Inflammatory Markers in Peripheral Blood Cells Cannot Predict Intrauterine Insemination Outcome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

I nfertility is defined as a failure to conceive after 12 months of intercourse without contraception.[ 1 ] Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a cheaper and noninvasive method compared to assisted reproductive techniques.[ 2 3 4 ] Successful implantation requires a quality embryo and coordinated communication with the endometrium.[ 5 ] Chemokines, hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are important factors in fetal-maternal interaction.[ 6 ] The mutual effects among these results induce a local inflammatory response and systemic inflammation.[ 7 ] Pregnancy success depends on good embryo implantation.[ 8 ] Hundreds of molecules were investigated and a lot of mechanisms were detailed to justify the impacts of maternal immune response on pregnancy.[ 9 10 11 ] Although infertility is known as a chronic inflammatory condition, the effect of the increased inflammatory response on IUI success is not clear. Systemic inflammation can be calculated by applying various hematological markers.[ 12 ] It was shown that measurement of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet to lymphocyte ratios (PLR) may provide clues to prognosis and diagnosis for diseases associated with chronic low-grade inflammation.[ 13 14 15 ] They can be measured easily and cheaply.[ 16 ] As far as we know, no research has been conducted regarding the inflammatory markers of complete blood count (CBC) in patients undergoing IUI treatment. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of hematological inflammatory markers on treatment success in patients undergoing ovulation induction (OI) and IUI.

A total of 334 patients were included in the study (147 patients with PCOS and 187 patients with UI). The median ages of patients in the PCOS group and the unexplained groups were 24 (18–38) years and 28 (18–43) years, respectively ( P < 0.001). There were 25 (13.4%) pregnant patients in the PCOS group and 19 (12.9%) pregnant patients in the UI group ( P = 0.905). The median inflammatory values were for the PCOS and unexplained group is defined in Table 1 . The median inflammatory marker values were for the pregnant and nonpregnant groups are defined in Table 2 . The difference in inflammatory marker values among defined groups were not found to be statistically significant ( P > 0.05). The area under ROC curve analysis revealed that none of the inflammatory markers can predict pregnancy in IUI cycles [ Figure 1 ]. The distribution of inflammatory markers for the polycystic ovary syndrome and unexplained group The assumption of normality was tested via the Shapiro-Wilk test. The nonparametric variables and data without normal distribution were tested using the Mann-Whitney U -test.PCOS=Polycystic ovary syndrome, WBC=White blood cell, PDW=Platelet distribution width, PCT=Plateletcrit, MPV=Mean platelet volume, NLR=Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, MLR=Monocyte to lymphocyte ratio, PLR=Platelet to lymphocyte ratio The distribution of inflammatory markers for the pregnant and nonpregnant group The assumption of normality was tested via the Shapiro-Wilk test. The nonparametric variables and data without normal distribution were tested using the Mann-Whitney U -test. WBC: White blood cell, PDW: Platelet distribution width, PCT: Plateletcrit, MPV: Mean platelet volume, NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, MLR: Monocyte to lymphocyte ratio, PLR: Platelet to lymphocyte ratio Area under ROC curve analysis of inflammatory markers for the prediction of pregnancy

The mother's immune system plays an important role in the implantation phase; exaggerated inflammatory responses may also reduce the likelihood of implantation and pregnancy. In this study, we aimed to determine simple inflammatory markers of CBC in patients undergoing OI and IUI cycles and to find out whether any of them has a predictive value for pregnancy. In our study, there were no significant differences between pregnant and nonpregnant patients in terms of CBC parameters. Also, no significant difference was observed between the patients with PCOS and UI. The small number of patients might have caused the CBC parameters to be insignificant. The accumulating evidence indicates that one of the most important mechanisms of PCOS pathogenesis is insulin resistance. Therefore, the use of insulin sensitizers such as inositol isoforms has received increasing attention due to their safety profile and efficacy.[ 20 21 ] In one study it was suggested that high C-reactive protein (CRP) which is produced by main macrophages in response to a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions levels were associated with poor cycle results.[ 22 ] But, others found no relationship between CRP levels and in vitro fertilization (IVF) results.[ 23 24 ] The OI and IUI is the standard first-line therapy before the IVF. Success in fertilization and implantation may affect treatment outcomes. But, it has not been clearly shown which parameter is responsible for the failed cycles. To date, many efforts have been made to identify an accurate algorithm that sees the woman's age and ovarian reserve markers as a means to optimize the initial dose of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone in the IVF procedure. However, the available evidence on PCOS women, particularly those with high AMH, does not appear to be sufficient.[ 25 26 ] The insemination may lead to neutrophil migration to the uterus and inflammation.[ 27 28 29 ] A striking infiltration of neutrophils into the uterus of mice was observed but the specific process has not yet been clarified.[ 28 ] Song et al . showed that the insemination increased the number of uterine neutrophils and some entered the uterine cavity and they could interact with the sperm cells or increase the inflammation.[ 30 ] This rapid and intense process in the uterus can be important in ensuring the optimal environment for successful implantation.[ 31 ] There are also difficulties with ovarian stimulation in patients affected by certain conditions such as endometriosis.[ 32 33 ] Recent studies indicate that WBC subtypes and NLR are critical markers of systemic inflammatory and are prognostic factors in a variety of diseases.[ 34 35 36 37 38 ] The systemic inflammatory response can be measured with a CBC. NLR and PLR, which are recommended as new markers for an immune response can be measured easily and inexpensively.[ 16 ] Chronic inflammation may occur due to autoimmune illness, benign and malignant neoplasia. The neutrophil count increase and the lymphocyte count may relatively decrease because of chronic inflammation. Cho et al . showed that relative changes in spreading WBCs were connected with a systemic inflammatory reaction.[ 27 ] In their study neutrophil counts were increased in patients with endometriosis; lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophil counts were decreased.[ 27 ] Neutrophilia-associated lymphocytopenia causes increased NLR in endometriosis patients. Our study is the first to evaluate the NLR and PLR in OI cycles in Turkey. We couldn't find any relationship between the hematologic inflammatory markers and IUI outcome therefore these markers cannot be used for prediction of pregnancy. Also, we investigated serum hemoglobin, hematocrit, monocyte, WBC levels but there is no significant relationship between each group. High and low mean platelet volume (MPV) values are known to be associated with the inflammation process.[ 34 ] However, we found no significant difference in mean MPV values among all the groups. Several studies have reported no relation, while some have a positive association between diseases and CBC parameters. The main limitations of our study were the fact that our delivery results were not complete and involves a single institution and may not represent the general population.

This is the first study investigating the inflammatory markers of CBC in patients undergoing IUI treatment. Simple inflammatory markers assessed by CBC have no clinical significance for the prediction of pregnancy in infertile patients undergoing OI and IUI. There is a need for large-scale prospective studies on this subject. If the pregnancy results of the patients can be followed, the relationship between different results and parameters can be found. Nil. There are no conflicts of interest.

The current retrospective cohort study was conducted at the University of Health Sciences Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care Training and Research Hospital between May 2014 and December 2016. The institutional review board of the hospital approved the study (# 23/2014) and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were applied.[ 17 ] A written consent form was obtained from all participants. A total of 334 infertile couples aged between 18 and 43 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Baseline hormone levels and hysterosalpingography were performed. Exclusion criteria included women with endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, pelvic inflammatory disease. The couples with anatomical abnormalities, hydrosalpinx, systemic disease, endocrinopathy, autoimmune disease, hematologic disease, glucocorticoid, and anti-inflammatory drug use were excluded from participation. Of 334 patients, 147 were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and 187 women were diagnosed as unexplained infertility (UI). Sperm analysis was performed in the andrology laboratory and it was evaluated according to guidelines.[ 18 ] All patients were asked to respect the 3-day abstinence period. Semen samples from the patients were collected by masturbation in a special room nearby the laboratory. After being liquefied for 30 min at room temperature, the collected semen samples (prewashed) were evaluated by a computer-assisted semen analyzer for conventional semen parameters, including sperm concentration and sperm motility. The rest of the sperm was processed using the standard swimming method with a sperm preparation medium (SpermRinse Solution, Vitrolife, Gothenburg, Sweden). Postwash analysis was again performed by the computer-assisted semen analyzer. Sperm analysis was performed by the same andrology laboratory technician in the andrology laboratory of the current hospital according to the quality control program. The blood sample for hematologic markers of inflammation was collected on the same day of intrauterine insemination. All analyses were conducted using the impedance method in the hematology laboratory with Beckman coulter LH-780 fully automated hematology analyzer (Beckman coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA) (intra-assay variation coefficient 1.6%, interassay variation coefficient 1.65%). The CBC parameters of the patients, were recorded and evaluated. NLR, MLR, and PLR ratios were evaluated by dividing the absolute neutrophil, monocyte, and platelet count, respectively, by the absolute lymphocyte counts. The predictive values of inflammatory markers for insemination outcomes were estimated. All IUI cycles were performed with ovarian stimulation and included either clomiphene citrate (orally administered 50–150 mg/day), starting from days 3 to 5 of the menstrual cycle or gonadotropin at days 2–3 of the cycle. The follicular development was confirmed when at least one follicle of ≥18 mm was seen on transvaginal ultrasonography and then human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 5,000 IU intramuscular or 250 mcg recombinant hCG subcutaneous was administered. All patients underwent IUI 36 h after hCG administration. Following the insemination, the patients received 200 mg/day vaginal progesterone supplementation for luteal support until 12 weeks of gestational age. Transvaginal sonography was performed 6 weeks after insemination. Clinical pregnancy was explained as the presence of a fetal heartbeat at 6–7 weeks of pregnancy. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The assumption of normality was tested via the Shapiro–Wilk test. Data are shown as means ± standard deviation for continuous variables. The nonparametric variables and data without normal distribution were tested using the Mann–Whitney U-test. The receiver operator characteristics curve (ROC) analysis was performed to reveal the hematological parameters. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The sample size calculation for the entire study population, a two-tailed comparison with 0.5 effect size, a 5% level of significance (alpha) and a power of 0.95 with an allocation ratio of 1:1, gave a study population of 105 versus 105 women in each group. Sample size calculations were performed using the G*Power version 3.1.5 (Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany) general power analysis program.[ 19 ]