Power Spectrum Inception of F2 Layer at Solar-Terrestrial Region of Pakistan

Power Spectrum Inception of F2 Layer at Solar-Terrestrial Region of Pakistan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Power Spectrum Inception of F 2 Layer at Solar-Terrestrial Region of Pakistan Bulbul Jan, Faisal Ahmed Khan Afridi, Muhammad Ayub Khan Yousufzai, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832642/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract In this study, we introduce a recent approach to implement the wavelet analysis of ionospheric parameters and anomaly detection during ionospheric irregularities over Pakistan. The most important aspect of the wavelet analysis is the timefrequency distribution representation of the signal. This study investigates the variability of ionospheric F 2 layer and utilizes critical frequency ( fo F 2 ) of F 2 layer during the year 2008–2017 in Pakistan region. The results of this study identify the most important bands of low frequency variations, which are very relevant for study of periodicities measurements of F 2 layer. Moreover, Morlet wavelet has revealed that generally the global wavelet power spectrum (GWPS) is the most prominent in the annual cycles. The multifaceted interactions of ionospheric fluctuations with different time scales, e.g. annual, biannual, become significant due to higher peaks appear during the periods 128–256, 256–512 and 512–1024 days in daily data sets. The wavelet trend revales a noticeablel power range between the 2–16 day bands, representing an annual fluctuation for daily observations of F 2 layer. The low deviation in a frequency range highlights the existence of seasonality in the F 2 layer during the study period. These results emphasize that fo F 2 observations exhibit irregular distrabances with non-stationary power at different frequencies. The study will be helpful for stakeholders and government authorities because high frequency sky-waves users schedule their programs one month in advance, but they also need day by day information about the ionospheric conditions in order to revise programs. Ionosphere F2 layer Nonlinear Dynamics Wavelet analysis Power Spectrum Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1832642","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":145606128,"identity":"ca8af287-f09f-49bd-ba8d-dcbbf21242ac","order_by":0,"name":"Bulbul 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19:14:14","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832642/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832642/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":28042681,"identity":"3d4ec48f-708c-43d1-ac06-fdfa33af1314","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-10-20 14:11:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1410517,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptoriginal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1832642/v2_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePower Spectrum Inception of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Layer at Solar-Terrestrial Region of Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-1832642/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a 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Spectrum","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832642/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832642/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we introduce a recent approach to implement the wavelet analysis of ionospheric parameters and anomaly detection during ionospheric irregularities over Pakistan. The most important aspect of the wavelet analysis is the timefrequency distribution representation of the signal. This study investigates the variability of ionospheric F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layer and utilizes critical frequency (\u003cem\u003efo\u003c/em\u003eF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layer during the year 2008\u0026ndash;2017 in Pakistan region. The results of this study identify the most important bands of low frequency variations, which are very relevant for study of periodicities measurements of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layer. Moreover, Morlet wavelet has revealed that generally the global wavelet power spectrum (GWPS) is the most prominent in the annual cycles. The multifaceted interactions of ionospheric fluctuations with different time scales, e.g. annual, biannual, become significant due to higher peaks appear during the periods 128\u0026ndash;256, 256\u0026ndash;512 and 512\u0026ndash;1024 days in daily data sets. The wavelet trend revales a noticeablel power range between the 2\u0026ndash;16 day bands, representing an annual fluctuation for daily observations of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layer. The low deviation in a frequency range highlights the existence of seasonality in the F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layer during the study period. These results emphasize that \u003cem\u003efo\u003c/em\u003eF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e observations exhibit irregular distrabances with non-stationary power at different frequencies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study will be helpful for stakeholders and government authorities because high frequency sky-waves users schedule their programs one month in advance, but they also need day by day information about the ionospheric conditions in order to revise programs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Power Spectrum Inception of F2 Layer at Solar-Terrestrial Region of Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2022-10-20 14:11:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832642/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-05 22:15:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1832642/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"893c1ca5-942c-458f-8fb4-3dc24ea97012","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 20th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-03-29T05:29:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-10-20 14:11:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-1832642","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1832642","identity":"rs-1832642","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}