Whether 3.0 g cefuroxime prophylaxis before cardiac surgery diminished postoperative pneumonia and persistent fever compared with 1.5 g: a nested case-control study

Whether 3.0 g cefuroxime prophylaxis before cardiac surgery diminished postoperative pneumonia and persistent fever compared with 1.5 g: a nested case-control study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Whether 3.0 g cefuroxime prophylaxis before cardiac surgery diminished postoperative pneumonia and persistent fever compared with 1.5 g: a nested case-control study Jianshui Yang, Zijun Ge, Qifen Min, Xiaowen Gong, Wensen Chen, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4727283/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives Whether 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery can effectively avoid POP and persistent POFcompared with 1.5 g is debatable, which needs to be confirmed by evidence medical research. Methods A total of 301 patients who underwent CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery from Jan 2023 to Dec 2023 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were incorporated in a nested case-control study. The patients were divided into the 1.5 g (n=170) and 3.0 g (n=131) groups according to the dosage of prophylactic CXM. Outcomes included POP and persistent POF. Risk andstratification analysis was performed for the effect andmodification of different doses of CXM on outcomes. Results The incidence of persistent POF in 1.5 g group (52, 30.59%) was lower than that in 3.0 g group (67, 51.15%) unadjusted (OR=2.38, 95% CI :1.48~3.81, P< 0.001) or adjusted (OR=2.38, 95% CI :1.36~4.14, P =0.002) for the confounding variables. There was no significant difference in POP between the two groups unadjusted (OR=1.26, 95% CI :0.62~2.55, P =0.522) or adjusted (OR=1.03., 95% CI :0.48~2.20, P =0.945) for the confounding variables. The results of stratification analysis defined that two different dosages of prophylactic CXM didn’t generate effect modification on the risk factors of persistent POF. Conclusions 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery didn’t decrease the incidence of POP but increased the risk of persistent POF compared with 1.5 g. Given the facts, this study may point the solution of CXM preoperative prophylaxis for cardiac surgery. nested case-control study 1.5 g or 3.0 g cefuroxime preoperative prophylaxis cardiac surgery postoperative pneumonia persistent postoperative fever Introduction Cardiac surgery is a complex, technical and demanding interventional therapy for patients with cardiac diseases. Despite advances in surgical techniques and postoperative care, the risk of nosocomial infection and persistent postoperative fever(POF) remain great challenges among patients who undergo cardiac surgery. The incidence of nosocomial infection was described with 10.1% [1] up to 22.6% [2] , among which postoperative pneumonia(POP) ranked first with the incidence of 8.8% [3] up to 20.9% [4] . POP has proved to complicate treatment, prolong hospital stay, and increase clinical burdens and mortality rate [5] . POF is the most common complications and may occur up to 70% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery [6] . POF often leads to unnecessary extensive laboratory work-ups and antimicrobial therapies. The atypical presentations often cause a delayed diagnosis and an improper treatment with an increased morbidity rate [7] . Therefore, more attentions should be paid to decrease the morbidity of POP and persistent POF in cardiac surgery. Routine administration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis(AP) is well accepted due to the severity of infection in cardiac surgeries [8]. Prior studies have revealed AP reduces the incidence of POP, bloodstream and surgical site infection(SSI) [9-11] . The German Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft e.V. (PEG) recommended second-generation cephalosporin as first-line AP in patients undergoing cardiac surgery [12] . The Chinese Guidelines for Clinical Use of Antibiotics(2015 edition) [13] recommended 1.5 g CXM as preferred AP regimen in these patients without considering the function of liver and kidney. However, a pharmacokinetic evaluation study [14] of CXM revealed that a standard dosing regimen of 1.5 g preoperatively to prevent staphylococcal infections appears to be effective. In contrast, if E. coli is relevant in surgeries, this dosing regimen appears insufficient. Another study [15] showed patients with body weight > 100 kg or age < 60 years were more likely to have unbound plasma concentrations below the target range. In consideration of maintaining the serum and tissue concentrations of CXM with a short half-life [16] , and the severity of infection after cardiac surgeries, some clinicians tented to select 3.0 g dosing regimen preoperatively. Therefore, further research is warranted to clarify whether 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery can effectively diminish POP and persistent POF compared with 1.5 g. In this study, the effect of 1.5 g and 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively on the incidence of POP and persistent POF were investigated among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Participants and methods Study subjects Patients undergoing cardiac surgery from Jan 2023 to Dec 2023 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were involved in a nested case-control study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study was described as follow. Patients who underwent CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study apart from patients with a preoperative fever or infection, or undergoing emergency surgery. According to the sample size estimating calculation formula N= Z α/ 2 2 × P 0 (1- P 0 )/ δ 2 with α and δ were 0.05, and the positive rate ( P 0 ) of POF was 70% reported by Keijmel SP et al [6] , 322 cases should be involved. Finally, a total of 301 patients were admitted into the study according to the eligibility criteria. Participants were divided into the 1.5 g (n=170) and 3.0 g (n=131) group based on the dosage of CXM prophylaxis before operation. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Data collection The demographic data of participants, including baseline characteristics [age, smoking and drinking history, Body Mass Index(BMI), Controlling Nutritional Status(CONUT) grade], preoperative information [length of hospital stay, Platelets-Lymphocyte ratio(PLR), Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio(NLR), Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio(MLR), Systemic Inflammatory Index(SII)], Surgical variables [American Society of Anesthesiology(ASA) score, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance(NNIS) index,Cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB), red blood cell(RBC), washed RBC or platelet(PLT) transfusion, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss or transfusion], and antibiotic (preoperative AP, length of preoperative AP, intraoperative redosing, AP within 48 h postoperatively) were collected by the Xinglin Real-Time Nosocomial Infection System and Intelligent Integrated Health(iih) platform. Outcomes Outcomes included POP and persistent POF. POP were diagnosed referring to the Diagnostic Criteria of Nosocomial Infection published by the Ministry of Health in 2001. To identify with absorption and reaction fever, POF in this study was defined as persistent fever(auxillary temperature≥38℃) ≥3 d. According to different outcomes, participants were allocated into POP group (n=35) and non-POP group(n=266), or POF group(n=119) and non-POF group(n=182). Statistical analysis Data were summarized with Excel 2017 and statistical analysis was performed by R 4.3.3. Continuous variables were summarized as mean±standard deviation(SD) and compared with t -test if data conform with normality and homogeneity of variance simultaneously. Otherwise, these variables were summarized as median±interquartile and compared with Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data were described as frequencies (percentages), and compared with Pearson χ 2 test . Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for POP and persistent POF. Risk risks with P value less than 0.05 in univariate analysis was incorporated into the further multivariate analysis. The effect of different dosages CXM prophylaxis was determined by adjusting the risk factors assessed from multivariate logistic regression model. Stratification analysis was conducted to examine whether different dosages CXM prophylaxis generate effect modification on risk factor of POP or persistent POF. The effect of risk factors on the outcome was presented by odds ratio(OR) and its 95% confidence interval(CI). P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistical difference. Results Baseline characteristics, preoperative information, surgical variables, antibiotic and outcomes Baseline characteristics No significant differences were found in age, smoking, drinking, BMI, CONUT grade between 1.5 g and 3.0 g groups(Table 1). Preoperative information There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay, PLR, NLR, MLR, SII between 1.5 g and 3.0 g groups(Table 1). Surgical variables The percentage of cardiopulmonary bypass in 1.5 g group was higher than 3.0 g group ( P =0.020), while the rate of washed RBC transfusion and volume of intraoperative blood transfusion in 1.5g group was lower than 3.0 g group ( P =0.016 and 0.026). No significant differences were found in other surgical variables (ASA score, NNIS index, RBC transfusion, PLT transfusion, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss) between the two groups(Table 1). Antibiotic The percentage of AP within 48 h postoperatively in 1.5 g group was higher than 3.0 g group ( P =0.023). There was no significant difference in length of AP before operation, intraoperative redosing(Table 1). Outcomes The overall incidence of POP and persistent POF was 11.63% and 39.53%, respectively. The incidence of persistent POF in 3.0 g group (30.59%) was higher than 1.5 g group (51.15%)( P <0.001). There was no significant difference in POP between the two groups (10.59% and 12.98%)(Table 1). Risk factors analysis In accordance with the consequence of univariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of POP increased with age (OR=1.05, 95% CI :1.00~1.09, P =0.031),smoking history (OR=2.81, 95% CI :1.35~5.84, P =0.006), length of hospital stay before operation (OR=1.07, 95% CI :1.05~1.10, P< 0.001), CONUT grade [light (OR=3.97, 95% CI :1.65~9.54, P =0.002), medium and severe (OR=4.22, 95% CI :1.12~15.86, P =0.033)], ASA score (4 and 5)(OR=2.69, 95% CI :1.13~6.39, P =0.025), surgical time (OR=1.65, 95% CI :1.30~2.07, P< 0.001) and the risk of persistent POF increased with age (OR=1.03, 95% CI :1.00~1.05, P =0.031), smoking (OR=2.66, 95% CI :1.55~4.59, P< 0.001) and drinking (OR=1.85, 95% CI :1.04~3.30, P =0.036) history, length of hospital stay before operation (OR=1.21, 95% CI :1.15~1.26, P< 0.001), NLR (OR=1.32, 95% CI :1.10~1.58, P =0.002), MLR (OR=14.80, 95% CI :3.10~70.70, P= 0.001), CONUT grade [light (OR=2.87, 95% CI :1.73~4.77, P< 0.001), medium and severe (OR=8.00, 95% CI :2.90~22.04, P< 0.001)], ASA score (4 and 5) (OR=2.38, 95% CI :1.44~3.93, P< 0.001), CPB (OR=1.90, 95% CI :1.10~3.31, P =0.022), washed RBC (OR=2.32, 95% CI :1.44~3.74, P =0.001) and PLT (OR=2.34, 95% CI :1.46~3.75, P <0.001) transfusion, surgical time (OR=1.59, 95% CI :1.32~1.90, P< 0.001), and no AP within 48 h postoperatively (OR=1.76, 95% CI :1.01~3.07, P<0.046)(Table 2). The significant variables in univariate analysis was screened by a stepwise multivariate logistic regression. The multivariate analysis revealed that increased age (OR=1.06, 95% CI :1.01~1.10, P =0.018) and surgical time (OR=1.69, 95% CI :1.33~2.15, P< 0.001), history of smoking (OR=3.05, 95% CI :1.40~6.67, P= 0.005) was related to higher risk of POP while increased length of hospital stay before operation (OR=1.06, 95% CI :1.01~1.11, P =0.022) and surgical time (OR=1.52, 95% CI :1.25~1.85, P< 0.001), higher MLR (OR=6.55, 95% CI :1.41~30.47, P =0.017) and CONUT grade [light (OR=1.90, 95% CI :1.07~3.38, P= 0.028), medium and severe (OR=4.27, 95% CI :1.28~14.21, P= 0.018)], smoking history (OR=2.72, 95% CI :1.47~5.06, P =0.002), washed RBC transfusion (OR=1.69, 95% CI :1.16~2.46, P =0.007) was positive correlated with risk of persistent POF(Table 3). 1.5 g or 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation and POP and persistent POF Correlation analysis demonstrated the risk of postoperative persistent POF in patients with 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation is higher than those with 1.5 g CXM unadjusted (OR=2.38, 95% CI :1.48~3.81, P< 0.001) or adjusted (OR=2.38, 95% CI :1.36~4.14, P =0.002) for the confounding effect of smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grades, washed RBC transfusion and surgical time. There was no significant different in POP between the two group unadjusted (OR=1.26, 95% CI :0.62~2.55, P =0.522) or adjusted (OR=1.03., 95% CI :0.48~2.20, P =0.945) for the confounding variables(Table 4). Stratification analysis Stratification analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the effect of smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grade, washed RBC transfusion, surgical time between 1.5 g and 3.0 g group(Table 5). The results defined that the two different dosages CXM prophylaxis didn’t generate effect modification on risk factor of postoperative persistent POF. Discussion This study was conducted to identify whether 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively be has a significant advantage over 1.5 g and provide basic data for establishing antibiotic use guidelines for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The results demonstrated that 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively did not significantly decreased the prevalence of POP and served only to increase the risk of persistent POF compared with 1.5 g among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In this study, 11.63% patients developed pneumonia after cardiac surgery. The incidence level was similar to the results(9.6%) in a prospective cohort study [17] of a large Grade-A tertiary hospital. POP is most prevalent of all nosocomial infections in patients who underwent cardiac surgery [18] . Age, smoking history, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) are well-known risk factors that affect POP [3,19]. Risk factors analysis in this study verified age,smoking history and surgical time increased the probability of POP. Regrettably, the clinical data of postoperative MV couldn’t be involved in risk factors analysis because of data loss. The incidence of persistent POF among patients undergoing cardiac surgery was 39.53% in the study. The incidence level was similar to the result(38%) in a review [20] . POF is a common occurrence after cardiac surgery, only a small percentage of which was due to infections [21 ]. Most POF is benign and self-limiting resulting from release of inflammation cytokines caused by surgical trauma and blood directly contacting with the tubes and oxygenator surfaces during CPB circuit [22] . The presence of POF frequently triggers a battery of diagnostic tests and produces misleading in empiric antibiotics without clear infection sources. Excessive use of antibiotics can lead to the production of drug-resistant bacteria [23] . Previous studies [24-25] declared diabetes, lesion size, operation time, high C-reactive protein and placement of a urinary catheter were risk factors of POF. This study creatively involved a series of inflammatory composite index including PLR,NLR, MLR, SII in risk factors analysis and identified prolonged hospital stay before operation and surgical time , higher MLR and CONUT grade, history of smoking, washed RBC transfusion increased the risk of persistent POF. MLR as a marker, was strongly correlated with POF after cardiac surgery. A prospective study [26] in 2022 confirmed high level of MLR was clinically significantly with increased prevalence of postoperative delirium among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Another cohort study [27] in 2021 revealed high level of MLR was a reliable predictive indicator of patients with mortality risk after cardiac surgery. However, the clinical data of urinary and venous catheter was not included in risk factors analysis. A preventive anti-infectious strategy is well-known to reduce the postoperative risk of nosocomial infections and to avoid prolonged antibiotic exposure. Current guidelines in China recommends 1.5 g CXM as preferred AP regimen in cardiac surgery. The recommended proposal is similar to the American Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery [28] . Christer Rimmler [29] reported that dosing recommendations for CXM as perioperative AP in cardiac surgery are sufficient to reach plasma unbound concentration to cover S. aureus during the operation. However, J Lanoiselée et al [30] stated common dosing regimens of 1.5 g CXM recommended by US and European guidelines did not sustain therapeutic concentrations throughout cardiac surgery and proposed an optimized dosing regimen according to the population analysis of CXM pharmacokinetics. Another study showed a standard dosing regimen of 1.5 g CXM preoperatively seemed to ineffective in preventing E. coli by pharmacokinetic analysis [14] . There are inconsistent with the guideline recommendations and study results of dosage in CXM prophylaxis preoperatively for cardiac surgery. Whether a higher dosing regimen prophylaxis preoperatively is superior to guideline recommendation has not been reported so far. In our study, 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively did not significantly decreased the prevalence of POP, but increased the risk of persistent POF compared with 1.5 g. The results support the Chinese and American guidelines. Besides, most guidelines suggest not to preventive use of antibiotics postoperatively, if necessary the duration of AP after clean-contaminated surgery and contaminated surgery should not exceed 24 h and might extend to 48 h for contaminated surgery. However, a nationwide questionnaire from German heart surgery centers showed AP was extensive after cardiac surgery, with the duration strategy varying wildly [31] . This study failed to determine a significant difference in AP within 48 h postoperatively by multivariate analysis, indicating little importance and necessity of postoperative AP. The result is consistent with Chinese and American guidelines. The study may provide basic data for establishing antibiotic use guidelines for patients undergoing cardiac surgery by a nested case-control study. Ultimately, the prospective study is conform to temporal logic in causal inference. Moreover, the whole population who underwent CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery was included in this study. Nevertheless, the present study has some disadvantages. First, all results were derived from a single center and the sample size was slightly lower than statistical requirement. Second, the clinical data of relevant factors, including interventional therapy after surgery couldn’t be involved in risk factors analysis. Finally, the effect of intraoperative AP redosing wasn’t verified with a statistical difference. Afterwards, the results need to be validated by a cohort study with comprehensive data and rigorous quality control. Conclusions On the basis of the international literature, the different guidelines and the results obtained in this nested case-control study, increasing the dosage of preoperative CXM prophylaxis from 1.5 g to 3.0 g in patients undergoing cardiac surgery does not diminish the prevalence of POP, but contributes to increased risk of persistent POF. It may reduce antibiotic resistant,healthcare costs and even provide a standardized strategy of AP management in cardiac surgery. Declarations Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the clinical medical institution members, nurses, and physicians to perform this study. Author contributions Conception and design: FZ and JY. Provision of study materials or patients: WC, FZ, ZG. Collection and assembly of data: JY, WC, ZG and FZ. Data analysis and interpretation: JY, QM and XG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Fundings This study was supported by the Young Talent Development Program of Changzhou Health Commission (CZQM2023021), Health Young Scientific and Technological Talent Development Program of Changzhou Medical Development Center and Changzhou Medical Association (lcyx2023010), the third Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Talents Training Program of Jiangsu Provincial People’s Hospital (YNRCQN0314), Young Scholars Fostering Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (PY2022017), Jiangsu Province Hospital Management Innovation Research Project (JSYGY-3-2023-559), Project of Chinese Hospital Reform and Development Institute, Nanjing University (NDYG2023039). Availability of data and materials The datasets of the study are available in this published article. Ethics approval and consent to participat e This study has been approved by the ethical committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University review board. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References De la Varga-Martínez O, Gómez-Sánchez E, Muñoz MF, et al . Impact of nosocomial infections on patient mortality following cardiac surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2021 May,69:110104. Ferreira GB, Donadello JCS, Mulinari LA. Healthcare-Associated Infections in a Cardiac Surgery Service in Brazil. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Oct,35(5):614-618. Wang K, Zhang HT, Fan FD, et al . A nomogram predicting pneumonia after cardiac surgery: a retrospective modeling study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2024 May,19(1):309. Wang Y, Luo Z, Huang W, et al . Comparison of Tools for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Aug,37(8):1442-1448. Massart N, Mansour A, Ross JT, et al . Mortality due to hospital-acquired infection after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Jun,163(6):2131-2140. Keijmel SP, Zwartkruis IMM, Jongenotter J, et al . Postoperative Inflammation and Fever After Elective Aortic Valve and Aortic Root Replacement: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Jan,10(1):ofad015. Yuan SM. Cardiac and vascular causes of persistent fever: A systematic review. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Dec,20(4):255-261. Zukowska A, Zukowski M. Surgical Site Infection in Cardiac Surgery. J Clin Med. 2022 Nov,11(23):6991. Suna J, Moloney G, Marathe SP, et al . Perioperative Cefazolin Prophylaxis in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective, Cohort Study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022 Oct,114(4):1434-1440. Hatachi T, Sofue T, Ito Y, et al . Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Open Chest Management After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019 Sep,20(9):801-808. De Tymowski C, Sahnoun T, Provenchere S, et al . Impact of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Surgical Site Infections in Cardiac Surgery. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Jan,12(1):85. Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG. Prevention, diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care of sepsis: 1st revision of S-2 k guidelines of the German Sepsis Society and the German Interdisciplinary Association of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. GMS German Medical Science 2010,8 ISSN 1612–3174. Circular on the issuance of the guiding principles for the clinical application of antimicrobial drugs (2015 edition). Bulletin of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China. 2015, No. 144(07): 29. Rimmler C, Lanckohr C, Akamp C, et al Physiologically based pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Dec,85(12):2864-2877. Aalbers M, ter Horst PG, Hospes W, et al . Targeting cefuroxime plasma concentrations during coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Int J Clin Pharm. 2015 Aug,37(4):592-8. Rimmler C, Lanckohr C, Mittrup M, et al . Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Mar,87(3):1486-1498. Khanna AK, Kelava M, Ahuja S, et al . A nomogram to predict postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiothoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023 Jun,165(6):2134-2146. Zardi EM, Chello M, Zardi DM, et al . Nosocomial Extracardiac Infections After Cardiac Surgery. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2022,24(11):159-171. McCarthy C, Fletcher N. Early Extubation in Enhanced Recovery from Cardiac Surgery. Crit Care Clin. 2020 Oct,36(4):663-674. Doenst T, Schneider U, Can T, et al . Cardiac Surgery 2021 Reviewed. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Jun,70(4):278-288. O'Mara SK. Management of Postoperative Fever in Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2017 Jun,36(3):182-192. Lai J, Wu H, Qin A. Cytokines in Febrile Diseases. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2021 Jan,41(1):1-11. Medina E, Pieper DH. Tackling threats and future problems of multidrugresistant bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2016;398:3–33. Xu Z, Zhuang J, Zhu X, et al . A nomogram for predicting the risk of postoperative fever in elderly patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Dec,102(50):e36438. Li M, Lyu C, Fang Y, et al . Characteristics and risk factors of fever after total joint arthroplasty: a single-center retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022 Nov, 23(1):979. Su X, Wang J, Lu X. The association between Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte ratio and postoperative delirium in ICU patients in cardiac surgery. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022 Jul, 36(7):e24553. Zhou Z, Liang M, Wu H, et al . Preoperative Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Predictor of Long-Term Mortality in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Feb, 8:639890. Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al . Clinical practice guidelines for anti‑microbial prophylaxis in surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013,14(1):73–156. Rimmler C, Lanckohr C, Mittrup M, et al . Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Mar, 87(3):1486-1498. Lanoiselée J, Zufferey PJ, Hodin S, et al . Pharmacokinetic Model for Cefuroxime Dosing during Cardiac Surgery under Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Nov, 64(12):e01687-20. Hamouda K, Oezkur M, Sinha B, et al . Different duration strategies of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery: an observational study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Feb, 10:25. Tables Table1 Characteristic and outcomes of patients categorized by 1.5 g and 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation Characteristic 1.5 g CXM prophylaxis before operation (n=170) 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation (n=131) Statistical value P value Baseline characteristics Age(y) 61.58±10.10 61.79±11.21 0.864 0.864 Smoking history 36(21.18) 35(26.72) 1.260 0.262 Drinking history 28(16.47) 30(22.90) 1.967 0.161 BMI 3.023 0.388 ＜18.5 3(1.77) 5(3.82) 18.5≤BMI＜24.9 105(61.76) 88(67.18) 25.0≤BMI＜29.9 57(33.53) 36(27.48) ＞30.0 5(2.94) 2(1.52) CONUT grade 0.208 0.901 Normal 81(47.65) 59(45.04) Light 77(45.29) 62(47.33) Medium and Severe 12(7.06) 10(7.63) Preoperative information Length of hospital stay before operation(d) 24.39±16.85 24.83±15.67 0.230 0.818 PLR 125.51±54.98 123.76±54.47 0.275 0.784 NLR 2.59±2.55 2.56±1.66 0.073 0.942 MLR 0.33±0.21 0.34±0.17 0.378 0.706 SII 477.34±452.13 461.59±394.90 0.326 0.745 Surgical variables ASA score 0.751 0.386 1~3 68(40.00) 46(35.11) 4~5 102(60.00) 85(64.89) NNIS index 1.407 0.236 1 20(11.76) 10 2 150(88.24) 121 CPB 116(68.24) 105(80.15) 5.385 0.020 RBC transfusion 51(30.00) 45(34.35) 0.645 0.422 Washed RBC transfusion 80(47.06) 80(61.07) 5.832 0.016 PLT transfusion 81(47.65) 58(44.27) 0.339 0.561 Surgical time(h) 4.63±1.55 4.95±1.53 1.800 0.073 Intraoperative blood loss(mL) 400 500 0.284 0.776 Intraoperative blood transfusion(mL) 1162.5 2300 2.230 0.026 Antibiotic Length of AP before perioperation(d) 1.00 1.00 1.764 0.078 Intraoperative redosing 1.381 0.501 Required but no redosing 30(17.65) 22(16.79) Required and redosing 122(71.76) 100(76.34) Not required 18(10.59) 9(6.87) AP within 48 h postoperatively 52(30.59) 25(19.08) 5.144 0.023 Outcomes POP 18(10.59) 17(12.98) 0.411 0.522 Persistent POF 52(30.59) 67(51.15) 13.079 ＜0.001 CXM, cefuroxime; PLR, Platelets-Lymphocyte ratio; NLR, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; SII, Systemic Inflammatory Index; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; BMI, Body Mass Index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiology; NNIS, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance; CPB, Cardiopulmonary bypass; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelet; AP, antibiotic prophylaxis; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever. Table 2 Univariate logistic regression for the suspected influence factors with POP and Persistent POF Exposure POP Persistent POF Case Control OR（95% CI ） P value Case Control OR（95% CI ） P value Baseline characteristics Age(y) 65.31±9.85 61.20±10.59 1.05（1.00,1.09） 0.031 63.32±9.78 60.60±10.96 1.03（1.00,1.05） 0.031 Smoking hostory No 20(57.14) 210(78.95) 1 0.006 78(65.55) 152(83.52) 1 ＜0.001 Yes 15(42.86) 56(21.05) 2.81(1.35,5.84) 41(34.45) 30(16.48) 2.66(1.55,4.59) Drinking hostory No 26(74.29) 217(81.58) 1 0.307 89(74.79) 154(84.62) 1 0.036 Yes 9(25.71) 49(18.42) 1.53(0.68,3.48) 30(25.21) 28(15.38) 1.85(1.04,3.30) BMI ＜18.5 2(5.71) 6(2.26) 1 5(4.20) 3(1.65) 1 18.5≤BMI＜24.9 23(65.72) 170(63.91) 0.41(0.08,2.13) 0.287 84(70.59) 109(59.89) 0.46(0.11,1.99) 0.300 25.0≤BMI＜29.9 10(28.57) 83(31.20) 0.36(0.06,2.04) 0.249 26(21.85) 67(36.81) 0.23(0.05,1.04) 0.057 ＞30.0 0(0) 7(2.63) Incalculable 4(3.36) 3(1.65) 0.80(0.10,6.35) 0.833 CONUT grade Normal 7(20.00) 133(50.00) 1 35(29.41) 105(57.69) 1 Light 24(68.57) 115(43.23) 3.97(1.65,9.54) 0.002 68(57.14) 71(39.01) 2.87(1.73,4.77) ＜0.001 Medium and Severe 4(11.43) 18(6.77) 4.22(1.12,15.86) 0.033 16(13.45) 6(3.30) 8.00(2.90,22.04) ＜0.001 Preoperative information Length of hospital stay before operation(d) 46.00±26.63 21.77±11.92 1.07(1.05,1.10) ＜0.001 35.75±20.40 17.29±5.90 1.21(1.15,1.26) ＜0.001 PLR 126.20±58.77 124.55±54.23 1.00(0.99,1.01) 0.867 129.50±64.54 121.64±47.06 1.00(1.00,1.01) 0.224 NLR 2.73±1.50 2.55±2.28 1.03(0.90,1.18) 0.649 3.063±3.16 2.253±1.12 1.32(1.10,1.58) 0.002 MLR 0.37±0.15 0.33±0.19 2.76(0.62,12.27) 0.181 0.38±0.25 0.30±0.13 14.80(3.10,70.70) 0.001 SII 460.94±340.84 471.74±434.21 1.00(1.00,1.00) 0.887 534.17±590.96 428.84±256.50 1.00(1.00,1.00) 0.054 Surgical variables ASA score 1~3 7(20.00) 107(40.22) 1 0.025 31(26.05) 83(45.60) 1 ＜0.001 4~5 28(80.00) 159(59.78) 2.69(1.13,6.39) 88(73.95) 99(54.40) 2.38(1.44,3.93) NNIS index 1 2(5.71) 28(10.53) 1 0.380 9(7.56) 21(11.54) 1 0.264 2 33(94.29) 238(89.47) 1.94(0.44,8.53) 110(92.43) 161(88.46) 1.59(0.70,3.61) CPB No 5(14.29) 75(28.20) 1 0.088 23(19.33) 57(31.32) 1 0.022 Yes 30(85.71) 191(71.80) 2.36(0.88,6.30) 96(80.67) 125(68.68) 1.90(1.10,3.31) RBC transfusion No 24(68.57) 181(68.05) 1 0.950 75(63.02) 130(71.43) 1 0.127 Yes 11(31.43) 85(31.95) 0.98(0.46,2.08) 44(36.98) 52(28.57) 1.47(0.90,2.40) Washed RBC transfusion No 12(34.29) 129(48.50) 1 0.117 41(34.45) 100(54.95) 1 0.001 Yes 23(65.71) 137(51.50) 1.80(0.86,3.78) 78(65.55) 82(45.05) 2.32(1.44,3.74) PLT transfusion No 14(40.00) 148(55.64) 1 0.085 49(41.18) 113(62.09) 1 ＜0.001 Yes 21(60.00) 118(44.36) 1.88(0.92,3.86) 70(58.82) 69(37.91) 2.34(1.46,3.75) Surgical time(h) 5.91±1.81 4.62±1.44 1.65(1.30,2.07) ＜0.001 5.35±1.64 4.38±1.35 1.59(1.32,1.90) ＜0.001 Intraoperative blood loss(mL) 50 400 1.00(1.00,1.00) 0.734 50 500 1.00(1.00,1.00) 0.352 Intraoperative blood transfusion(mL) 1000 1400 1.00(1.00,1.00) 0.332 700 1600 1.00(1.00,1.00) 0.608 Antibiotic Length of AP before perioperation(d) 1.74±2.58 1.95±1.92 0.94(0.76,1.16) 0.564 1.68±2.00 2.09±1.99 0.89(0.77,1.02) 0.095 Intraoperative redosing Required but no redosing 9(25.71) 43(16.17) 1 23(19.33) 29(15.93) 1 Required and redosing 25(71.43) 197(74.06) 0.61(0.26,1.39) 0.238 89(74.79) 133(73.08) 0.84(0.46,1.55) 0.585 Not required 1(2.86) 26(9.77) 0.18(0.02,1.53) 0.118 7(5.88) 20(10.99) 0.44(0.16,1.22) 0.116 AP within 48 h postoperatively No 29(82.86) 195(73.31) 1 0.229 96(80.67) 128(70.33) 1 0.046 Yes 6(17.14) 71(26.69) 0.57(0.23,1.43) 23(19.33) 54(29.67) 0.58(0.33,0.99) CXM, cefuroxime; PLR, Platelets-Lymphocyte ratio; NLR, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; SII, Systemic Inflammatory Index; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; BMI, Body Mass Index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiology; NNIS, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance; CPB, Cardiopulmonary bypass; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelet; AP, antibiotic prophylaxis; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever ； OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression for risk factors with POP and persistent POF Exposure β value SE Wald χ ２ OR（95%CI） P value POP Age(y) 0.054 0.023 5.641 1.06(1.01,1.10) 0.018 Smoking history 1.116 0.399 7.815 3.05(1.40,6.67) 0.005 Surgical time(h) 0.527 0.123 18.425 1.69(1.33,2.15) ＜0.001 Persistent POF Smoking history 1.002 0.316 10.030 2.72(1.47,5.06) 0.002 Length of hospital stay before operation(d) 0.057 0.025 5.255 1.06(1.01,1.11) 0.022 MLR 1.879 0.784 5.742 6.55(1.41,30.47) 0.017 CONUT grade Light 0.644 0.293 4.844 1.90(1.07,3.38) 0.028 Medium and Severe 1.451 0.613 5.599 4.27(1.28,14.21) 0.018 Washed RBC transfusion 0.523 0.193 7.346 1.69(1.16,2.46) 0.007 Surgical time(h) 0.417 0.100 17.212 1.52(1.25,1.85) ＜0.001 MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; RBC, red blood cell; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Table 4 Associations of 1.5 g and 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation with POP and persistent POF among patients undergoing cardiac surgery Exposure Case Control Crude OR（95%CI） Crude P Adjusted OR (95% CI ) Adjusted P POP 1.5g CXM prophylaxis before operation 18(51.43) 152(57.14) 1.26(0.62,2.55) 0.522 1.03(0.48,2.20) a 0.945 a 3.0g CXM prophylaxis before operation 17(48.57) 114(42.86) Persistent POF 1.5g CXM prophylaxis before operation 52(43.70) 118(64.84) 2.38(1.48,3.81) ＜0.001 2.38(1.36,4.14) b 0.002 b 3.0g CXM prophylaxis before operation 67(56.30) 64(35.16) a Adjustment for age, smoking history and surgical time. b Adjustment for smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grade, washed WBC transfusion, surgical time. CXM, cefuroxime; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; RBC, red blood cell; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Table 5 Stratification analysis of risk factors with persistent POF in 1.5 g subgroup and 3.0 g subgroup Exposure 1.5g CXB prophylaxis before operation 3.0g CXB prophylaxis before operation P for heterogeneity Adjusted OR (95% CI ) b Adjusted OR (95% CI ) b Smoking history 3.58(1.41,9.06) 2.44(0.97,6.14) 0.567 Length of hospital stay before operation(d) 1.07(1.01,1.14) 1.08(0.95,1.22) 0.938 MLR 15.02(1.99,113.26) 3.37(0.17,67.51) 0.417 CONUT grade Light 1.57(0.66,3.70) 2.31(0.98,5.43) 0.532 Medium and Severe 2.84(0.54,14.96) 9.30(0.94,91.92) 0.411 Washed RBC transfusion 2.40(1.35,4.27) 1.11(0.64,1.92) 0.056 Surgical time(h) 1.71(1.28,2.29) 1.34(1.00,1.79) 0.240 b Adjustment for smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grade, washed WBC transfusion and surgical time. CXM, cefuroxime; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; RBC, red blood cell; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files rawdata.xls Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4727283","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331594581,"identity":"2ad42b0b-7ae7-4aa3-b265-13d8a6e8290d","order_by":0,"name":"Jianshui Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Infection Control, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianshui","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":331594582,"identity":"330ee660-920c-4b47-8c09-b2a9759ee44c","order_by":1,"name":"Zijun Ge","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Infection Control, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zijun","middleName":"","lastName":"Ge","suffix":""},{"id":331594583,"identity":"030ca642-b4a2-44ae-a24b-c1e6979b5898","order_by":2,"name":"Qifen Min","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Infection Control, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qifen","middleName":"","lastName":"Min","suffix":""},{"id":331594584,"identity":"cb70fe0c-bbb3-4a0d-b1a0-560f3caf2518","order_by":3,"name":"Xiaowen Gong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Infection Control, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaowen","middleName":"","lastName":"Gong","suffix":""},{"id":331594585,"identity":"59c20c03-030b-474b-863e-a9d773be6025","order_by":4,"name":"Wensen Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Infection Control, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wensen","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":331594586,"identity":"2567fc82-95ce-4f9d-b5fe-875c991ed1a9","order_by":5,"name":"Feng Zang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIie3PsWoCQRCA4Q0nazO67SyIdtZjs5WQV9njwOoCqWQLiwsnd4Xa5zFSBcscwtpsrK+84AuYLkUgPoCSPTuL/er5mRnGguAO8W6+P53MFEQ3rxptFv6kD3b28OpmA7m2CTXO+pMhpuOoV+ymVKdKfi2jFoeB402viEBmqTJxxpkoV9rzy2ZPeOAgmJ3X8XbA0H2+ebYcNNIcQL7k73XsOCN88iSYEmqOQDumnuMiapUo/CgIyHYUa5eATSaZ0yDXPEHtLHh/GZV5dfw1f49idKy+f8xiKMrN/8kFuG08CIIguOoMlgNKuNcOxBIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Infection Control, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Feng","middleName":"","lastName":"Zang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-12 01:51:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4727283/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4727283/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":74087475,"identity":"3a6e2700-27bb-4dd6-b82a-c62b94e6201f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-17 15:32:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1866660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4727283/v1/a34d167b-af03-4397-8651-de4a3d395698.pdf"},{"id":61864412,"identity":"f2a722f4-555d-452e-9607-7b53b6f9f23a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-06 11:53:27","extension":"xls","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":101376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rawdata.xls","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4727283/v1/279c8b53ef1516d8dd56b523.xls"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Whether 3.0 g cefuroxime prophylaxis before cardiac surgery diminished postoperative pneumonia and persistent fever compared with 1.5 g: a nested case-control study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCardiac surgery is a complex, technical and demanding interventional therapy for patients with cardiac diseases. Despite advances in surgical techniques and postoperative care, the risk of\u0026nbsp;nosocomial infection and\u0026nbsp;persistent postoperative fever(POF) remain great challenges among patients who undergo cardiac surgery. The incidence of\u0026nbsp;nosocomial infection\u0026nbsp;was described with 10.1%\u003csup\u003e[1]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eup to 22.6%\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e, among which\u0026nbsp;postoperative pneumonia(POP) ranked first\u0026nbsp;with the\u0026nbsp;incidence of 8.8%\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e up to 20.9%\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;POP has proved to complicate\u0026nbsp;treatment, prolong hospital stay, and increase clinical burdens and mortality rate\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;POF is the most common complications and may occur up to 70% of\u0026nbsp;patients undergoing cardiac\u0026nbsp;surgery\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e. POF often leads to unnecessary extensive laboratory work-ups and antimicrobial therapies. The atypical presentations often cause a delayed diagnosis and an improper treatment with an increased morbidity rate\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to decrease the morbidity of POP and persistent POF in\u0026nbsp;cardiac\u0026nbsp;surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoutine administration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis(AP) is well accepted due to the severity of infection in cardiac surgeries\u003csup\u003e[8].\u003c/sup\u003e Prior studies have revealed AP reduces the incidence of POP, bloodstream and surgical site infection(SSI)\u003csup\u003e[9-11]\u003c/sup\u003e. The German Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft e.V. (PEG) recommended second-generation cephalosporin as first-line AP\u0026nbsp;in patients undergoing cardiac surgery\u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eChinese Guidelines for Clinical Use of Antibiotics(2015 edition)\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e[13]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003erecommended 1.5 g\u0026nbsp;CXM as\u0026nbsp;preferred\u0026nbsp;AP regimen in these patients without considering the function of liver and kidney.\u0026nbsp;However, a pharmacokinetic evaluation study\u003csup\u003e[14]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eof CXM revealed that a standard dosing regimen of 1.5 g preoperatively to prevent staphylococcal infections appears to be effective. In contrast, if E. coli is relevant in surgeries, this dosing regimen appears insufficient. Another study\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e showed patients with body weight \u0026gt; 100 kg or age \u0026lt; 60 years were more likely to have unbound plasma concentrations below the target range.\u0026nbsp;In consideration of maintaining the serum and tissue concentrations of CXM with a short half-life\u003csup\u003e[16]\u003c/sup\u003e, and the severity of infection after\u0026nbsp;cardiac surgeries, some clinicians tented to select 3.0 g dosing regimen preoperatively. Therefore, further research is warranted to clarify whether\u0026nbsp;3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery can effectively diminish\u0026nbsp;POP and persistent POF\u0026nbsp;compared with 1.5 g.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the effect of 1.5 g and 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively on the incidence of POP and persistent POF were investigated among patients undergoing cardiac surgery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Participants and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy subjects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients undergoing cardiac surgery from Jan 2023 to Dec 2023 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were involved in a nested case-control study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study was described as follow. Patients who underwent CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study apart from patients with a preoperative fever or infection, or undergoing emergency surgery. According to the sample size estimating calculation formula\u0026nbsp;N=\u003cem\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e\u0026alpha;/\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eP\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(1-\u003cem\u003eP\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)/\u003cem\u003e\u0026delta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e with \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026delta;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere 0.05, and the positive rate (\u003cem\u003eP\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) of\u0026nbsp;POF\u0026nbsp;was 70% reported by\u0026nbsp;Keijmel SP\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e, 322 cases should be involved. Finally, a total of 301 patients were admitted into the study according to the eligibility criteria. Participants were divided into the 1.5 g (n=170) and 3.0 g (n=131) group based on the dosage of CXM prophylaxis before operation. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe demographic data of participants, including \u0026nbsp;baseline characteristics [age, smoking and drinking history, Body Mass Index(BMI), \u0026nbsp; Controlling Nutritional Status(CONUT) grade], preoperative information [length of hospital stay, \u0026nbsp; Platelets-Lymphocyte ratio(PLR), Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio(NLR), Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio(MLR),\u0026nbsp;Systemic Inflammatory Index(SII)], Surgical variables [American Society of Anesthesiology(ASA) score, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance(NNIS) index,Cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB), red blood cell(RBC), washed RBC or platelet(PLT) transfusion, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss or transfusion], and antibiotic (preoperative AP, length of preoperative AP, intraoperative redosing, AP within 48 h postoperatively) were collected by the Xinglin Real-Time\u0026nbsp;Nosocomial Infection System and Intelligent Integrated Health(iih) platform.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcomes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutcomes included POP and persistent POF. POP were diagnosed referring to the Diagnostic Criteria of Nosocomial Infection published by the Ministry of Health in 2001. To identify with absorption and reaction fever, POF in this study was defined as persistent fever(auxillary temperature\u0026ge;38℃) \u0026ge;3 d. According to different outcomes,\u0026nbsp;participants were allocated into\u0026nbsp;POP group (n=35) and non-POP group(n=266), or POF group(n=119) and non-POF group(n=182).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were summarized with Excel 2017 and statistical analysis was performed by R 4.3.3. Continuous variables were summarized as mean\u0026plusmn;standard deviation(SD) and compared with \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test if data conform with normality and homogeneity of variance simultaneously. Otherwise, these \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;variables were summarized as median\u0026plusmn;interquartile and compared with Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data were described as frequencies (percentages), and compared with Pearson \u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test . Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for POP and persistent POF. Risk risks with \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value less than 0.05 in univariate analysis was incorporated into the further multivariate analysis. The effect of different dosages\u0026nbsp;CXM prophylaxis was determined by\u0026nbsp;adjusting the risk factors assessed from multivariate logistic regression model. Stratification analysis was conducted to examine whether different dosages\u0026nbsp;CXM prophylaxis generate effect modification on risk factor of POP or persistent POF. The effect of risk factors on the outcome was presented by odds ratio(OR) and its 95% confidence interval(CI). \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value less than 0.05 was considered as statistical difference.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline characteristics, preoperative information, surgical variables, antibiotic and outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo significant differences were found in age, smoking, drinking, BMI,\u0026nbsp;CONUT grade between 1.5 g and 3.0 g groups(Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreoperative information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no significant difference in length of hospital stay, PLR, NLR, MLR, SII between 1.5 g and 3.0 g groups(Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurgical variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe percentage of cardiopulmonary bypass in\u0026nbsp;1.5 g group was higher than 3.0 g group (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.020), while the rate of washed RBC transfusion and volume of intraoperative blood transfusion\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;1.5g group was lower than 3.0 g group (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.016 and 0.026).\u0026nbsp;No significant differences were found in other\u0026nbsp;surgical variables (ASA score, NNIS index, RBC transfusion, PLT transfusion, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss) between the two groups(Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe percentage of AP within 48 h postoperatively in\u0026nbsp;1.5 g group was higher than 3.0 g group (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.023). There was no significant difference in length of AP before operation, intraoperative redosing(Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall incidence of POP and persistent POF was 11.63% and 39.53%, respectively. The incidence of persistent POF\u0026nbsp;in 3.0\u0026nbsp;g group (30.59%) was higher than 1.5 g group (51.15%)(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001). There was no significant difference in POP between the two groups (10.59% and 12.98%)(Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisk factors analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the consequence of univariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of\u0026nbsp;POP increased with age (OR=1.05, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.00~1.09, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.031),smoking history (OR=2.81, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.35~5.84, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.006), length of hospital stay before operation (OR=1.07, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.05~1.10,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001), CONUT grade [light (OR=3.97, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.65~9.54,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.002), medium and severe (OR=4.22, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.12~15.86,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.033)], ASA score (4 and 5)(OR=2.69, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.13~6.39,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.025), surgical time (OR=1.65, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.30~2.07,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001) and\u0026nbsp;the risk of persistent POF\u0026nbsp;increased with age (OR=1.03, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.00~1.05, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.031), smoking (OR=2.66, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.55~4.59,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001) and drinking (OR=1.85, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.04~3.30, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.036) history, length of hospital stay before operation (OR=1.21, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.15~1.26,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001), NLR (OR=1.32, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.10~1.58,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.002), MLR (OR=14.80, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:3.10~70.70,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP=\u003c/em\u003e0.001), CONUT grade [light (OR=2.87, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.73~4.77,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001), medium and severe (OR=8.00, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:2.90~22.04,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001)], ASA score (4 and 5) (OR=2.38, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.44~3.93,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001), CPB (OR=1.90, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.10~3.31, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.022),\u0026nbsp;washed RBC (OR=2.32, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.44~3.74, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.001) and PLT (OR=2.34, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.46~3.75, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001) transfusion,\u0026nbsp;surgical time (OR=1.59, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.32~1.90,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001), and no AP within 48 h postoperatively (OR=1.76, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.01~3.07, P\u0026lt;0.046)(Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe significant variables in\u0026nbsp;univariate analysis was screened by a stepwise multivariate logistic regression. The multivariate analysis revealed that increased age (OR=1.06, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.01~1.10,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.018) and surgical time (OR=1.69, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.33~2.15,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001), history of smoking (OR=3.05, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.40~6.67,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP=\u003c/em\u003e0.005)\u0026nbsp;was related to higher risk of\u0026nbsp;POP while increased length\u0026nbsp;of hospital stay before operation (OR=1.06, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.01~1.11,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.022) and\u0026nbsp;surgical time (OR=1.52, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.25~1.85,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001), higher MLR (OR=6.55, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.41~30.47,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.017) and CONUT grade\u0026nbsp;[light (OR=1.90, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.07~3.38,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP=\u003c/em\u003e0.028), medium and severe (OR=4.27, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.28~14.21,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP=\u003c/em\u003e0.018)], smoking history (OR=2.72, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.47~5.06,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.002), washed RBC transfusion (OR=1.69, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.16~2.46,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.007)\u0026nbsp;was positive correlated with risk of\u0026nbsp;persistent\u0026nbsp;POF(Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5 g or 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePOP and persistent POF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis demonstrated the risk of postoperative persistent POF in patients with 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation is higher than those with 1.5 g CXM unadjusted (OR=2.38, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.48~3.81,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001) or adjusted (OR=2.38, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.36~4.14,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.002) for the confounding effect of smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grades, washed RBC transfusion and surgical time. There was no significant different in\u0026nbsp;POP between the two group\u0026nbsp;unadjusted (OR=1.26, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:0.62~2.55,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.522) or adjusted (OR=1.03., 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:0.48~2.20,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.945) for the confounding variables(Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStratification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStratification analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the effect of smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grade, washed RBC transfusion, surgical time between 1.5 g and 3.0 g group(Table 5). The results defined that the two different dosages CXM prophylaxis didn\u0026rsquo;t generate effect modification on risk factor of postoperative \u0026nbsp;persistent POF.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to identify whether 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively be has a significant advantage over\u0026nbsp;1.5 g and\u0026nbsp;provide basic data for establishing antibiotic use guidelines\u0026nbsp;for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.\u0026nbsp;The results demonstrated that\u0026nbsp;3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively did not significantly decreased the prevalence of POP and served only to increase the risk of persistent POF compared with 1.5 g among patients undergoing cardiac surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 11.63% patients developed pneumonia after cardiac surgery. The incidence level was similar to the results(9.6%) in a prospective cohort study\u003csup\u003e[17]\u003c/sup\u003e of a large Grade-A tertiary hospital. POP is most prevalent of all nosocomial infections in patients who underwent cardiac surgery\u003csup\u003e[18]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Age, smoking history, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) are well-known risk factors that affect POP\u003csup\u003e[3,19].\u003c/sup\u003e Risk factors analysis in this study verified age,smoking history and surgical time increased the probability of POP. Regrettably, the clinical data of postoperative MV couldn\u0026rsquo;t be involved in risk factors analysis because of data loss.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe incidence of persistent POF among patients undergoing cardiac surgery was 39.53% in the study. The incidence level was similar to the result(38%) in a review\u003csup\u003e[20]\u003c/sup\u003e. POF is a common occurrence after cardiac surgery, only a small percentage of which was due to infections\u003csup\u003e[21\u003c/sup\u003e]. Most POF is benign and self-limiting resulting from release of inflammation cytokines caused by surgical trauma and blood directly contacting with the tubes and oxygenator surfaces during CPB circuit\u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;The presence of POF frequently triggers a battery of diagnostic tests and produces misleading in empiric antibiotics without clear infection sources. Excessive use of antibiotics can lead to the production of drug-resistant bacteria\u003csup\u003e[23]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Previous studies\u003csup\u003e[24-25]\u003c/sup\u003e declared diabetes, lesion size, operation time, high C-reactive protein and placement of a urinary catheter were risk factors of POF. This study creatively involved a series of inflammatory composite index including PLR,NLR, MLR, SII in risk factors analysis and identified\u0026nbsp;prolonged\u0026nbsp;hospital stay before operation and\u0026nbsp;surgical time , higher MLR and CONUT grade, history of smoking, washed RBC transfusion increased the risk of persistent POF. MLR as a marker, was strongly correlated with\u0026nbsp;POF after cardiac surgery. A prospective study\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e in 2022 confirmed high level of MLR was clinically significantly with increased prevalence of postoperative delirium among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Another cohort study\u003csup\u003e[27]\u003c/sup\u003e in 2021 revealed high level of MLR was a reliable predictive indicator of patients with mortality risk after cardiac surgery. However, the clinical data of urinary and venous catheter was not included in risk factors analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA preventive anti-infectious strategy is well-known to reduce the postoperative risk of nosocomial infections and to avoid prolonged antibiotic exposure. Current guidelines in China recommends 1.5 g CXM as preferred AP regimen in cardiac surgery. The recommended proposal is similar to the \u003cem\u003eAmerican Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSurgery\u003csup\u003e[28]\u003c/sup\u003e. Christer Rimmler\u003csup\u003e[29]\u003c/sup\u003e reported that dosing recommendations for CXM as perioperative AP in cardiac surgery are sufficient to reach plasma unbound concentration to cover S. aureus during the operation. However, J Lanoisel\u0026eacute;e \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e stated common dosing regimens of 1.5 g CXM recommended by US and European guidelines did not sustain therapeutic concentrations throughout cardiac surgery and proposed an optimized dosing regimen according to the population analysis of CXM pharmacokinetics. Another study showed a standard dosing regimen of 1.5 g CXM preoperatively seemed to ineffective in preventing\u0026nbsp;E. coli by pharmacokinetic analysis\u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e. There are inconsistent with the guideline recommendations and study results of dosage in\u0026nbsp;CXM prophylaxis preoperatively for\u0026nbsp;cardiac surgery. Whether a higher dosing regimen\u0026nbsp;prophylaxis preoperatively\u0026nbsp;is superior to guideline recommendation has not been reported\u0026nbsp;so far. In our study,\u0026nbsp;3.0 g CXM prophylaxis preoperatively did not significantly decreased the prevalence of POP, but increased the risk of persistent POF compared with 1.5 g. The results support the Chinese and American guidelines. Besides, most guidelines suggest not to preventive use of antibiotics postoperatively, if necessary the duration of AP after clean-contaminated surgery and contaminated surgery should not exceed 24\u0026nbsp;h and might extend to 48\u0026nbsp;h for contaminated surgery. However, a nationwide questionnaire from German heart surgery centers showed AP was extensive after cardiac surgery, with the duration strategy varying wildly\u003csup\u003e[31]\u003c/sup\u003e. This study failed to determine a significant difference in AP within 48 h postoperatively by multivariate analysis, indicating little importance and necessity of postoperative AP. The result is consistent with Chinese and American guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study may provide basic data for establishing antibiotic use guidelines for patients undergoing cardiac surgery by a nested case-control study. Ultimately, the prospective study is conform to temporal logic in causal inference. Moreover, the whole population who underwent CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery was included in this study. Nevertheless, the present study has some disadvantages. First, all results were derived from a single center and the sample size was slightly lower than statistical requirement. Second, the clinical data of relevant factors, including interventional therapy after surgery couldn\u0026rsquo;t be involved in risk factors analysis. Finally, the effect of intraoperative AP redosing wasn\u0026rsquo;t verified with a statistical difference. Afterwards, the results need to be validated by a cohort study with comprehensive data and rigorous quality control.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOn the basis of the international literature, the different guidelines and the results obtained in this nested case-control study, increasing the dosage of preoperative CXM prophylaxis from 1.5 g to 3.0 g in patients undergoing cardiac surgery does not diminish the prevalence of POP, but contributes to increased risk of persistent POF. It may reduce antibiotic resistant,healthcare costs and even provide a standardized strategy of AP management in cardiac surgery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to the clinical medical institution members, nurses, and physicians to perform this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConception and design: FZ and JY. Provision of study materials or patients: WC, FZ, ZG. Collection and assembly of data: JY, WC, ZG and FZ. Data analysis and interpretation: JY, QM and XG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFundings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the Young Talent Development Program of Changzhou Health Commission (CZQM2023021), Health Young Scientific and Technological Talent Development Program of Changzhou Medical Development Center and Changzhou Medical Association (lcyx2023010), the third Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Talents Training Program of Jiangsu Provincial People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital (YNRCQN0314), Young Scholars Fostering Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (PY2022017), Jiangsu Province Hospital Management Innovation Research Project (JSYGY-3-2023-559), Project of Chinese Hospital Reform and Development Institute, Nanjing University (NDYG2023039).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets of the study are available in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participat\u003c/strong\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has been approved by the ethical committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University review board.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDe la Varga-Mart\u0026iacute;nez O, G\u0026oacute;mez-S\u0026aacute;nchez E, Mu\u0026ntilde;oz MF, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Impact of nosocomial infections on patient mortality following cardiac surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2021 May,69:110104.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFerreira GB, Donadello JCS, Mulinari LA. Healthcare-Associated Infections in a Cardiac Surgery Service in Brazil. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Oct,35(5):614-618.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang K, Zhang HT, Fan FD, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. A nomogram predicting pneumonia after cardiac surgery: a retrospective modeling study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2024 May,19(1):309.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang Y, Luo Z, Huang W, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Comparison of Tools for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Aug,37(8):1442-1448.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMassart N, Mansour A, Ross JT, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Mortality due to hospital-acquired infection after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Jun,163(6):2131-2140.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKeijmel SP, Zwartkruis IMM, Jongenotter J, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Postoperative Inflammation and Fever After Elective Aortic Valve and Aortic Root Replacement: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Jan,10(1):ofad015.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYuan SM. Cardiac and vascular causes of persistent fever: A systematic review. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Dec,20(4):255-261.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZukowska A, Zukowski M. Surgical Site Infection in Cardiac Surgery. J Clin Med. 2022 Nov,11(23):6991.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSuna J, Moloney G, Marathe SP, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Perioperative Cefazolin Prophylaxis in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective, Cohort Study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022 Oct,114(4):1434-1440.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHatachi T, Sofue T, Ito Y, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Open Chest Management After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019 Sep,20(9):801-808.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDe Tymowski C, Sahnoun T, Provenchere S, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Impact of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Surgical Site Infections in Cardiac Surgery. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Jan,12(1):85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG. Prevention, diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care of sepsis: 1st revision of S-2 k guidelines of the German Sepsis Society and the German Interdisciplinary Association of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. GMS German Medical Science 2010,8 ISSN 1612\u0026ndash;3174.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCircular on the issuance of the guiding principles for the clinical application of antimicrobial drugs (2015 edition). Bulletin of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u0026rsquo;s Republic of China. 2015, No. 144(07): 29.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRimmler C, Lanckohr C, Akamp C, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e Physiologically based pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Dec,85(12):2864-2877.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAalbers M, ter Horst PG, Hospes W, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Targeting cefuroxime plasma concentrations during coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Int J Clin Pharm. 2015 Aug,37(4):592-8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRimmler C, Lanckohr C, Mittrup M, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Mar,87(3):1486-1498.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhanna AK, Kelava M, Ahuja S, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. A nomogram to predict postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiothoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023 Jun,165(6):2134-2146.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZardi EM, Chello M, Zardi DM, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Nosocomial Extracardiac Infections After Cardiac Surgery. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2022,24(11):159-171.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcCarthy C, Fletcher N. Early Extubation in Enhanced Recovery from Cardiac Surgery. Crit Care Clin. 2020 Oct,36(4):663-674.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDoenst T, Schneider U, Can T, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Cardiac Surgery 2021 Reviewed. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Jun,70(4):278-288.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eO\u0026apos;Mara SK. Management of Postoperative Fever in Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2017 Jun,36(3):182-192.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLai J, Wu H, Qin A. Cytokines in Febrile Diseases. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2021 Jan,41(1):1-11.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMedina E, Pieper DH. Tackling threats and future problems of multidrugresistant bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2016;398:3\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu Z, Zhuang J, Zhu X, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. A nomogram for predicting the risk of postoperative fever in elderly patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Dec,102(50):e36438.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi M, Lyu C, Fang Y, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Characteristics and risk factors of fever after total joint arthroplasty: a single-center retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022 Nov, 23(1):979.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSu X, Wang J, Lu X. The association between Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte ratio and postoperative delirium in ICU patients in cardiac surgery. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022 Jul, 36(7):e24553.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhou Z, Liang M, Wu H, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Preoperative Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Predictor of Long-Term Mortality in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Feb, 8:639890.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Clinical practice guidelines for anti‑microbial prophylaxis in surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013,14(1):73\u0026ndash;156.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRimmler C, Lanckohr C, Mittrup M, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Mar, 87(3):1486-1498.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLanoisel\u0026eacute;e J, Zufferey PJ, Hodin S, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Pharmacokinetic Model for Cefuroxime Dosing during Cardiac Surgery under Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Nov, 64(12):e01687-20.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHamouda K, Oezkur M, Sinha B, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Different duration strategies of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery: an observational study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Feb, 10:25.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable1\u0026nbsp;Characteristic and outcomes of patients categorized by 1.5 g and 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 g CXM prophylaxis before operation (n=170)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation (n=131)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaseline characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(y)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.58\u0026plusmn;10.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.79\u0026plusmn;11.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(21.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(26.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.260\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrinking\u0026nbsp;history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(16.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(22.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ＜18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(3.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 18.5\u0026le;BMI＜24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(61.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(67.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 25.0\u0026le;BMI＜29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(33.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(27.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ＞30.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(2.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCONUT\u0026nbsp;grade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Normal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81(47.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(45.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Light\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(45.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(47.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Medium and Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(7.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(7.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePreoperative information\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay before operation(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.39\u0026plusmn;16.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.83\u0026plusmn;15.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.230\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.51\u0026plusmn;54.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.76\u0026plusmn;54.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u0026plusmn;2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u0026plusmn;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e477.34\u0026plusmn;452.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e461.59\u0026plusmn;394.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSurgical variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1~3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(35.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 4~5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(60.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85(64.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNNIS\u0026nbsp;index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(11.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150(88.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(68.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(80.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBC transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(30.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(34.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashed RBC transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80(47.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80(61.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLT transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81(47.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(44.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical time(h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026plusmn;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026plusmn;1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.800\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative blood loss(mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative blood transfusion(mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1162.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.230\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntibiotic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of AP before perioperation(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.764\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative redosing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.381\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Required but no redosing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(17.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(16.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Required and redosing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(71.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(76.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not required\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(10.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(6.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP within 48 h postoperatively\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(30.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(19.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.144\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOutcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePOP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(10.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(12.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersistent POF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(30.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(51.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCXM, cefuroxime; PLR, Platelets-Lymphocyte ratio; NLR, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; SII, Systemic Inflammatory Index; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; BMI, Body Mass Index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiology; NNIS, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance; CPB, Cardiopulmonary bypass; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelet; AP, antibiotic prophylaxis; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e Univariate logistic regression for the suspected influence factors with POP and Persistent POF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"101%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.795918367346935%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePOP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.795918367346935%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersistent POF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.666666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR（95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR（95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaseline characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(y)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.31\u0026plusmn;9.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.20\u0026plusmn;10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05（1.00,1.09）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.32\u0026plusmn;9.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.60\u0026plusmn;10.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03（1.00,1.05）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking hostory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210(78.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78(65.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152(83.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(42.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56(21.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81(1.35,5.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(34.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(16.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66(1.55,4.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrinking\u0026nbsp;hostory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(74.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217(81.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(74.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154(84.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(25.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(18.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53(0.68,3.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(25.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(15.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85(1.04,3.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;＜18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(5.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(2.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(4.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;18.5\u0026le;BMI＜24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(65.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170(63.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41(0.08,2.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(70.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109(59.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46(0.11,1.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;25.0\u0026le;BMI＜29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(28.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83(31.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36(0.06,2.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(21.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(36.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23(0.05,1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.833333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;＞30.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(2.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncalculable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80(0.10,6.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCONUT grade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Normal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133(50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(29.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(57.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Light\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(68.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115(43.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97(1.65,9.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71(39.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87(1.73,4.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Medium and Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(11.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(6.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.22(1.12,15.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(13.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(3.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00(2.90,22.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePreoperative information\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay before operation(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.00\u0026plusmn;26.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.77\u0026plusmn;11.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07(1.05,1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.75\u0026plusmn;20.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.29\u0026plusmn;5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21(1.15,1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.20\u0026plusmn;58.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.55\u0026plusmn;54.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(0.99,1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.50\u0026plusmn;64.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.64\u0026plusmn;47.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(1.00,1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u0026plusmn;1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u0026plusmn;2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03(0.90,1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.063\u0026plusmn;3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.253\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32(1.10,1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76(0.62,12.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.80(3.10,70.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460.94\u0026plusmn;340.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e471.74\u0026plusmn;434.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(1.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e534.17\u0026plusmn;590.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428.84\u0026plusmn;256.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(1.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSurgical variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1~3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107(40.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(26.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83(45.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4~5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159(59.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69(1.13,6.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(73.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(54.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38(1.44,3.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNNIS index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(5.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(10.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.380\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(7.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(11.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(94.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238(89.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94(0.44,8.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(92.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161(88.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59(0.70,3.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(14.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75(28.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(19.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(31.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(85.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191(71.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36(0.88,6.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(80.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125(68.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90(1.10,3.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBC transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(68.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181(68.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75(63.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130(71.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(31.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85(31.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98(0.46,2.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(36.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(28.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47(0.90,2.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashed RBC transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(34.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129(48.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(34.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(54.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(65.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137(51.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80(0.86,3.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78(65.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82(45.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32(1.44,3.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLT transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148(55.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(41.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113(62.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(60.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118(44.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88(0.92,3.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(58.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(37.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34(1.46,3.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical time(h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u0026plusmn;1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026plusmn;1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65(1.30,2.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35\u0026plusmn;1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u0026plusmn;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59(1.32,1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative blood loss(mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(1.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(1.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative blood transfusion(mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(1.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(1.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntibiotic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of AP before perioperation(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u0026plusmn;2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u0026plusmn;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94(0.76,1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u0026plusmn;2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u0026plusmn;1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89(0.77,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative redosing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Required but no redosing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(25.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(16.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(19.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(15.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Required and redosing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(71.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197(74.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61(0.26,1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(74.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133(73.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84(0.46,1.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Not required\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(2.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(9.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18(0.02,1.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(5.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(10.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44(0.16,1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP within 48 h postoperatively\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(82.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195(73.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(80.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128(70.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.315789473684211%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(17.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71(26.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.25301204819277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57(0.23,1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(19.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.048192771084338%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(29.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58(0.33,0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCXM, cefuroxime; PLR, Platelets-Lymphocyte ratio; NLR, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; SII, Systemic Inflammatory Index; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; BMI, Body Mass Index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiology; NNIS, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance; CPB, Cardiopulmonary bypass; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelet; AP, antibiotic prophylaxis; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e；\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e Multivariate logistic regression for risk factors with POP and persistent POF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u0026nbsp;\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e２\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR（95%CI）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePOP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(y)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06(1.01,1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05(1.40,6.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical time(h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69(1.33,2.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersistent POF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72(1.47,5.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay before operation(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06(1.01,1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55(1.41,30.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCONUT grade \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Light\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90(1.07,3.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Medium and Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27(1.28,14.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashed RBC transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.346\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69(1.16,2.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical time(h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.212\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52(1.25,1.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; RBC, red blood cell; POP,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epostoperative pneumonia; POF, postoperative fever; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAssociations of 1.5 g and 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before operation with POP and persistent POF among patients undergoing cardiac surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.112709832134293%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.26618705035971%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude OR（95%CI）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;P\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.985611510791365%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.311750599520384%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"NaN%\" height=\"23\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePOP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.112709832134293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.26618705035971%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.985611510791365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.311750599520384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5g CXM prophylaxis before operation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(51.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.112709832134293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152(57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.26618705035971%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26(0.62,2.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.985611510791365%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03(0.48,2.20) \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.311750599520384%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945 \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"43\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.33766233766234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0g CXM prophylaxis before operation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.92207792207792%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(48.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.74025974025974%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114(42.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"43\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersistent POF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.112709832134293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.26618705035971%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.985611510791365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.311750599520384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5g CXM prophylaxis before operation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(43.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.112709832134293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118(64.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.26618705035971%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38(1.48,3.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.273381294964029%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.985611510791365%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38(1.36,4.14) \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.311750599520384%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002 \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"43\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.33766233766234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0g CXM prophylaxis before operation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.92207792207792%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(56.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.74025974025974%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(35.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"43\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjustment for age, smoking history and surgical time.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Adjustment for smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grade, washed WBC transfusion, surgical time.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCXM, cefuroxime; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; RBC, red blood cell; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epostoperative fever; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eStratification analysis of risk factors with persistent POF in 1.5 g subgroup and 3.0 g subgroup\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5g CXB prophylaxis before operation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0g CXB prophylaxis before operation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efor heterogeneity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e) \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e) \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58(1.41,9.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44(0.97,6.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay before operation(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07(1.01,1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08(0.95,1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.02(1.99,113.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37(0.17,67.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCONUT grade Light\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57(0.66,3.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31(0.98,5.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium and Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84(0.54,14.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.30(0.94,91.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashed RBC transfusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40(1.35,4.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11(0.64,1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical time(h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71(1.28,2.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34(1.00,1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjustment for smoking history, length of hospital stay before operation, MLR, CONUT grade, washed WBC transfusion and surgical time.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCXM, cefuroxime; MLR, Monocyte-Lymphocyte ratio; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; RBC, red blood cell; POP, postoperative pneumonia; POF,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epostoperative fever; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"nested case-control study, 1.5 g or 3.0 g cefuroxime preoperative prophylaxis, cardiac surgery, postoperative pneumonia, persistent postoperative fever","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4727283/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4727283/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhether 3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery can effectively avoid POP and persistent POFcompared with 1.5 g is debatable, which needs to be confirmed by evidence medical research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 301 patients who underwent CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery from Jan 2023 to Dec 2023 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were incorporated in a nested case-control study. The patients were divided into the 1.5 g (n=170) and 3.0 g (n=131) groups according to the dosage of prophylactic CXM. Outcomes included POP and persistent POF. Risk andstratification analysis was performed for the effect andmodification of different doses of CXM on outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe incidence of persistent POF in 1.5 g group (52, 30.59%) was lower than that in 3.0 g group (67, 51.15%) unadjusted (OR=2.38, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.48~3.81, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001) or adjusted (OR=2.38, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:1.36~4.14, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.002) for the confounding variables. There was no significant difference in POP between the two groups unadjusted (OR=1.26, 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:0.62~2.55, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.522) or adjusted (OR=1.03., 95%\u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e:0.48~2.20, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.945) for the confounding variables. The results of stratification analysis defined that two different dosages of prophylactic CXM didn’t generate effect modification on the risk factors of persistent POF.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.0 g CXM prophylaxis before cardiac surgery didn’t decrease the incidence of POP but increased the risk of persistent POF compared with 1.5 g. Given the facts, this study may point the solution of CXM preoperative prophylaxis for cardiac surgery.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Whether 3.0 g cefuroxime prophylaxis before cardiac surgery diminished postoperative pneumonia and persistent fever compared with 1.5 g: a nested case-control study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-06 11:53:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4727283/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b320045c-3af1-4166-b158-972bd89887b5","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-12T01:53:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-06 11:53:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4727283","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4727283","identity":"rs-4727283","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}