Environmentally sustainable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion mud system for shale formation using vegetable oil

Environmentally sustainable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion mud system for shale formation using vegetable oil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Environmentally sustainable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion mud system for shale formation using vegetable oil Bhola Kumar Paswan, Smruti Naik, Vikas Mahto, Ajay Kumar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7805919/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Due to the rising environmental pollution, every Industry (including Petroleum Industry) is obliged to strict environmental laws. Utilizing corn oil, an effort has been undertaken to develop an environmentally acceptable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion mud. In this research article, the effect of different concentrations of bentonite, oil, and tragacanth gum on rheology and its fluid loss properties was evaluated exhaustively as per the API standards. Corn oil emulsion mud exhibits better rheology, filtration, and physical and chemical properties than diesel oil emulsion mud. The result obtained from flow characteristics recommended outstanding shear thinning properties of corn oil. Lethal concentration test (LC 50 ) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) were conducted, conforming to the environment-friendly nature of developed emulsion mud. In comparison to diesel oil, high shale recovery and slake durability were attained with corn oil. The coefficient of friction (CoF) shows that corn oil has a positive effect on lubricity compared to conventional diesel oil emulsion mud. Low formation damage was observed during the core flow test. Therefore, there is a high possibility that the developed oil-in-water emulsion mud using corn oil will be used to drill shale formation. Rheology and filtration shale recovery slake durability environment assessment Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files TableS1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7805919","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":534702979,"identity":"0422fa64-8771-4165-aea0-16ccd021dda4","order_by":0,"name":"Bhola Kumar 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oil","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"journal-of-petroleum-exploration-and-production-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Rheology and filtration, shale recovery, slake durability, environment assessment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7805919/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7805919/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDue to the rising environmental pollution, every Industry (including Petroleum Industry) is obliged to strict environmental laws. Utilizing corn oil, an effort has been undertaken to develop an environmentally acceptable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion mud. In this research article, the effect of different concentrations of bentonite, oil, and tragacanth gum on rheology and its fluid loss properties was evaluated exhaustively as per the API standards. Corn oil emulsion mud exhibits better rheology, filtration, and physical and chemical properties than diesel oil emulsion mud. The result obtained from flow characteristics recommended outstanding shear thinning properties of corn oil. Lethal concentration test (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) were conducted, conforming to the environment-friendly nature of developed emulsion mud. In comparison to diesel oil, high shale recovery and slake durability were attained with corn oil. The coefficient of friction (CoF) shows that corn oil has a positive effect on lubricity compared to conventional diesel oil emulsion mud. Low formation damage was observed during the core flow test. Therefore, there is a high possibility that the developed oil-in-water emulsion mud using corn oil will be used to drill shale formation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Environmentally sustainable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion mud system for shale formation using vegetable oil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-29 03:48:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7805919/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-10T07:19:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T05:48:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"186579911193633396507017138885050329485","date":"2025-11-13T06:51:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-02T15:17:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"291728183045986249806247724065660454893","date":"2025-10-30T01:11:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"212610115528793458792410582282815754476","date":"2025-10-15T06:50:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T02:44:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T03:29:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T03:28:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology","date":"2025-10-08T08:41:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"journal-of-petroleum-exploration-and-production-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ad7deea-d923-4c42-8d7c-d2a391903f82","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T05:08:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-29 03:48:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7805919","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7805919","identity":"rs-7805919","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}