Knowledge and Determinants of Mpox and Infection Prevention and Control Practices among Primary Health Care Workers in Osun State, Nigeria

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Adeogun, Ayo. S. Adebowale, Oladayo D. Awoyale, Olufunmilayo I. Fawole This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6549441/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Health Services Research → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Mpox is one of the emerging global health challenges in Nigeria. Consequently, this study assessed the knowledge and determinants of Mpox and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices among primary healthcare workers (HCWs) in Osun State, Nigeria. Methods A survey of 429 HCWs from 153 PHC facilities in Osun State was conducted between May and August 2023. Data were collected using a 25-item interviewer-administered questionnaire. Good Mpox and IPC knowledge was determined using the mean score. The scores ranged from 0–6 and 0–10, respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of good knowledge of Mpox and IPC (α 0.05 ). Results The mean age of the respondents was 38.56 ± 9.05years. About a third (33.4%) were community health extension workers (CHEWs), most (71.5%) were females. The majority (71.7%) had good IPC knowledge. The mean Mpox and IPC knowledge scores were 4.50 ± 1.08 and 8.20 ± 1.74, respectively. Most (84.9%) practice IPC to prevent the disease. Female HCWs were significantly more likely to have good Mpox (aOR = 25.2; 95%CI: 12.6–50.2) and IPC knowledge (aOR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.0) compared to males, while HCWs who were above 35 years were least likely to have good Mpox (aOR = 0.1; CI: 0.02–0.24) and IPC knowledge (aOR = 0.28; 95%CI: 0.09–0.9) compared to their younger counterparts. HCWs with previous training were more likely to have twice as good IPC knowledge (aOR = 2.39; 95%CI: 1.45–3.93) than those without training. Conclusion Mpox and IPC knowledge were good among HCWs in Osun State. Age, sex, and previous training were the predictors of Mpox and IPC knowledge. Periodic training, including supportive supervision, should be conducted to sustain and improve HCWs' Mpox and IPC knowledge in the State. Mpox Infection prevention and control Healthcare workers Africa INTRODUCTION The declaration by WHO in 2022 categorized Monkeypox (Mpox) as an epidemic-prone viral zoonosis of international concern. Despite the Mpox declaration by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) as a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS) on August 13, 2024, Morocco reported its first case on 12th September 2024 (1). This increased the number of reporting countries in 2024 to 15, following the upsurge of clade I Mpox cases in endemic African countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and non-endemic countries outside Africa like the United States of America, Brazil, and Spain (1,2). As of January to September 12, 2024, a total of 25,544 suspected cases, 5,732 confirmed, and 724 deaths (CFR 2.73%) had been reported from the 15 countries across five regions of Africa, namely: central, eastern, southern, western, and northern (1,3). West Africa accounts for 1,114 suspected cases, 100 confirmed, and one death (1,3). As of May 19, 2023, Nigeria was declared the country with the highest Mpox burden in Africa, accounting for 50.5% of the total disease burden on the continent. Presently, Nigeria ranks fourth after Burundi, the DRC, and Uganda (4,5). As of October 13, 2024 (Epi week 41), 1,339 suspected cases had been reported across the 36 Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), while 102 confirmed cases with zero deaths had been reported from 26 States and the FCT (6–8). Mpox Prevention and control in Nigeria requires adequate capacity at all levels of the health system. Hence, direct activities that will improve the health system, as well as indirect determinants of health, including staff strengths, funds, supplies, transport, information, and communication, will need to be assessed (9,10). Primary health centres (PHCs) are usually the first point of call for healthcare by the community due to their geographical and financial accessibility (11). Adequate knowledge of epidemic-prone diseases, including Mpox is pertinent for their prevention and control. Hence, periodic assessments of the knowledge of Mpox and its infection prevention and control (IPC) practices among frontline health workers are crucial to ensure they have the knowledge and skills to respond to outbreaks like Mpox to promote the health and well-being of the populace (12). Thus, HCWs need to maintain an aseptic environment and prevent Mpox spread by protecting themselves and their families, the patients and their caregivers, and community members (13). Osun State is one of the high-risk states for Mpox in Nigeria, due to its tropical rainforest vegetation. Also, the major occupations of its residents are itinerant farming and trading, thereby increasing the potential of interstate transmission (11,14). Osun State accounted for 2 out of the 8 confirmed cases reported in Nigeria as of Epi week 34 (August 24, 2024)(7). An increased incidence was also reported in the border states, suggesting the occurrence of cross-border transmission(9). Therefore, the HCWs, as part of national epidemic preparedness strategies, need to be well-informed on Mpox disease prevention and control. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on Mpox and IPC knowledge among HCWs in the State. Previous research in the State focused on other infectious diseases, including Yellow Fever, COVID-19, Lassa fever, Diphtheria, and Measles (15–18). Hence, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of Mpox and IPC among PHC workers in Osun State. In addition, the determinants of knowledge of Mpox and IPC practices among the health workers. METHODS Study Area Osun State is in the southwestern geo-political zone of Nigeria. It is one of the 36 States of Nigeria, and Osogbo is its capital. Based on the 2006 census, the State had an estimated population of 4,435,800 inhabitants, with a population density of 520.6/km 2 (14). The State has three senatorial zones and 30 local government areas (LGAs) (14). Osun State has an estimated 7,047 HCWs, 3,374 primary health workers, 826 PHCs, 57 secondary health centres, and two tertiary hospitals spread across the State (19). The predominant ethnic group is the Yoruba. Study Design This was an analytical cross-sectional study design. Study Population The study population was adult HCWs aged 18 years and above, who had worked for at least 6 months at the PHCs in the state. In the context of this study, HCWs who provided clinical and non-clinical care to patients at the health facility level including, medical doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, community health extension workers (CHEWs), community health officers (CHOs), pharmacist technician, disease surveillance and notification officers (DSNOs), health record officers (HRO), health technicians, and laboratory scientists were interviewed. Sampling Technique Osun State has three senatorial zones, each senatorial zone has ten LGAs. Twelve LGAs, four each from the three senatorial zones, were randomly selected from the thirty LGAs in the State. In each of the selected LGAs, the three PHC's with largest numbers of HCWs were purposively selected. Thereafter, HCWs were proportionately selected in the PHCs based on their cadre and the sample size assigned to the selected PHC. A total of 429 HCWs were included in the study. Study Instrument The instrument was a 25-item semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was adapted from a previous study on the level of knowledge and risk perception of mpox disease among primary HCW in Nigeria(20), and pre-tested on 20 HCWs at PHCs different from the facilities selected for the study. The questionnaire had three sections. Section A had 9 questions on the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics. Section B assessed respondents’ knowledge of Mpox with 6 questions, including its causative agent, mode of transmission, type of sample collected for laboratory diagnosis, type of symptoms, case definition of Mpox, and previous surveillance training. Section C assessed respondents’ knowledge of Mpox IPC with 10 questions, including knowledge of how respondents protect themselves against Mpox, types of PPEs known, hand hygiene methods, availability of hand sanitizer, and hand washing equipment. The study instrument was revised based on the feedback from the pre-test. The questionnaire took about 45 minutes to administer. Data Collection Data were collected between May and August 2023 by five trained research assistants who could speak both English and Yoruba fluently. The training modules included the study’s objectives, a questionnaire review, data collection techniques, fieldwork practice and ethics, role play, data quality, and management. Data was collected in a private area in the PHCs. Study Variables The independent variables included: age ( years ); sex (male or female); cadre (health record officers, community health extension workers, and others comprising, doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, and laboratory scientists); years of work experience ( 10 years); ethnicity (Yoruba and other tribes); marital status (never married = single, ever married = married, divorced, widowed, separated); senatorial zone of health facility (Osun east, Osun west and Osun central); attendance at previous surveillance training(yes or no), and availability of designated office(Yes or No). The dependent variables were two (2): knowledge of Mpox and knowledge of Mpox IPC. The maximum obtainable score for knowledge of Mpox IPC was 6, and the minimum was zero. A suspected case of Mpox is described as an acute illness with fever > 38.3 followed one to three days later by a progressively developing rash often beginning on the face. Based on the means, a score of at least 5 was considered a good knowledge of Mpox, and poor, otherwise. The maximum obtainable score for Mpox IPC practices was 10, and the minimum was 0. A score of at least 8 was considered good knowledge of Mpox IPC, and poor, if less. Data Analysis Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive statistics included frequency, mean, and proportions. Bivariate analysis was conducted using Chi-square tests, and Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between the dependent variables and independent variables. All statistical analyses were conducted at a 5.0% level of significance. Ethical considerations Before the study commenced, ethical approval (OSHREC/PRS/569T/349) was obtained from the Osun State Health Research Ethical Committee. The purpose of the research was explained to the HCWs before the administration of the questionnaires. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Confidentiality was ensured by excluding names and addresses from the questionnaire. The autonomy/ voluntarism of respondents was guaranteed as they were free to decline to participate or withdraw at any point during the study. Feedback on the study’s findings was given to the respondents, Ministry of Health officials, and the Osun State Government. RESULTS Respondents’ Socio-demographic Characteristics Table 1 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. The respondent’s age distribution ranged from 18–59 years, with a mean age of 38.56 ± 9.05 years. Most respondents (69%) were aged 35 years and above, 71.5% were females, 33.4% were community health extension workers, 50% had more than 10 years of work experience, and 70.7% had attended a previous training on Mpox. Table 1 Respondents’ Socio-demographic Characteristics Variables Frequency (n = 410) Percent Age (years) Mean 38.56 ± 9.05 < 25 29 7.1 25–34 98 23.9 35+ 283 69.0 Sex Male 117 28.5 Female 293 71.5 Marital status Ever married 312 76.1 Never married 98 23.9 Cadre CHEWs 137 33.4 Health record officers 125 30.5 Others* 148 36.1 Years of work experience < 10 205 50.0 10+ 205 50.0 Designated office Yes 259 63.2 No 151 36.8 Senatorial district East 104 25.4 West 161 39.3 Central 145 35.3 Previous training No 120 29,3 Yes 290 70.7 *Others were doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, and laboratory scientists Knowledge of Mpox and IPC among Respondents As shown in Table 2 , of the 410 respondents who were aware of Mpox, many (61.5%) had good knowledge of the disease, and the mean score was 4.5 ± 1.08. Most respondents (86.6%) knew that the causative agent of Mpox was a virus. The symptoms of Mpox were recognized as fever (92.2%) and rash (94.1%). Almost all (91.7%) knew the case definition of a suspected case of Mpox, and 70.7% had at least a previous training on Mpox. For the IPC, most primary HCWs (84.9%) knew how to protect themselves from contracting Mpox, and 93.2% were aware of the examples of personal protective equipment (PPEs). Table 2 Knowledge of Mpox and IPC among Respondents Knowledge statement Frequency % Mpox Causative agent Virus 355 86.6 Mpox mode of transmission Person to person 280 68.3 Person to animal 63 15.4 Animal to person 243 59.3 Consumption of raw or undercooked meat 137 33.4 Symptoms of Mpox Fever 378 92.2 Sore throat 396 96.6 Rashes 386 94.1 Headache 384 93.4 Type of sample collected for diagnosis Blood 396 96.6 Swab 376 91.7 Skin crust 378 92.2 Correct description of suspected case of Mpox** Yes 376 91.7 Previous surveillance training Yes 290 70.7 Infection prevention and control Personal protection against Mpox 348 84.9 PPE examples (gloves, facemasks, goggles) 382 93.2 PPE examples (face caps/ scrubs/surgical suit) 32 7.8 Handwash as a good IPC practice 381 92.9 Use or wear PPE 362 88.3 Alcohol-based hand rub is a good IPC method 381 92.9 Adequate supply of hand sanitizer can help prevention 264 64.4 The availability of PPE can aid in the prevention of Mpox 232 56.6 Accessibility to hand-washing equipment can prevent Mpox 347 84.6 Hand hygiene as a transmission prevention 337 82.2 *Others = bacterium (7.8%), fungi (4.1%), parasite (1.5%); **A suspected case of Mpox is described as an acute illness with fever > 38.3°C followed by a progressively developing rash often beginning on the face one to three days later Association between respondent’s socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox Respondents' age, cadre, sex, years of work experience, previous training, and having a designated office were found to be significantly associated with the knowledge of Mpox (p < 0.05) (Table 3 ). Good knowledge of Mpox (86.2%) was reported among respondents less than 25 years of age. Females HCWs had better knowledge of Mpox (77.8%) compared to males (20.5%). HCWs with over 10 years of work experience (68.3%) had better knowledge of Mpox than (54.6%) their counterparts with less than 10 years of work experience. Knowledge of Mpox was highest among the HROs (70.4%). Table 3 Association between respondent’s socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox Characteristics Knowledge of Mpox χ 2 p-value Good (%) Poor (%) Age (years) < 25 25 (86.2) 4(13.8) 9.7 0.01 25–34 53 (54.1) 45(45.9) 35+ 174 (61.5) 109(38.5) Sex Male 24 (20.5) 93 (79.5) 115.9 < 0.001 Female 228 (77.8) 65 (22.2) Marital status Ever Married 198 (63.5) 114 (36.5) 2.2 0.14 Never Married 54 (55.1) 44 (44.9) Cadre CHEW 72 (52.6) 65 (47.4) 8.8 0.01 HRO 88 (70.4) 37 (29.6) Clinicians/others 92 (62.2) 56 (37.8) Years of work experience < 10 112 (54.6) 93 (45.4) 8.1 0.01 10+ 140 (68.3) 65 (31.7) Designated office No 81 (53.6) 70 (46.4) 6.2 0.01 Yes 171 (66.0) 88 (34.0) Senatorial district East 63 (60.6) 41 (39.4) 6.2 0.05 West 110 (68.3) 51 (31.7) Central 79 (54.5) 66 (45.5) Previous surveillance training No 16 (13.3) 104 (86.7) 165.9 < 0.001 Yes 236 (81.4) 54 (18.6) Association between respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox IPC Table 4 describes the association between respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of Mpox IPC. Knowledge of Mpox IPC was significantly associated with age, sex, and previous training (p < 0.05). The knowledge of Mpox IPC was highest among HCWs aged less than 25 years (86.2%) and least among those aged at least 35 years (66.8%) (p < 0.05). Female HCWs (74.7%) had higher knowledge of Mpox IPC than males (64.1%) (p < 0.05), while HCWs who had previous training on Mpox (76.5%) had better knowledge than those who had none (23.5%). Table 4 Association between respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox IPC Variable Knowledge, n = 410 χ2 p-value Good (%) Poor (%) Age (years) < 25 25 (86.2) 4 (13.8) 11.1 < 0.01 25–34 80 (81.6) 18 (18.4) 35+ 189 (66.8) 94 (33.2) Sex Male 75 (64.1) 42 (35.9) Female 219 (74.7) 74 (25.3) 4.7 0.03 Marital Status Ever Married 222(71.2) 90(28.8) 0.2 0.7 Never Married 72(73.5) 26(26.5) Cadre CHEW 91 (66.4) 46 (33.6) HRO 96 (76.8) 29 (23.2) 3.5 0.2 Clinicians and others 107 (72.3) 41 (27.7) Years of work experience < 10 153 (74.6) 52 (25.4) 1.7 0.2 10+ 141 (68.8) 64 (31.2) Designated office No 103 (68.2) 48 (31.8) 1.4 0.2 Yes 191 (73.7) 68 (26.3) Senatorial districts East 83 (79.8) 21 (20.2) 4.6 0.1 West 112 (69.6) 49 (30.4) Central 99 (68.3) 46 (31.7) Previous surveillance training No 72 (60.0) 48 (40.0) 11.46 0.001 Yes 222 (76.5) 68 (23.5) Determinants of Mpox and IPC knowledge among the respondents Age, sex, and previous Mpox training were positive predictors of good Mpox knowledge and IPC (Table 5 ). Good Mpox knowledge was significantly more likely among females aged between 25–34 years (aOR = 0.03; 95% CI:0.01–0.15; p < 0.001) than older ones aged 35 years and above (aOR = 0.06; 95% CI:0.02–0.24; p < 0.001). Female HCWs (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI:1.08–3.01; p = 0.04), with previous surveillance training were more likely to have good IPC knowledge (aOR = 2.39; 95%CI:1.45–3.93; p < 0.001) than their counterparts, while the odds of good IPC knowledge among HCWs aged 35 years and above (aOR = 0.28; 95%CI: 0.09–0.92; p = 0.04) was 70% higher compared to the younger HCWs. Table 5 Determinants of Mpox and IPC knowledge among the respondents Variables Knowledge Mpox IPC UOR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) UOR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) Age < 25 1 1 25–34 0.19(0.06–0.58) 0.03(0.01–0.15) 0.71(0.22–2.29) 0.66(0.19–2.36) 35+ 0.26(0.09–0.75) 0.06(0.02–0.24) 0.32(0.11–0.95) 0.28(0.09–0.92) Marital Status Ever Married 1 1 Never Married 0.71(0.45–1.12) 0.98(0.48-2.0) 1.12(0.67–1.87) 1.23(0.62–2.43) Sex Male Ref 1 Female 13.59(8.03–23.01) sssi 1.65 (1.05–2.62) 1.8(1.08–3.01) Designated Office No 1 - 1 Yes 1.68(1.11–2.53) 1.22(0.67–2.24) 1.31(0.84–2.03) 1.68(0.89–2.86) Cadre CHEW 1 HRO 2.15(1.29–3.58) 1.37(0.69–2.72) 1.67(0.97–2.89) 1.3(0.78–2.47) Clinicians/ others 1.48(0.93–2.38) 1.21(0.66–2.22) 1.32(0.79–2.19) 0.9(0.58–1.59) Years of work experience < 10 1 1 10+ 1.79(1.19–2.68) 1.41(0.77–2.59) 0.75(0.49–1.15) 0.6(0.39–1.20) Senatorial district East 1 West 1.40(0.84–2.35) 1.23(0.65–2.34) 0.58(0.32–1.04) 0.46(0.26–0.87) Central 0.78(0.47–1.30) 1.12(0.57–2.23) 0.54(0.30–0.99) 0.48(0.18–0.88) Previous Training Yes 28.41(15.53–51.95) sssi 2.18(1.38–3.43) 2.39(1.45–3.93) *UOR = Unadjusted odds ratio, AOR = Adjusted odds ratio *sssi = sample too small for statistical inference DISCUSSION This study assessed the knowledge of Mpox, Mpox IPC knowledge, and their determinants among primary health workers in Osun State. Good knowledge of Mpox was found among the majority of the primary HCWs in the State. This finding is consistent with the outcome of earlier studies in South-west Nigeria, and a global systematic review, which included 22 studies on knowledge, and 6 on attitude, where knowledge of Mpox was reported (21)(24). In contrast, other studies conducted in Nigeria and Lebanon found that HCWs had poor knowledge of Mpox (23), (25), (26),(27). The good Mpox knowledge we observed could be attributed to the previous training on disease surveillance in which Mpox was one of the topics taught to HCWs in the state (28). This suggests that the training was impactful on the HCWs. Hence, this and similar trainings should be implemented periodically for HCWs to sustain and improve knowledge levels on Mpox and other epidemic-prone diseases. The lowest knowledge levels on Mpox and IPC were among the CHEWs cadre. Generally, most professionals captured as “others” in this study specifically doctors, nurses, CHOs, and pharmacists, have better knowledge of diseases like Mpox than other cadres of HCWs (26,29). CHEWs are great assets to the global workforce and serve as frontline health service providers at the PHC level due to their closeness to the community level. They offer health promotion services, including education and counselling on healthy lifestyles, and provide essential healthcare services and social support (30). They have gained public trust as most community members consider them role models. Hence, they must have good knowledge and skills to assist them in the effective discharge of these duties and responsibilities.(31). However, most CHEWs in Osun state are females; thus, chances of participation in surveillance trainings as well as other capacity-building programs requiring long-distance travel and leaving the home unattended could be significantly mitigated (32). The lower knowledge levels imply that they may fail to detect and manage Mpox cases promptly or adequately, thereby aiding the spread of the virus and invariably the occurrence of an outbreak. Our study revealed an association between knowledge of Mpox and age, sex, cadre, years of work experience, attendance at previous training, and availability of a designated office for HCWs. Age, sex, cadre, years of work experience, and attendance at previous training have all been reported to be associated with Mpox knowledge in earlier studies conducted among HCWs in the north eastern region of Nigeria (22,25,29). However, a similar study conducted in Algeria, found only marital status to be associated with Mpox knowledge among HCWs (33). Unsurprisingly, participation in a previous Mpox training had positive impact on HCWs knowledge levels as the training would have exposed them to current information on Mpox. The overall level of Mpox IPC knowledge among the primary HCWs was very high. This implies that the majority of the HCWs understood the importance of using infection preventive measures while at work. This finding corroborates the results of the systematic review on the knowledge of IPC by Mutaru et al,2022 in Ghana (34) and other similar studies in Saudi Arabia and Ethiopia (35) ,(36). However, the finding is not in agreement with previous studies conducted in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, where poor knowledge of IPC was found among HCWs (34). The good level of IPC knowledge displayed by the HCWs in Osun state could also be attributed to their recent experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, where they had to be more cautious and practice IPC (37). The implication of the good knowledge of Mpox IPC among HCWs is that it is suggestive of a good level of preparedness to respond to Mpox and other disease outbreaks (38). Age, sex, and previous surveillance training were found to be positive predictors of knowledge of Mpox and Mpox IPC. The data revealed that the likelihood of good Mpox knowledge was higher among the younger HCWs compared to their older counterparts. This outcome corroborates the findings from earlier similar studies conducted in Saudi Arabia (38) and Pakistan (39) but at variance with studies conducted among Indian healthcare workers (23), (29), and in Nigeria (32). Several factors, including the increased use of the internet, especially social media, improvement in medical education curricula to include emerging infectious diseases, and the quest for knowledge among the younger population, may be responsible for this finding. However, IPC knowledge was higher among older HCWs. This could be due to greater years of work experience. Hence, supportive supervision is recommended by aged HCWs to their younger colleagues. A history of previous training was also identified as a positive predictor of IPC knowledge. Training is meant to enhance the knowledge and improve the capacity of participants to apply the new competencies gained to their work in the short and long term. The strength of this study is that it is one of the first studies to explore the determinants of Mpox knowledge and IPC practices in Nigeria. The limitation lies in the fact that association can only be established due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Also, response such a previous training on Mpox and IPC, were self-reported and therefore subject to information bias. Our findings can be generalised to several other states in Nigeria and Africa with similar cadre of health care workers and PHC settings. CONCLUSION Knowledge of Mpox, as well as its IPC measures among primary HCWs in Osun State, was good. Age, sex, cadre, years of work experience, previous training experience, and availability of designated office were associated with Mpox knowledge. Consequently, Periodic training including supportive supervision should be conducted to sustain and improve HCWs Mpox and IPC knowledge in the State. Abbreviations CHEWs: Community health extension workers CHOs: Community Health Officers DSNOs: Disease surveillance and notification officers HRO: Health record officers HCW: Health care workers IPC: Infection prevention and control JCHEWs: Junior community health extension workers LGA: Local government area LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries PHC: Primary healthcare centres Mpox: Monkey Pox SDG: Sustainable development goals UHC: Universal health coverage Declarations ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Before the study commenced, ethical approval (OSHREC/PRS/569T/349) was obtained from the Osun State Health Research Ethical Committee. The purpose of the research was explained to the HCWs before the administration of the questionnaires. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Confidentiality was ensured by excluding names and addresses from the questionnaire. The autonomy/ voluntarism of respondents was guaranteed as they were free to decline to participate or withdraw at any point during the study. Feedback on the study’s findings was given to the respondents, Ministry of Health officials, and the Osun State Government. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION Not Applicable AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare that there are no competing interests. FUNDING No funding was received for the conduct, authorship and or publication of this article. AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION S.T. A and A.S. A conceptualized and designed the study. S.T. A collected and supervised data collection. A.S.A and O.D. A analysed and interpreted the data. S.T. A and O.I. F wrote the draft manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft manuscript. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We acknowledge all the participants of this study, Osun State Ministry of Health, as well as the Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, for their technical support during this study. *The questionnaire/interview guide was adapted from a previous study on the level of knowledge and risk perception of mpox disease among primary HCW in Nigeria(20). References African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox dashboard. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; 2024. Accessed December 9, 2024. https://dashboards.africacdc.org/ Mpox: Public Education.Brisbane (AU): Exon Publications; 2024. Published on 26 Jul 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36255/mpox-public-education Multi-country external situation report no. 40, published 13 October 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-Mpox--external-situation-report-44---23-december-2024 Mpox outbreak [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/mpox-outbreak WHO. Multi-country outbreak of mpox. 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report-12--14-december-2022 World Health Organization; Breakdown of Confirmed Cases by State in Week 41.chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/379342/AFRO-Mpox%20bulletin%20-%2020%20October%202024.pdf?sequence=1 Premium times. Mpox update by NCDC week 34. 2024; https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/729639-Mpox-ncdc-reports-48-comfirmed-cases-across-20-states-fct.html?tztc=1 Nigeria centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Occupational Health and Safety Measures in Healthcare Settings during COVID-19: Strategies for Protecting Staff, Patients and Visitors. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021 Sep 14;17:e48. National Population Commission of Nigeria (web) NB of S (web). Osun state population, charts ,maps and labels. 2023. Lokossou VK, Bunyoga D, Sombie I, Okolo S. Coexistence and management of COVID-19 pandemic with other epidemics in West Africa: lessons learnt and policy implications. Pan Afr Med J. 2021 Apr 8;38:341. Olowookere SA, Fatiregun AA, Gbolahan OO, Adepoju EG. Diagnostic proficiency and reporting of Lassa fever by physicians in Osun State of Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 20;14:344. Shorunke FO, Adeola-musa O, Usman A, Ameh C, Waziri E, Adebowale SA. Descriptive epidemiology of measles surveillance data, Osun state, Nigeria, 2016–2018. 2019;1–8. Sule WF, Ajayi HI, Obayomi AD, Adeagbo OY, Oyedara OO, Olayiwola O, Akinde SB. Household-based Survey of Diphtheria Vaccination in Osogbo Vis-à-vis 2023 Diphtheria Outbreak in Osun State, Nigeria: A Snapshot Assessment. Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2024 Jul 1;33(3):167 − 75. Fadahunsi JT, Kufoniyi O, Babatimehin OI. Spatial analysis of distribution patterns of healthcare facilities in Osun State, Nigeria. Universal Journal of Public Health. 2017;5(7):331 − 44. Bakare D, Salako J, Sogbesan A, Olojede OE, Akinsola KO, Subhi R, et al. Level of knowledge, and risk perception of mpox disease among primary healthcare workers in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study of Jigawa, Oyo and Lagos States. Pan Afr Med J. 2024 Aug 14;48:176. Betsy J, George S, George N, Kv B, Sukumaran A. Perceptions of indian healthcare practitioners regarding the 2022 outbreak of monkeypox disease. Cureus. 2023 Feb 18;15(2):e35157. Awoyomi OJ, Njoga EO, Jaja IF, Oyeleye FA, Awoyomi PO, Ibrahim MA, et al. Mpox in Nigeria: Perceptions and knowledge of the disease among critical stakeholders-Global public health consequences. PLoS ONE. 2023 Mar 30;18(3):e0283571. Ajayi PO, Esan DT, Ipinnimo TM, Olanrewaju MT, Solomon OO, Atanda-Owoeye OO. Knowledge and awareness of human mpox infection among healthcare workers. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2023 Jun;16(6):245–52. Jahromi AS, Jokar M, Sharifi N, Kashkooli S, Rahmanian K, Rahmanian V. Global knowledge and attitudes towards mpox (monkeypox) among healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Health. 2024 Sep 5;16(5):487–98. Malaeb D, Sallam M, Salim NA, Dabbous M, Younes S, Nasrallah Y, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Conspiracy Beliefs of Healthcare Workers in Lebanon towards Monkeypox. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 23;8(2). Swed S, Bohsas H, Patwary MM, Alibrahim H, Rakab A, Nashwan AJ, et al. Knowledge of mpox and its determinants among the healthcare personnel in Arabic regions: A multi-country cross-sectional study. New Microbes New Infect. 2023 Sep;54:101146. León-Figueroa DA, Barboza JJ, Siddiq A, Sah R, Valladares-Garrido MJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Knowledge and attitude towards mpox: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2024 Aug 9;19(8):e0308478. Draper DA, Hurley RE, Lauer JR. Public health workforce shortages imperil nation’s health. Res Briefs. 2008 Apr;(4):1–8. Orok E, Adele G, Oni O, Adelusi A, Bamitale T, Jaiyesimi B, et al. Assessment of knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals towards Mpox in a Nigerian hospital. Sci Rep. 2024 Nov 11;14(1):27604. Baldridge AS, Orji IA, Shedul GL, Iyer G, Jamro EL, Ye J, et al. Enhancing hypertension education of community health extension workers in Nigeria’s federal capital territory: the impact of the extension for community healthcare outcomes model on primary care, a quasi-experimental study. BMC Prim Care. 2024 Sep 7;25(1):334. Musoke D, Atusingwize E, Ikhile D, Nalinya S, Ssemugabo C, Lubega GB, et al. Community health workers’ involvement in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in Wakiso District, Uganda. Global Health. 2021 Jan 7;17(1):7. Schweitzer A, Akmatov MK, Kindler F, Kemmling Y, Kreienbrock L, Krause G, et al. The impact of distance and duration of travel on participation rates and participants’ satisfaction: results from a pilot study at one study centre in Pretest 2 of the German National Cohort. BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 21;5(8):e007461. Lounis M, Bencherit D, Vacunas SA-, 2023 U. Knowledge and awareness of Algerian healthcare workers about human monkeypox and their attitude toward its vaccination: An online cross-sectional survey. Elsevier [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 21]; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1576988722001947 Alhumaid S, Al Mutair A, Al Alawi Z, Alsuliman M, Ahmed GY, Rabaan AA, et al. Knowledge of infection prevention and control among healthcare workers and factors influencing compliance: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021 Jun 3;10(1):86. Alojaimy RS, Nakamura K, Al-Sobaihi S, Tashiro Y, Watanabe N, Seino K. Infection prevention and control standards and associated factors: Case study of the level of knowledge and practices among nurses in a Saudi Arabian hospital. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021 Jun;62(2):E501–7. Mutaru A-M, Balegha AN, Kunsu R, Gbeti C. Knowledge and determinants of infection prevention and control compliance among nurses in Yendi municipality, Ghana. PLoS ONE. 2022 Jul 20;17(7):e0270508. Belete ZW, Berihun G, Keleb A, Ademas A, Berhanu L, Abebe M, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices towards COVID-19 and associated factors among adult hospital visitors in South Gondar Zone Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2021 May 17;16(5):e0250145. Seibert DJ, Speroni KG, Oh KM, DeVoe MC, Jacobsen KH. Knowledge, perceptions, and practices of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission prevention among health care workers in acute-care settings. Am J Infect Control. 2014 Mar;42(3):254–9. Iyal HA, Ishaku SG, Zakari A, Ibrahim S, Olasinde T, Ejembi CL, et al. Knowledge and Practice of Kaduna State Health Care Providers on Infection Prevention and Control during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Medical and Basic Scientific Research. 2021;1(1):27–41. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Health Services Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 07 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 20 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 02 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Adeogun","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBAjFxsDYwMBQAWQxMzeQoOXAGZAWRiK1gMHBNhBJQAt/e/LBh1/b7tjziR1u/PxxXm00fztQy4+KbTi1SJx5lmws2/YssU06sVni4LbjuTMOMzYw9py5jduaGzlm0pJthxPYpBMbgFqO5TYAtTAztuHWIn8j/xtIiz1QS/OPg3OO5c4npMXgRg6b5Me2w4xAh7VJHGyoyd1ASIvhmWfGxgznDoP80mZx5tiB3I1ALQfx+UXuePLDhz/KDtvLz05/fKOipi533vnDBx/8qMDjfSBg5kGwD4PJA3jVAwHjDwS7jpDiUTAKRsEoGIEAAFU9Yvb+mIeCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simiat","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Adeogun","suffix":""},{"id":462997421,"identity":"49ae6c4c-b209-4491-9c3d-bea08823b31f","order_by":1,"name":"Ayo. S. Adebowale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayo.","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Adebowale","suffix":""},{"id":462997423,"identity":"957d3ed0-6b6d-4563-ba85-7a4c7a2d04bb","order_by":2,"name":"Oladayo D. Awoyale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oladayo","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Awoyale","suffix":""},{"id":462997424,"identity":"fe3bc2f5-8763-479c-bac1-ae71ce66ac8a","order_by":3,"name":"Olufunmilayo I. Fawole","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olufunmilayo","middleName":"I.","lastName":"Fawole","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-28 15:53:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6549441/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6549441/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13264-w","type":"published","date":"2025-08-28T15:57:32+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90344898,"identity":"565c431b-21dc-4dd5-9829-7eeecbdfd84a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-01 16:07:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1531695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6549441/v1/0b04324a-00ac-4db3-adbe-0d86824980a0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge and Determinants of Mpox and Infection Prevention and Control Practices among Primary Health Care Workers in Osun State, Nigeria \u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe declaration by WHO in 2022 categorized Monkeypox (Mpox) as an epidemic-prone viral zoonosis of international concern. Despite the Mpox declaration by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) as a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS) on August 13, 2024, Morocco reported its first case on 12th September 2024 (1). This increased the number of reporting countries in 2024 to 15, following the upsurge of clade I Mpox cases in endemic African countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and non-endemic countries outside Africa like the United States of America, Brazil, and Spain (1,2). As of January to September 12, 2024, a total of 25,544 suspected cases, 5,732 confirmed, and 724 deaths (CFR 2.73%) had been reported from the 15 countries across five regions of Africa, namely: central, eastern, southern, western, and northern (1,3). West Africa accounts for 1,114 suspected cases, 100 confirmed, and one death (1,3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs of May 19, 2023, Nigeria was declared the country with the highest Mpox burden in Africa, accounting for 50.5% of the total disease burden on the continent. Presently, Nigeria ranks fourth after Burundi, the DRC, and Uganda (4,5). As of October 13, 2024 (Epi week 41), 1,339 suspected cases had been reported across the 36 Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), while 102 confirmed cases with zero deaths had been reported from 26 States and the FCT (6\u0026ndash;8). Mpox Prevention and control in Nigeria requires adequate capacity at all levels of the health system. Hence, direct activities that will improve the health system, as well as indirect determinants of health, including staff strengths, funds, supplies, transport, information, and communication, will need to be assessed (9,10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary health centres (PHCs) are usually the first point of call for healthcare by the community due to their geographical and financial accessibility (11). Adequate knowledge of epidemic-prone diseases, including Mpox is pertinent for their prevention and control. Hence, periodic assessments of the knowledge of Mpox and its infection prevention and control (IPC) practices among frontline health workers are crucial to ensure they have the knowledge and skills to respond to outbreaks like Mpox to promote the health and well-being of the populace (12). Thus, HCWs need to maintain an aseptic environment and prevent Mpox spread by protecting themselves and their families, the patients and their caregivers, and community members (13).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsun State is one of the high-risk states for Mpox in Nigeria, due to its tropical rainforest vegetation. Also, the major occupations of its residents are itinerant farming and trading, thereby increasing the potential of interstate transmission (11,14). Osun State accounted for 2 out of the 8 confirmed cases reported in Nigeria as of Epi week 34 (August 24, 2024)(7). An increased incidence was also reported in the border states, suggesting the occurrence of cross-border transmission(9). Therefore, the HCWs, as part of national epidemic preparedness strategies, need to be well-informed on Mpox disease prevention and control. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on Mpox and IPC knowledge among HCWs in the State. Previous research in the State focused on other infectious diseases, including Yellow Fever, COVID-19, Lassa fever, Diphtheria, and Measles (15\u0026ndash;18). Hence, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of Mpox and IPC among PHC workers in Osun State. In addition, the determinants of knowledge of Mpox and IPC practices among the health workers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsun State is in the southwestern geo-political zone of Nigeria. It is one of the 36 States of Nigeria, and Osogbo is its capital. Based on the 2006 census, the State had an estimated population of 4,435,800 inhabitants, with a population density of 520.6/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (14). The State has three senatorial zones and 30 local government areas (LGAs) (14). Osun State has an estimated 7,047 HCWs, 3,374 primary health workers, 826 PHCs, 57 secondary health centres, and two tertiary hospitals spread across the State (19). The predominant ethnic group is the Yoruba.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was an analytical cross-sectional study design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study population was adult HCWs aged 18 years and above, who had worked for at least 6 months at the PHCs in the state. In the context of this study, HCWs who provided clinical and non-clinical care to patients at the health facility level including, medical doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, community health extension workers (CHEWs), community health officers (CHOs), pharmacist technician, disease surveillance and notification officers (DSNOs), health record officers (HRO), health technicians, and laboratory scientists were interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling Technique\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOsun State has three senatorial zones, each senatorial zone has ten LGAs. Twelve LGAs, four each from the three senatorial zones, were randomly selected from the thirty LGAs in the State. In each of the selected LGAs, the three PHC's with largest numbers of HCWs were purposively selected. Thereafter, HCWs were proportionately selected in the PHCs based on their cadre and the sample size assigned to the selected PHC. A total of 429 HCWs were included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Instrument\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe instrument was a 25-item semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was adapted from a previous study on the level of knowledge and risk perception of mpox disease among primary HCW in Nigeria(20), and pre-tested on 20 HCWs at PHCs different from the facilities selected for the study. The questionnaire had three sections. Section A had 9 questions on the respondents\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic characteristics. Section B assessed respondents\u0026rsquo; knowledge of Mpox with 6 questions, including its causative agent, mode of transmission, type of sample collected for laboratory diagnosis, type of symptoms, case definition of Mpox, and previous surveillance training. Section C assessed respondents\u0026rsquo; knowledge of Mpox IPC with 10 questions, including knowledge of how respondents protect themselves against Mpox, types of PPEs known, hand hygiene methods, availability of hand sanitizer, and hand washing equipment. The study instrument was revised based on the feedback from the pre-test. The questionnaire took about 45 minutes to administer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected between May and August 2023 by five trained research assistants who could speak both English and Yoruba fluently. The training modules included the study\u0026rsquo;s objectives, a questionnaire review, data collection techniques, fieldwork practice and ethics, role play, data quality, and management. Data was collected in a private area in the PHCs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe independent variables included: age (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25, 25\u0026ndash;34, 35 and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;years ); sex (male or female); cadre (health record officers, community health extension workers, and others comprising, doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, and laboratory scientists); years of work experience (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10, and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 years); ethnicity (Yoruba and other tribes); marital status (never married\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;single, ever married\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;married, divorced, widowed, separated); senatorial zone of health facility (Osun east, Osun west and Osun central); attendance at previous surveillance training(yes or no), and availability of designated office(Yes or No).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variables were two (2): knowledge of Mpox and knowledge of Mpox IPC. The maximum obtainable score for knowledge of Mpox IPC was 6, and the minimum was zero. A suspected case of Mpox is described as an acute illness with fever\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;38.3 followed one to three days later by a progressively developing rash often beginning on the face. Based on the means, a score of at least 5 was considered a good knowledge of Mpox, and poor, otherwise. The maximum obtainable score for Mpox IPC practices was 10, and the minimum was 0. A score of at least 8 was considered good knowledge of Mpox IPC, and poor, if less.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive statistics included frequency, mean, and proportions. Bivariate analysis was conducted using Chi-square tests, and Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between the dependent variables and independent variables. All statistical analyses were conducted at a 5.0% level of significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Before the study commenced, ethical approval (OSHREC/PRS/569T/349) was obtained from the Osun State Health Research Ethical Committee. The purpose of the research was explained to the HCWs before the administration of the questionnaires. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Confidentiality was ensured by excluding names and addresses from the questionnaire. The autonomy/ voluntarism of respondents was guaranteed as they were free to decline to participate or withdraw at any point during the study. Feedback on the study\u0026rsquo;s findings was given to the respondents, Ministry of Health officials, and the Osun State Government.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; Socio-demographic Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. The respondent\u0026rsquo;s age distribution ranged from 18\u0026ndash;59 years, with a mean age of 38.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.05 years. Most respondents (69%) were aged 35 years and above, 71.5% were females, 33.4% were community health extension workers, 50% had more than 10 years of work experience, and 70.7% had attended a previous training on Mpox.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; Socio-demographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (years)\u003c/b\u003e Mean 38.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCadre\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHEWs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth record officers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYears of work experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDesignated office\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSenatorial district\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrevious training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e*Others were doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, and laboratory scientists\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge of Mpox and IPC among Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, of the 410 respondents who were aware of Mpox, many (61.5%) had good knowledge of the disease, and the mean score was 4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08. Most respondents (86.6%) knew that the causative agent of Mpox was a virus. The symptoms of Mpox were recognized as fever (92.2%) and rash (94.1%). Almost all (91.7%) knew the case definition of a suspected case of Mpox, and 70.7% had at least a previous training on Mpox. For the IPC, most primary HCWs (84.9%) knew how to protect themselves from contracting Mpox, and 93.2% were aware of the examples of personal protective equipment (PPEs).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of Mpox and IPC among Respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge statement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpox Causative agent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVirus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMpox mode of transmission\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerson to person\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerson to animal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal to person\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption of raw or undercooked meat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSymptoms of Mpox\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSore throat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRashes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeadache\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of sample collected for diagnosis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin crust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorrect description of suspected case of Mpox**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrevious surveillance training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInfection prevention and control\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal protection against Mpox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e348\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPE examples (gloves, facemasks, goggles)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPE examples (face caps/ scrubs/surgical suit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHandwash as a good IPC practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse or wear PPE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol-based hand rub is a good IPC method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdequate supply of hand sanitizer can help prevention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe availability of PPE can aid in the prevention of Mpox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessibility to hand-washing equipment can prevent Mpox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand hygiene as a transmission prevention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e*Others\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bacterium (7.8%), fungi (4.1%), parasite (1.5%); **A suspected case of Mpox is described as an acute illness with fever\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;38.3\u0026deg;C followed by a progressively developing rash often beginning on the face one to three days later\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociation between respondent\u0026rsquo;s socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents' age, cadre, sex, years of work experience, previous training, and having a designated office were found to be significantly associated with the knowledge of Mpox (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Good knowledge of Mpox (86.2%) was reported among respondents less than 25 years of age. Females HCWs had better knowledge of Mpox (77.8%) compared to males (20.5%). HCWs with over 10 years of work experience (68.3%) had better knowledge of Mpox than (54.6%) their counterparts with less than 10 years of work experience. Knowledge of Mpox was highest among the HROs (70.4%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between respondent\u0026rsquo;s socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of Mpox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (86.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(13.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (54.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(45.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174 (61.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (79.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228 (77.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver Married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever Married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (44.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCadre\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHEW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHRO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (70.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinicians/others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (62.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (37.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYears of work experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140 (68.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (31.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDesignated office\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171 (66.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSenatorial district\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (60.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (39.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (68.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (31.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrevious surveillance training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (86.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236 (81.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociation between respondents\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox IPC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e describes the association between respondents\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of Mpox IPC. Knowledge of Mpox IPC was significantly associated with age, sex, and previous training (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The knowledge of Mpox IPC was highest among HCWs aged less than 25 years (86.2%) and least among those aged at least 35 years (66.8%) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Female HCWs (74.7%) had higher knowledge of Mpox IPC than males (64.1%) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while HCWs who had previous training on Mpox (76.5%) had better knowledge than those who had none (23.5%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between respondents\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic characteristics by knowledge of Mpox IPC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eχ2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (86.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (13.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (81.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189 (66.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (33.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (64.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219 (74.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (25.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver Married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222(71.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(28.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever Married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(73.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(26.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCadre\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHEW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (66.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHRO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (76.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (23.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinicians and others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (72.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (27.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYears of work experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (74.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (68.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDesignated office\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103 (68.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (31.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191 (73.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (26.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSenatorial districts\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (79.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112 (69.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (30.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (68.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (31.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrevious surveillance training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222 (76.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeterminants of Mpox and IPC knowledge among the respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, sex, and previous Mpox training were positive predictors of good Mpox knowledge and IPC (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Good Mpox knowledge was significantly more likely among females aged between 25\u0026ndash;34 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03; 95% CI:0.01\u0026ndash;0.15; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than older ones aged 35 years and above (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06; 95% CI:0.02\u0026ndash;0.24; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Female HCWs (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.8; 95% CI:1.08\u0026ndash;3.01; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04), with previous surveillance training were more likely to have good IPC knowledge (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.39; 95%CI:1.45\u0026ndash;3.93; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than their counterparts, while the odds of good IPC knowledge among HCWs aged 35 years and above (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28; 95%CI: 0.09\u0026ndash;0.92; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04) was 70% higher compared to the younger HCWs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeterminants of Mpox and IPC knowledge among the respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19(0.06\u0026ndash;0.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03(0.01\u0026ndash;0.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71(0.22\u0026ndash;2.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66(0.19\u0026ndash;2.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26(0.09\u0026ndash;0.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06(0.02\u0026ndash;0.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32(0.11\u0026ndash;0.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28(0.09\u0026ndash;0.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver Married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever Married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71(0.45\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98(0.48-2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12(0.67\u0026ndash;1.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23(0.62\u0026ndash;2.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.59(8.03\u0026ndash;23.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esssi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65 (1.05\u0026ndash;2.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8(1.08\u0026ndash;3.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDesignated Office\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68(1.11\u0026ndash;2.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22(0.67\u0026ndash;2.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31(0.84\u0026ndash;2.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68(0.89\u0026ndash;2.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCadre\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHEW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHRO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15(1.29\u0026ndash;3.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37(0.69\u0026ndash;2.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67(0.97\u0026ndash;2.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3(0.78\u0026ndash;2.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinicians/ others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48(0.93\u0026ndash;2.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21(0.66\u0026ndash;2.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32(0.79\u0026ndash;2.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9(0.58\u0026ndash;1.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYears of work experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79(1.19\u0026ndash;2.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41(0.77\u0026ndash;2.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75(0.49\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6(0.39\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSenatorial district\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40(0.84\u0026ndash;2.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23(0.65\u0026ndash;2.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58(0.32\u0026ndash;1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46(0.26\u0026ndash;0.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78(0.47\u0026ndash;1.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12(0.57\u0026ndash;2.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54(0.30\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48(0.18\u0026ndash;0.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrevious Training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.41(15.53\u0026ndash;51.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esssi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18(1.38\u0026ndash;3.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39(1.45\u0026ndash;3.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*UOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Unadjusted odds ratio, AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Adjusted odds ratio\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*sssi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample too small for statistical inference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study assessed the knowledge of Mpox, Mpox IPC knowledge, and their determinants among primary health workers in Osun State. Good knowledge of Mpox was found among the majority of the primary HCWs in the State. This finding is consistent with the outcome of earlier studies in South-west Nigeria, and a global systematic review, which included 22 studies on knowledge, and 6 on attitude, where knowledge of Mpox was reported (21)(24). In contrast, other studies conducted in Nigeria and Lebanon found that HCWs had poor knowledge of Mpox (23), (25), (26),(27). The good Mpox knowledge we observed could be attributed to the previous training on disease surveillance in which Mpox was one of the topics taught to HCWs in the state (28). This suggests that the training was impactful on the HCWs. Hence, this and similar trainings should be implemented periodically for HCWs to sustain and improve knowledge levels on Mpox and other epidemic-prone diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lowest knowledge levels on Mpox and IPC were among the CHEWs cadre. Generally, most professionals captured as \u0026ldquo;others\u0026rdquo; in this study specifically doctors, nurses, CHOs, and pharmacists, have better knowledge of diseases like Mpox than other cadres of HCWs (26,29). CHEWs are great assets to the global workforce and serve as frontline health service providers at the PHC level due to their closeness to the community level. They offer health promotion services, including education and counselling on healthy lifestyles, and provide essential healthcare services and social support (30). They have gained public trust as most community members consider them role models. Hence, they must have good knowledge and skills to assist them in the effective discharge of these duties and responsibilities.(31). However, most CHEWs in Osun state are females; thus, chances of participation in surveillance trainings as well as other capacity-building programs requiring long-distance travel and leaving the home unattended could be significantly mitigated (32). The lower knowledge levels imply that they may fail to detect and manage Mpox cases promptly or adequately, thereby aiding the spread of the virus and invariably the occurrence of an outbreak. Our study revealed an association between knowledge of Mpox and age, sex, cadre, years of work experience, attendance at previous training, and availability of a designated office for HCWs. Age, sex, cadre, years of work experience, and attendance at previous training have all been reported to be associated with Mpox knowledge in earlier studies conducted among HCWs in the north eastern region of Nigeria (22,25,29). However, a similar study conducted in Algeria, found only marital status to be associated with Mpox knowledge among HCWs (33). Unsurprisingly, participation in a previous Mpox training had positive impact on HCWs knowledge levels as the training would have exposed them to current information on Mpox.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall level of Mpox IPC knowledge among the primary HCWs was very high. This implies that the majority of the HCWs understood the importance of using infection preventive measures while at work. This finding corroborates the results of the systematic review on the knowledge of IPC by Mutaru et al,2022 in Ghana (34) and other similar studies in Saudi Arabia and Ethiopia (35) ,(36). However, the finding is not in agreement with previous studies conducted in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, where poor knowledge of IPC was found among HCWs (34). The good level of IPC knowledge displayed by the HCWs in Osun state could also be attributed to their recent experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, where they had to be more cautious and practice IPC (37). The implication of the good knowledge of Mpox IPC among HCWs is that it is suggestive of a good level of preparedness to respond to Mpox and other disease outbreaks (38).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, sex, and previous surveillance training were found to be positive predictors of knowledge of Mpox and Mpox IPC. The data revealed that the likelihood of good Mpox knowledge was higher among the younger HCWs compared to their older counterparts. This outcome corroborates the findings from earlier similar studies conducted in Saudi Arabia (38) and Pakistan (39) but at variance with studies conducted among Indian healthcare workers (23), (29), and in Nigeria (32). Several factors, including the increased use of the internet, especially social media, improvement in medical education curricula to include emerging infectious diseases, and the quest for knowledge among the younger population, may be responsible for this finding. However, IPC knowledge was higher among older HCWs. This could be due to greater years of work experience. Hence, supportive supervision is recommended by aged HCWs to their younger colleagues. A history of previous training was also identified as a positive predictor of IPC knowledge. Training is meant to enhance the knowledge and improve the capacity of participants to apply the new competencies gained to their work in the short and long term. The strength of this study is that it is one of the first studies to explore the determinants of Mpox knowledge and IPC practices in Nigeria. The limitation lies in the fact that association can only be established due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Also, response such a previous training on Mpox and IPC, were self-reported and therefore subject to information bias. Our findings can be generalised to several other states in Nigeria and Africa with similar cadre of health care workers and PHC settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of Mpox, as well as its IPC measures among primary HCWs in Osun State, was good. Age, sex, cadre, years of work experience, previous training experience, and availability of designated office were associated with Mpox knowledge. Consequently, Periodic training including supportive supervision should be conducted to sustain and improve HCWs Mpox and IPC knowledge in the State.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCHEWs: Community health extension workers \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCHOs: Community Health Officers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDSNOs: Disease surveillance and notification officers \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHRO: Health record officers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHCW: Health care workers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIPC: Infection prevention and control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJCHEWs: Junior community health extension workers \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLGA: \u0026nbsp;Local government area\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLMIC: Low- and middle-income countries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePHC: Primary healthcare centres\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMpox: Monkey Pox\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSDG: Sustainable development goals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUHC: Universal health coverage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the study commenced, ethical approval (OSHREC/PRS/569T/349) was obtained from the Osun State Health Research Ethical Committee. The purpose of the research was explained to the HCWs before the administration of the questionnaires. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Confidentiality was ensured by excluding names and addresses from the questionnaire. The autonomy/ voluntarism of respondents was guaranteed as they were free to decline to participate or withdraw at any point during the study. Feedback on the study\u0026rsquo;s findings was given to the respondents, Ministry of Health officials, and the Osun State Government.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT FOR PUBLICATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOMPETING INTERESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for the conduct, authorship and or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHOR\u0026rsquo;S CONTRIBUTION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.T. A and A.S. A conceptualized and designed the study. S.T. A collected and supervised data collection. A.S.A and O.D. A analysed and interpreted the data. S.T. A and O.I. F wrote the draft manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft manuscript.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe acknowledge all the participants of this study, Osun State Ministry of Health, as well as the Faculty\u0026nbsp;of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, for their technical support during this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*The questionnaire/interview guide was adapted from a previous study on the level of knowledge and risk perception of mpox disease among primary HCW in Nigeria(20).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfrican Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox dashboard. 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Multi-country outbreak of mpox. 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report-12--14-december-2022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization; Breakdown of Confirmed Cases by State in Week 41.chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/379342/AFRO-Mpox%20bulletin%20-%2020%20October%202024.pdf?sequence=1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePremium times. Mpox update by NCDC week 34. 2024; https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/729639-Mpox-ncdc-reports-48-comfirmed-cases-across-20-states-fct.html?tztc=1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Nigeria centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox Update in Nigeria. 2024. https://ncdc.gov.ng/diseases/sitreps/?cat=8\u0026amp;name=An%20Update%20of%20Monkeypox%20Outbreak%20in%20Nigeria\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Valentine NB, de Silva A, Kawabata K, Darby C, Murray CJ, Evans DB. 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Descriptive epidemiology of measles surveillance data, Osun state, Nigeria, 2016\u0026ndash;2018. 2019;1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSule WF, Ajayi HI, Obayomi AD, Adeagbo OY, Oyedara OO, Olayiwola O, Akinde SB. Household-based Survey of Diphtheria Vaccination in Osogbo Vis-\u0026agrave;-vis 2023 Diphtheria Outbreak in Osun State, Nigeria: A Snapshot Assessment. Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2024 Jul 1;33(3):167\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFadahunsi JT, Kufoniyi O, Babatimehin OI. Spatial analysis of distribution patterns of healthcare facilities in Osun State, Nigeria. Universal Journal of Public Health. 2017;5(7):331\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBakare D, Salako J, Sogbesan A, Olojede OE, Akinsola KO, Subhi R, et al. Level of knowledge, and risk perception of mpox disease among primary healthcare workers in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study of Jigawa, Oyo and Lagos States. 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Int Health. 2024 Sep 5;16(5):487\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalaeb D, Sallam M, Salim NA, Dabbous M, Younes S, Nasrallah Y, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Conspiracy Beliefs of Healthcare Workers in Lebanon towards Monkeypox. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 23;8(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSwed S, Bohsas H, Patwary MM, Alibrahim H, Rakab A, Nashwan AJ, et al. Knowledge of mpox and its determinants among the healthcare personnel in Arabic regions: A multi-country cross-sectional study. New Microbes New Infect. 2023 Sep;54:101146.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLe\u0026oacute;n-Figueroa DA, Barboza JJ, Siddiq A, Sah R, Valladares-Garrido MJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Knowledge and attitude towards mpox: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2024 Aug 9;19(8):e0308478.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDraper DA, Hurley RE, Lauer JR. Public health workforce shortages imperil nation\u0026rsquo;s health. Res Briefs. 2008 Apr;(4):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrok E, Adele G, Oni O, Adelusi A, Bamitale T, Jaiyesimi B, et al. Assessment of knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals towards Mpox in a Nigerian hospital. Sci Rep. 2024 Nov 11;14(1):27604.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaldridge AS, Orji IA, Shedul GL, Iyer G, Jamro EL, Ye J, et al. Enhancing hypertension education of community health extension workers in Nigeria\u0026rsquo;s federal capital territory: the impact of the extension for community healthcare outcomes model on primary care, a quasi-experimental study. BMC Prim Care. 2024 Sep 7;25(1):334.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMusoke D, Atusingwize E, Ikhile D, Nalinya S, Ssemugabo C, Lubega GB, et al. Community health workers\u0026rsquo; involvement in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in Wakiso District, Uganda. Global Health. 2021 Jan 7;17(1):7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchweitzer A, Akmatov MK, Kindler F, Kemmling Y, Kreienbrock L, Krause G, et al. The impact of distance and duration of travel on participation rates and participants\u0026rsquo; satisfaction: results from a pilot study at one study centre in Pretest 2 of the German National Cohort. BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 21;5(8):e007461.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLounis M, Bencherit D, Vacunas SA-, 2023 U. Knowledge and awareness of Algerian healthcare workers about human monkeypox and their attitude toward its vaccination: An online cross-sectional survey. Elsevier [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 21]; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1576988722001947\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlhumaid S, Al Mutair A, Al Alawi Z, Alsuliman M, Ahmed GY, Rabaan AA, et al. Knowledge of infection prevention and control among healthcare workers and factors influencing compliance: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021 Jun 3;10(1):86.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlojaimy RS, Nakamura K, Al-Sobaihi S, Tashiro Y, Watanabe N, Seino K. Infection prevention and control standards and associated factors: Case study of the level of knowledge and practices among nurses in a Saudi Arabian hospital. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021 Jun;62(2):E501\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMutaru A-M, Balegha AN, Kunsu R, Gbeti C. Knowledge and determinants of infection prevention and control compliance among nurses in Yendi municipality, Ghana. PLoS ONE. 2022 Jul 20;17(7):e0270508.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBelete ZW, Berihun G, Keleb A, Ademas A, Berhanu L, Abebe M, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices towards COVID-19 and associated factors among adult hospital visitors in South Gondar Zone Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2021 May 17;16(5):e0250145.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeibert DJ, Speroni KG, Oh KM, DeVoe MC, Jacobsen KH. Knowledge, perceptions, and practices of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission prevention among health care workers in acute-care settings. Am J Infect Control. 2014 Mar;42(3):254\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIyal HA, Ishaku SG, Zakari A, Ibrahim S, Olasinde T, Ejembi CL, et al. Knowledge and Practice of Kaduna State Health Care Providers on Infection Prevention and Control during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Medical and Basic Scientific Research. 2021;1(1):27\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-health-services-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bhsr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Health Services Research](http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/BHSR/default.aspx","title":"BMC Health Services Research","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mpox, Infection prevention and control, Healthcare workers, Africa","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6549441/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6549441/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpox is one of the emerging global health challenges in Nigeria. Consequently, this study assessed the knowledge and determinants of Mpox and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices among primary healthcare workers (HCWs) in Osun State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA survey of 429 HCWs from 153 PHC facilities in Osun State was conducted between May and August 2023. Data were collected using a 25-item interviewer-administered questionnaire. Good Mpox and IPC knowledge was determined using the mean score. The scores ranged from 0\u0026ndash;6 and 0\u0026ndash;10, respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of good knowledge of Mpox and IPC (α\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the respondents was 38.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.05years. About a third (33.4%) were community health extension workers (CHEWs), most (71.5%) were females. The majority (71.7%) had good IPC knowledge. The mean Mpox and IPC knowledge scores were 4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08 and 8.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74, respectively. Most (84.9%) practice IPC to prevent the disease. Female HCWs were significantly more likely to have good Mpox (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.2; 95%CI: 12.6\u0026ndash;50.2) and IPC knowledge (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.0) compared to males, while HCWs who were above 35 years were least likely to have good Mpox (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1; CI: 0.02\u0026ndash;0.24) and IPC knowledge (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28; 95%CI: 0.09\u0026ndash;0.9) compared to their younger counterparts. HCWs with previous training were more likely to have twice as good IPC knowledge (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.39; 95%CI: 1.45\u0026ndash;3.93) than those without training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpox and IPC knowledge were good among HCWs in Osun State. Age, sex, and previous training were the predictors of Mpox and IPC knowledge. Periodic training, including supportive supervision, should be conducted to sustain and improve HCWs' Mpox and IPC knowledge in the State.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge and Determinants of Mpox and Infection Prevention and Control Practices among Primary Health Care Workers in Osun State, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-30 19:31:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6549441/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-07T17:55:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"108498075356835352952099397047388951013","date":"2025-06-15T13:32:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-14T12:56:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-08T08:21:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"321254131477371668554873815011202721318","date":"2025-06-06T08:20:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"242696383293904602864157191396068406185","date":"2025-06-05T00:44:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-28T06:38:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-20T09:54:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-02T09:44:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T12:46:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Health Services Research","date":"2025-04-30T12:45:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-health-services-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bhsr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Health Services Research](http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/BHSR/default.aspx","title":"BMC Health Services Research","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cc3c9c72-c321-48bb-834d-211cb733e0f5","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-01T16:00:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6549441","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13264-w","journal":{"identity":"bmc-health-services-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Health Services Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-08-28 15:57:32","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 28th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-30 19:31:51","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12913-025-13264-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13264-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6549441","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6549441","identity":"rs-6549441","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}