Epidemiology and management of endometrial cancer: experience of International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and Mohammed VI Center for cancer treatment at University Hospital Ibn Rochd Casablanca, Morocco

Epidemiology and management of endometrial cancer: experience of International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and Mohammed VI Center for cancer treatment at University Hospital Ibn Rochd Casablanca, Morocco | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Original Article Epidemiology and management of endometrial cancer: experience of International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and Mohammed VI Center for cancer treatment at University Hospital Ibn Rochd Casablanca, Morocco Amal Bouziyane, Hicham Benaguida, Maryame Lamsisi, Ayoub Khoaja, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-100555/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in high-income countries and its incidence has increased over the past 20 to 30 years. In Morocco, the incidence is close to those found in developing countries, but it is lower than those found in Western countries. To determine some epidemiological aspects of endometrial cancer in Morocco, we conducted a prospective study over 43 months at the International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and the Mohammed VI Center for Cancer Treatment at the Ibn Rochd Casablanca University Hospital, Morocco. 93 cases of endometrial cancer were included. Results The average age was 64. 36.5% of our patients had early menarche. 17.2% had menstrual cycle abnormalities. The nulliparous patients represent 40.8℅. 3 patients in our series underwent medical hormone treatment. 46.2% of patients claimed to have taken oral contraception during their period of genital activity, 79.5℅ were obese, 62.3% of the patients are diabetic and 49.4% are known to be hypertensive. 9.6% of patients are on hormone therapy with Tamoxifen. Metrorrhagia is the first symptom encountered in 62.2% of cases. Ultrasound was performed on all of our first-line patients and pelvic MRI was the most relevant examination in the pre-therapeutic assessment of endometrial cancer. Endometrial adenocarcinoma of the endometriotic type (81.72%) was the most prominent histological type. The therapeutic attitudes practiced were: Extended total colpohysterectomy for 17 patients. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for 93 patients. Omentectomy was performed for 11 patients. 78 patients had undergone pelvic lymph node dissection, while 51 patients had undergone an associated lumbarortic dissection. 44.08℅ of cases were diagnosed at stage (IA) and 18.27℅ of cases at stage (III). At the time when we stopped our study, 42 patients had received radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment, ie 45.1% of cases. Conclusions Local and locoregional epidemiological studies should be multiplied to shed light on the interest of prevention by promoting a healthy lifestyle. Besides, genetic studies must be conducted to better understand the place of racial factors as risk factors for this cancer. Surgery Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Epidemiology Endometrial adenocarcinoma Hysterectomy Pelvic lymph node dissection Hyperoestrogenism Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in high-income countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia where collectively more than 57,000 women are diagnosed each year [ 1 ], its incidence has increased over the past 20 to 30 years. In Europe, Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women [ 2 ], and in the United States, 47.130 new cases of endometrial cancer were reported with 8,010 deaths in 2012 [ 3 ]. The incidence of endometrial cancer is low in developing countries. At the national level: In the Rabat registry, endometrial cancer is the 5th gynecological cancer, its frequency is 3.4% of gynecological cancers recorded in 2012 [ 4 ]. In the Casablanca registry, endometrial cancer is the 7th cancer in women, it represents 2.8% of all female cancers [ 5 ]. In the register of the Hassan II center in Fez, the proportion of endometrial cancer was approximately 6.7% of all gynecological cancers recorded between 2004 and 2007 [ 6 ]. The incidence of endometrial cancer in Morocco is close to that found in developing countries, but it is lower than that found in Western countries. This work aims to study the epidemiological characteristics and the clinical therapeutic profile of a population of Moroccan patients with endometrial cancer in a university hospital setting in the city of Casablanca (International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and the Mohamed VI Center for the treatment of cancers at the Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center), for better prevention and therapeutic management of patients. Patients And Methods This prospective approach was undertaken to explore the underlying elements related to epidemiological characteristics, the clinical and the therapeutic profile of women with endometrial cancer at Cheikh Khalifa International University Hospital and the Mohamed VI Center for the treatment of cancers at the Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, over 45 months, from January 1, 2017, to August 30, 2020. Eligible participants were identified from the operating theater register, patient medical records, and pathology reports. An operating sheet was drawn up to extract the data necessary for our epidemiological study including the identity of the patient, the socio-demographic data, the circumstances of the discovery of the disease, the initial clinical examination, the results of the examinations complementary, the type of surgical and adjuvant treatment and the anatomopathological characteristics of the surgical specimens. Women were eligible to participate if they had an endometrial cancer diagnosis and were aged between 18 and 85 years and treated within these structures. All the 93 identified patients consented to use the data in their charts in this study while respecting their anonymity. Results And Discussion 1. Risk factors for endometrial cancer Endometrial carcinoma occurs most commonly in postmenopausal women, in more than 75% of cases [7]. It is divided into two distinct types of cancer: type I cancer, the most frequent, developed in a context of hyperestrogenism and on lesions precursors of endometrial glandular hyperplasia, corresponds to an endometrioid adenocarcinoma, it is good. prognosis [8]. While type II cancer, less common, develops on lesions of Intra mucous carcinoma in a context of atrophic mucosa, its histological type is more aggressive either of serous adenocarcinoma type or with clear cells with a poorer prognosis.[8]. Hyperestrogenism can be of exogenous origin (medical hormonal treatment, Tamoxifene®) or endogenous origin (polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian tumor, obesity, etc.). Other risk factors are high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and nulliparity, a genetic predisposition like Lynch syndrome can also promote this type of cancer.[9]. 1.1. Age Age is the most important risk factor for endometrial cancers which are most common, the prevalence gradually increases from the premenopausal stage, and maximum risk is seen in postmenopausal women. The risk decreases after 70 years of age [10]. However, 10% to 15% of cancers can occur in premenopausal patients and 2% to 5% of these will be under 40 years of age [11]. Up to a third of these young patients will also present with synchronous primary ovarian cancer or metastases at the time of diagnosis.[11] Philippe and Charpin place the average age between 59-60 years [12]. Other studies reveal an average age of 57.5 years, and 2% of cases before 40, including one diagnosed at the age of 12 [13]. In the series of Agostini et al., The mean age of the patients was 53.4 years (range: 45–76 years) [14]. In this study, we find that our results are in line with those of the literature with extreme ages between 49 and 82 years, the average age of 64 years, 16.13 patient of patients are in peri-menopause (Age between 45 and 55 years) and 83.87 % are postmenopausal women over 55 years old (Figure 1). 1.2. Racial and regional factors The incidence rate is higher in the white population compared to the black or Asian populations. However, the death rate among the black population is higher than the other two. Furthermore, there are also regional variations within racial groups, the incidence among black and Asian women living in the United States is much higher than that of their counterparts in other countries (14.15). There are regions with a high incidence between 8 and 10 ℅ such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Western Europe, and regions with a low incidence between 2 and 4 ℅ such as Africa, Central America, South America, and Asia [17]. This racial variation suggests that there are important genetic and environmental factors that influence the development of endometrial cancer. In our series, 83.88% of our patients are white, 12.9% are black and 3.22% are mixed race (Table 1) 1.3. Hormonal factors Endometrial adenocarcinoma is considered a hormone-dependent disease. The risk factors for endometrial cancer are generally linked to relative hyperestrogenism: early menarche, late menopause, chronic anovulation, postmenopausal obesity, synthetic estrogen intake, and also treatment with Tamoxifen [8] (Table 2). 1.3.1. Menarche, cycle abnormalities, parity: Most studies have found that early menarche and late menopause are positively associated with the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma [15], both of these factors result in a long duration of estrogen exposure during which anovulatory cycles are common. The menopause before age 53 years doubles the risk of endometrial cancer (16). An association with long or irregular menstrual cycles as well as nulliparity has also been reported as a risk factor [18]. Pregnancy appears to be a protective factor for endometrial adenocarcinoma. The risk of cancer is 0.9 (95% CI: 0.7–1.1), 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6–1.0), and 0.7 (95% CI: 0,5–0.8) for patients who have had 1, 2 or 3 or more children, respectively. Some studies have shown that nulliparity and infertility are risk factors for endometrial adenocarcinoma and other studies show that nulliparity continues to be a factor of poor prognosis [19]. In our series, 36.5% of our patients had early menarche, 17.2% had menstrual cycle abnormalities and 40.8% were nulliparous (Table 2). 1.3.2. Medical hormone therapy In the late 1960s and early 1970s, unopposed estrogen therapy was recognized as a pathogenic factor in endometrial adenocarcinoma, associated with an incidence multiplied by 8 according to Ziel et al. [20]. This risk increases with the dose and the duration of use. When a woman uses systemic estrogen therapy without progestin for 1 year, it was found that endometrial hyperplasia developed in 20–50% of women [21]. The highest risk is noted in women using high doses for 10 years or more and remains high 5 to 10 years after stopping estrogen [22]. It appears that most regimens of combined estrogen-progestin postmenopausal hormone therapy are not going to increase the chances of endometrial carcinoma. Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial had illustrated this when they compared continuous estrogen-progestin therapy with placebo [23]. The anti-estrogenic effect of progesterone and progestins is confirmed in epidemiological surveys by the reduction in the incidence of cancer in women receiving hormonal treatment when it combines a progestogen with estrogen [24]. In terms of benefit-risk analysis, the argument for prescribing a medical hormone therapy (MHT) for these young women is mainly to improve their quality of life as for avoiding the brutal consequences of surgical menopause such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and disturbed sexuality. For those women who have had a hysterectomy, the MHT contains estrogen alone, should be given at the minimum dose that improves the quality of life. Since, still according to the RPC (recommendations for clinical practices), the indications and contraindications after 50 years are the same as in the general population, it will then have to be stopped: we could advise to do it gradually, to avoid a sudden resumption of hot flashes [25]. Three of our patients underwent menopause medical hormone therapy. 1.3.3. Hormonal contraception All the literature shows a decrease in the incidence of endometrial cancer under combined oral contraception. The use of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives decreases the risk of endometrial carcinoma by 30% [24]. Studies have found that progestin-only contraceptives (e.g., depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, progestin implants, progestin-releasing intrauterine devices) provide a protective effect against the development of endometrial neoplasia (23). The relative risk increases to 0.4 at 5 years after the use of combined oral contraception [26]. Therefore, it is correlated with the duration of use: compared to non-users, the risk is 77% after one year, 54% after four years, and 30% after 12 years. Protection decreases after stopping the pill but persists in part for 3 to 10 years, even 20 years, according to studies [27]. In our study, out of 93 patients, 43 claimed to have taken hormonal contraception during their period of genital activity (Table 2). 1.3.4. Tamoxifen The risk is even greater if the patient has received Tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy [28]. The median time to onset of endometrial adenocarcinoma is 3.5 and 4 years [29]. The first cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma to appear with Tamoxifen were reported in 1985 by Killackey et al. [30]. Since this association has been studied and it is now accepted that treatment with Tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma by a factor of the order of 2 to 3 in postmenopausal women. whereas the risk in premenopausal women is unproven to date [31]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not recommend routine screening for endometrial carcinoma in women on tamoxifen but advises that women be counseled about the risks associated with tamoxifen and should be monitored closely for symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma and undergo evaluation if symptoms of endometrial carcinoma are present [20]. In our series, the notion of taking Tamoxifen was found in 9 patients. 1.4. Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, and Obesity Patients with hypertension and diabetes have a risk multiplied by 3. Diabetes does not seem to be when isolated, a risk factor, and hypertension is classically found in this context [32]. Obesity is a prominent risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer that increases proportionally with BMI [33]. In our series, 62.3℅ of our patients are diabetic, 79.5℅ are obese and 49.4% are hypertensive (Table 3). 1.5. Family history and background The relative risk of endometrial cancer is 1.5 with a similar family history (31). A family history of endometrial cancer and colorectal cancer has a high risk for the disease. They develop endometrial cancer at an early age [35]. According to the study by Lécuru et al. The age at the time of diagnosis is earlier. It is between 46 and 48 years old [36]. 15% of cancers are diagnosed before the age of 40 years, 57% before age 50 years, and 98% before age 65 years. There is no notable characteristic, neither histological nor prognostic, of endometrial adenocarcinomas occurring in an HNPCC context compared to sporadic ones. In the context of HNPCC syndrome, there is no indication for routine prophylactic surgery. However, a non-conservative total hysterectomy can be discussed during abdominopelvic surgery. Personal history of breast cancer increases the risk of serous-like endometrial cancer [36]. In our series, we find a personal or family neoplastic history in 17 patients: 12 patients with breast cancer, 9 of whom were treated with Tamoxifen (RH +), 2 patients followed for adenocarcinoma of the colon, and 3 patients whose mothers had endometrial cancer. 1.6. Tobacco and Alcohol In several studies, smoking has been found to have a protective effect on endometrial carcinoma [37]. This phenomenon is explained by the anti-estrogenic action of tobacco, the mechanism suggested for this effect is that smoking stimulates the hepatic metabolism of estrogens, leading to the lowering of estrogen which eventually leads to a reduction of incidence of endometrial abnormalities. Two of our patients are smokers [38]. Excessive alcohol consumption leads to an increase in estrogen, prompting an investigation into the effect of alcohol on the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Results showed no association or protective effect [38, 39]. None of our patients drink alcohol. 2. Anatomopathological profile The pathological diagnosis of endometrial cancers was made, according to the criteria of the histological classification of the World Health Organization, preoperatively, when possible, on the examination of a biopsy sample obtained by Pipelle de Corner bone, biopsy curettage, hysteroscopic sampling or another type of sample (cervical-uterine smear, a biopsy of a vaginal mass, etc.) and postoperatively by examination of the operative part. In several studies, the most common histological diagnosis is endometrioid adenocarcinoma [40]. Malik et al reported a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 95.4% using an insemination cannula [41]. Hemalatha et al. found that the diagnostic accuracy was higher in aspiration cytology than in dilation and curettage since two cases of endometrial hyperplasia were missed during dilation and curettage, but were diagnosed by suction cytology and confirmed by hysterectomy. The correlation of aspiration cytology with dilation and curettage was 94%. Roger et al reported 98% and Maurice et al reported 93.75% correlation of cytology with dilation and curettage ratios [42]. In the series by Groff et al. The endometrial biopsy was performed on 66.3% of patients and it allowed the preoperative diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma to be made in only 36.6% of cases [43]. The extemporaneous examination of the hysterectomy specimen is not recommended, as the specificity is low on myometrial infiltration and the histological grade.[44]. Analysis of the operative specimen after paraffin embedding allows in 25% of cases a grade change between the biopsy and the operative specimen and in 5% of cases a histological change and specifies the FIGO stage, myometrial invasion, the macroscopic size of the tumor, the depth of the invasion, the lymph node invasion, the presence of vascular emboli, the extension to the uterine cervix and the ectopic extension. In our series, all of our patients underwent an endometrial biopsy which made it possible to diagnose endometrial adenocarcinoma in 97.86% of cases and 2.14% of carcinosarcoma (figure 2; figure 3 and figure 4) (Table 4). 3. Clinical signs 3.1. Metrorrhagia The early detection rate of EC is thought secondary to the presence of warning symptoms, such as postmenopausal bleeding that prompt evaluation of these patients. In our series, metrorrhagia is the first symptom encountered in all cases, they are of low or medium abundance. They are often isolated and constitute the only circumstance of discovery. It’s found in 62.2% of our patients. In young women, it can also be discovered during a hysteroscopy performed as part of an infertility assessment or during the removal of an endocavitary polyp. In the study by Rossard et al. metrorrhagia accounts for 77% of symptoms, in a study by k. Nouni at the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat (2005-2007), metrorrhagia is found in 89% of patients [45, 46]. 3.2. Pelvic pain They are often associated with metrorrhagia. In our series, they are found in one way in 29% of cases. This frequency is greater than that of the series by Rossard et al. (2.9%) [45]. Low et al. surveyed 911 women in the United Kingdom on the presence of gynecological cancer symptoms in the preceding 3 months, and found that 44% of respondents experienced at least one of the surveyed symptoms. The most common symptoms reported were abdominal, back, or pelvic pain and increased abdominal size, and 21% of those surveyed reported three or more symptoms [47]. 3.3. Leucorrhoea Abnormal vaginal discharge was also strongly associated with EC and reported in 11.8% of our patients. They can be isolated or associated with bleeding and pelvic pain. In the series by Rossard et al. Abnormal vaginal discharge represents only 3.7%of cases. In Nouni's series, leucorrhoea represents 29% [45, 46]. 3.4. Other clinical signs: Alteration of general condition, urinary, and digestive signs are encountered in 5.37%, 8.6%, and 7.7% of cases, respectively. These signs are often indicative of advanced forms, it is often a high grade or non-endometroid cancer (Table 5). 4. Paraclinical examinations 4.1. For diagnostic proposes 4.1.1. Pelvic and endovaginally ultrasound: Ultrasound was performed in all our patients, it was an endovaginal and suprapubic ultrasound, it showed the presence of a uterine tumor in 82 patients and endometrial hypertrophy in 11 patients. Ultrasound plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, to limit the invasive examinations carried out in patients with post-menopausal bleeding since 80% of curettages performed highlight a benign pathology.[13]. This examination makes it possible to estimate the myometrial penetration and to verify the integrity of the appendages.[48]. If the morphological criteria are associated with the morphometric criteria, the sensitivity of the ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma goes from 94 to 97% with a specificity of 45 to 65% for a limit thickness set at 5mm [49]. The performance of endovaginal ultrasound in the assessment of the extension of endometrial adenocarcinoma varies in the literature. Indeed, the ultrasound examination proves to be very effective for the diagnosis of myometrial invasion, it is much less when it comes to proposing a precise “staging”. Its sensitivity then goes from 94% to 66%[13, 50]. Several studies already reported in the literature on the performance of endovaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of deep myometrial extension have shown significant reliability with figures comparable to those of MRI [20, 51, 52]. 4.1.2. Hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy 86 of our patients underwent this examination in the operating room under anesthesia and it made it possible to make the diagnosis of endometrial cancer in 92.4% of cases. 7 cases are patients referred from other structures following a diagnosis made on a hysterectomy specimen without prior histological proof. Curettage after dilation has long been considered the gold standard for removing endometrial mucosa. A satisfactory sample is obtained in 80 to 95% of cases [49]. Curettage after dilation, which requires general anesthesia, should be reserved for cases where sufficient material cannot be obtained on an outpatient basis, due to cervical stenosis for example, or when it is performed for therapeutic purposes at the same time as diagnostic [53]. 4.2. Assessment of extension 4.2.1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) This examination was performed on all of our patients (Figure 5). The results were as follows: The Endometrial thickness had an average value was 12 mm with extremes ranging from 06 to 28 mm, the invasion of the myometrium was greater than 50% of the total thickness of the myometrium in 28 cases, the cervical involvement was objectified in 09 patients, the Ectopic extensionwas objectified in 32 cases: 7 cases of endometrial cancer exceeding the uterine serosa, 4 cases with bladder involvement, 3 cases with intestinal involvement and 8 cases with parametrial involvement and 2 cases with ovarian involvement, and the suspicion of pelvic and / or lumboaortic lymph node involvement was objectified in 23 cases. Abdominopelvic MRI is the most relevant examination in the pre-therapeutic evaluation of endometrial cancer [54]. This examination allows the realization of a locoregional extension assessment (penetration of the myometrium, lymph node invasion, cervical extension) [55]. The lesion will manifest as a localized or diffuse endometrial thickening, more or less heterogeneous. It appears in hyper signal in T2 but the signal is hypointense compared to the endometrium [56]. The invasion of the cervix will be evoked in the event of an abnormality of the signal of the tumor at the level of the cervical canal or the stroma or in the presence of the existence of an enlargement of the cervical canal linked to the tumor [57]. If ultrasound is the first examination to be requested for diagnosis, MRI is the imaging technique to recommend in the assessment of extension of endometrial adenocarcinomas: certain authors such as Del Maschio et al. consider that the results between the two methods are similar, but others such as Yamashita et al. using both T2 and dynamic gradient-echo get better results (43.48). Kinkel recommended the use of first-line MRI only in cases where there is a high histologic grade tumor because of the high risk of lymph node involvement.[50]; or else in the face of clinical suspicion of extension to the cervix; or as part of a multifactorial assessment (myometrium, cervix, and lymph node status). 5. Therapeutic conduct 5.1. Surgical treatment In our series, surgical treatment has always represented the cornerstone of treatment, all patients have undergone surgery. The main goal of surgery is therapeutic by the removal of the tumor. Also, uterine resection allows the determination of prognostic factors and hence decisions on the adjuvant treatment (Figure 6 and Figure 7). For early-stage EC, a total extra fascial hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. The decision to perform a lymphadenectomy depends on the local practice and the risk of nodal disease (determined a priori by the preoperative or intraoperative data). This first objective of surgery may be limited to a simple hysterectomy and the removal of the ovaries; however, its second goal requires a much more extensive intervention that involves pelvic washing, omentum biopsy or complete omentectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and para-aortic lymphadenectomy [58]. The diagnostic role of lymphadenectomy is to define the extent of disease, thus targeting adjuvant therapy and identifying patients who may not need postsurgical treatment. The potential therapeutic role is to eradicate the existing disease in the nodal tissue. However, it is still debated and the treatment of endometrial cancer varies largely across practitioners. In the UK, the MRC ASTEC trial, which randomized 1400 women undergoing surgery for presumed Stage I endometrial cancer to pelvic lymphadenectomy or no lymphadenectomy, showed no therapeutic benefit [59]. Performing cytology and complete peritoneal exploration also provide prognostic information, the results of which are necessary for classification in the FIGO system. The indication for systematic omentectomy is reserved for the treatment of serous papillary forms (53) (Table 6). The staging of endometrial cancer has still, since the publication of Creasman et al., Been based on surgical status (54.55). Old series, such as that of Lewis et al. In the 1970s, at the time justified this almost systematic attitude by a significant decrease in myometrial invasion after irradiation (56). In 1987, the publication of the results of the study GOG 33 (Gynecologic Oncology Group Study) shed new light on the management of endometrial cancers. This American study, published by Creasman et al. aimed to correlate the characteristics of endometrial adenocarcinomas with their ectopic extension (54). The description of such uterine histological factors should make it possible to better orient complementary treatments. This work justified, in 1988, the modification and establishment of a new method of classifying endometrial adenocarcinomas and placed the surgical approach in the first line (57). In 25% of cases, a change in grade between the curettage and the operative specimen may appear and in 5% of cases a change in histological type. If high-risk factors are found on the hysterectomy specimen, rework of lymph node and peritoneal staging, preferably laparoscopic, is recommended. The prognosis is related to the stage, the depth of myometrial infiltration, the histologic grade, and the presence of metastatic lymph nodes (58). A recent analysis of patients with a preoperative diagnosis of grade 1 disease found that 4% of patients had lymph node metastases, 10% had the disease beyond the uterus, and 25% had other characteristics that exposed them to high risks that could influence the planning of subsequent adjuvant therapy (59). Given these large differences, preoperative tumor grades cannot be used to reliably stratify the risk of the presence of ectopic metastases and determine the need for surgical staging (60). 5.2. Adjuvant treatment 5.2.1. Radiotherapy At the time when we stopped our study, 42 patients (45.1% of cases) had received radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment. The treatment of early-stage endometrial cancer is based on surgical management including total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopharectomy. Depending on clinical situations and prognostic factors, lymph nodes evaluation by pelvic and lumbar-aortic lymph nodes dissection will be performed. For patients with a uterine limited disease with intermediate- and high-risk factor 4 randomized trials and a Cochrane meta-analysis have evaluated the role of radiation therapy (EBRT) (X) concluding that radiation treatment reduces the risk of locoregional recurrence without increasing overall survival [60]. For patients who present, at postoperative reassessment, a tumor confined to the body of the uterus with criteria of low risk of recurrence, the reference attitude is simple monitoring. For patients at intermediate risk or high risk of recurrence, several prospective randomized trials, meta-analyses, and large retrospective series have made it possible to support the adjuvant treatment proposals, according to the tumor histopathological prognostic factors, leading to recommendations. under the aegis of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) [61]. Any operable patient must be operated and external radiotherapy will be delivered after the surgery in the following cases: Stage I high risk (IB grade 3, IB with lymphatic emboli, or histological type 2) with optional brachytherapy to reduce vaginal recurrence. Stage II: surgery followed by brachytherapy, radiotherapy may be offered Stage III: chemotherapy and external radiotherapy. IVA internship: external radiotherapy followed by brachytherapy Radiotherapy is most often used in addition to surgery but can be exclusive, in inoperable patients or patients with advanced tumors. Adapted to prognostic factors, it reduces the rate of locoregional tumor recurrence [62]. External beam radiation therapy for endometrial adenocarcinoma is usually done postoperatively. It may be indicated before surgery for tumors with an unfavorable prognosis, or only in stage II tumors to sterilize subclinical lymph node metastases and thus to abstain from dissection [63]. In endometrial adenocarcinomas, it targets a selected population carrying sufficient risk indicators to predict the risk of pelvic relapse greater than 10%. Pelvic radiotherapy aims to reduce recurrence in the irradiated area [64]. Different target volumes can be defined according to the therapeutic strategy and therefore to the place of external radiotherapy (postoperative, exclusive, preoperative, etc.) and according to the extent of the disease. Three types of volumes will be described: pelvic, lumbar-aortic, and abdominal. Postoperative brachytherapy uses cesium 137 for low endocardial flow brachytherapy and iridium for high dose rate or pulsed flow brachytherapy [62]. Preoperative brachytherapy is endocavitary, uterovaginal, and is similar in all respects to preoperative brachytherapy for cervical cancer. It allows better cervicovaginal irradiation and proximal parameters by minimizing the dose to critical organs (sigmoid, small loops, and bladder) due to the interposition of the uterus. Its interest remains in stage II tumors with macroscopic involvement of the uterine cervix. The target volume: includes the upper third of the vagina, the cervix, parameters, and the uterine cavity if possible. 5.2.2. Chemotherapy: Management of endometrial cancer has become more complex during the past 10 years for several reasons: changes in histological classification (type 1 vs. type 2) have affected surgical management, adjuvant therapy strategies deeply modified based on data from randomized trials and indications and modalities of lymphadenectomy have changed, even if the therapeutic or simply prognostic role of lymphadenectomy remains to be defined. A meta-analysis on the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk endometrial cancer including 9 trials and 131,326 patients reported that adjuvant chemotherapy significantly increases overall survival (HR 0.74) and progression-free survival (HR 0.75) and reduce the risk of distant metastasis (HR 0.79) [65]. In our series, 27 patients received chemotherapy courses based on Carboplastine + paclitaxel. Traditionally, until the 1990s, chemotherapy was reserved for patients with metastatic cancer. The demonstration of high metastatic risk in certain subgroups and the positive results of chemotherapy in the advanced forms have led to the gradual introduction of chemotherapy into the treatment protocols of patients with cancer at high risk of recurrence [66]. The place of adjuvant chemotherapy, in more limited stages, is unclear and uncertain. It could be justified in the form of a high risk of recurrence. The Doxorubicin-Cisplatin combination was the cornerstone for randomized trials. There is an increasing trend for paclitaxel. In new trials, the Carboplatin-Taxol combination is frequently found [67]. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) conducted a randomized trial evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy, either before or after postoperative external irradiation. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was improved from 75 to 82% with the addition of chemotherapy [66]. The results of these various trials have shown the potential benefit of chemotherapy in reducing the risk of remote metastases in forms with a high risk of recurrence. However, the use of chemotherapy alone exposes patients to a higher risk of locoregional recurrence. Mundt et al. [80] reported a 40% risk rate of local recurrence at three years in patients who received only chemotherapy after surgery, and in 31% the pelvis was the first or only site of recurrence. . These experiments have led to the consideration of combining chemotherapy with radiotherapy, either concomitantly or sequentially. Conclusion As for the epidemiological data on risk factors, the results of our study match those of the literature; including classic risk factors such as age, the area of hyperestrogenism, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, and arterial hypertension. Local and locoregional epidemiological studies should be multiplied to shed light on the interest of prevention by promoting a healthy lifestyle: fight against sedentary lifestyle, screening, and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, surveillance regular use of patients on Tamoxifen but also through genetic counseling in populations at risk. Besides, genetic studies must be conducted to better understand the place of racial factors as risk factors for this cancer. Endometrial cancer is cancer that is treated with surgery. Radiotherapy is the main adjuvant treatment. This cancer is generally of good prognosis with a 5-year survival which reaches 70%, all stages combined, for our patients, the collection of data on survival is in progress and subject to a later study. Abbreviations ADK Adenocarcinoma BMI Body Mass Index HBP High Blood Pressure MRI Magnetic resonance imaging Declarations Ethics approval and Consent to participate This study is approved by local Ethical committee. All patients consented to the participation of this study. Consent for publication The authors consent for the publication of the data presented in the present article Availability of data and material All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. Authors contribution AB: Study design, Data collection and interpretation, writing and editing; HB: Data collection and interpretation, Manuscript writing and editing; ML: Data interpretation, Manuscript writing and editing; AK and S B performed the histological examination; MEN: Providing resources, manuscript editing; MEL: Providing resources, manuscript editing; MB: study design, Data interpretation, writing and editing , ; MME: Supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all the participating patients and the medical and paramedical staff at the both the hospitals where this study has been held, for all their efforts to support us during this study. 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Gynecol Oncol 75:211–214. https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1999.5569 Seski JC, Edwards CL, Herson J, Rutledge FN (1982) Cisplatin chemotherapy for disseminated endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 59:225–228 de Boer SM, Powell ME, Mileshkin L, et al (2016) Toxicity and quality of life after adjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for women with high-risk endometrial cancer (PORTEC-3): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:1114–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30120-6 Steer C, Harper P (2001) Is there any place for cytotoxic chemotherapy in endometrial cancer? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 15:447–467. https://doi.org/10.1053/beog.2001.0188 Lim P, Aquino-Parsons CF, Wong F, et al (1999) Low-risk endometrial carcinoma: Assessment of a treatment policy based on tumor ploidy and identification of additional prognostic indicators. Gynecol Oncol 73:191–195. https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1999.5365 Tables Table 1. Repartition of patients according to race. Race N % White Arab Amazigh 78 64 14 83.88 68.8 15 Black Arab Amazigh 12 12 0 12.9 12.9 0 Métis Arab Amazigh 3 0 3 3.22 0 3.22 Table 2. Hormonal risk Factors of endometrial cancer Hormonal Factors N (%) Early Menarche ( 2 Children) 38 45 10 40.8 48.38 10.75 hormonal Contraception 43 46.2 Late Menopause 14 15 Medical Hormonal Treatment 3 3.2 Tamoxifen 9 9.6 Tableau 3. Repartition of patients according to others comorbidities. Comorbidities N (%) Diabetes Type I Type II 58 7 51 62.3 7.5 54.8 Cholesterol > 2g/L 45 48.3 Obesity 25 < BMI 30 74 42 32 79.5 45.1 34.4 HBP 46 49.4 Abdominal Perimeter > 100cm 71 76.3 HBP: High Blood Pressure Tableau 4. Histopathological Characteristics of endometrial tumors. Characteristic N % FIGO Stage (2018) IA IB II III IV 41 11 9 17 15 44.08 11.82 9.67 18.27 16.12 histological Type Endometrioid Serous Clear Cells Undifferentiated Carcinosarcoma 76 11 3 1 2 81.72 11.82 3.22 1.07 2.14 Histogenetic Type Type 1 Type 2 76 17 81.72 18.27 Histological Grade G1 G2 G3 48 21 24 51.61 22.58 25.8 Macroscopic Size < 20 mm ≥ 20 mm 37 56 39.78 60.21 Myometrial Invasion Absence < 50% ≥ 50% 29 11 53 31.18 11.82 56.98 Depth of invasion ≥ 3 mm < 3 mm 64 29 68.81 31.18 Cervical Extension Yes No 9 84 9.67 90.32 Vascular emboli Yes No 21 72 22.58 77.42 Lymph Node Invasion Yes No NP* 15 37 41 16.13 39.78 43.91 Extra-uterus Extension Yes No 15 78 16.13 83.87 *NP: Not performed (no indication for dissection: stage IA, G1 and G2 or non-optimal surgery (R = 1)) Table 5. Clinical signs of endometrial cancers. clinical Signs N % Metrorrhagias 68 62,2 Pelvic pain 27 29 Leucorrhea 11 11.8 Urinary Signs 8 8,6 Digestive Signs 7 7.7 Alteration of the general condition 5 5.37 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-100555","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Original Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":4346853,"identity":"53146b6f-023e-4bce-9a01-e2a5bf3e54b3","order_by":0,"name":"Amal 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endometrial cancer according to age.","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/ad12395ad26fe9b5a6f7ba99.png"},{"id":3427984,"identity":"432d43c0-caa9-41c7-9aee-3d8dc64036a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-06 15:19:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":996934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"54-year-old patient. a) Endometrial clear cell ADK. b) Immunohistochemistry: P53 positive","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/c53379ec71a07689c5217625.jpeg"},{"id":3427985,"identity":"b8045c3b-833c-4ca2-a9e6-5a7ff8941586","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-06 15:19:57","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":185735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"72-year-old patient. Well differentiated endometrioid ADK","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/05c6ef5d68b8d1235e279580.png"},{"id":3427986,"identity":"150eca8f-f7af-4cf2-8dd7-0d5377d3e5a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-06 15:19:57","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":207673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"61-year-old patient. Poorly differentiated endometrioid ADK","description":"","filename":"Fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/9618515c609206d1f9565a6c.png"},{"id":3427987,"identity":"063805c7-dce2-4cc0-ac7b-e52bec23db08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-06 15:19:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":436841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Pelvic MRI objectifying a regular endometrial thickening measuring 27 x 10.6 mm with an infiltration of the myometrium ˂ 50% and right external iliac lymphadenopathy, the largest of which is 12 mm short axis","description":"","filename":"Fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/f1f684b980a677f072c0951a.png"},{"id":3427988,"identity":"2aabf6e1-74c9-4201-9878-6721019be0db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-06 15:19:58","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1110326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"61-year-old patient. endometroid ADK with extension to the uterine cervix. Specimen of an enlarged colpohysterectomy.","description":"","filename":"Fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/d640323fb6088d7d1cecaa76.png"},{"id":3427989,"identity":"1934c22e-e31c-41da-bc86-c17ad96cb1fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-06 15:19:58","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1017870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"64-year-old patient. Endometrial carcinosarcoma. Hysterectomy specimen, omentectomy, peritonectomy and small bowel resection.","description":"","filename":"Fig7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/019fecf0a19283eace3f9f8b.png"},{"id":13611403,"identity":"66914a0b-bdc9-4aec-a864-d1338bd1ee1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 06:28:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3507581,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-100555/v1/38f490ca-a663-4ba2-8197-13304acf050a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Epidemiology and management of endometrial cancer: experience of International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and Mohammed VI Center for cancer treatment at University Hospital Ibn Rochd Casablanca, Morocco","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":" \u003cp\u003eEndometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in high-income countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia where collectively more than 57,000 women are diagnosed each year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], its incidence has increased over the past 20 to 30\u0026nbsp;years. In Europe, Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], and in the United States, 47.130 new cases of endometrial cancer were reported with 8,010 deaths in 2012 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incidence of endometrial cancer is low in developing countries. At the national level: In the Rabat registry, endometrial cancer is the 5th gynecological cancer, its frequency is 3.4% of gynecological cancers recorded in 2012 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In the Casablanca registry, endometrial cancer is the 7th cancer in women, it represents 2.8% of all female cancers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In the register of the Hassan II center in Fez, the proportion of endometrial cancer was approximately 6.7% of all gynecological cancers recorded between 2004 and 2007 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The incidence of endometrial cancer in Morocco is close to that found in developing countries, but it is lower than that found in Western countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work aims to study the epidemiological characteristics and the clinical therapeutic profile of a population of Moroccan patients with endometrial cancer in a university hospital setting in the city of Casablanca (International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and the Mohamed VI Center for the treatment of cancers at the Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center), for better prevention and therapeutic management of patients.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Patients And Methods","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis prospective approach was undertaken to explore the underlying elements related to epidemiological characteristics, the clinical and the therapeutic profile of women with endometrial cancer at Cheikh Khalifa International University Hospital and the Mohamed VI Center for the treatment of cancers at the Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, over 45 months, from January 1, 2017, to August 30, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEligible participants were identified from the operating theater register, patient medical records, and pathology reports. An operating sheet was drawn up to extract the data necessary for our epidemiological study including the identity of the patient, the socio-demographic data, the circumstances of the discovery of the disease, the initial clinical examination, the results of the examinations complementary, the type of surgical and adjuvant treatment and the anatomopathological characteristics of the surgical specimens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen were eligible to participate if they had an endometrial cancer diagnosis and were aged between 18 and 85\u0026nbsp;years and treated within these structures. All the 93 identified patients consented to use the data in their charts in this study while respecting their anonymity.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003e1. Risk factors for endometrial cancer\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndometrial carcinoma occurs most commonly in postmenopausal women, in more than 75% of cases [7]. It is divided into two distinct types of cancer: type I cancer, the most frequent, developed in a context of hyperestrogenism and on lesions precursors of endometrial glandular hyperplasia, corresponds to an endometrioid adenocarcinoma, it is good. prognosis [8]. While type II cancer, less common, develops on lesions of Intra mucous carcinoma in a context of atrophic mucosa, its histological type is more aggressive either of serous adenocarcinoma type or with clear cells with a poorer prognosis.[8]. Hyperestrogenism can be of exogenous origin (medical hormonal treatment, Tamoxifene\u0026reg;) or endogenous origin (polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian tumor, obesity, etc.). Other risk factors are high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and nulliparity, a genetic predisposition like Lynch syndrome can also promote this type of cancer.[9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.1. Age\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge is the most important risk factor for endometrial cancers which are most common, the prevalence gradually increases from the premenopausal stage, and maximum risk is seen in postmenopausal women. The risk decreases after 70 years of age [10]. However, 10% to 15% of cancers can occur in premenopausal patients and 2% to 5% of these will be under 40 years of age [11]. Up to a third of these young patients will also present with synchronous primary ovarian cancer or metastases at the time of diagnosis.[11] Philippe and Charpin place the average age between 59-60 years [12]. Other studies reveal an average age of 57.5 years, and 2% of cases before 40, including one diagnosed at the age of 12 [13]. In the series of Agostini et al., The mean age of the patients was 53.4 years (range: 45\u0026ndash;76 years) [14].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we find that our results are in line with those of the literature with extreme ages between 49 and 82 years, the average age of 64 years, 16.13 patient of patients are in peri-menopause (Age between 45 and 55 years) and 83.87 % are postmenopausal women over 55 years old (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.2. Racial and regional factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe incidence rate is higher in the white population compared to the black or Asian populations. However, the death rate among the black population is higher than the other two. Furthermore, there are also regional variations within racial groups, the incidence among black and Asian women living in the United States is much higher than that of their counterparts in other countries (14.15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are regions with a high incidence between 8 and 10 ℅ such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Western Europe, and regions with a low incidence between 2 and 4 ℅ such as Africa, Central America, South America, and Asia [17]. This racial variation suggests that there are important genetic and environmental factors that influence the development of endometrial cancer. In our series, 83.88% of our patients are white, 12.9% are black and 3.22% are mixed race (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.3. Hormonal factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndometrial adenocarcinoma is considered a hormone-dependent disease. The risk factors for endometrial cancer are generally linked to relative hyperestrogenism: early menarche, late menopause, chronic anovulation, postmenopausal obesity, synthetic estrogen intake, and also treatment with Tamoxifen [8] (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.3.1. Menarche, cycle abnormalities, parity:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost studies have found that early menarche and late menopause are positively associated with the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma [15], both of these factors result in a long duration of estrogen exposure during which anovulatory cycles are common. The menopause before age 53 years doubles the risk of endometrial cancer (16). An association with long or irregular menstrual cycles as well as nulliparity has also been reported as a risk factor [18]. Pregnancy appears to be a protective factor for endometrial adenocarcinoma. The risk of cancer is 0.9 (95% CI: 0.7\u0026ndash;1.1), 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6\u0026ndash;1.0), and 0.7 (95% CI: 0,5\u0026ndash;0.8) for patients who have had 1, 2 or 3 or more children, respectively. Some studies have shown that nulliparity and infertility are risk factors for endometrial adenocarcinoma and other studies show that nulliparity continues to be a factor of poor prognosis [19]. In our series, 36.5% of our patients had early menarche, 17.2% had menstrual cycle abnormalities and 40.8% were nulliparous (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.3.2. Medical hormone therapy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1960s and early 1970s, unopposed estrogen therapy was recognized as a pathogenic factor in endometrial adenocarcinoma, associated with an incidence multiplied by 8 according to Ziel et al. [20]. This risk increases with the dose and the duration of use. When a woman uses systemic estrogen therapy without progestin for 1 year, it was found that endometrial hyperplasia developed in 20\u0026ndash;50% of women [21]. The highest risk is noted in women using high doses for 10 years or more and remains high 5 to 10 years after stopping estrogen [22]. It appears that most regimens of combined estrogen-progestin postmenopausal hormone therapy are not going to increase the chances of endometrial carcinoma. Women\u0026rsquo;s Health Initiative randomized trial had illustrated this when they compared continuous estrogen-progestin therapy with placebo [23].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe anti-estrogenic effect of progesterone and progestins is confirmed in epidemiological surveys by the reduction in the incidence of cancer in women receiving hormonal treatment when it combines a progestogen with estrogen [24]. In terms of benefit-risk analysis, the argument for prescribing a medical hormone therapy (MHT) for these young women is mainly to improve their quality of life as for avoiding the brutal consequences of surgical menopause such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and disturbed sexuality. For those women who have had a hysterectomy, the MHT contains estrogen alone, should be given at the minimum dose that improves the quality of life. Since, still according to the RPC (recommendations for clinical practices), the indications and contraindications after 50 years are the same as in the general population, it will then have to be stopped: we could advise to do it gradually, to avoid a sudden resumption of hot flashes [25]. Three of our patients underwent menopause medical hormone therapy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.3.3. Hormonal contraception\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the literature shows a decrease in the incidence of endometrial cancer under combined oral contraception. The use of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives decreases the risk of endometrial carcinoma by 30% [24]. Studies have found that progestin-only contraceptives (e.g., depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, progestin implants, progestin-releasing intrauterine devices) provide a protective effect against the development of endometrial neoplasia (23). The relative risk increases to 0.4 at 5 years after the use of combined oral contraception [26]. Therefore, it is correlated with the duration of use: compared to non-users, the risk is 77% after one year, 54% after four years, and 30% after 12 years. Protection decreases after stopping the pill but persists in part for 3 to 10 years, even 20 years, according to studies [27].\u0026nbsp;In our study, out of 93 patients, 43 claimed to have taken hormonal contraception during their period of genital activity (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.3.4. Tamoxifen\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe risk is even greater if the patient has received Tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy [28]. The median time to onset of endometrial adenocarcinoma is 3.5 and 4 years [29]. The first cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma to appear with Tamoxifen were reported in 1985 by Killackey et al. [30]. Since this association has been studied and it is now accepted that treatment with Tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma by a factor of the order of 2 to 3 in postmenopausal women. whereas the risk in premenopausal women is unproven to date [31]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not recommend routine screening for endometrial carcinoma in women on tamoxifen but advises that women be counseled about the risks associated with tamoxifen and should be monitored closely for symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma and undergo evaluation if symptoms of endometrial carcinoma are present [20]. In our series, the notion of taking Tamoxifen was found in 9 patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.4. Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, and Obesity\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with hypertension and diabetes have a risk multiplied by 3. Diabetes does not seem to be when isolated, a risk factor, and hypertension is classically found in this context [32]. Obesity is a prominent risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer that increases proportionally with BMI [33]. In our series, 62.3℅ of our patients are diabetic, 79.5℅ are obese and 49.4% are hypertensive (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.5. Family history and background\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relative risk of endometrial cancer is 1.5 with a similar family history (31). A family history of endometrial cancer and colorectal cancer has a high risk for the disease. They develop endometrial cancer at an early age [35]. According to the study by L\u0026eacute;curu et al. The age at the time of diagnosis is earlier. It is between 46 and 48 years old [36]. 15% of cancers are diagnosed before the age of 40 years, 57% before age 50 years, and 98% before age 65 years. There is no notable characteristic, neither histological nor prognostic, of endometrial adenocarcinomas occurring in an HNPCC context compared to sporadic ones. In the context of HNPCC syndrome, there is no indication for routine prophylactic surgery. However, a non-conservative total hysterectomy can be discussed during abdominopelvic surgery. Personal history of breast cancer increases the risk of serous-like endometrial cancer [36]. In our series, we find a personal or family neoplastic history in 17 patients: 12 patients with breast cancer, 9 of whom were treated with Tamoxifen (RH +), 2 patients followed for adenocarcinoma of the colon, and 3 patients whose mothers had endometrial cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.6. Tobacco and Alcohol\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn several studies, smoking has been found to have a protective effect on endometrial carcinoma [37]. This phenomenon is explained by the anti-estrogenic action of tobacco, the mechanism suggested for this effect is that smoking stimulates the hepatic metabolism of estrogens, leading to the lowering of estrogen which eventually leads to a reduction of incidence of endometrial abnormalities. Two of our patients are smokers [38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcessive alcohol consumption leads to an increase in estrogen, prompting an investigation into the effect of alcohol on the risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Results showed no association or protective effect [38, 39]. None of our patients drink alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2. Anatomopathological profile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pathological diagnosis of endometrial cancers was made, according to the criteria of the histological classification of the World Health Organization, preoperatively, when possible, on the examination of a biopsy sample obtained by Pipelle de Corner bone, biopsy curettage, hysteroscopic sampling or another type of sample (cervical-uterine smear, a biopsy of a vaginal mass, etc.) and postoperatively by examination of the operative part. In several studies, the most common histological diagnosis is endometrioid adenocarcinoma [40]. Malik et al reported a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 95.4% using an insemination cannula [41]. Hemalatha et al. found that the diagnostic accuracy was higher in aspiration cytology than in dilation and curettage since two cases of endometrial hyperplasia were missed during dilation and curettage, but were diagnosed by suction cytology and confirmed by hysterectomy. The correlation of aspiration cytology with dilation and curettage was 94%. Roger et al reported 98% and Maurice et al reported 93.75% correlation of cytology with dilation and curettage ratios [42].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the series by Groff et al. The endometrial biopsy was performed on 66.3% of patients and it allowed the preoperative diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma to be made in only 36.6% of cases [43]. The extemporaneous examination of the hysterectomy specimen is not recommended, as the specificity is low on myometrial infiltration and the histological grade.[44]. Analysis of the operative specimen after paraffin embedding allows in 25% of cases a grade change between the biopsy and the operative specimen and in 5% of cases a histological change and specifies the FIGO stage, myometrial invasion, the macroscopic size of the tumor, the depth of the invasion, the lymph node invasion, the presence of vascular emboli, the extension to the uterine cervix and the ectopic extension. In our series, all of our patients underwent an endometrial biopsy which made it possible to diagnose endometrial adenocarcinoma in 97.86% of cases and 2.14% of carcinosarcoma (figure 2; figure 3 and figure 4) (Table 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3. Clinical signs\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Metrorrhagia\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe early detection rate of EC is thought secondary to the presence of warning symptoms, such as postmenopausal bleeding that prompt evaluation of these patients. In our series, metrorrhagia is the first symptom encountered in all cases, they are of low or medium abundance. They are often isolated and constitute the only circumstance of discovery. It\u0026rsquo;s found in 62.2% of our patients. In young women, it can also be discovered during a hysteroscopy performed as part of an infertility assessment or during the removal of an endocavitary polyp. In the study by Rossard et al. metrorrhagia accounts for 77% of symptoms, in a study by k. Nouni at the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat (2005-2007), metrorrhagia is found in 89% of patients [45, 46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Pelvic pain\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey are often associated with metrorrhagia. In our series, they are found in one way in 29% of cases. This frequency is greater than that of the series by Rossard et al. (2.9%) [45]. Low et al. surveyed 911 women in the United Kingdom on the presence of gynecological cancer symptoms in the preceding 3 months, and found that 44% of respondents experienced at least one of the surveyed symptoms. The most common symptoms reported were abdominal, back, or pelvic pain and increased abdominal size, and 21% of those surveyed reported three or more symptoms [47].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Leucorrhoea\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbnormal vaginal discharge was also strongly associated with EC and reported in 11.8% of our patients. They can be isolated or associated with bleeding and pelvic pain. In the series by Rossard et al. Abnormal vaginal discharge represents only 3.7%of cases. In Nouni's series, leucorrhoea represents 29% [45, 46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Other clinical signs:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlteration of general condition, urinary, and digestive signs are encountered in 5.37%, 8.6%, and 7.7% of cases, respectively. These signs are often indicative of advanced forms, it is often a high grade or non-endometroid cancer (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4. Paraclinical examinations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4.1. For diagnostic proposes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.1.1. Pelvic and endovaginally ultrasound:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUltrasound was performed in all our patients, it was an endovaginal and suprapubic ultrasound, it showed the presence of a uterine tumor in 82 patients and endometrial hypertrophy in 11 patients. Ultrasound plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, to limit the invasive examinations carried out in patients with post-menopausal bleeding since 80% of curettages performed highlight a benign pathology.[13]. This examination makes it possible to estimate the myometrial penetration and to verify the integrity of the appendages.[48]. If the morphological criteria are associated with the morphometric criteria, the sensitivity of the ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma goes from 94 to 97% with a specificity of 45 to 65% for a limit thickness set at 5mm [49].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe performance of endovaginal ultrasound in the assessment of the extension of endometrial adenocarcinoma varies in the literature. Indeed, the ultrasound examination proves to be very effective for the diagnosis of myometrial invasion, it is much less when it comes to proposing a precise \u0026ldquo;staging\u0026rdquo;. Its sensitivity then goes from 94% to 66%[13, 50]. Several studies already reported in the literature on the performance of endovaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of deep myometrial extension have shown significant reliability with figures comparable to those of MRI [20, 51, 52].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.1.2. Hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86 of our patients underwent this examination in the operating room under anesthesia and it made it possible to make the diagnosis of endometrial cancer in 92.4% of cases. 7 cases are patients referred from other structures following a diagnosis made on a hysterectomy specimen without prior histological proof. Curettage after dilation has long been considered the gold standard for removing endometrial mucosa. A satisfactory sample is obtained in 80 to 95% of cases [49]. Curettage after dilation, which requires general anesthesia, should be reserved for cases where sufficient material cannot be obtained on an outpatient basis, due to cervical stenosis for example, or when it is performed for therapeutic purposes at the same time as diagnostic [53].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Assessment of extension\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.2.1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis examination was performed on all of our patients (Figure 5). The results were as follows: The Endometrial thickness had an average value was 12 mm with extremes ranging from 06 to 28 mm, the invasion of the myometrium was greater than 50% of the total thickness of the myometrium in 28 cases, the cervical involvement was objectified in 09 patients, the Ectopic extensionwas objectified in 32 cases: 7 cases of endometrial cancer exceeding the uterine serosa, 4 cases with bladder involvement, 3 cases with intestinal involvement and 8 cases with parametrial involvement and 2 cases with ovarian involvement, and the suspicion of pelvic and / or lumboaortic lymph node involvement was objectified in 23 cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominopelvic MRI is the most relevant examination in the pre-therapeutic evaluation of endometrial cancer [54]. This examination allows the realization of a locoregional extension assessment (penetration of the myometrium, lymph node invasion, cervical extension) [55]. The lesion will manifest as a localized or diffuse endometrial thickening, more or less heterogeneous. It appears in hyper signal in T2 but the signal is hypointense compared to the endometrium [56]. The invasion of the cervix will be evoked in the event of an abnormality of the signal of the tumor at the level of the cervical canal or the stroma or in the presence of the existence of an enlargement of the cervical canal linked to the tumor [57].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf ultrasound is the first examination to be requested for diagnosis, MRI is the imaging technique to recommend in the assessment of extension of endometrial adenocarcinomas: certain authors such as Del Maschio et al. consider that the results between the two methods are similar, but others such as Yamashita et al. using both T2 and dynamic gradient-echo get better results (43.48). Kinkel recommended the use of first-line MRI only in cases where there is a high histologic grade tumor because of the high risk of lymph node involvement.[50]; or else in the face of clinical suspicion of extension to the cervix; or as part of a multifactorial assessment (myometrium, cervix, and lymph node status).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5. Therapeutic conduct\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.1. Surgical treatment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our series, surgical treatment has always represented the cornerstone of treatment, all patients have undergone surgery. The main goal of surgery is therapeutic by the removal of the tumor. Also, uterine resection allows the determination of prognostic factors and hence decisions on the adjuvant treatment (Figure 6 and Figure 7). For early-stage EC, a total extra fascial hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. The decision to perform a lymphadenectomy depends on the local practice and the risk of nodal disease (determined a priori by the preoperative or intraoperative data).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis first objective of surgery may be limited to a simple hysterectomy and the removal of the ovaries; however, its second goal requires a much more extensive intervention that involves pelvic washing, omentum biopsy or complete omentectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and para-aortic lymphadenectomy [58].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagnostic role of lymphadenectomy is to define the extent of disease, thus targeting adjuvant therapy and identifying patients who may not need postsurgical treatment. The potential therapeutic role is to eradicate the existing disease in the nodal tissue. However, it is still debated and the treatment of endometrial cancer varies largely across practitioners. In the UK, the MRC ASTEC trial, which randomized 1400 women undergoing surgery for presumed Stage I endometrial cancer to pelvic lymphadenectomy or no lymphadenectomy, showed no therapeutic benefit [59]. Performing cytology and complete peritoneal exploration also provide prognostic information, the results of which are necessary for classification in the FIGO system. The indication for systematic omentectomy is reserved for the treatment of serous papillary forms (53) (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe staging of endometrial cancer has still, since the publication of Creasman et al., Been based on surgical status (54.55). Old series, such as that of Lewis et al. In the 1970s, at the time justified this almost systematic attitude by a significant decrease in myometrial invasion after irradiation (56). In 1987, the publication of the results of the study GOG 33 (Gynecologic Oncology Group Study) shed new light on the management of endometrial cancers. This American study, published by Creasman et al. aimed to correlate the characteristics of endometrial adenocarcinomas with their ectopic extension (54). The description of such uterine histological factors should make it possible to better orient complementary treatments. This work justified, in 1988, the modification and establishment of a new method of classifying endometrial adenocarcinomas and placed the surgical approach in the first line (57).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 25% of cases, a change in grade between the curettage and the operative specimen may appear and in 5% of cases a change in histological type. If high-risk factors are found on the hysterectomy specimen, rework of lymph node and peritoneal staging, preferably laparoscopic, is recommended. The prognosis is related to the stage, the depth of myometrial infiltration, the histologic grade, and the presence of metastatic lymph nodes (58).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA recent analysis of patients with a preoperative diagnosis of grade 1 disease found that 4% of patients had lymph node metastases, 10% had the disease beyond the uterus, and 25% had other characteristics that exposed them to high risks that could influence the planning of subsequent adjuvant therapy (59). Given these large differences, preoperative tumor grades cannot be used to reliably stratify the risk of the presence of ectopic metastases and determine the need for surgical staging (60).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.2. Adjuvant treatment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5.2.1. Radiotherapy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the time when we stopped our study, 42 patients (45.1% of cases) had received radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment. The treatment of early-stage endometrial cancer is based on surgical management including total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopharectomy. Depending on clinical situations and prognostic factors, lymph nodes evaluation by pelvic and lumbar-aortic lymph nodes dissection will be performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor patients with a uterine limited disease with intermediate- and high-risk factor 4 randomized trials and a Cochrane meta-analysis have evaluated the role of radiation therapy (EBRT) (X) concluding that radiation treatment reduces the risk of locoregional recurrence without increasing overall survival [60]. For patients who present, at postoperative reassessment, a tumor confined to the body of the uterus with criteria of low risk of recurrence, the reference attitude is simple monitoring. For patients at intermediate risk or high risk of recurrence, several prospective randomized trials, meta-analyses, and large retrospective series have made it possible to support the adjuvant treatment proposals, according to the tumor histopathological prognostic factors, leading to recommendations. under the aegis of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) [61]. Any operable patient must be operated and external radiotherapy will be delivered after the surgery in the following cases:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStage I high risk (IB grade 3, IB with lymphatic emboli, or histological type 2) with optional brachytherapy to reduce vaginal recurrence.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStage II: surgery followed by brachytherapy, radiotherapy may be offered\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStage III: chemotherapy and external radiotherapy.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIVA internship: external radiotherapy followed by brachytherapy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRadiotherapy is most often used in addition to surgery but can be exclusive, in inoperable patients or patients with advanced tumors. Adapted to prognostic factors, it reduces the rate of locoregional tumor recurrence [62]. External beam radiation therapy for endometrial adenocarcinoma is usually done postoperatively. It may be indicated before surgery for tumors with an unfavorable prognosis, or only in stage II tumors to sterilize subclinical lymph node metastases and thus to abstain from dissection [63]. In endometrial adenocarcinomas, it targets a selected population carrying sufficient risk indicators to predict the risk of pelvic relapse greater than 10%. Pelvic radiotherapy aims to reduce recurrence in the irradiated area [64].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent target volumes can be defined according to the therapeutic strategy and therefore to the place of external radiotherapy (postoperative, exclusive, preoperative, etc.) and according to the extent of the disease. Three types of volumes will be described: pelvic, lumbar-aortic, and abdominal. Postoperative brachytherapy uses cesium 137 for low endocardial flow brachytherapy and iridium for high dose rate or pulsed flow brachytherapy [62]. Preoperative brachytherapy is endocavitary, uterovaginal, and is similar in all respects to preoperative brachytherapy for cervical cancer. It allows better cervicovaginal irradiation and proximal parameters by minimizing the dose to critical organs (sigmoid, small loops, and bladder) due to the interposition of the uterus. Its interest remains in stage II tumors with macroscopic involvement of the uterine cervix. The target volume: includes the upper third of the vagina, the cervix, parameters, and the uterine cavity if possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5.2.2. Chemotherapy:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManagement of endometrial cancer has become more complex during the past 10 years for several reasons: changes in histological classification (type 1 vs. type 2) have affected surgical management, adjuvant therapy strategies deeply modified based on data from randomized trials and indications and modalities of lymphadenectomy have changed, even if the therapeutic or simply prognostic role of lymphadenectomy remains to be defined. A meta-analysis on the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk endometrial cancer including 9 trials and 131,326 patients reported that adjuvant chemotherapy significantly increases overall survival (HR 0.74) and progression-free survival (HR 0.75) and reduce the risk of distant metastasis (HR 0.79) [65]. In our series, 27 patients received chemotherapy courses based on Carboplastine + paclitaxel. Traditionally, until the 1990s, chemotherapy was reserved for patients with metastatic cancer. The demonstration of high metastatic risk in certain subgroups and the positive results of chemotherapy in the advanced forms have led to the gradual introduction of chemotherapy into the treatment protocols of patients with cancer at high risk of recurrence [66]. The place of adjuvant chemotherapy, in more limited stages, is unclear and uncertain. It could be justified in the form of a high risk of recurrence. The Doxorubicin-Cisplatin combination was the cornerstone for randomized trials. There is an increasing trend for paclitaxel. In new trials, the Carboplatin-Taxol combination is frequently found [67]. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) conducted a randomized trial evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy, either before or after postoperative external irradiation. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was improved from 75 to 82% with the addition of chemotherapy [66].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of these various trials have shown the potential benefit of chemotherapy in reducing the risk of remote metastases in forms with a high risk of recurrence. However, the use of chemotherapy alone exposes patients to a higher risk of locoregional recurrence. Mundt et al. [80] reported a 40% risk rate of local recurrence at three years in patients who received only chemotherapy after surgery, and in 31% the pelvis was the first or only site of recurrence. . These experiments have led to the consideration of combining chemotherapy with radiotherapy, either concomitantly or sequentially.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs for the epidemiological data on risk factors, the results of our study match those of the literature; including classic risk factors such as age, the area of hyperestrogenism, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, and arterial hypertension. Local and locoregional epidemiological studies should be multiplied to shed light on the interest of prevention by promoting a healthy lifestyle: fight against sedentary lifestyle, screening, and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, surveillance regular use of patients on Tamoxifen but also through genetic counseling in populations at risk. Besides, genetic studies must be conducted to better understand the place of racial factors as risk factors for this cancer. Endometrial cancer is cancer that is treated with surgery. Radiotherapy is the main adjuvant treatment. This cancer is generally of good prognosis with a 5-year survival which reaches 70%, all stages combined, for our patients, the collection of data on survival is in progress and subject to a later study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":" \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eADK\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdenocarcinoma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBMI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHBP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Blood Pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMRI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic resonance imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;and Consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is approved by local Ethical committee. All patients consented to the participation of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors consent for the publication of the data presented in the present article\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAB: Study design, Data collection and interpretation, writing and editing; HB: Data collection and interpretation, Manuscript writing and editing; ML: Data interpretation, Manuscript writing and editing; AK and S B performed the histological examination; MEN: Providing resources, manuscript editing; MEL: Providing resources, manuscript editing; MB: study design, Data interpretation, writing and editing\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e; MME: Supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank all the participating patients and the medical and paramedical staff at the both the hospitals where this study has been held, for all their efforts to support us during this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLatest world cancer statistics \u0026ndash; GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012 \u0026ndash; IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/news-events/latest-world-cancer-statistics-globocan-2012-estimated-cancer-incidence-mortality-and-prevalence-worldwide-in-2012/. Accessed 3 Oct 2020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFerlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, et al (2013) Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012. 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Am J Roentgenol 161:595\u0026ndash;599. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.161.3.8352114\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYazbeck C, Poncelet C, Cr\u0026eacute;quat J, Madelenat P (2003) Int\u0026eacute;r\u0026ecirc;t de l\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;chographie endovaginale pr\u0026eacute;op\u0026eacute;ratoire dans l\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;valuation de l\u0026rsquo;infiltration myom\u0026eacute;triale des ad\u0026eacute;nocarcinomes de l\u0026rsquo;endom\u0026egrave;tre. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 31:1024\u0026ndash;1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gyobfe.2003.07.008\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrahek D, Barranger E, Dara\u0026iuml; E, et al (2005) Int\u0026eacute;r\u0026ecirc;t de la tomographie par \u0026eacute;mission de positons au [18F]-fluorod\u0026eacute;soxyglucose dans le diagnostic, le bilan d\u0026rsquo;extension et la recherche de r\u0026eacute;cidive des cancers gyn\u0026eacute;cologiques et mammaires. Gyn\u0026eacute;cologie Obs Fertil 33:371\u0026ndash;381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.01.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBr\u0026eacute;mond A, Bataillard A, Thomas L, et al (2001) Standards, options et recommandations pour la prise en charge chirurgicale des patientes atteintes de cancer de l\u0026rsquo;endom\u0026egrave;tre. Bull. Cancer 88:181\u0026ndash;198\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoekstra A V., Morgan JM, Lurain JR, et al (2009) Robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology: Impact on fellowship training. Gynecol Oncol 114:168\u0026ndash;172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.04.022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH K, AM S, Q Q, et al (2009) Efficacy of systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer (MRC ASTEC trial): a randomised study. Lancet 373:125\u0026ndash;136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61766-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKong A, Johnson N, Kitchener HC, Lawrie TA (2012) Adjuvant radiotherapy for stage i endometrial cancer: An updated cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 104:1625\u0026ndash;1634\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColombo N, Creutzberg C, Amant F, et al (2016) ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO consensus conference on endometrial cancer: Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 27:16\u0026ndash;41. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv484\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorrow CP, Bundy BN, Kurman RJ, et al (1991) Relationship between surgical-pathological risk factors and outcome in clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the endometrium: A gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 40:55\u0026ndash;65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(91)90086-K\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNelson G, Randall M, Sutton G, et al (1999) FIGO stage IIIC endometrial carcinoma with metastases confined to pelvic lymph nodes: Analysis of treatment outcomes, prognostic variables, and failure patterns following adjuvant radiation therapy. Gynecol Oncol 75:211\u0026ndash;214. https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1999.5569\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeski JC, Edwards CL, Herson J, Rutledge FN (1982) Cisplatin chemotherapy for disseminated endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 59:225\u0026ndash;228\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ede Boer SM, Powell ME, Mileshkin L, et al (2016) Toxicity and quality of life after adjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for women with high-risk endometrial cancer (PORTEC-3): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:1114\u0026ndash;1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30120-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteer C, Harper P (2001) Is there any place for cytotoxic chemotherapy in endometrial cancer? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 15:447\u0026ndash;467. https://doi.org/10.1053/beog.2001.0188\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLim P, Aquino-Parsons CF, Wong F, et al (1999) Low-risk endometrial carcinoma: Assessment of a treatment policy based on tumor ploidy and identification of additional prognostic indicators. Gynecol Oncol 73:191\u0026ndash;195. https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1999.5365\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Repartition of patients according to race.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRace\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmazigh\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmazigh\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u0026eacute;tis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmazigh\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Hormonal risk Factors of endometrial cancer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHormonal Factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarly Menarche (\u0026lt;12 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMenstrual Cycle Abnormality (Long or irregular)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNulliparous\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePauciparous (\u0026le; 2 Children)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiparous (\u0026gt; 2 Children)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehormonal Contraception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLate Menopause\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical Hormonal Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTamoxifen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTableau 3. Repartition of patients according to others comorbidities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComorbidities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType I\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType II\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCholesterol \u0026gt; 2g/L\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 \u0026lt; BMI \u0026lt; 30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI \u0026gt; 30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHBP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Perimeter \u0026gt; 100cm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHBP: High Blood Pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTableau 4. Histopathological Characteristics of endometrial tumors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFIGO Stage (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehistological Type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndometrioid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSerous\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClear Cells\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUndifferentiated\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarcinosarcoma\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistogenetic Type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistological Grade\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMacroscopic Size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 20 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 20 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMyometrial Invasion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 50%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 50%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepth of invasion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 3 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 3 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCervical Extension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVascular emboli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLymph Node Invasion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNP*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"232\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtra-uterus Extension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*NP: Not performed (no indication for dissection: stage IA, G1 and G2 or non-optimal surgery (R = 1))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. Clinical signs of endometrial cancers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"242\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclinical Signs \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"242\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetrorrhagias\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62,2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"242\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelvic pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"242\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeucorrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"242\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrinary Signs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8,6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"242\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigestive Signs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"242\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlteration of the general condition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Epidemiology, Endometrial adenocarcinoma, Hysterectomy, Pelvic lymph node dissection, Hyperoestrogenism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-100555/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-100555/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in high-income countries and its incidence has increased over the past 20 to 30\u0026nbsp;years. In Morocco, the incidence is close to those found in developing countries, but it is lower than those found in Western countries. To determine some epidemiological aspects of endometrial cancer in Morocco, we conducted a prospective study over 43\u0026nbsp;months at the International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and the Mohammed VI Center for Cancer Treatment at the Ibn Rochd Casablanca University Hospital, Morocco. 93 cases of endometrial cancer were included.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average age was 64. 36.5% of our patients had early menarche. 17.2% had menstrual cycle abnormalities. The nulliparous patients represent 40.8℅. 3 patients in our series underwent medical hormone treatment. 46.2% of patients claimed to have taken oral contraception during their period of genital activity, 79.5℅ were obese, 62.3% of the patients are diabetic and 49.4% are known to be hypertensive. 9.6% of patients are on hormone therapy with Tamoxifen. Metrorrhagia is the first symptom encountered in 62.2% of cases. Ultrasound was performed on all of our first-line patients and pelvic MRI was the most relevant examination in the pre-therapeutic assessment of endometrial cancer. Endometrial adenocarcinoma of the endometriotic type (81.72%) was the most prominent histological type. The therapeutic attitudes practiced were: Extended total colpohysterectomy for 17 patients. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for 93 patients. Omentectomy was performed for 11 patients. 78 patients had undergone pelvic lymph node dissection, while 51 patients had undergone an associated lumbarortic dissection. 44.08℅ of cases were diagnosed at stage (IA) and 18.27℅ of cases at stage (III). At the time when we stopped our study, 42 patients had received radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment, ie 45.1% of cases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal and locoregional epidemiological studies should be multiplied to shed light on the interest of prevention by promoting a healthy lifestyle. Besides, genetic studies must be conducted to better understand the place of racial factors as risk factors for this cancer.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Epidemiology and management of endometrial cancer: experience of International University Hospital Cheikh Khalifa and Mohammed VI Center for cancer treatment at University Hospital Ibn Rochd Casablanca, Morocco","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-11-06 15:19:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-100555/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3fec229c-b0ea-42bd-9c85-ba1385d56330","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 6th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":994683,"name":"Surgery"},{"id":994684,"name":"Sexual \u0026 Reproductive Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-05-17T16:24:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-11-06 15:19:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-100555","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-100555","identity":"rs-100555","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}