsequently, the samples were shipped on dry ice to the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection in Marseille, France, for comprehensive culture-based analysis, genomic sequencing, and biological characterisation. Isolation and identification of the strain Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ was first isolated from a breast milk sample of a mother nursing a healthy infant using a culturomic approach. The isolate was recovered following a 15-day enrichment period in BSM Broth (Millipore Sigma, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) within a blood culture flask under aerobic conditions. Subsequently, the enrichment was subcultured onto Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Resulting colonies (5 to 8 per plate) were streaked onto fresh blood agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours to ensure purity. Multiple identification attempts were performed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with a Biotyper® Sirius system (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Spectra were acquired and analysed using the MBT Compass software. These spectra were compared against the BDAL 9607 MSPs (version 12) database, which contains 12,780 species and is continuously optimized with the MEPHI repository ( https://www/mediterranee-infection/com/acces-ressources/base-de-donnees/urm-data-base/ ), containing 12,780 species, constantly optimised with the MEPHI repository. Phenotypic and biochemical characteristics Phenotypic characterization of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ, including Gram staining, spore-forming ability, and catalase and oxidase activities, was conducted following standard microbiological procedures (Atlas and Snyder, 2011). To determine optimal growth conditions, the strain was inoculated onto Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood (bioMérieux, Craponne, France) and incubated for 72 hours across a temperature range of 20°C to 56°C (20, 28, 37, 45, and 56°C). Growth was further assessed under various atmospheric conditions: aerobic, anaerobic (using GasPak EZ gas generators; Becton Dickinson, New Jersey, USA), and microaerophilic. Optimal pH for growth and NaCl tolerance (at concentrations of 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were evaluated using specific media with pH values ranging from 5.0 to 8.5. Various enzymatic activities and metabolic pathways were determined using API ZYM, API 50CH, and API 20NE strips according to the manufacturer’s instructions (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France). These standardized phenotypic and biochemical assays were supplemented with modern descriptive procedures to ensure a comprehensive characterization. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the disk diffusion method in accordance with EUCAST 2025 guidelines ( http://www.eucast.org/ ). The following antibiotics were tested: amoxicillin, amikacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, daptomycin, doxycycline, gentamicin, imipenem, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, oxacillin, rifampicin, teicoplanin, tobramycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were subsequently determined following established recommendations ( Matuschek et al., 2018; CLSI, 2018 ). Fatty acid analysis Cellular fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Samples were prepared using approximately 50 mg of bacterial biomass per tube, harvested from multiple culture plates. FAMEs were prepared according to the protocol described by Sasser (2006), and GC-MS analyses were conducted following previously established methods ( Dione, 2016 ). Briefly, fatty acid methyl esters were separated using an Elite 5-MS column and monitored by mass spectrometry (Clarus 500 – SQ 8 S, PerkinElmer, Courtaboeuf, France). The spectral database search was performed using MS Search 2.0, utilizing the NIST standard reference 1A (Gaithersburg, USA) and the FAME mass spectral reference library (Wiley, Chichester, UK) ( StudyCorgi, 2022 ). Morphological characterisation by scanning electron microscopy The morphological characteristics of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a SU5000 instrument (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Fresh colonies were initially fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, USA) prepared in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Following fixation, cell suspensions were deposited onto glass slides via cytocentrifugation at 800 rpm for 7 minutes using a Cytospin 4 centrifuge (Thermo Electron Corporation - Shandon, UK). To enhance cellular contrast and optimize image resolution, the samples were stained with 10% phosphotungstic acid (PTA), pH 7.4 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 minutes. Subsequently, the specimens were sputter-coated with platinum-palladium using an MC1000 ion sputter coater (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). SEM micrographs were acquired at magnifications ranging from 1,000× to 20,000×. Detailed acquisition parameters, including instrument model, acceleration voltage, magnification, working distance, and detection mode, are provided for each individual micrograph. Phylogenetic analysis Genome extraction, sequencing and assembly To extract genomic DNA (gDNA), the strain was first suspended in 160 µL of G2 buffer (EZ1 DNA Tissue Kit, Qiagen) and subjected to mechanical lysis with glass beads (G4649-500g, Sigma) using a FastPrep-24™ 5G homogenizer (MP Biomedicals) at a speed of 6.5 m/s for 90 seconds. This step was followed by a 30-minute incubation after the addition of 40 µL of lysozyme (Sigma). DNA was then extracted into a 50 µL eluate using the EZ1 DNA Tissue Kit (Qiagen) on the EZ1 Advanced XL automated workstation. gDNA was quantified using the Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Sequencing was performed using MiSeq technology (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) with a paired-end strategy. Libraries were prepared using the Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Illumina). Briefly, gDNA was fragmented and tagged with adapters ('tagnanted') before being amplified by limited-cycle PCR (12 cycles) to incorporate dual-index barcodes. The libraries were purified using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA) and normalized according to the Nextera XT protocol. Sequencing was conducted on a MiSeq instrument using the MiSeq Reagent Kit v2 (500 cycles), performing 2x250 bp paired-end reads. To improve assembly quality, long-read sequencing was performed using GridION technology (Oxford Nanopore Technologies [ONT], UK). According to the manufacturer’s instructions (NBE_9065_v109_revAP_14Aug2019), Nanopore libraries were prepared from 1,000 ng of gDNA using the Native Barcoding Kit (EXP-NBD104/114) and the Ligation Sequencing Kit (SQK-LSK109). DNA repair and end-prep were performed using the NEBNext Ultra II End Repair/dA-Tailing Module and the NEBNext FFPE DNA Repair Mix (New England Biolabs [NEB]). Following purification and barcode ligation with the Blunt/TA Ligase Master Mix (NEB), adapters were ligated using the NEBNext Quick Ligation Module (NEB). After final purification, 12 µL of the library (maximum 430 ng) was loaded onto an R9.4.1 flow cell and sequenced on the GridION platform. Genomic analysis The quality of the raw sequencing data generated by the MiSeq platform was assessed using FastQC v0.11.9 ( Andrews, 2010 ). To improve overall read quality, low-quality bases were removed using Trimmomatic v0.39 ( Bolger et al., 2014 ). For Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) data, NanoPlot was utilized to monitor read quality and length distribution, while Filtlong ( https://github.com/rrwick/Filtlong ) facilitated the selection of high-quality ONT reads based on length and quality scores. Hybrid assembly of the filtered reads was performed using Unicycler v0.4.8 ( Wick et al., 2017 ). Contig sequences shorter than 800 bp were removed to eliminate potential contaminants ( Ndongo et al., 2020 ). Genome annotation was conducted using Prokka v1.13 ( Seemann, 2014 ). To assign putative functions, predicted bacterial protein sequences were compared against the GenBank ( Benson et al., 2018 ) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) ( Galperin et al., 2015 ) databases using BLASTP ( Altschul et al., 1990 ). Signal peptides were predicted using SignalP ( Teufel et al., 2022 ), and transmembrane helices were detected with TMHMM ( Krogh et al., 2001 ). Antibiotic resistance genes were screened using Abricate ( https://github.com/tseemann/abricate ), and CRISPR-Cas systems were identified via CRISPRCasFinder ( Couvin et al., 2018 ). For species limitation, digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were calculated using the Type (Strain) Genome Server (TYGS) online tool ( Meier-Kolthoff et al., 2019 ), applying the standard 70% similarity threshold ( Stackebrandt et al., 2002; Wayne et al., 1987 ). Furthermore, Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) between genomes was estimated using Pyani ( Pritchard et al., 2016 ). Finally, the genome was visualized using CGView ( Grant et al., 2011 ). Strain analysis by integrated microbial NGS platform (IMNGS) To assess the prevalence and abundance of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ across diverse human and animal metagenomes, its 16S rRNA gene sequence was submitted to the Integrated Microbial Next-Generation Sequencing (IMNGS) platform ( https://www.imngs.org ; last accessed in December 2025). The screening parameters were set at a 99% similarity threshold for the 16S rRNA gene sequence, with a minimum requirement of 100 base pairs for the metagenomic sequences. Metagenomes in which the sequence was detected at least once were selected, and the relative frequency across human metagenomes was subsequently calculated ( Lagkouvardos et al., 2016 ). Results and discussion Strain identification Following multiple unsuccessful identification attempts using MALDI-TOF MS, which yielded scores consistently below 1.39, whole-genome sequencing of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ was performed. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence was extracted and analyzed to determine the taxonomic status of the isolate. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence against the GenBank database using BlastN revealed 99.43% similarity to Neobacillus dielmonensis (NR_178429.1; Figures S1 , S2 , and Table S1 ). Despite this high degree of 16S rRNA similarity, a significant genomic divergence was identified through digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH); the similarity between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and N. dielmonensis was only 26.2%, a value substantially below the 70% threshold required for species circumscription (Fig. 1 ). Furthermore, rpoB gene sequence analysis showed only 83% similarity with Neobacillus drentensis , confirming a phylogenetically distant relationship. These integrated genomic findings demonstrate that strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ represents a distinct and novel species within the genus Neobacillus . Growth conditions and phenotypic and biochemical characteristics Macroscopic observation during microbial diagnosis revealed well-isolated, circular, convex, and translucent colonies with regular margins, a smooth surface, and a mucoid consistency. Microscopic examination after Gram staining showed that strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ consists of Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped cells with average dimensions of 5.4 µm in length and 2.9 µm in diameter (Fig. 2 , Table A ). The strain is a facultative anaerobe, capable of growth under aerobic, microaerophilic (at 28°C and 37°C), and anaerobic conditions, with optimal growth observed at 37°C under aerobic conditions on Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood (COS; bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France). Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ grew in media with a pH range of 5.0 to 7.5; however, no growth was observed in saline culture media. The isolate tested positive for catalase and negative for oxidase ( Table B ). Biochemical characterization using API 50 CHB strips revealed that strain QA0830ᵀ was unable to metabolize carbohydrates such as D-glucose, D-galactose, D-trehalose, gentiobiose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-mannose, arbutin, inulin, starch, and salicin. Furthermore, tests for arginine dihydrolase, urease, and esculin hydrolysis (β-glucosidase) were negative ( Table B ). This restricted metabolic profile reflects the low enzymatic activity characteristic of this genus, as previously documented in the literature ( Lo et al., 2015; Mbaye et al., 2021 ). Regarding the API ZYM strips, positive enzymatic reactions were observed for alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase ( Table C ). Fatty acids analysis The cellular fatty acid composition analysis revealed that branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) accounted for more than 80% of the total composition. The predominant structures identified were the anteiso and iso forms of pentadecanoic acid (C 15:0 ), representing 28.0% and 20.4% of the total, respectively. Hexadecanoic acid (C 16:0 ) was the primary unbranched saturated fatty acid identified, at 12.4%. Additionally, trace amounts of other saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were detected ( Table D ). Antibiotic tests analysis The antibiotic susceptibility profiles for strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ, determined using the disk diffusion method ( Gaur et al., 2023 ) in accordance with EUCAST 2025 guidelines, are summarized in Table E . The strain demonstrated susceptibility to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agents, including amoxicillin, imipenem, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin. However, specific resistance was noted for oxacillin, which may suggest the presence of intrinsic beta-lactamase activity common within the Neobacillus genus. Genomic comparison The genome of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ is 5.83 Mbp long with a G + C content of 42.35% (Fig. 3 ). The genome comprises a total of 5,451 genes, including 136 tRNAs and 44 rRNAs ( Table F ). While 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed a high similarity of 99.4% between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and Neobacillus dielmonensis , a significantly lower similarity of 83.5% was observed for the rpoB gene compared to Neobacillus drentensis , indicating a phylogenetically distant relationship. The general genomic characteristics of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ were compared with the twelve most closely related strains validly published in the NCBI database. Genomic comparisons revealed a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of only 26.2% with its closest relative, N. dielmonensis , which is well below the 70% threshold required for species delimitation (Fig. 3 ). Similarly, the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) value was 83% with N. dielmonensis , falling significantly short of the standard 95–96% reference value for the same species (Fig. 4 ). Furthermore, pairwise genomic comparisons (ANI and dDDH) revealed a 1.4% difference in G + C content between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and N. dielmonensis . This exceeds the maximum 1% variance typically suggested for members of the same species, providing further evidence for the establishment of a new taxon ( Tables F, S2 ). The functional distribution of coding sequences (CDS) into COG categories for these Neobacillus isolates is detailed in Fig. 5 a and Fig. 5 b ( Table S3 ). IMNGS Analysis of the Marseille-QA0830 T IMNGS analysis demonstrated the presence of the isolate across various human metagenomes. Specifically, detection frequencies were 0.054% in human-associated samples (3,222/6,012,454), 0.053% in skin (480/911,950), 0.01% in the oral cavity (48/499,706), 0.11% in the gut (6,991/6,088,359), 0.013% in the nasopharynx (498/3,957,055), 0.14% in milk (592/416,515), and 0.142% in the lungs ( Table S4 ). The presence of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ in these diverse metagenomes suggests a potential, albeit minimal, role in the human microbiome. Furthermore, these data indicate a possible vertical transmission route or dissemination from the oral cavity or the mammary glands to the infant’s digestive tract ( Rodriguez, 2014 ). Discussion The phenotypic, phylogenetic, and taxonomic analyses conducted on strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ allow for its clear differentiation from all other validly published species within the genus Neobacillus . Its discovery in a sample from Senegal is particularly significant, considering the extensive history of Bacillus -related species isolated from this region like Neobacillus dielmonensis ( Lo et al, 2015 ). Notably, the very first novel species isolated via culturomics was a member of the Bacillaceae family ( Oceanobacillus massiliensis ), discovered in the fecal flora of a healthy individual from the Dielmo and N'Diop regions of Senegal ( Roux et al., 2013 ). These findings suggest a notable enrichment of this genus within both the intestinal microbiota or the breast milk of individuals in Senegal. This hypothesis is further supported by recent large-scale studies; for instance, Sun et al. ( 2025 ) reported an enrichment of Bacillus in breast milk samples from several African countries—including Senegal, Kenya, Equatorial Guinea, South Africa, and Tanzania—when compared to cohorts from the Americas and Europe. Similarly, Lackey et al. ( 2019 ) observed a high abundance of the genus Bacillus in breast milk from the Gambia, almost an enclave within Senegal. In contrast, significant differences in microbiota composition were observed between these African cohorts and those from Spain, Finland, and China. This pattern suggests the existence of a distinct bacterial 'fingerprint' or regional specificity characteristic of the Senegalese and broader African microbiota. Such biogeographical variations in microbial diversity warrant further investigation in future large-scale comparative studies to fully understand the environmental and host factors driving these specificities. Conclusion Based on the polyphasic evidence presented, including a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.4% with Neobacillus dielmonensis and a significantly lower rpoB gene similarity of 83.5% with Neobacillus drentensis , strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ is clearly positioned within the genus Neobacillus . Despite the high 16S rRNA similarity, the genomic divergence is definitive: the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 26.2% and the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of 83% with N. dielmonensis are both substantially below the recognized species delimitation thresholds of 70% and 95–96%, respectively. Furthermore, the 1.4% difference in G + C content exceeds the standard 1% intra-species variance, providing additional genomic support for its distinctiveness. When combined with the unique phenotypic and biochemical profiles observed, these phylogenetic and genomic data justify the classification of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ as a representative of a novel species. Consequently, we propose the name Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. (type strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ). Description of Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. Named Neobacillus camarae (ca.ma’rae. N.L. gen. n. camarae, in honor of Professor Makhtar Camara, for his significant contributions to the study of vaginal and respiratory microbiota and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Senegal), cells of the type strain are Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, and non-spore-forming rods, measuring approximately 5.4 µm in length and 2.9 µm in diameter. Flagella are absent. It is a facultative anaerobe, capable of growth on Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood under aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic conditions. Growth occurs between room temperature and 45°C, with an optimal temperature of 37°C after 72 hours of incubation. Colonies are well-isolated, circular, convex, and translucent, characterised by regular margins, a smooth surface, and a mucoid consistency. The strain grows at pH levels ranging from 5.5 to 7.5 but shows no tolerance for NaCl. Using the API 50 CHB system, the strain does not ferment carbohydrates, including D-glucose, D-mannose, D-trehalose, D-xylose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, arbutin, salicin, inulin, starch, or gentiobiose. Tests for arginine dihydrolase, urease, and esculin hydrolysis (β-glucosidase) are negative. However, high enzymatic diversity is observed via API ZYM, with positive results for esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and trypsin. It is catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The cell wall fatty acid composition is dominated by branched-chain structures (> 80%), primarily anteiso-C 15:0 (28.0%) and iso- C 15:0 (20.4%). The major unbranched structure is hexadecanoic acid (C 16:0 , 12.4%). The type strain, Marseille-QA0830ᵀ (= CECT 31295ᵀ), was isolated from the breast milk of a healthy breastfeeding mother in Senegal. The 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers (ongoing). Declarations Acknowledgments: Our study was funded by the Mediterranean Infection Foundation whom we thank. The authors would like to thank Amael Fadlane and Dion Del Rio from Collection des Souches de l’Unité des Richettsies, (CSUR) for their availability in response to numerous requests during the completion of this descriptive work. F unding This work was supported by a grant from the French Government managed by the National Research Agency under the “Investissements d’avenir (Investments for the Future)” programme with the reference ANR-10-IAHU-03 (Méditerranée Infection), by the Contrat Plan Etat-Région and the European funding FEDER IHUPERF. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author Contributions: All authors participated in the design and implementation of the study. M.M. and C. S. have designed the study_S.S. and O.N. have collected samples_A.M. and M.B. carried out the genomic part of this article_S.S. and A.I.A. have performed phenotypic description tests_ S.B. carried out all the microscopic work_S.A. and C.V. coordinated all administrative aspects of obtaining second collection numbers and verifying the etymology of strain names_R. S. carried out the IMNGS analysis of strain_N.O. analysed the fatty acids in the cell walls of strain_M.M. have coordinated the financial acquisition of this study_S.S. and A.M. have realised investigation_M.T.A. monitored the descriptive methodology of new species_M.M. and C.S. have coordinated the research project_C.S. and G.D. participated in the drafting of the protocol and in obtaining ethical approval for this study_C.T. authorised the collection of samples at his health center_M.M., M.T.A., C.S._M.M., M.T.A. have supervised the work_S.S. and A.M. have validated the draft, wrote the original draft ; and viewed the draft_M.M. and S.S. and did the writing, review and editing of the manuscrit. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Data sharing statement All data relating to this study are available from the corresponding author. The strain have been deposited in the microorganism collection of the IHU Méditerranée Infection. (Collection des Souches de l’Unité des Richettsies, CSUR https://csur.eu/) under number QA0830 and in the Spanish type culture collection “Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo” (CECT https://www.uv.es/cect) under the number CECT 31295ᵀ. The genome sequences have been deposited in Genbank under accession number (ongoing). Ethical approval This collection was initiated as part of the study of the microbiota of breast milk in malnutrition following the granting of administrative authorisation from the Ethics and Scientific Committee of the Senegalese Ministry of Health and Social Action (MSAS) under no. 00000233/MSAS/CNERS/SP on 11 September 2022. References Cohn F (1875) Untersuchungen über Bakterien. Cohn F (eds), Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1 (Heft 2), 1872, Max Müller, Breslau, pp 127-224. Berkeley RCW, Logan NA, Shute LA, Capey AG (1984) Identification of Bacillus species. Methods Microbiol 16:291–328 Ensign JC (1963) Ph.D. thesis. 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Schoeni JL, Wong ACL (2005) Food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus and its toxins. Pal J Food Prot, 68 (), p. 636-648, 10.4315/0362-028x-68.3.636 D. Pal, R. Mathan Kumar, N. Kaur, N. Kumar, G. Kaur, N.K. Singh, et al. Bacillus maritimus sp. nov., a new member of the genus Bacillus isolated from marine sediments Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 67 (2017), pp. 60-66, 10.1099/ijsem.0.001569. Saxena AK, Kumar M, Chakdar H, and al (2020) Bacillus species in soil as a natural resource for plant health and nutrition J Appl Microbiol 128:1583-1594. doi: 10.1111/jam.14506 Sasser M (2006) Bacterial Identification by Gas Chromatography Analysis of Fatty Acids Methyl Esther (GC-FAME). MIDI, Technicaml Note #101, 6 p. StudyCorgi (2022) Fatty Acid Analysis by Gas Chromatography. https://studycorgi.com/fatty-acid-analysis-by-gas-chromatography/ Dione N, Sankar SA, Lagier JC, and al. (2016) Genome sequence and description of Anaerosalibacter massiliensis sp. New Microbes and Nex Infections 10:66-76. Andrews S (2010) FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Babraham Bioinformatics. Available online at: http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15):2114-2120. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170. De Coster W, D’Hert S, Schultz DT, and al (2018) NanoPack: visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data. Bioinformatics 34(15):2666-2669. Wick RR, Judd LM, Holt KE (2017) Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput Biol 13(6):e1005595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595 Ndongo S, Beye M, Laba N, and al (2020) Gorillibacterium timonense sp. nov., isolated from an obese patient. Arch Microbiol 202:1223-1229. Seemann T (2014) Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics 30(14):2068-2069. Benson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, et al (2018) GenBank. 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Atlas RM, Snyder JW (2011) Reagents, stains and media: bacteriology∗. Human Clin Microbiol 10:272-303. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 28th edition, Document CLSI M100). Matuschek E, Åhman J, Kahlmeter G, Yagupsky P (2018) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Kingella kingae with broth microdilution and disk diffusion using EUCAST recommended media. Clin Microbiol Infect 24:396-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.019 Mbaye B, Tidjani Alou M, Fadlane A, Fregiere L, Alibar S, Million M, and al (2021) Neobacillus massiliamazoniensis sp. nov., a new bacterial species isolated from a stool sample of an inhabitant of the Amazon region. New Microbes New Infect. May 18:42:100900. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100900. Lo CI, Padhmanabhan R, Mediannikov O, and al (2015) High-quality genome sequencing and description of Bacillus dielmonensis strain FF4 T sp. nov. Stand in Genomic Sci 10:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-015-0019-8 Heyrman J, Vanparys B, Logan NA, Balcaen A, Rodriguez-Diaz M, Felske A, and al (2004) Bacillus novalis sp. nov., Bacillus vireti sp. nov., Bacillus soli sp. nov. Bacillus bataviensis sp. nov. and Bacillus drentensis sp. nov., from the Drentse A grasslands. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54(1):47-57. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02723-0 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1466-5034. Gaur P., Hada V., Rath RS, Mohanty A., Singh P., Rukadikar A., (2023). Interpretation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Breakpoints: Analysis of Agreement. Cureus. 31;15(3), e36977. Rodríguez, J. M. (2014). The origin of human milk bacteria: is there a bacterial entero-mammary pathway during late pregnancy and lactation? Advances in Nutrition, 5(6), 779-784. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007229. Roux V, Million M, Robert C, Magne A, Raoult D. (2013). Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Oceanobacillus massiliensis sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci. 2013 Dec 15;9(2):370-84. doi: 10.4056/sigs.4267953. PMID: 24976893; PMCID: PMC4062624. Sun H, Finlay B, Azad MB, Cuomo CA, Cowen LE, Berdy B, et al. The human milk bacteriome and mycobiome and their inter-kingdom interactions viewed across geography. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2025 Jul 7 [cited 2025 Nov 29];12. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1610346/full Lackey KA, Williams JE, Meehan CL, Zachek JA, Benda ED, Price WJ, Foster JA, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Prentice AM, K DG, Kvist LJ, Otoo GE, García-Carral C, Jiménez E, Ruiz L, Rodríguez JM, Pareja RG, Bode L, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. What's Normal? Microbiomes in Human Milk and Infant Feces Are Related to Each Other but Vary Geographically: The INSPIRE Study. Front Nutr. 2019 Apr 17;6:45. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00045. Erratum in: Front Nutr. 2020 Feb 19;7:12. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00012. PMID: 31058158; PMCID: PMC6479015. Tables Table A: Characteristic observed between ( 1 ) Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. Marseille-QA0830 T and strains of closely related (2) Neobacillus dielmonensis sp. nov. DSM 27844 FF4 T Characteristic (1) (2) Cell shape Rod-shaped Rod-shaped Cell diameter (μm) 3.8-6.7 2.6-5.8 Color Translucent White Oxygen requirement Aerobic Aerobic Gram stain + + Flagelation - + Motility - + Endospore formation - - Growth at/on 25° + - 28° + - 37° + + 45° + + 56° - - pH 5 - - pH 6 + - pH 7 + + pH 8,5 - - NaCl 7,5% - NA NaCl 10% - NA NaCl 15% - NA NaCl 20% - NA Pathogenicity Unknown Unknown Habitat Milk Human skin (+) correspond to positive reaction; (-) correspond to negative reaction; (NA) correspond to data not available; Data taken from description of Neobacillus dielmonensis sp. nov. ( Lo and al., 2015) Table B: Biochemical tests performed observed between ( 1 ) Neobacillus camarae strains Marseille-QA0830 T and strains of closely related ( 2 ) Neobacillus dielmonensis sp. nov. DSM 27844 FF4 T Phenotipic characteristics (API 50 CHB) 1 2 Utilisation of: D-glucose - - D-xylose - - L-arabinose - - D-galactose - - D-mannose - - Arbutin - - Citrate - - Salicin - - D-tréhalose - - Amidon - - Gentiobiose - - Production of: Dihydrolase arginine - - N-acetyl-D-glucosamine - - Urease - - D-fructose - - Maltose - - Orthinine décarboxylase - - Lysine decarboxylase - - Hydrogen Sulfide - - Tryptophan desaminase - - Indole - - D-arabinose - - D-arabitol - - L-arabitol - - Dulcitol - - erythritol - - L-xylose - - L-sorbose - - Xylitol - - 2-keto-D-gluconate - - D-tagatose - - Methyl D-xyloside - - Hydrolyse β-glucosidase (ESC) - + (+) means positive reaction; (-) means negative reaction; NA means data not available Data taken from description of Neobacillus dielmonensis sp. nov. ( Lo and al., 2015 ). Table C: Comparison of enzymatic diversity between strain Neobacillus camarae strains Marseille-QA0830 T ( 1 ) and strains of closely related ( 2 ) Neobacillus dielmonensis DSM 27844 T Enzyme activity using API ZYM (1) (2) Catalase + + Cytochrome oxydase - - Phosphatase alcaline + + Esterase + + Esterase lipase + + Lipase - - Leucine arylamidase + - Valine arylamidase + - Cystine arylamidase - - Trypsine - - α-chymotrypsine - - Phosphatase acid + + Naphtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase + + α-galactosidase - - β-galactosidase + + β-glucuronidase + + α -glucosidase + + β-glucosidase + + N-acétyl- β-glucosaminidase - - α -mannosidase - - α -fucosidase - - + means positive reaction; - means negative reaction; NA means data not available Data taken from description of Neobacillus dielmonensis sp. nov. ( Lo and al., 2015 ). Table D: Analysis of cellular fatty acid components (%) in the (1) Marseille-QA0830 T Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. strain compared to the closest species related ( 2 ) Neobacillus dielmonensis sp. nov. DSM 27844 FF4 T Fatty acid Names Mean relative % ͣ 1 2 C 15:0 anteiso 12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid 28.0 ± 0.2 24.0 ± 0.2 C 15:0 iso 13- methyl-tetradecanoic acid 20.4 ± 2.9 51.2 ± 1.0 C 14:0 iso 12-methyl-tridecanoic acid 18.4 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.1 C 16:0 iso 14-methyl-pentadecanoic acid 14.1 ± 0.9 3.7 ± 0.4 C 16:0 Hexadecanoic acid 12.4 ± 1.8 4.5 ± 0.2 C 5:0 iso 3-methyl-Butanoic acid - 3.0 ± 0.2 C 18:0 Octadecanoic acid 1.7 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.2 C 17:0 anteiso 14-methyl-hexadecanoic acid 1.3 ± 0.1 TR C 18:2n6 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid TR TR C 18:1n12 6-Octadecenoic acid TR 1.3 ± 0.1 C 17:0 iso 15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid TR 2.5 ± 0.1 C 14:0 Tetradecanoic acid TR TR C 17:0 Heptadecanoic acid TR TR C 16:0 anteiso 13-methyl-pentadecanoic acid TR - C 15:0 Pentadecanoic acid TR TR ͣ Mean peak area percentage; TR = trace amounts < 1%; All data taken from cellular fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) analysis of this study. Table E: Antibiotic susceptibility of Neobacillus camarae Marseille-QA0830 T Antibiotics ( µg/mL ) Neobacillus camarae QA0830 T Amikacin (AK) 0.5 Amoxicillin (AC) 0.064 Benzylpenicillin (PG) 0.032 Ceftazidim (TZ) > 256 Ceftriaxon (TX) 0.5 Ciprofloxacin (CI) 0.064 Clindamycin (CM) < 0,002 Daptomycin (DPC) 0.125 Doxycyclin (DC) < 0,004 Gentamycin (GM) < 0,0016 Imipenem (IP) < 0,05 Linezolid (LZ) 0.125 Nitrofurantoin (NI) 0.25 Oxacillin (OX) 0.125 Rifampicin (RI) 0.32 Teicoplanin (TP) 256 Trimethoprimsulmétoxazole (TS) 0.006 Vancomycin (VA) > 256 Table F. Comparative genomic characteristics of twelve representative strains of the genus Neobacillus Strain Contigs Genome size (Mb) GC content (%) CDS rRNA tRNA Total genes Completeness (%) Contamination (%) QA0830_ Neobacillus camarae 13 5,83 42.3 5,451 44 136 5451 98.29 4.88 Neobacillus dielmonensis 94 4,55 40.9 4,301 9 137 4,518 97.05 3.16 Neobacillus drentensis 151 5,15 38.6 5,003 3 29 5,119 98.29 4.01 Neobacillus rhizophilus 15 6,32 40.8 6,006 31 123 6,286 98.84 5.51 Neobacillus muris 90 4,98 41.5 4,778 5 61 4,931 98.38 2.92 Neobacillus bataviensis 197 5,37 39.6 5,211 5 24 5,338 98.02 3.26 Neobacillus endophyticus 3 5,63 38.4 5,503 51 186 5,868 98.29 2.29 Neobacillus ginsengisoli 34 5,41 38.1 5,285 10 119 5,522 98.9 4.15 Neobacillus jeddahensis 149 4,76 39.4 4,584 6 94 4,770 98.84 0.47 Neobacillus mesonae 2 5,80 40.3 5,481 40 105 5,733 98.20 3.55 Neobacilus niacini 2 5,99 38.4 5,691 52 122 5,964 99.39 4.29 Neobacillus novalis 2 5,66 40.0 5,421 37 119 5,671 98.84 2.82 Neobacillus vireti 27 5,30 39.7 5,143 10 90 5,338 98.84 3.35 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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22:08:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8725336/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8725336/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102327546,"identity":"3d076568-2fba-4202-b9f0-3ce0590fbc3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHighlighting the position of the new species Marseille- QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;camarae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. on the phylogenetic tree with the most closely related and validly published type strains. GenBank access numbers for 16S rRNA in brackets.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.1Highlightingthepositionofthenewspecies600dpi.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/28e786f9f96ae08b88a66e10.jpg"},{"id":102397645,"identity":"6c99063d-cae4-49ab-b1c6-e5f45187b9de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-11 10:18:45","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":250200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMorphological structure of the Marseille-QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;camarae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. strain, revealed by the SU5000 scanning electron microscope (Hitachi High-Tech, Japan). Parametric details of the cells are shown in the figures.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.2MorphologicalstructureoftheMarseilleQA0830T600dpi.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/b8abc40d407d92ed81e2a62b.jpg"},{"id":102327548,"identity":"e7a0d17e-ac1c-42c1-b615-cf314d197b34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":236353,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap of digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH, formula d4) among Marseille-QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus niakharense \u003c/em\u003esp. nov., and closely \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e reference species\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.3HeatmapofdigitalDNADNAhybridization600dpi.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/856857a2956504c5dd25af7f.png"},{"id":102327485,"identity":"51b4cf0e-902b-4fc6-a3ce-2ec9e2afbb4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81559,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative heatmap of Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) among \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates and reference species\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.4ComparativeheatmapofAverageNucleotideIdentityANI600dpi.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/ea6841acc7ce83a8e29fb5ba.jpg"},{"id":102327524,"identity":"6e5f580d-cfdb-498b-bf47-5cba6a8bf824","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea: \u003c/strong\u003eFunctional distribution of coding sequences (CDSs) among COG categories in Neobacillus isolates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb:\u003c/strong\u003e Functional distribution of coding sequences (CDSs) among COG categories in \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eN. dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eN. drentensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.5aFunctionaldistributionofcodingsequences600dpi.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/0999e18fc91a1cda538c4677.jpg"},{"id":102399009,"identity":"a1eb3fc6-4776-4337-9d24-38804eda8a6c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-11 10:32:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2645373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/5ad3944d-3be7-4959-9216-92c94dcda443.pdf"},{"id":102327486,"identity":"643d7834-61d2-4c81-a89a-7add50542643","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:01","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TableS1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/ab85770f1f991f79360c5fc2.docx"},{"id":102327487,"identity":"498f4a98-fe83-4c6e-8dce-7187bd4b4975","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:01","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16012,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TableS2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/e3f4124a397c0453f5d337b3.docx"},{"id":102327545,"identity":"864ca30f-3dbe-4891-a4f3-936519777264","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:04","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TableS3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/de7ac45cb90a9cf76aa98bdc.docx"},{"id":102327520,"identity":"2f640365-c32b-45b6-98ad-e7a3f2d9a6df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:42:01","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15105,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TableS4.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8725336/v1/461e8e821efbc28f0ca0ad24.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. a new bacterium isolated from the breast milk of a senegalese mother breast-feeding a healthy child and genomic description of Neobacillus dielmonensis and Neobacillus drentensis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e was recently proposed to resolve the polyphyletic nature of the original \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e genus, which was long considered a phylogenetically incoherent group. Originally established in 1872 by Ferdinand Julius Cohn (\u003cb\u003eCohn, 1972\u003c/b\u003e), \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e had expanded to include nearly 293 species and subspecies by 2020 (\u003cb\u003ePatel et Gupta, 2020\u003c/b\u003e). Members of this group exert a profound impact on human activity, ranging from notorious pathogens such as \u003cem\u003eBacillus anthracis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cb\u003eKoehler, 2009; Bottone, 2010; Schoeni et Wong, 2005\u003c/b\u003e) to beneficial species for agriculture (\u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. velezensis\u003c/em\u003e) (\u003cb\u003eSanchis et Bourguet, 2009\u003c/b\u003e), industrial enzyme production (\u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. clausii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. wakoensis\u003c/em\u003e) (\u003cb\u003eLogan et De Vos P, 2009; Logan, 2012; Pignatelli et Moya, 2009; Harwood, 1992; Stein, 2005; FMF d'Elshaghabee et al., 2017; Nogi et al., 2005; Dunlap, 2019\u003c/b\u003e) and as a natural resource for plant health and nutrition (\u003cb\u003eSaxena et al., 2020\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 1991, Ash et al. revealed substantial phylogenetic heterogeneity within \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e through comparative 16S rRNA analysis, highlighting the need for a major taxonomic revision (\u003cb\u003eAsh et al., 1991\u003c/b\u003e). Subsequently, in 2020, Patel and Gupta identified 36 molecular markers, specifically conserved signature indels (CSIs), which supported the reclassification of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e into six new genera: \u003cem\u003ePeribacillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAlkalihalobacillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCytobacillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMesobacillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMetabacillus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cb\u003eBerkeley et al., 1984; Patel et Gupta, 2020\u003c/b\u003e). As of January 2026, the genus \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e comprises 28 validly published species (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/neobacillus\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/neobacillus\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) LPSN, 2026), represented by the type species \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus niacin\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cb\u003eNagel, 1991\u003c/b\u003e). While members of this genus are typically isolated from soil, water, and human skin, the present report describes an isolate from human breast milk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ (=\u0026thinsp;CSUR QA0830ᵀ = CECT 31295ᵀ) is a Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic, and non-spore-forming bacillus capable of growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions between ambient temperature and 45\u0026deg;C. The genome size is 5.83 Mbp with a G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content of 42.3%. Although 16S rRNA gene analysis showed a high sequence similarity (99.4%) with \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e, digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) revealed a significant genomic divergence of 26.2%\u0026mdash;well below the 70% threshold for species limitation. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003erpoB\u003c/em\u003e gene similarity with \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus drentensis\u003c/em\u003e was only 83.5%, indicating a distant relationship. Collectively, these results confirm that strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ represents a unique and previously undescribed taxon. We therefore propose the description of the type strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ as a new species named \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov.\"\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical Considerations and study design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was initiated in 2022 following administrative authorization from the National Ethics and Scientific Committee of the Senegalese Ministry of Health and Social Action (MSAS; No. 00000233/MSAS/CNERS/SP, issued on September 11, 2022). The project aimed to characterise the breast milk microbiota of Senegalese women across four regions (Dakar, Podor, Matam, and Niakhar) to identify potential probiotic strains. All procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Collection and Logistics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing written informed consent, breast milk samples (10\u0026ndash;15 ml each) were collected from participants who met established inclusion criteria. These mothers were nursing either healthy or malnourished infants and resided in Niakhar, Senegal. Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ was isolated during this process. Initial processing was performed at the Institut de Recherche pour le D\u0026eacute;veloppement (IRD) laboratory in Dakar, where samples were transported at +\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C, aliquoted into cryovials, and stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;80\u0026deg;C. Subsequently, the samples were shipped on dry ice to the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u0026eacute;diterran\u0026eacute;e Infection in Marseille, France, for comprehensive culture-based analysis, genomic sequencing, and biological characterisation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIsolation and identification of the strain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ was first isolated from a breast milk sample of a mother nursing a healthy infant using a culturomic approach. The isolate was recovered following a 15-day enrichment period in BSM Broth (Millipore Sigma, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) within a blood culture flask under aerobic conditions. Subsequently, the enrichment was subcultured onto Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResulting colonies (5 to 8 per plate) were streaked onto fresh blood agar plates and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours to ensure purity. Multiple identification attempts were performed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with a Biotyper\u0026reg; Sirius system (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Spectra were acquired and analysed using the MBT Compass software. These spectra were compared against the BDAL 9607 MSPs (version 12) database, which contains 12,780 species and is continuously optimized with the MEPHI repository (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www/mediterranee-infection/com/acces-ressources/base-de-donnees/urm-data-base/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www/mediterranee-infection/com/acces-ressources/base-de-donnees/urm-data-base/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), containing 12,780 species, constantly optimised with the MEPHI repository.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhenotypic and biochemical characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenotypic characterization of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ, including Gram staining, spore-forming ability, and catalase and oxidase activities, was conducted following standard microbiological procedures (Atlas and Snyder, 2011). To determine optimal growth conditions, the strain was inoculated onto Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood (bioM\u0026eacute;rieux, Craponne, France) and incubated for 72 hours across a temperature range of 20\u0026deg;C to 56\u0026deg;C (20, 28, 37, 45, and 56\u0026deg;C). Growth was further assessed under various atmospheric conditions: aerobic, anaerobic (using GasPak EZ gas generators; Becton Dickinson, New Jersey, USA), and microaerophilic. Optimal pH for growth and NaCl tolerance (at concentrations of 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were evaluated using specific media with pH values ranging from 5.0 to 8.5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Various enzymatic activities and metabolic pathways were determined using API ZYM, API 50CH, and API 20NE strips according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions (bioM\u0026eacute;rieux, Marcy-l'\u0026Eacute;toile, France). These standardized phenotypic and biochemical assays were supplemented with modern descriptive procedures to ensure a comprehensive characterization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the disk diffusion method in accordance with EUCAST 2025 guidelines (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.eucast.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.eucast.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The following antibiotics were tested: amoxicillin, amikacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, daptomycin, doxycycline, gentamicin, imipenem, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, oxacillin, rifampicin, teicoplanin, tobramycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were subsequently determined following established recommendations (\u003cb\u003eMatuschek et al., 2018; CLSI, 2018\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFatty acid analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCellular fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Samples were prepared using approximately 50 mg of bacterial biomass per tube, harvested from multiple culture plates. FAMEs were prepared according to the protocol described by Sasser (2006), and GC-MS analyses were conducted following previously established methods (\u003cb\u003eDione, 2016\u003c/b\u003e). Briefly, fatty acid methyl esters were separated using an Elite 5-MS column and monitored by mass spectrometry (Clarus 500 \u0026ndash; SQ 8 S, PerkinElmer, Courtaboeuf, France). The spectral database search was performed using MS Search 2.0, utilizing the NIST standard reference 1A (Gaithersburg, USA) and the FAME mass spectral reference library (Wiley, Chichester, UK) (\u003cb\u003eStudyCorgi, 2022\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMorphological characterisation by scanning electron microscopy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphological characteristics of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a SU5000 instrument (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Fresh colonies were initially fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, USA) prepared in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Following fixation, cell suspensions were deposited onto glass slides via cytocentrifugation at 800 rpm for 7 minutes using a Cytospin 4 centrifuge (Thermo Electron Corporation - Shandon, UK).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo enhance cellular contrast and optimize image resolution, the samples were stained with 10% phosphotungstic acid (PTA), pH 7.4 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 minutes. Subsequently, the specimens were sputter-coated with platinum-palladium using an MC1000 ion sputter coater (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). SEM micrographs were acquired at magnifications ranging from 1,000\u0026times; to 20,000\u0026times;. Detailed acquisition parameters, including instrument model, acceleration voltage, magnification, working distance, and detection mode, are provided for each individual micrograph.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhylogenetic analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGenome extraction, sequencing and assembly\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo extract genomic DNA (gDNA), the strain was first suspended in 160 \u0026micro;L of G2 buffer (EZ1 DNA Tissue Kit, Qiagen) and subjected to mechanical lysis with glass beads (G4649-500g, Sigma) using a FastPrep-24\u0026trade; 5G homogenizer (MP Biomedicals) at a speed of 6.5 m/s for 90 seconds. This step was followed by a 30-minute incubation after the addition of 40 \u0026micro;L of lysozyme (Sigma). DNA was then extracted into a 50 \u0026micro;L eluate using the EZ1 DNA Tissue Kit (Qiagen) on the EZ1 Advanced XL automated workstation. gDNA was quantified using the Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequencing was performed using MiSeq technology (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) with a paired-end strategy. Libraries were prepared using the Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Illumina). Briefly, gDNA was fragmented and tagged with adapters ('tagnanted') before being amplified by limited-cycle PCR (12 cycles) to incorporate dual-index barcodes. The libraries were purified using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA) and normalized according to the Nextera XT protocol. Sequencing was conducted on a MiSeq instrument using the MiSeq Reagent Kit v2 (500 cycles), performing 2x250 bp paired-end reads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo improve assembly quality, long-read sequencing was performed using GridION technology (Oxford Nanopore Technologies [ONT], UK). According to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions (NBE_9065_v109_revAP_14Aug2019), Nanopore libraries were prepared from 1,000 ng of gDNA using the Native Barcoding Kit (EXP-NBD104/114) and the Ligation Sequencing Kit (SQK-LSK109). DNA repair and end-prep were performed using the NEBNext Ultra II End Repair/dA-Tailing Module and the NEBNext FFPE DNA Repair Mix (New England Biolabs [NEB]). Following purification and barcode ligation with the Blunt/TA Ligase Master Mix (NEB), adapters were ligated using the NEBNext Quick Ligation Module (NEB). After final purification, 12 \u0026micro;L of the library (maximum 430 ng) was loaded onto an R9.4.1 flow cell and sequenced on the GridION platform.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGenomic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of the raw sequencing data generated by the MiSeq platform was assessed using FastQC v0.11.9 (\u003cb\u003eAndrews, 2010\u003c/b\u003e). To improve overall read quality, low-quality bases were removed using Trimmomatic v0.39 (\u003cb\u003eBolger et al., 2014\u003c/b\u003e). For Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) data, NanoPlot was utilized to monitor read quality and length distribution, while Filtlong (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://github.com/rrwick/Filtlong\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://github.com/rrwick/Filtlong\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) facilitated the selection of high-quality ONT reads based on length and quality scores. Hybrid assembly of the filtered reads was performed using Unicycler v0.4.8 (\u003cb\u003eWick et al., 2017\u003c/b\u003e). Contig sequences shorter than 800 bp were removed to eliminate potential contaminants (\u003cb\u003eNdongo et al., 2020\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenome annotation was conducted using Prokka v1.13 (\u003cb\u003eSeemann, 2014\u003c/b\u003e). To assign putative functions, predicted bacterial protein sequences were compared against the GenBank (\u003cb\u003eBenson et al., 2018\u003c/b\u003e) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) (\u003cb\u003eGalperin et al., 2015\u003c/b\u003e) databases using BLASTP (\u003cb\u003eAltschul et al., 1990\u003c/b\u003e). Signal peptides were predicted using SignalP (\u003cb\u003eTeufel et al., 2022\u003c/b\u003e), and transmembrane helices were detected with TMHMM (\u003cb\u003eKrogh et al., 2001\u003c/b\u003e). Antibiotic resistance genes were screened using Abricate (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://github.com/tseemann/abricate\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://github.com/tseemann/abricate\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and CRISPR-Cas systems were identified via CRISPRCasFinder (\u003cb\u003eCouvin et al., 2018\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor species limitation, digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were calculated using the Type (Strain) Genome Server (TYGS) online tool (\u003cb\u003eMeier-Kolthoff et al., 2019\u003c/b\u003e), applying the standard 70% similarity threshold (\u003cb\u003eStackebrandt et al., 2002; Wayne et al., 1987\u003c/b\u003e). Furthermore, Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) between genomes was estimated using Pyani (\u003cb\u003ePritchard et al., 2016\u003c/b\u003e). Finally, the genome was visualized using CGView (\u003cb\u003eGrant et al., 2011\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrain analysis by integrated microbial NGS platform (IMNGS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the prevalence and abundance of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ across diverse human and animal metagenomes, its 16S rRNA gene sequence was submitted to the Integrated Microbial Next-Generation Sequencing (IMNGS) platform (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.imngs.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.imngs.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; last accessed in December 2025). The screening parameters were set at a 99% similarity threshold for the 16S rRNA gene sequence, with a minimum requirement of 100 base pairs for the metagenomic sequences. Metagenomes in which the sequence was detected at least once were selected, and the relative frequency across human metagenomes was subsequently calculated (\u003cb\u003eLagkouvardos et al., 2016\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrain identification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing multiple unsuccessful identification attempts using MALDI-TOF MS, which yielded scores consistently below 1.39, whole-genome sequencing of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ was performed. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence was extracted and analyzed to determine the taxonomic status of the isolate. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence against the GenBank database using BlastN revealed 99.43% similarity to \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e (NR_178429.1; \u003cb\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e, S2\u003c/b\u003e, and \u003cb\u003eTable \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite this high degree of 16S rRNA similarity, a significant genomic divergence was identified through digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH); the similarity between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and \u003cem\u003eN. dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e was only 26.2%, a value substantially below the 70% threshold required for species circumscription (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, \u003cem\u003erpoB\u003c/em\u003e gene sequence analysis showed only 83% similarity with \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus drentensis\u003c/em\u003e, confirming a phylogenetically distant relationship. These integrated genomic findings demonstrate that strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ represents a distinct and novel species within the genus \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth conditions and phenotypic and biochemical characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacroscopic observation during microbial diagnosis revealed well-isolated, circular, convex, and translucent colonies with regular margins, a smooth surface, and a mucoid consistency. Microscopic examination after Gram staining showed that strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ consists of Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped cells with average dimensions of 5.4 \u0026micro;m in length and 2.9 \u0026micro;m in diameter (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cb\u003eTable A\u003c/b\u003e). The strain is a facultative anaerobe, capable of growth under aerobic, microaerophilic (at 28\u0026deg;C and 37\u0026deg;C), and anaerobic conditions, with optimal growth observed at 37\u0026deg;C under aerobic conditions on Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood (COS; bioM\u0026eacute;rieux, Marcy-l'\u0026Eacute;toile, France). Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ grew in media with a pH range of 5.0 to 7.5; however, no growth was observed in saline culture media. The isolate tested positive for catalase and negative for oxidase (\u003cb\u003eTable B\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical characterization using API 50 CHB strips revealed that strain QA0830ᵀ was unable to metabolize carbohydrates such as D-glucose, D-galactose, D-trehalose, gentiobiose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-mannose, arbutin, inulin, starch, and salicin. Furthermore, tests for arginine dihydrolase, urease, and esculin hydrolysis (β-glucosidase) were negative (\u003cb\u003eTable B\u003c/b\u003e). This restricted metabolic profile reflects the low enzymatic activity characteristic of this genus, as previously documented in the literature (\u003cb\u003eLo et al., 2015; Mbaye et al., 2021\u003c/b\u003e). Regarding the API ZYM strips, positive enzymatic reactions were observed for alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase (\u003cb\u003eTable C\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFatty acids analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cellular fatty acid composition analysis revealed that branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) accounted for more than 80% of the total composition. The predominant structures identified were the anteiso and iso forms of pentadecanoic acid (C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e), representing 28.0% and 20.4% of the total, respectively. Hexadecanoic acid (C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e) was the primary unbranched saturated fatty acid identified, at 12.4%. Additionally, trace amounts of other saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were detected (\u003cb\u003eTable D\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntibiotic tests analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibiotic susceptibility profiles for strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ, determined using the disk diffusion method (\u003cb\u003eGaur et al., 2023\u003c/b\u003e) in accordance with EUCAST 2025 guidelines, are summarized in \u003cb\u003eTable E\u003c/b\u003e. The strain demonstrated susceptibility to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agents, including amoxicillin, imipenem, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin. However, specific resistance was noted for oxacillin, which may suggest the presence of intrinsic beta-lactamase activity common within the \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e genus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGenomic comparison\u003c/b\u003e The genome of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ is 5.83 Mbp long with a G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content of 42.35% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The genome comprises a total of 5,451 genes, including 136 tRNAs and 44 rRNAs (\u003cb\u003eTable F\u003c/b\u003e). While 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed a high similarity of 99.4% between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e, a significantly lower similarity of 83.5% was observed for the \u003cem\u003erpoB\u003c/em\u003e gene compared to \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus drentensis\u003c/em\u003e, indicating a phylogenetically distant relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general genomic characteristics of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ were compared with the twelve most closely related strains validly published in the NCBI database. Genomic comparisons revealed a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of only 26.2% with its closest relative, \u003cem\u003eN. dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e, which is well below the 70% threshold required for species delimitation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) value was 83% with \u003cem\u003eN. dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e, falling significantly short of the standard 95\u0026ndash;96% reference value for the same species (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, pairwise genomic comparisons (ANI and dDDH) revealed a 1.4% difference in G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and \u003cem\u003eN. dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e. This exceeds the maximum 1% variance typically suggested for members of the same species, providing further evidence for the establishment of a new taxon (\u003cb\u003eTables F, S2\u003c/b\u003e). The functional distribution of coding sequences (CDS) into COG categories for these \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e isolates is detailed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea \u003cb\u003eand\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb (\u003cb\u003eTable S3\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIMNGS Analysis of the Marseille-QA0830\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMNGS analysis demonstrated the presence of the isolate across various human metagenomes. Specifically, detection frequencies were 0.054% in human-associated samples (3,222/6,012,454), 0.053% in skin (480/911,950), 0.01% in the oral cavity (48/499,706), 0.11% in the gut (6,991/6,088,359), 0.013% in the nasopharynx (498/3,957,055), 0.14% in milk (592/416,515), and 0.142% in the lungs (\u003cb\u003eTable S4\u003c/b\u003e). The presence of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ in these diverse metagenomes suggests a potential, albeit minimal, role in the human microbiome. Furthermore, these data indicate a possible vertical transmission route or dissemination from the oral cavity or the mammary glands to the infant\u0026rsquo;s digestive tract (\u003cb\u003eRodriguez, 2014\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe phenotypic, phylogenetic, and taxonomic analyses conducted on strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ allow for its clear differentiation from all other validly published species within the genus \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e. Its discovery in a sample from Senegal is particularly significant, considering the extensive history of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e-related species isolated from this region like \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cb\u003eLo et al, 2015\u003c/b\u003e). Notably, the very first novel species isolated via culturomics was a member of the Bacillaceae family (\u003cem\u003eOceanobacillus massiliensis\u003c/em\u003e), discovered in the fecal flora of a healthy individual from the Dielmo and N'Diop regions of Senegal (\u003cb\u003eRoux et al., 2013\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest a notable enrichment of this genus within both the intestinal microbiota or the breast milk of individuals in Senegal. This hypothesis is further supported by recent large-scale studies; for instance, Sun et al. (\u003cb\u003e2025\u003c/b\u003e) reported an enrichment of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e in breast milk samples from several African countries\u0026mdash;including Senegal, Kenya, Equatorial Guinea, South Africa, and Tanzania\u0026mdash;when compared to cohorts from the Americas and Europe. Similarly, Lackey et al. (\u003cb\u003e2019\u003c/b\u003e) observed a high abundance of the genus \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e in breast milk from the Gambia, almost an enclave within Senegal. In contrast, significant differences in microbiota composition were observed between these African cohorts and those from Spain, Finland, and China. This pattern suggests the existence of a distinct bacterial 'fingerprint' or regional specificity characteristic of the Senegalese and broader African microbiota. Such biogeographical variations in microbial diversity warrant further investigation in future large-scale comparative studies to fully understand the environmental and host factors driving these specificities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the polyphasic evidence presented, including a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.4% with \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e and a significantly lower \u003cem\u003erpoB\u003c/em\u003e gene similarity of 83.5% with \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus drentensis\u003c/em\u003e, strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ is clearly positioned within the genus \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e. Despite the high 16S rRNA similarity, the genomic divergence is definitive: the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 26.2% and the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of 83% with \u003cem\u003eN. dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e are both substantially below the recognized species delimitation thresholds of 70% and 95\u0026ndash;96%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the 1.4% difference in G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content exceeds the standard 1% intra-species variance, providing additional genomic support for its distinctiveness. When combined with the unique phenotypic and biochemical profiles observed, these phylogenetic and genomic data justify the classification of strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ as a representative of a novel species. Consequently, we propose the name \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (type strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDescription of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp. nov.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNamed \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u003c/em\u003e (ca.ma\u0026rsquo;rae. N.L. gen. n. camarae, in honor of Professor Makhtar Camara, for his significant contributions to the study of vaginal and respiratory microbiota and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Senegal), cells of the type strain are Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, and non-spore-forming rods, measuring approximately 5.4 \u0026micro;m in length and 2.9 \u0026micro;m in diameter. Flagella are absent. It is a facultative anaerobe, capable of growth on Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood under aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic conditions. Growth occurs between room temperature and 45\u0026deg;C, with an optimal temperature of 37\u0026deg;C after 72 hours of incubation. Colonies are well-isolated, circular, convex, and translucent, characterised by regular margins, a smooth surface, and a mucoid consistency. The strain grows at pH levels ranging from 5.5 to 7.5 but shows no tolerance for NaCl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the API 50 CHB system, the strain does not ferment carbohydrates, including D-glucose, D-mannose, D-trehalose, D-xylose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, arbutin, salicin, inulin, starch, or gentiobiose. Tests for arginine dihydrolase, urease, and esculin hydrolysis (β-glucosidase) are negative. However, high enzymatic diversity is observed via API ZYM, with positive results for esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and trypsin. It is catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The cell wall fatty acid composition is dominated by branched-chain structures (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;80%), primarily anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e (28.0%) and iso- C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e (20.4%). The major unbranched structure is hexadecanoic acid (C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e, 12.4%). The type strain, Marseille-QA0830ᵀ (=\u0026thinsp;CECT 31295ᵀ), was isolated from the breast milk of a healthy breastfeeding mother in Senegal. The 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers (ongoing).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study was funded by the Mediterranean Infection Foundation whom we thank.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank Amael Fadlane and Dion Del Rio from Collection des Souches de l\u0026rsquo;Unit\u0026eacute; des Richettsies, (CSUR) for their availability in response to numerous requests during the completion of this descriptive work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by a grant from the French Government managed by the National Research Agency under the \u0026ldquo;Investissements d\u0026rsquo;avenir (Investments for the Future)\u0026rdquo; programme with the reference ANR-10-IAHU-03 (M\u0026eacute;diterran\u0026eacute;e Infection), by the Contrat Plan Etat-R\u0026eacute;gion and the European funding FEDER IHUPERF.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors participated in the design and implementation of the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;M.M. and C. S. have designed the study_S.S. and O.N. have collected samples_A.M. and M.B. carried out the genomic part of this article_S.S. and A.I.A. have performed phenotypic description tests_ S.B. carried out all the microscopic work_S.A. and C.V. coordinated all administrative aspects of obtaining second collection numbers and verifying the etymology of strain names_R. S. carried out the IMNGS analysis of strain_N.O. analysed the fatty acids in the cell walls of strain_M.M. have coordinated the financial \u0026nbsp; acquisition of \u0026nbsp;this study_S.S. and A.M. \u0026nbsp;have realised investigation_M.T.A. monitored the descriptive methodology of new species_M.M. and C.S. have coordinated the research project_C.S. and G.D. participated in the drafting of the protocol and in obtaining ethical approval for this study_C.T. authorised the collection of samples at his health center_M.M., M.T.A., C.S._M.M., M.T.A. have supervised the work_S.S. and A.M. have validated the draft, wrote the original draft ; and viewed the draft_M.M. and S.S. and \u0026nbsp;did the writing, review and editing of the manuscrit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData sharing statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data relating to this study are available from the corresponding author.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe strain have been deposited in the microorganism collection of the IHU M\u0026eacute;diterran\u0026eacute;e Infection. (Collection des Souches de l\u0026rsquo;Unit\u0026eacute; des Richettsies, CSUR https://csur.eu/) under number QA0830 and in the Spanish type culture collection \u0026ldquo;Colecci\u0026oacute;n Espa\u0026ntilde;ola de Cultivos Tipo\u0026rdquo; (CECT https://www.uv.es/cect) under the number CECT 31295ᵀ. The genome sequences have been deposited in Genbank under accession number (ongoing).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis collection was initiated as part of the study of the microbiota of breast milk in malnutrition following the granting of administrative authorisation from the Ethics and Scientific Committee of the Senegalese Ministry of Health and Social Action (MSAS) under no. 00000233/MSAS/CNERS/SP on 11 September 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eCohn F (1875) Untersuchungen \u0026uuml;ber Bakterien. 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New Microbes and Nex Infections 10:66-76.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAndrews S (2010) FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Babraham Bioinformatics. Available online at: http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15):2114-2120. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDe Coster W, D\u0026rsquo;Hert S, Schultz DT, and al (2018) NanoPack: visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data. Bioinformatics 34(15):2666-2669.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWick RR, Judd LM, Holt KE (2017) Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput Biol 13(6):e1005595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNdongo S, Beye M, Laba N, and al (2020) \u003cem\u003eGorillibacterium timonense\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov., isolated from an obese patient. Arch Microbiol 202:1223-1229.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeemann T (2014) Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics 30(14):2068-2069.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, et al (2018) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research 46(D1):D41-D47.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGalperin MY, Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Koonin EV (2015) Expanded microbial genome coverage and improved protein family annotation in the COG database. Nucleic Acids Research 43(Database issue):D261-D269.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAltschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, and al (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. 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Human Clin Microbiol 10:272-303. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch17.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 28th edition, Document CLSI M100).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMatuschek E, \u0026Aring;hman J, Kahlmeter G, Yagupsky P (2018) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Kingella kingae with broth microdilution and disk diffusion using EUCAST recommended media. Clin Microbiol Infect 24:396-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMbaye B, Tidjani Alou M, Fadlane A, Fregiere L, Alibar S, Million M, and al (2021) \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus massiliamazoniensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov., a new bacterial species isolated from a stool sample of an inhabitant of the Amazon region. New Microbes New Infect. May 18:42:100900. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100900.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLo CI, Padhmanabhan R, Mediannikov O, and al (2015) High-quality genome sequencing and description of \u003cem\u003eBacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e strain FF4 T sp. nov. Stand in Genomic Sci 10:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-015-0019-8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeyrman J, Vanparys B, Logan NA, Balcaen A, Rodriguez-Diaz M, Felske A, and al (2004) \u003cem\u003eBacillus novalis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov., \u003cem\u003eBacillus vireti\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov., \u003cem\u003eBacillus soli\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. \u003cem\u003eBacillus bataviensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. and \u003cem\u003eBacillus drentensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov., from the Drentse A grasslands. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54(1):47-57. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02723-0 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1466-5034.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGaur P., Hada V., Rath RS, Mohanty A., Singh P., Rukadikar A., (2023). Interpretation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Breakpoints: Analysis of Agreement. Cureus. 31;15(3), e36977. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez, J. M. (2014). The origin of human milk bacteria: is there a bacterial entero-mammary pathway during late pregnancy and lactation? Advances in Nutrition, 5(6), 779-784. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007229.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoux V, Million M, Robert C, Magne A, Raoult D. (2013). Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of \u003cem\u003eOceanobacillus massiliensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci. 2013 Dec 15;9(2):370-84. doi: 10.4056/sigs.4267953. PMID: 24976893; PMCID: PMC4062624.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSun H, Finlay B, Azad MB, Cuomo CA, Cowen LE, Berdy B, et al. The human milk bacteriome and mycobiome and their inter-kingdom interactions viewed across geography. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2025 Jul 7 [cited 2025 Nov 29];12. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1610346/full\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLackey KA, Williams JE, Meehan CL, Zachek JA, Benda ED, Price WJ, Foster JA, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Prentice AM, K DG, Kvist LJ, Otoo GE, Garc\u0026iacute;a-Carral C, Jim\u0026eacute;nez E, Ruiz L, Rodr\u0026iacute;guez JM, Pareja RG, Bode L, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. What\u0026apos;s Normal? Microbiomes in Human Milk and Infant Feces Are Related to Each Other but Vary Geographically: The INSPIRE Study. Front Nutr. 2019 Apr 17;6:45. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00045. Erratum in: Front Nutr. 2020 Feb 19;7:12. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00012. PMID: 31058158; PMCID: PMC6479015.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable A:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCharacteristic observed between (\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e) \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;camarae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. Marseille-QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and strains of closely related\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. DSM 27844 FF4\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"96%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCell shape\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRod-shaped\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRod-shaped\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCell diameter (\u0026mu;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6-5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTranslucent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxygen requirement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGram stain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlagelation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndospore formation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth at/on\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 8,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl 7,5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl 10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl 15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaCl 20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathogenicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHabitat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuman skin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(+) correspond to positive reaction; (-) correspond to negative reaction; (NA) correspond to data not available; Data taken from description of \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (\u003cstrong\u003eLo and al., 2015)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable B:\u003c/strong\u003e Biochemical tests performed observed between (\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Neobacillus camarae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003estrains Marseille-QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and strains of closely related (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. DSM 27844 FF4\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;T\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"98%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenotipic characteristics (API 50 CHB)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUtilisation of:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-glucose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-xylose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-arabinose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-galactose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-mannose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArbutin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-tr\u0026eacute;halose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmidon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentiobiose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduction of:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDihydrolase arginine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN-acetyl-D-glucosamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-fructose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaltose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrthinine d\u0026eacute;carboxylase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLysine decarboxylase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydrogen Sulfide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTryptophan desaminase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-arabinose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-arabitol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-arabitol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDulcitol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eerythritol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-xylose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-sorbose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXylitol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-keto-D-gluconate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-tagatose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethyl D-xyloside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydrolyse \u0026beta;-glucosidase (ESC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(+) means positive reaction; (-) means negative reaction; NA means data not available\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData taken from description of \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (\u003cstrong\u003eLo and al., 2015\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable C:\u003c/strong\u003e Comparison of enzymatic diversity between strain\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003estrains Marseille-QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e) and strains of closely related (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e DSM 27844\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnzyme activity using API ZYM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatalase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCytochrome oxydase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphatase alcaline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEsterase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEsterase lipase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLipase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeucine arylamidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValine arylamidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCystine arylamidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrypsine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha;-chymotrypsine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphatase acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaphtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha;-galactosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;-galactosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;-glucuronidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha; -glucosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;-glucosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN-ac\u0026eacute;tyl- \u0026beta;-glucosaminidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha; -mannosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha; -fucosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e+ means positive reaction; - means negative reaction; NA means data not available\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData taken from description of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Neobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (\u003cstrong\u003eLo and al., 2015\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable D:\u003c/strong\u003e Analysis of cellular fatty acid components (%) in the \u003cstrong\u003e(1)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMarseille-QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;camarae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. strain compared to the closest species related (\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e) \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. DSM 27844 FF4\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;T\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"101%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFatty acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNames\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean relative % ͣ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15:0 anteiso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0 \u0026plusmn; 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15:0 iso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13- methyl-tetradecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2 \u0026plusmn; 1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14:0 iso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12-methyl-tridecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 \u0026plusmn; 0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16:0 iso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14-methyl-pentadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7 \u0026plusmn; 0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 \u0026plusmn; 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e5:0 iso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-methyl-Butanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 \u0026plusmn; 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 \u0026plusmn; 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17:0 anteiso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14-methyl-hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18:2n6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18:1n12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 \u0026plusmn; 0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17:0 iso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 \u0026plusmn; 0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetradecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeptadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16:0 anteiso\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13-methyl-pentadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.9911%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40.8773%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePentadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24.8578%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.9098%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eͣ Mean peak area percentage; TR = trace amounts \u0026lt; 1%; All data taken from cellular fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) analysis of this study.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable E:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAntibiotic susceptibility of \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;camarae\u003c/em\u003e Marseille-QA0830\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotics (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;camarae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQA0830\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin (AK)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin (AC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenzylpenicillin (PG)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftazidim (TZ)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftriaxon (TX)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin (CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClindamycin (CM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaptomycin (DPC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoxycyclin (DC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0,004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamycin (GM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0,0016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImipenem (IP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0,05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinezolid (LZ)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrofurantoin (NI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxacillin (OX)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRifampicin (RI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeicoplanin (TP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0,001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobramycin (TM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprimsulm\u0026eacute;toxazole (TS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVancomycin (VA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable F. Comparative genomic characteristics of twelve representative strains of the genus \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"691\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContigs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenome size (Mb)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGC content (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erRNA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etRNA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal genes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompleteness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContamination (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQA0830_\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus drentensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003erhizophilus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus muris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus bataviensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus endophyticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eginsengisoli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus jeddahensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,584\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus mesonae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacilus niacini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus novalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeobacillus vireti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"antonie-van-leeuwenhoek","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"anto","sideBox":"Learn more about [Antonie van Leeuwenhoek](https://www.springer.com/journal/10482)","snPcode":"10482","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10482/3","title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"breast milk, Neobacillus camarae sp. nov., new species, Senegal, Severe acute malnutrition, taxonogenomics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8725336/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8725336/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs part of a comprehensive study investigating the breast milk microbiota of healthy and malnourished children through a culturomic approach, a novel bacterial strain belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e was isolated, identified, and characterized using a taxonogenomic strategy. This isolate, designated as strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ, was recovered from the breast milk of a mother nursing a healthy infant. Strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ (=\u0026thinsp;CSUR QA0830ᵀ = CECT 31295ᵀ) is a Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic, and non-spore-forming bacillus capable of growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, at temperatures ranging from ambient to 45\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith a genome size of 5.83 Mbp, strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ exhibits a G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content of 42.3%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed a high sequence similarity (99.4%) between strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ and \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e. However, significant genomic divergence was observed through digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), which showed only 26.2% similarity\u0026mdash;well below the 70% threshold for species delimitation. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003erpoB\u003c/em\u003e gene analysis indicated a distant relationship with \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus drentensis\u003c/em\u003e (83.5% similarity).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollectively, these genomic data demonstrate that although strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ is phylogenetically closely related to \u003cem\u003eN. dielmonensis\u003c/em\u003e based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, it remains distinct at the whole-genome and \u003cem\u003erpoB\u003c/em\u003e levels from previously described species within the \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus\u003c/em\u003e nomenclature. These findings confirm that this isolate represents a unique and previously undescribed taxon. Consequently, we propose the description of the type strain Marseille-QA0830ᵀ as a new species named \u003cem\u003eNeobacillus camarae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Neobacillus camarae sp. nov. a new bacterium isolated from the breast milk of a senegalese mother breast-feeding a healthy child and genomic description of Neobacillus dielmonensis and Neobacillus drentensis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-10 14:41:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8725336/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-01T07:49:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-26T04:35:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-25T14:22:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"10856942112744776562596569503158519216","date":"2026-03-09T23:52:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"275002360335386516298660967264947198490","date":"2026-03-09T15:46:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-17T13:02:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-14T18:59:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"136847173407608192050801710309106944408","date":"2026-02-06T00:51:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"109145585274518652542781397973668945988","date":"2026-02-05T16:58:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T16:42:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-04T02:50:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-31T02:39:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","date":"2026-01-28T21:53:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"antonie-van-leeuwenhoek","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"anto","sideBox":"Learn more about [Antonie van Leeuwenhoek](https://www.springer.com/journal/10482)","snPcode":"10482","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10482/3","title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3bfa416a-780e-4303-b08a-6292728c8e65","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T03:41:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-10 14:41:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8725336","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8725336","identity":"rs-8725336","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}