Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymeric Films Produced from Fruit and Vegetable Waste

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These efforts aim to achieve biopolymeric films from fruits and vegetables waste with soluble and biodegradable new films. In the current study, biopolymeric films were prepared by the starch extracted from banana peel and potato peel and the mechanical and physical properties of the prepared samples were studied. The mechanical property showed that tensile strength decreased by increasing the banana peel starch content whereas the percentage elongation at break was increased. The swelling studies revealed that the weight of the films increased when the film was soaked in distilled water. Biodegradation studies showed biopolymeric films with potato peel composition of was 60% (P60) and 100% (P100) were completely degraded in 16 days. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated an increase in the degradation rate compared to the biofilms prepared using neat banana and potato peel starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images suggesting two-phase morphology which shows incompatibility of the blends prepared by potato and banana starch. The pure potato peel-based starch film showed good results compared to other compositions as well as neat banana peel starch based films. Based on the results obtained for 100% potato peel shows higher values compare to other compositions. The results suggested that the prepared biopolymeric films could be mainly used in wrapping applications and food packaging where load bearing properties is of least importance. Bioplastic Biodegradability Solubility Swelling Water absorption Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction Plastics are polymers with higher molecular weight that contain carbon along with other elements. Polymers consist of monomer chains that could be shaped and solidified [ 1 ]. It can majorly found in packaging, cutlery, carry bags, electrical lines, switches, and fire-resistant fabrics etc. [ 2 ]. Among many distinct kinds of polymers, plastics are comparatively light and robust which could be moulded, extruded, cast and blown into different shapes, foams, films, textile fibres, coatings, sealants, glues etc. Most of the plastics which are available are non-biodegradable and might take a quite long duration time to degrade/decompose once they have been dumped in the ground. Nowadays, the plastic garbage which is acquiring the large amount of landfill space is leading a big concern [ 3 ]. Therefore, alternative plastics which can make up of environmental/eco-friendly materials would be preferrable. Plastic is very beneficial because of its low cost of manufacture and widespread availability but it has a number of flaws and its detrimental effects are a major source of concern [ 4 ]. In packaging, plastic is commonly utilised. The hazardous gases and residues produced during the production and recycling of plastics is polluting the environment. Biobased plastics have key advantages over traditional plastics and these conserve fossil sources by using biomass and having unique potential of being carbon neutral [ 5 ]. Furthermore, biodegradability will be an additional feature of bio-plastics and gives recovery option for the products life cycle [ 6 ]. Most of the researches are becoming conscious of the negative environmental effects of petrochemical-derived plastic materials. Many studies have been undertaken to develop eco-friendly alternatives to plastics in order to manage plastic waste on earth [ 7 ]. Bioplastics are an environmentally friendly alternative that disintegrate quickly in the environment due to the enzymatic activity of microorganisms. One of the most important origins in the formation of bioplastic is starch [ 8 ]. Using starch as a biopolymer many investigations have been carried out. The biopolymeric films made from fruit and vegetable waste have the potential to be utilised as food packaging since they can improve food quality while also protecting the environment. The most common biopolymer is starch. It is 100% biodegradable, low-cost, renewable and chemically modifiable. Amylose content in starch is significant for bioplastics production since it is responsible for gelatinization and retrogradation, both of which are necessary during film development [ 9 ]. Vinegar is a water-based solution of acetic acid and trace chemicals, which may include flavourings. By adding small amount of vinegar, it makes the plastic less brittle by breaking up some of the polymer chains. Glycerine has been employed as a plasticizer in the production of starch-based films [ 10 ]. As first, water is used as solvent to dissolve the starch. Next, it aids in the disruption of starch molecules following heating. The goal is to investigate the preparation and characterisation of bio-degradable films made from combination of both banana peel starch and potato peel starch and to raise awareness about the benefits of using eco-friendly, environmentally sustainable and biodegradable bioplastics for food packaging [ 11 ]. Agricultural residues and waste such as wood dust, bagasse, rice husks and other non-edible parts of fruits and vegetables can be utilized in a sustainable manner to address current plastic and environmental pollution by utilizing them as raw materials for the production of biopolymers. Cellulose and starch are examples of biopolymers [ 12 – 14 ]. In this research, bioplastics were synthesised by using starch extracted from banana peel and potato peel. The films were prepared by casting method. In general, this research contributes to the direction of identifying a new raw material for the synthesis of degradable bioplastics that is technically possible, environmentally acceptable and readily available. The reason behind selecting the starch extraction from banana peel and potato peel are nonedible parts. Another reason is potato peel and banana peels discarded as a waste and this waste is utilised effectively for preparing films which could be used in food packaging and wrapping applications. 2. Experimental 2.1 Extraction of starch from banana peel: Banana peels were collected and cut into little pieces after being washed. Before being filtered, the peels were soaked for 1 minute in a 0.5% sodium metabisulphite solution in order to remove the pulpy nature present in the peels. Peels were grounded in a mixer until a fluid mixture was obtained. The water was removed and strained. The starch settled at the bottom of the container is collected and dried [ 15 ] 2.2 Extraction of starch from potato peels : Potato peels were collected and cut into little pieces after being washed. Peels were grounded in a mixer until a fluid mixture was obtained. The water was removed and strained. The starch settled at the bottom of the container is collected and dried [ 16 ]. 2.3 Preparation of Biopolymeric films from both banana peel starch and potato peel starch and with other composition : The Table 1 represents the different composition made to prepare bioplastic film. The films were prepared by adding 3.7 grams of banana peel starch and 3.75 grams of potato peel starch in a beaker, combined with 8.1 ml vinegar and mixed with a glass rod, then 5.4 ml glycerine was added and agitated again and 65ml of water was added the mixture. Then mixture was placed in a water bath and heated to 100°C until it became thick, after which it was poured onto a glass petri plate. The petri plate was then cooled, and the prepared biopolymeric film was scraped off as the bioplastic film. Similarly, all other films were prepared. Table 1 Compositions used to prepare bioplastic film Sl.No Designation Composition (wt/wt) % Banana peel starch (B) Potato peel starch(P) 1 P100 0 100 2 P90 10 90 3 P70 30 70 4 P60 40 60 5 P50 50 50 6 P40 60 40 7 P30 70 30 8 B100 100 0 3. Testing and Characterization of Bioplastics: 3.1 Mechanical properties: 3.1.1 Tensile test: The tensile properties were carried out according to ASTM D822. The films were cut into rectangular strip of 25mm × 75mm.The test was carried on universal testing machine (UTM, International equipment, Mumbai, India. Capacity: 1 Ton, cross head speed is from 1 to 800mm/min), which was operated at the speed of 5mm/min. From the tensile test, tensile strength, tensile modulus and percentage elongation at break was determined. 3.1.2 Tear test: The tear properties were carried out according to the standard ASTM D1938. The films were cut into rectangular strip of 25mm × 75mm and longitudinal cut of 50mm. The test was carried out on universal testing machine (International equipments, Mumbai, India) at a speed of 5mm/min. 3.2 Physical properties: 3.2.1 Solubility test The solubility test of the bioplastic substance was used to determine how long the bioplastic materials would survive. The films were completely soluble in strong acids, partially soluble in weak acid and insoluble in distilled water and polar solvents. The 0.1g of samples were placed in beakers containing various solvents (quantity of 10ml), including acetone, ammonia, benzene, sulphuric acid, acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, methanol, orthophosphoric acid and distilled water. These solvents were chosen to measure the activity of the material criteria such as high acidic solvent, polar solvent, non-polar solvent and weak acid. The solvent test was conducted for all different composition in which films were prepared [ 17 ]. 3.2.2 Swelling test The films were subjected to protuberance and other morphological changes were checked using 0.1g of sample. The sample was immersed in 10ml of solvents around 2 hours in separate beakers. The solvents used are ammonia, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, acetic acid, sulphuric acid, benzene, orthophosphoric acid and distilled water. The solvent test was conducted for different compositions [ 17 ]. 3.2.3 Water absorption test: This test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D570-81 by taking 1g of sample. Bioplastics with the same surface area were cut and weight of the film was recorded and films were dried for 2 hours at 50°C and then it was weighed again. The bioplastics were immersed in 100ml of water and were removed after 24 hours, to get the final weight of the film [ 18 ]. Water absorbed % = (final weight - initial weight) / initial weight × 100 3.2.4 Biodegradability test : 1g of pre-weighed biopolymeric film was concealed 10cm below the soil. In order to boost the bacterial enzymatic activity, water was sprinkled on the soil. These samples were stored in the tray for roughly 20 days. The weight of the bioplastic substance was recorded at an interval of four days and the result suggested that the weight gradually decreased in increase number of 6 days [ 17 ]. 3.2.5 Characterization The films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, JASCO 4100). The principle involves absorption of the molecules at specific frequencies that are characteristic of their structure. The spectrum obtained by passing a beam of IR light is analysed in terms of the position, shape and intensity of the peaks. Since each material possesses a unique combination of atoms, no two materials produce exactly the same infra-red spectrum. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for all samples was carried out using TA instruments, USA (Q50TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere. The 8-9gm sample was heated from room temperature to 800°C at a rate of 20°C/min and nitrogen gas was flushed at a rate of 40-60mL/min. The surface morphology was observed using SEM (KOEL Ltd., JSM-IT 300LV). The polymer samples were stuck on carbon tape and gold sputter coating was carried out for thickness of ~ 5 nm. The samples were imaged at 5 and 10 kV with working a distance of 15mm. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Tensile Studies: The tensile properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus and percentage elongation were tested for the prepared films. The tensile properties of the films are shown in Table 2 . From the data obtained, it is observed that P100 has a higher tensile strength of 2.385 MPa and B100 has a lower tensile strength of 0.108 MPa. The values of other blend system were between the pure potato and banana peel starch-based films. The tensile strength was decreased as the percentage of banana starch content was increased. This occurred as a result of glycerine compatibility with starch which allowed glycerine to interface between amylose packing within the starch matrix via hydrogen bonding. The dominance of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed by starch-starch intermolecular interaction over starch to plasticizer attraction may explain the phenomenon of low tensile strength. The tensile strength of biopolymer was also reduced because of weak hydrogen bond between starch chains [ 17 , 18 ]. It has been observed that increasing banana starch content resulted in a significant increase in film elongation. A similar elongation of films was observed as a result of the decrease of intermolecular bonds between amylose, amylopectin an amylose-amylopectin of the starch matrix. This is due to the role of plasticizer replaced by hydrogen bond which was present between starch molecules and plasticizer. By enabling chain mobility such interference and re-enhancement of molecular starch chains enabled the reduction of firmness and increased in the flexibility of films. The mobility of molecular chains had an effect on film elongation [ 18 ]. Table 2 Tensile properties of the film Composition (wt /wt) % Tensile strength at peak load (MPa) Tensile modulus (MPa) % Elongation at break P100 2.385 66.08 43.764 P90 2.01 12.31 55.24 P70 1.718 9.054 66.28 P60 1.095 6.431 69.45 P50 0.799 4.754 75.37 P40 0.543 3.206 83.77 P30 0.197 2.735 87.62 B100 0.108 1.048 94.87 4.2 Tear Studies: The tear test results are represented in Fig. 1 . From the Fig. 1 , it is observed that the pure banana peel starch showed tear strength of 0.003MPa and pure potato peel starch showed 0.035MPa. The P100 based film showed higher strength of 0.035MPa. The other composition of blend system showed the values between the pure potato and banana peel starch. The tear strength was increased as the content of banana peel starch content was increased. The films had low tear resistance because the materials in the films might be below their glass transition temperature. Therefore, there will not be much motion in their chains to absorb the stress of being torn [ 19 ] 4.3 Solubility Studies: From Table 3 , it is observed that the pure banana peel starch and potato peel starch-based film and all other composition-based film were insoluble in ammonia, acetone, acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, benzene, methanol and distilled water. On the other hand, films were completely soluble in sulphuric acid and partially soluble in orthophosphoric acid. When it comes to choosing a bioplastic material, solubility is one of the crucial parameters. If a substance is insoluble in water and other solvents, it is more cost effective to manufacture bioplastic and more suitable for use as a bioplastic material [ 17 ] 4.4 Swelling Studies: From the Table 4 , it is observed that the slight difference in the final and initial weight is noted. The films were subjected to protuberance and other morphological changes were checked using 0.1g of sample. However, it is shown that there was no significant change in the integrity of biopolymeric films when it was soaked in ammonia, acetic acid, acetone, sulphuric acid, ethyl alcohol, benzene, methanol and orthophosphoric acid solvents. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the weight of biopolymeric film in distilled water, making it a more reliable material than other materials [ 17 ]. 4.5 Water Absorption Test: The results of water absorption test are represented in Fig. 2 . It can be observed that results of the water absorption test showed that pure potato peel-based starch film had absorbed more water than the other film within 48 hours. The film with pure banana peel starch-based film with 24% showed the lower percentage of water absorbed. “Water absorption in bioplastic suggests that starch-based bioplastics can absorb moisture from the environment. The reason is that the biopolymers are hydrophilic and the films were determined to have a water uptake percentage more than 50% because biopolymers are hydrophilic in nature. Besides, the water molecules to interact with hydroxyl group in starch structure; the plasticization of biopolymer with glycerine is also an important factor in this study. As glycerine is a hydrophilic it has the tendency to absorb water which depends on the number of hydroxyl group present and molecular weight of its structure. Glycerine has three carbons attached to their backbone with one hydroxyl group attached to each carbon which causes the molecules to bind to the highest amount of water corresponding to the weight portion. Increasing the size of hydroxyl group concentration increases the water absorption of the film [ 18 ]. 4.6 Biodegradability Studies: The results of biodegradability test are shown in Table 5 . From the Table 5 , it can be observed that the thickness of the bioplastic has been reduced. It is clear that each of the eight films has lost weight gradually. P60 and P100 bioplastic films were fully deteriorated on day 16. While the B100 and P90 bioplastic films were virtually completely degraded. It can be shown that the longer the bioplastic remained buried, the more weight was lost, implying that it degraded faster [ 17 , 18 ] Table 5 Results of biodegradability test Sl. No Composition (wt / wt) % Day 1 (g) Day 4 (g) Day 8 (g) Day 12 (g) Day 16 (g) 1 P100 0.1 0.48 0.21 0.11 Completely degraded 2 P90 0.1 0.49 0.19 0.11 0.05 3 P70 0.1 0.31 0.28 0.22 0.13 4 P60 0.1 0.56 0.24 0.10 Completely degraded 5 P50 0.1 0.35 0.30 0.24 0.14 6 P40 0.1 0.29 0.22 0.19 0.12 7 P30 0.1 0.33 0.30 0.25 0.11 8 B100 0.1 0.30 0.19 0.10 0.05 4.7 FTIR Studies: The FTIR (Make JASCO, Japan, Model: FTIR-4100) was used to check the changes in shifts of functional groups. The FTIR spectrums of blends are shown in Fig. 3 . From the spectra (c), (d) and (e), it was observed that there was O-H stretching takes place at 3313.11cm − 1 , 3286.11cm − 1 , 3286.96cm − 1 , and C-H at 2923.56cm − 1 , 2917.84cm − 1 , 2927.41cm − 1 . The C-O stretching takes place at 1006.66cm − 1 1222.65cm − 1 , 998.946cm − 1 and C = O at 1646.91cm − 1 , 1643.05cm − 1 and 1835.9cm − 1 . The COOH at 2924.56cm − 1 , 2927.41cm − 1 and 2830.99cm − 1 . From the spectra (f), (g) and (h), it was observed that there was O-H stretching takes place at 3305.39cm − 1 , 3297.68cm and 3359.39cm − 1 , C-H stretching at 2923.56cm − 1 , 2923.56cm − 1 and 2923.56cm − 1 . The C-O stretching takes place at 1002cm − 1 , 1010.52cm − 1 , and 852.382cm − 1 . The C = O at 1643.05cm − 1 , 1650.77cm − 1 and 1646.91 cm − 1 whereas COOH at 2788.56cm − 1, 2784.71cm − 1 and 2510.86cm − 1 . The FTIR results showed that there was shift in the peak range of functional groups O-H from 3286.11–3359.39cm − 1 , C-H from 2915–2923 cm − 1 , C-O from 937.235–1222.65cm − 1 , C = O from 1643.05–1835.9 cm − 1 and –COOH from 2510.15–2923.56 cm − 1 . The peak details are also shown in Table 6 . Table 6 FTIR results Composition (wt/wt) % Wave Number (cm − 1 ) O-H C-H C-O C = O -COOH P100 3286.11 2923.56 937.235 1646.91 2726.85 P90 3313.11 2923.56 1006.66 1646.91 2923.56 P70 3286.11 2927.41 1222.65 1643.05 2927.41 P60 3289.96 2915.84 998.946 1835.9 2830.99 P50 3359.39 2923.56 1002.8 1643.05 2788.56 P40 3297.68 2923.56 1010.52 1650.77 2784.71 P30 3305.39 2923.56 852.382 1646.91 2510.86 B100 3293.82 2923.56 1010.52 1646.91 2530.15 4.8 TGA Studies: T 50% of P100 and all the compositions are in the range of 273.40 0 C − 301.82 0 C which indicates there is a good thermal stability. The onset temperature is from T o o C increased from 37.77 to 68.04 o C and all the blends shows higher values compare to P100 and B100. The detailed peak values are shown in Table 7 . Table 7 TGA results Composition (wt/wt) % T o ( o C) T 50% ( o C) T f ( o C) P100 37.77 273.40 423.73 P90 49.88 299.12 473.68 P70 45.54 249.22 498.66 P60 43.83 300.80 500.17 P50 68.04 284.29 524.39 P40 42.31 269.11 470.66 P30 50.64 301.82 513.04 B100 40.04 297.01 423.73 4.9 SEM Studies: The surface morphology of P100, B100, P50 and P90 are shown in the Fig. 7 . P100 and B100 show single phase morphology where as P50 and P90 shows two phase morphology. This might suggests that as the percentage of banana peel starch increases there is phase separation which indicates the incompatibility. The surface morphological feature is closely related to increase in elongation of the blend system. The P100 shows good results compare to other compositions. Conclusion Bioplastics will have a significant impact on the world and may anticipate that, they will eventually replace conventional plastic. According to the tensile strength obtained, the films showed decreasing trend in tensile strength and tensile modulus and increasing trend in elongation at break as banana peel starch content has been increased. The tear strength also showed lower tear resistance. Solubility studies showed that the films were completely soluble in strong acids, partially soluble in weak acid and were insoluble in distilled water and polar solvents. Accordingly, the biodegradation studies were done on the biopolymeric films of P60 and P100 biopolymeric films were completely degraded. The FTIR results showed that there was shift in the peak range of functional groups O-H from 3286.11–3359.39cm − 1 , C-H from 2915–2923 cm − 1 , C-O from 937.235–1222.65cm − 1 , C = O from 1643.05–1835.9 cm − 1 and –COOH from 2510.15–2923.56 cm − 1 . TGA results showed that there was increase in the degradation rate compared to the neat banana and potato peel starch which enhanced the property. SEM images showed two phase morphology indicating incompatibility with blends. From the studies conducted and results obtained, it can be concluded that the physical properties were enhanced. The pure potato peel-based starch film showed good results compared to other compositions and neat banana peel starch based films. Based on the results obtained for P100 shows higher values compare to other compositions. From these results, the prepared films could explore mainly in wrapping and food packaging applications where load bearing properties is of least importance. Declarations The authors did not receive any funds and grants for conducting this work. The authors also declare that we have no conflict of interest. Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 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The effect of banana starch concentration on the properties of chitosan-starch bioplastics. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical research 7:9S:101-105. Lawton JW (1996). Effect of starch type on the properties of starch containing films. Carbohydrate Polymers 29:3:203-208. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Polymer Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accept 10 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Dec, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Dec, 2024 Editor invited by journal 02 Dec, 2024 First submitted to journal 02 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5043871","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":385491929,"identity":"f1d9929d-0914-4980-9fcc-f7808be288bf","order_by":0,"name":"Vijaya Kumar M S","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIie2PMUvDQBTHXww8l5d2jZzarxAoCKLgV7lwcC4OHTtkCAh107WD+g0EXW6OBM4lkjUlUwc7uQmlRRHPGshgklnwfsNx7/H/wf8BWCx/ERe4eXk1jbH6BADYmP+lZLhZdSs/VIozgUrpIHiC+RtFMry7eH55WN/2TgZXuWajUQo9FjcrKQhG+ixU2elB6SkM7wuBbGr2uJs0KjvnwBnhOFSJxNJRyAPfRUaBBPR5myLe6dMo+QJn62s0xdJupe+CZN7EFCskFl6MTpyIb+W4Uzm8uZRDVSywJL25ZXhkFGpTsJ+J4nUp9lQucbaKtCn2OC/pw98fTJsVAOJbVE+63rfkDduJs6qnqD1osVgs/5YvrrNWcauIuIIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7148-2946","institution":"JSS Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vijaya","middleName":"Kumar M","lastName":"S","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-06 11:13:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5043871/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5043871/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04238-3","type":"published","date":"2024-12-26T15:56:51+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70946186,"identity":"feb74a37-f8e1-4d6e-bb7d-cf5bca26ae76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 13:04:34","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTear strength of the prepared films\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5043871/v1/181b84a7188ca776672b3683.png"},{"id":70946188,"identity":"21e0c264-11ef-4c87-9187-a5ed03941a95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 13:04:35","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater absorption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5043871/v1/5b384965ba6d361a1a15c331.png"},{"id":70946192,"identity":"73b1a432-972d-46d6-865a-dd8bcf04c533","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 13:04:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":604777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFTIR spectra of (a) P100 and B100, (b) P90, P70 and P60 and\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(c) P50, P40 and P30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5043871/v1/8fb63e750ad81d05b8b690a5.png"},{"id":70948422,"identity":"0fd313a4-a819-4daa-89b5-491ed25dcec9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 13:20:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":225850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTGA curves of (a) P100 and B100, (b) P90, P70 and P60, and (c) P50, P40, P30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5043871/v1/170bbc489aca9de82c268ab7.png"},{"id":70947813,"identity":"6a7c1597-d656-4cf5-8df6-0983812b7bc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 13:12:35","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":998317,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 7: SEM images of (a) P100, (b) B100, (c) P50 and (d) P90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5043871/v1/d3ec3feb36f66c6890922b70.png"},{"id":72640251,"identity":"30742f54-02c7-473a-8965-05b672b1951b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-30 16:03:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2868572,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5043871/v1/dfea0568-3bba-4c0f-baae-62ec59e88eca.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymeric Films Produced from Fruit and Vegetable Waste","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlastics are polymers with higher molecular weight that contain carbon along with other elements. Polymers consist of monomer chains that could be shaped and solidified [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It can majorly found in packaging, cutlery, carry bags, electrical lines, switches, and fire-resistant fabrics etc. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Among many distinct kinds of polymers, plastics are comparatively light and robust which could be moulded, extruded, cast and blown into different shapes, foams, films, textile fibres, coatings, sealants, glues etc. Most of the plastics which are available are non-biodegradable and might take a quite long duration time to degrade/decompose once they have been dumped in the ground. Nowadays, the plastic garbage which is acquiring the large amount of landfill space is leading a big concern [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, alternative plastics which can make up of environmental/eco-friendly materials would be preferrable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic is very beneficial because of its low cost of manufacture and widespread availability but it has a number of flaws and its detrimental effects are a major source of concern [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In packaging, plastic is commonly utilised. The hazardous gases and residues produced during the production and recycling of plastics is polluting the environment. Biobased plastics have key advantages over traditional plastics and these conserve fossil sources by using biomass and having unique potential of being carbon neutral [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, biodegradability will be an additional feature of bio-plastics and gives recovery option for the products life cycle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the researches are becoming conscious of the negative environmental effects of petrochemical-derived plastic materials. Many studies have been undertaken to develop eco-friendly alternatives to plastics in order to manage plastic waste on earth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Bioplastics are an environmentally friendly alternative that disintegrate quickly in the environment due to the enzymatic activity of microorganisms. One of the most important origins in the formation of bioplastic is starch [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Using starch as a biopolymer many investigations have been carried out. The biopolymeric films made from fruit and vegetable waste have the potential to be utilised as food packaging since they can improve food quality while also protecting the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most common biopolymer is starch. It is 100% biodegradable, low-cost, renewable and chemically modifiable. Amylose content in starch is significant for bioplastics production since it is responsible for gelatinization and retrogradation, both of which are necessary during film development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Vinegar is a water-based solution of acetic acid and trace chemicals, which may include flavourings. By adding small amount of vinegar, it makes the plastic less brittle by breaking up some of the polymer chains. Glycerine has been employed as a plasticizer in the production of starch-based films [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs first, water is used as solvent to dissolve the starch. Next, it aids in the disruption of starch molecules following heating. The goal is to investigate the preparation and characterisation of bio-degradable films made from combination of both banana peel starch and potato peel starch and to raise awareness about the benefits of using eco-friendly, environmentally sustainable and biodegradable bioplastics for food packaging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgricultural residues and waste such as wood dust, bagasse, rice husks and other non-edible parts of fruits and vegetables can be utilized in a sustainable manner to address current plastic and environmental pollution by utilizing them as raw materials for the production of biopolymers. Cellulose and starch are examples of biopolymers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, bioplastics were synthesised by using starch extracted from banana peel and potato peel. The films were prepared by casting method. In general, this research contributes to the direction of identifying a new raw material for the synthesis of degradable bioplastics that is technically possible, environmentally acceptable and readily available. The reason behind selecting the starch extraction from banana peel and potato peel are nonedible parts. Another reason is potato peel and banana peels discarded as a waste and this waste is utilised effectively for preparing films which could be used in food packaging and wrapping applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Extraction of starch from banana peel:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana peels were collected and cut into little pieces after being washed. Before being filtered, the peels were soaked for 1 minute in a 0.5% sodium metabisulphite solution in order to remove the pulpy nature present in the peels. Peels were grounded in a mixer until a fluid mixture was obtained. The water was removed and strained. The starch settled at the bottom of the container is collected and dried [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2 Extraction of starch from potato peels\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato peels were collected and cut into little pieces after being washed. Peels were grounded in a mixer until a fluid mixture was obtained. The water was removed and strained. The starch settled at the bottom of the container is collected and dried [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2.3 Preparation of Biopolymeric films from both banana peel starch and potato peel starch and with other composition\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Table\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e represents the different composition made to prepare bioplastic film. The films were prepared by adding 3.7 grams of banana peel starch and 3.75 grams of potato peel starch in a beaker, combined with 8.1 ml vinegar and mixed with a glass rod, then 5.4 ml glycerine was added and agitated again and 65ml of water was added the mixture. Then mixture was placed in a water bath and heated to 100\u0026deg;C until it became thick, after which it was poured onto a glass petri plate. The petri plate was then cooled, and the prepared biopolymeric film was scraped off as the bioplastic film. Similarly, all other films were prepared.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompositions used to prepare bioplastic film\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl.No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesignation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition (wt/wt) %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana peel starch (B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotato peel starch(P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Testing and Characterization of Bioplastics:","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Mechanical properties:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1 Tensile test:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tensile properties were carried out according to ASTM D822. The films were cut into rectangular strip of 25mm \u0026times; 75mm.The test was carried on universal testing machine (UTM, International equipment, Mumbai, India. Capacity: 1 Ton, cross head speed is from 1 to 800mm/min), which was operated at the speed of 5mm/min. From the tensile test, tensile strength, tensile modulus and percentage elongation at break was determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2 Tear test:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tear properties were carried out according to the standard ASTM D1938. The films were cut into rectangular strip of 25mm \u0026times; 75mm and longitudinal cut of 50mm. The test was carried out on universal testing machine (International equipments, Mumbai, India) at a speed of 5mm/min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Physical properties:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Solubility test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe solubility test of the bioplastic substance was used to determine how long the bioplastic materials would survive. The films were completely soluble in strong acids, partially soluble in weak acid and insoluble in distilled water and polar solvents. The 0.1g of samples were placed in beakers containing various solvents (quantity of 10ml), including acetone, ammonia, benzene, sulphuric acid, acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, methanol, orthophosphoric acid and distilled water. These solvents were chosen to measure the activity of the material criteria such as high acidic solvent, polar solvent, non-polar solvent and weak acid. The solvent test was conducted for all different composition in which films were prepared [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Swelling test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe films were subjected to protuberance and other morphological changes were checked using 0.1g of sample. The sample was immersed in 10ml of solvents around 2 hours in separate beakers. The solvents used are ammonia, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, acetic acid, sulphuric acid, benzene, orthophosphoric acid and distilled water. The solvent test was conducted for different compositions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3 Water absorption test:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D570-81 by taking 1g of sample. Bioplastics with the same surface area were cut and weight of the film was recorded and films were dried for 2 hours at 50\u0026deg;C and then it was weighed again. The bioplastics were immersed in 100ml of water and were removed after 24 hours, to get the final weight of the film [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater absorbed % = (final weight - initial weight) / initial weight \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.2.4 Biodegradability test\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e1g of pre-weighed biopolymeric film was concealed 10cm below the soil. In order to boost the bacterial enzymatic activity, water was sprinkled on the soil. These samples were stored in the tray for roughly 20 days. The weight of the bioplastic substance was recorded at an interval of four days and the result suggested that the weight gradually decreased in increase number of 6 days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.5 Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, JASCO 4100). The principle involves absorption of the molecules at specific frequencies that are characteristic of their structure. The spectrum obtained by passing a beam of IR light is analysed in terms of the position, shape and intensity of the peaks. Since each material possesses a unique combination of atoms, no two materials produce exactly the same infra-red spectrum. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for all samples was carried out using TA instruments, USA (Q50TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere. The 8-9gm sample was heated from room temperature to 800\u0026deg;C at a rate of 20\u0026deg;C/min and nitrogen gas was flushed at a rate of 40-60mL/min. The surface morphology was observed using SEM (KOEL Ltd., JSM-IT 300LV). The polymer samples were stuck on carbon tape and gold sputter coating was carried out for thickness of ~\u0026thinsp;5 nm. The samples were imaged at 5 and 10 kV with working a distance of 15mm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Tensile Studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe tensile properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus and percentage elongation were tested for the prepared films. The tensile properties of the films are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. From the data obtained, it is observed that P100 has a higher tensile strength of 2.385 MPa and B100 has a lower tensile strength of 0.108 MPa. The values of other blend system were between the pure potato and banana peel starch-based films. The tensile strength was decreased as the percentage of banana starch content was increased. This occurred as a result of glycerine compatibility with starch which allowed glycerine to interface between amylose packing within the starch matrix via hydrogen bonding. The dominance of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed by starch-starch intermolecular interaction over starch to plasticizer attraction may explain the phenomenon of low tensile strength. The tensile strength of biopolymer was also reduced because of weak hydrogen bond between starch chains [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt has been observed that increasing banana starch content resulted in a significant increase in film elongation. A similar elongation of films was observed as a result of the decrease of intermolecular bonds between amylose, amylopectin an amylose-amylopectin of the starch matrix. This is due to the role of plasticizer replaced by hydrogen bond which was present between starch molecules and plasticizer. By enabling chain mobility such interference and re-enhancement of molecular starch chains enabled the reduction of firmness and increased in the flexibility of films. The mobility of molecular chains had an effect on film elongation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTensile properties of the film\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(wt /wt) %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTensile strength at peak load\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTensile modulus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Elongation at break\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.718\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Tear Studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe tear test results are represented in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. From the Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, it is observed that the pure banana peel starch showed tear strength of 0.003MPa and pure potato peel starch showed 0.035MPa. The P100 based film showed higher strength of 0.035MPa. The other composition of blend system showed the values between the pure potato and banana peel starch. The tear strength was increased as the content of banana peel starch content was increased. The films had low tear resistance because the materials in the films might be below their glass transition temperature. Therefore, there will not be much motion in their chains to absorb the stress of being torn [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Solubility Studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, it is observed that the pure banana peel starch and potato peel starch-based film and all other composition-based film were insoluble in ammonia, acetone, acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, benzene, methanol and distilled water. On the other hand, films were completely soluble in sulphuric acid and partially soluble in orthophosphoric acid. When it comes to choosing a bioplastic material, solubility is one of the crucial parameters. If a substance is insoluble in water and other solvents, it is more cost effective to manufacture bioplastic and more suitable for use as a bioplastic material [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/122228_c8a1650c59388082/122228_custom_files/img173330606426.png\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Swelling Studies:\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom the Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, it is observed that the slight difference in the final and initial weight is noted. The films were subjected to protuberance and other morphological changes were checked using 0.1g of sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/122228_c8a1650c59388082/122228_custom_files/img1733306064.png\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, it is shown that there was no significant change in the integrity of biopolymeric films when it was soaked in ammonia, acetic acid, acetone, sulphuric acid, ethyl alcohol, benzene, methanol and orthophosphoric acid solvents. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the weight of biopolymeric film in distilled water, making it a more reliable material than other materials [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Water Absorption Test:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results of water absorption test are represented in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. It can be observed that results of the water absorption test showed that pure potato peel-based starch film had absorbed more water than the other film within 48 hours. The film with pure banana peel starch-based film with 24% showed the lower percentage of water absorbed. “Water absorption in bioplastic suggests that starch-based bioplastics can absorb moisture from the environment. The reason is that the biopolymers are hydrophilic and the films were determined to have a water uptake percentage more than 50% because biopolymers are hydrophilic in nature. Besides, the water molecules to interact with hydroxyl group in starch structure; the plasticization of biopolymer with glycerine is also an important factor in this study. As glycerine is a hydrophilic it has the tendency to absorb water which depends on the number of hydroxyl group present and molecular weight of its structure. Glycerine has three carbons attached to their backbone with one hydroxyl group attached to each carbon which causes the molecules to bind to the highest amount of water corresponding to the weight portion. Increasing the size of hydroxyl group concentration increases the water absorption of the film [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.6 Biodegradability Studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results of biodegradability test are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. From the Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, it can be observed that the thickness of the bioplastic has been reduced. It is clear that each of the eight films has lost weight gradually. P60 and P100 bioplastic films were fully deteriorated on day 16. While the B100 and P90 bioplastic films were virtually completely degraded. It can be shown that the longer the bioplastic remained buried, the more weight was lost, implying that it degraded faster [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResults of biodegradability test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition (wt / wt) %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompletely degraded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompletely degraded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.7 FTIR Studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR (Make JASCO, Japan, Model: FTIR-4100) was used to check the changes in shifts of functional groups. The FTIR spectrums of blends are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. From the spectra (c), (d) and (e), it was observed that there was O-H stretching takes place at 3313.11cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3286.11cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3286.96cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, and C-H at 2923.56cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2917.84cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2927.41cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. The C-O stretching takes place at 1006.66cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e 1222.65cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 998.946cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and C \u003cstrong\u003e=\u003c/strong\u003e O at 1646.91cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1643.05cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1835.9cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe COOH at 2924.56cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2927.41cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2830.99cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. From the spectra (f), (g) and (h), it was observed that there was O-H stretching takes place at 3305.39cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3297.68cm and 3359.39cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, C-H stretching at 2923.56cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2923.56cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2923.56cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. The C-O stretching takes place at 1002cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1010.52cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 852.382cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. The C = O at 1643.05cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1650.77cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1646.91 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e whereas COOH at 2788.56cm\u003csup\u003e− 1,\u003c/sup\u003e 2784.71cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2510.86cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR results showed that there was shift in the peak range of functional groups O-H from 3286.11–3359.39cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, C-H from 2915–2923 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, C-O from 937.235–1222.65cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, C = O from 1643.05–1835.9 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and –COOH from 2510.15–2923.56 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. The peak details are also shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFTIR results\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(wt/wt) %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWave Number (cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-H\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-H\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC = O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-COOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3286.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2923.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e937.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1646.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2726.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3313.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2923.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1006.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1646.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2923.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3286.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2927.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1222.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1643.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2927.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3289.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2915.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e998.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1835.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2830.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3359.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2923.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1002.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1643.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2788.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3297.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2923.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1010.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1650.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2784.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3305.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2923.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e852.382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1646.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2510.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3293.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2923.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1010.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1646.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2530.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.8 TGA Studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e50%\u003c/sub\u003e of P100 and all the compositions are in the range of 273.40 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC − 301.82 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC which indicates there is a good thermal stability. The onset temperature is from T\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC increased from 37.77 to 68.04 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and all the blends shows higher values compare to P100 and B100. The detailed peak values are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTGA results\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(wt/wt) %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e50%\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e423.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e299.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e473.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e498.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e524.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e470.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e513.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e423.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.9 SEM Studies:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe surface morphology of P100, B100, P50 and P90 are shown in the Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. P100 and B100 show single phase morphology where as P50 and P90 shows two phase morphology.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis might suggests that as the percentage of banana peel starch increases there is phase separation which indicates the incompatibility. The surface morphological feature is closely related to increase in elongation of the blend system. The P100 shows good results compare to other compositions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \n \n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBioplastics will have a significant impact on the world and may anticipate that, they will eventually replace conventional plastic. According to the tensile strength obtained, the films showed decreasing trend in tensile strength and tensile modulus and increasing trend in elongation at break as banana peel starch content has been increased. The tear strength also showed lower tear resistance. Solubility studies showed that the films were completely soluble in strong acids, partially soluble in weak acid and were insoluble in distilled water and polar solvents. Accordingly, the biodegradation studies were done on the biopolymeric films of P60 and P100 biopolymeric films were completely degraded. The FTIR results showed that there was shift in the peak range of functional groups O-H from 3286.11–3359.39cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, C-H from 2915–2923 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, C-O from 937.235–1222.65cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, C = O from 1643.05–1835.9 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e and –COOH from 2510.15–2923.56 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. TGA results showed that there was increase in the degradation rate compared to the neat banana and potato peel starch which enhanced the property. SEM images showed two phase morphology indicating incompatibility with blends. From the studies conducted and results obtained, it can be concluded that the physical properties were enhanced. The pure potato peel-based starch film showed good results compared to other compositions and neat banana peel starch based films. Based on the results obtained for P100 shows higher values compare to other compositions. From these results, the prepared films could explore mainly in wrapping and food packaging applications where load bearing properties is of least importance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive any funds and grants for conducting this work. The authors also declare that we have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmalia D, Saleh, D, \u0026amp; Djonaedi E (2020) Synthesis of biodegradable plastics using corn starch and corn husk as the fillers as well as chitosan and sorbitol. Journal of physics: conference series 1442:1:012007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarima Goswami, Manisha Giri Goswami, Priyanka Purohit (2015) Bioplastics from Organic Waste. International Journal of Engineering Research \u0026amp; Technology (IJERT), NCETRASECT-2015 conference proceedings, 1-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEzgi Bezirhan Arıkan, H. Duygu Bilgen (2019) Production of Bioplastic from Potato Peel Waste and Investigation of its Biodegradability. International Advanced Researches and Engineering 03:02:93-97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNuramidah Hamidon, Mariana Binti Hamidun, Nur Aini Arish, Sunar NM, Ali R, Hamid HA, Harun H, Muhamad MS (2018) Potential of Production Bioplastic from Potato Starch. Sustainable Environmental Technology 1:1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRizwana Beevi. K, Sameera Fathima AR, Thahira Fathima AI, Thameemunisa N, Noorjahan, Deepika CM (2020), Bioplastic Synthesis Using Banana Peels And Potato Starch And Characterization, International Journal of Scientific \u0026amp; Technology, 09:01:1609-1614.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHtun Htun Naing, Htay Htay Shwe, Ni Ni Pe, Yazar Tun, Utilization of Waste Banana Peel for Synthesis of Biopolymeric Film., 3rd Myanmar Korea Conference Research Journal .03(04).,1353-1361.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePudji Astuti, Asriningtyas Ajeng Erprihana (2014), Antimicrobial Edible Film from Banana Peels as Food Packaging. American Journal of Oil and Chemical Technologies 02:02.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJerlin Vinodh, Subasree P, Mausheimi G (2021),Bioplastics in Banana Peel.International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 07:02:7I2-1480.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttps://www.britannica.com/science/starch.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMattieu Schon, Pit Schwartz (2013), Production of Bioplastic. My Science Work\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSultan NFK, Johari WLW (2017), The development of banana peel/corn starch bioplastic film: A preliminary study. Bioremediation Science and Technology Research, 5:1:12-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eResego Phiri, Sanjay M R, Suchart Siengchin, Oluseyi Philip Oladijo, Hom Nath Dhakal (2023), Development of sustainable biopolymer-based composites for lightweight applications from agricultural waste biomass: A review. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 6: 436-450.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eResego Phiri, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin, Dragan Marinkovic (2023), Agro-waste natural fiber sample preparation techniques for bio-composites development: methodological insights, 21: 4: 631-656, Facta universititatis, series: Mechanical Engineering.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaongdaw Techawinyutham, Wiroj Techawinyutham, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin (2024), Lignocellulose based biofiller reinforced biopolymer composites from fruit peel wastes as natural pigment, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 257: Part 2: 128767.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNaing HH, Shwe HH, Pe N N, Tun Y (2020) Utilization of Waste Banana Peel for Synthesis of Biopolymeric Film. 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Myanmar Korea Conference Research Journal 3:4:1353-1361.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArikan EB, Bilgen HD (2019). Production of bioplastic from potato peel waste and investigation of its biodegradability. International Advanced Researchers and Engineering Journal 3:2:93-97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYaradoddi J, Patil, V, Ganachari S, Banapurmath N, Hunashyal A, Shettar A, Yaradoddi JS. (2016). Biodegradable plastic production from fruit waste material and its sustainable use for green applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Allied Science 5:4:72-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmalia D, Saleh D, Djonaedi E (2020). Synthesis of biodegradable plastics using corn starch and corn husk as the fillers as well as chitosan and sorbitol. In Journal of Physics: conference series 1442:1:012007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSapei L, Padmawijaya KS, Sijayanti O, Wardhana PJ (2015). The effect of banana starch concentration on the properties of chitosan-starch bioplastics. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical research 7:9S:101-105.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLawton JW (1996). Effect of starch type on the properties of starch containing films. Carbohydrate Polymers 29:3:203-208.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Bioplastic, Biodegradability, Solubility, Swelling, Water absorption","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5043871/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5043871/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOver the past decades, significant efforts have been made to prepare biofilms. These efforts aim to achieve biopolymeric films from fruits and vegetables waste with soluble and biodegradable new films. In the current study, biopolymeric films were prepared by the starch extracted from banana peel and potato peel and the mechanical and physical properties of the prepared samples were studied. The mechanical property showed that tensile strength decreased by increasing the banana peel starch content whereas the percentage elongation at break was increased. The swelling studies revealed that the weight of the films increased when the film was soaked in distilled water. Biodegradation studies showed biopolymeric films with potato peel composition of was 60% (P60) and 100% (P100) were completely degraded in 16 days. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated an increase in the degradation rate compared to the biofilms prepared using neat banana and potato peel starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images suggesting two-phase morphology which shows incompatibility of the blends prepared by potato and banana starch. The pure potato peel-based starch film showed good results compared to other compositions as well as neat banana peel starch based films. Based on the results obtained for 100% potato peel shows higher values compare to other compositions. The results suggested that the prepared biopolymeric films could be mainly used in wrapping applications and food packaging where load bearing properties is of least importance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymeric Films Produced from Fruit and Vegetable Waste","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-09 13:04:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5043871/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2024-12-10T23:57:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-12-03T06:03:54+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-12-03T05:59:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2024-12-03T04:26:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2024-12-02T22:46:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9218965f-14c7-411e-b76c-a82291407070","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-30T15:58:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5043871","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04238-3","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Polymer Research"},"publishedOn":"2024-12-26 15:56:51","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 26th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-09 13:04:30","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10965-024-04238-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04238-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5043871","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5043871","identity":"rs-5043871","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}