When Healing Meets Harm: Intimate Partner Violence in Breast Cancer Patients

When Healing Meets Harm: Intimate Partner Violence in Breast Cancer Patients | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article When Healing Meets Harm: Intimate Partner Violence in Breast Cancer Patients Songul OZKAYA¹, Nilufer YILDIRIM² This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7041583/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aim: The study aimed to determine the intimate partner violence and affecting factors of women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional research design was adopted in this study. The research was conducted in the surgical oncology service of a city hospital between March 2023 and August 2023. This study used the “Demographic Form” and “Intimate Partner Violence Scale” as data collection tools. The research was evaluated using forms prepared for 213 female patients and interpreting their verbal expressions. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows 22 package program. Ethical permission and written consent were obtained from the patients for the research. Results: The rate of women being subjected to physical violence was determined as 19.3% for 41 people, 100% for emotional/verbal violence for 213 people, 46% for economic violence for 98 people, and 30.1% for sexual violence for 64 people. According to the Intimate Partner Violence Scale, the average score of the violence experienced by the participants from their spouses was determined as 74.45. The rates of violence experienced by those who received chemotherapy and surgery due to their illness were higher. Conclusion: Considering these findings, the extent of violence experienced by female patients diagnosed with breast cancer from their spouses or close partners was found to be relatively high. Cancer intimate partner violence nursing INTRODUCTION Violence is a public health problem that exists in every society and is increasing day by day (Arabacı & Uygun, 2022). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as ''the intentional and intentional application of power or authority to other individuals in the form of a threat or reality, resulting in tissue damage, death and psychological damage to the affected individual'' (WHO, 2014). The World Health Organization reports that a total of 735 million women in 161 countries between 2005 and 2018 were subjected to violence at least once in their lives (WHO, 2018). According to the 2019 data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the highest percentage of women victims of violence is in Turkey at 38% (OECD, 2019). In Turkey, one in every 12 women develops breast cancer during her lifetime [Ministry of Health, 2024], and one in every three women is exposed to intimate partner violence (OECD, 2019). The number of women experiencing breast cancer and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Turkey is not yet fully known. Violence has negative consequences for women’s physical and mental health. Intimate partner violence is one of the most common and damaging forms of violence worldwide. Intimate partner violence includes behaviors that can cause physical, sexual, or psychological harm, such as physical aggression, sexual bullying, psychological abuse, and controlling behaviors (WHO, 2021). Living with intimate partner violence can lead to poor health outcomes (Black, 2011). Violence has serious and long-term effects, including injuries, unintended pregnancies, adverse birth outcomes, abortion (often in unsafe conditions), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections, depression, alcohol use disorders, and other problems, and even cancers (Cesairo et al., 2014; WHO, 2013; Pallitto et al., 2013). At the same time, studies conducted on cancer patients concluded that they were subjected to violence and that they had to continue their lives in an undesirable way as a result of this violence (Karabulutlu & Karaman, 2015). Breast cancer represents a major global health problem: It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world, with an estimated 2.26 million cases recorded in 2020, and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women (Sung et al., 2021). According to the statistics of the General Directorate of Public Health of the Ministry of Health, the number of breast cancer cases in Turkey, which was 9733 in 2013, increased to 11851 in 2017 (Ministry of Health, 2023). Studies examining IPV among cancer survivors are limited and relatively new. When we examine the publications that have studied breast cancer and intimate partner violence together, In one study, women diagnosed with cancer who experience intimate partner violence reported poorer mental and physical well-being compared to those who were not exposed to the same violence. Routine clinical screening for intimate partner violence in women diagnosed with cancer is expected to provide a better quality of life (Coker et al., 2017). In a study conducted in oncology services, intimate partner violence is frequently seen in patients. Intimate partners do not hospitalize the patients in question, threaten to leave their partners or instill bad habits in their partners. Lack of partner support leads to physical, sexual, psychological, and economic abuse (Undie et al., 2012). It was reported that the victim woman had difficulty accessing treatment due to her dependence on her partner to access health services, causing delays in cancer check-ups (Sawin, 2010). In a qualitative study, a breast cancer patient stated her husband's violence and weak relationship (Sawin & Parker, 2011). Good communication before, during, and after treatment can ensure success in personal care and a good lifestyle (Latifi et al., 2018). Cancer patients are among the patients who need to be paid attention to and supported. In breast cancer, which is one of the most common types of cancer in women, social support, especially from their spouses, can motivate them to continue treatment at different stages of treatment. It is predicted that the more support the patient receives from their spouse and family members, the more they will adhere to treatment and disease control (Zare Shahabadi et al., 2010). In a study, it was found that the bad experiences experienced by women diagnosed with cancer who faced intimate partner violence caused them to withdraw from disease management, and this led to worse outcomes for cancer patients (Speakman et al., 2015). Without appropriate strategies to reduce intimate partner violence, it will not be possible to create a health agenda focused on health and gender equality (Blackstone & Feudtner, 2006). Apart from these, improving the capacity of healthcare professionals, especially nurses, in the education and training of patients is essential in the screening, detection, and treatment of cancer-related partner violence (Dionigi et al., 2020). Cancer and IPV co-occurring can be a significant stressor in women's lives and can harm women in many ways. Caring for women living with IPV and cancer simultaneously can be challenging for oncology professionals. Therefore, in addition to using clinical guidelines, it is critical that IPV among women diagnosed with cancer be examined more closely and that oncology nurses address this sensitive issue in their practice. It is seen that there are few studies on breast cancer and partner violence in the literature (Sheikhnezhad et al., 2023). Therefore, this study aims to conclude whether there is a relationship between husband violence status and the influencing factors of women diagnosed with breast cancer in the surgical oncology department of a city hospital. METHODS Design and Setting This cross-sectional study was conducted with breast cancer women receiving treatment in the oncology clinic of a city hospital between March and August 2024. Participants The study sample consisted of 213 breast cancer women who agreed to participate in the research. Accordingly, 213 female patients were reached by calculating the average one-year population size (800 women) with a known sample calculation formula with 90% reliability and 5% margin of error. Inclusion Criteria for the Study Inclusion criteria for the study were breast cancer women treated in the clinic due to a cancer diagnosis who can communicate, understand, and read in Turkish. Ethical Considerations Before starting the study, ethical approval was obtained from the University's Research Ethics Committee, and written permission was obtained from the provincial health directorate and the city hospital where the study was conducted. Women were given descriptive information about the research, their written consent was obtained, and it was stated that they had the right to withdraw from the study until the data analysis phase. Data Collection Female patients with breast cancer in the surgical oncology clinic were informed by one of the researchers working as a nurse on how to fill out the forms. The forms were filled out during face-to-face interviews with the patients. This study used the “Demographic Form” and “Husband Violence Against Women Scale” as data collection tools. Demographic Form The form, created based on the literature, consists of 12 questions (Yildirim and Uysal Toraman., 2023). There are six questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics such as age, marital status, place of residence, and socioeconomic status. The remaining six questions asked women when they were diagnosed, whether they received chemotherapy/radiotherapy, whether they had surgery, and objective questions regarding intimate partner violence. Husband Violence Against Women Scale The scale was developed in 2019 (Deniz, 2019). The scale consists of a total of 29 questions. The scale consists of 3 subscales: Husband violence against women (physical, psychological, financial, and sexual) items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27; the victim's understanding of social support against violence items 15, 16, 17, 18, 29; the victim's general beliefs about violence items 20, 21, 22, 23, 28. This scale was created with a 5-point Likert type. (“I completely disagree ( 1 )”, “I somewhat agree ( 2 )”, “I am undecided ( 3 )”, “I very much agree ( 4 )” and “I completely agree ( 5 )”) the maximum score obtained from this scale type is 145, and the minimum score is 29. In evaluating the scale, items 12, 15, and 16, which contain positive statements regarding the need for social support against violence, are evaluated by reversing them. As violence against women increases, the scale score average increases. The Cronbach’s α value of the scale was 0.874; subdimensions were found to be .891, .543 and .858 respectively. Data Analysis In data analysis, numbers, percentages, minimum and maximum values, mean and standard deviation were used. In addition, an independent samples t-test, Analysis of Variance (As further analysis, LSD was used when the variances were homogeneous, Dunnet C was used when they were not), and Cronbach α coefficient for internal validity were used. IBM SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) 21.0 from the statistics programs will be used to analyze the data, and the significance level will be accepted as ≤ 0.05. Difficulties of the Study In this study, patients were quite hesitant during data collection because they did not feel physically and psychologically; they feared their spouses would learn the information they provided, and they thought the study would be useless. In anticipation of this situation, before giving the forms to the patients, their fears and concerns on this issue were listened to, the necessary explanations were made by informing them that it would be good for them psychologically, and participation was tried to be increased. RESULTS Demographic characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants n: (213) %100 Marital status Married 189 88.7 Divorced 8 3.8 In Relationship 16 7.5 Living Place City 79 37.1 Counties 82 38.5 Rural 52 24.4 Educational Status Literate 69 32.4 Primary School 65 30.5 High School 39 18.3 University and above 40 18.8 Income Status Income is more than expense 22 10.3 Income is equal to the expense 75 35.2 Income is less than the expense 116 54.5 Working Status No 132 62.0 Yes 81 38.0 Receiving Chemotherapy/ Radiotherapy No 79 37.1 Yes 134 62.9 Having Surgery No 56 26.3 Yes 157 73.7 *What type of violence do you think you have been exposed to? Physical Violence Emotional/Verbal Violence Economic Violence Sexual Violence 41 213 98 64 19.3 100.0 46.0 30.1 Numerical Variables n Min. Max. Median SS. Age 213 18.00 74.00 41.67 11.44 Number of Children 213 0 10.00 3.13 2.14 * Multiple answers provided. According the results, 88.7% of the participants are married, 38.5% live in the district, 32.4% are literate, and 54.5% have less income than expenses. 62% of the participants are unemployed, 62.9% are receiving chemotherapy due to their illness, and 73.7% have had surgery due to their illness. The average age of the participants is 41.67 ± 11.44, and the average number of children is 3.13 ± 2.14. According to the answers given by the women, the rate of emotional/verbal violence was found to be 100% for 213 women. Table 2 Distribution of scores obtained from husband violence against women scale and sub-dimensions Scale and Subscales n Min. Max. Median SD. Intimate Partner Violence 213 18.00 100.00 49.60 16.89 Perception of Social Support Against Violence 213 6.00 28.00 18.29 4.67 Common Beliefs About Violence 213 5.00 25.00 7.56 4.23 Husband Violence Against Women Scale 213 37.00 130.00 75.45 20.01 As shown in Table 2 , the participants received 49.60 ± 16.89 points from the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women sub-dimension, 18.29 ± 4.67 points from the Perception of Social Support against Violence sub-dimension, 7.56 ± 4.23 points from the Common Beliefs About Violence sub-dimension, and 74.45 ± 20.01 points in total from the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale. For the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Sub-Dimension, in Table 3 , the difference in the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women sub-scale means is statistically significant according to a place of residence, education level, income level, chemotherapy, and surgery status. (p < 0.05). The difference in the mean score of the sub-dimension of Perception of Social Support Against Violence according to place of residence, education level, and employment status is statistically significant (p < 0.05). For the Common Beliefs About Violence Sub-Dimension, The difference in the mean score of the Common Beliefs About Violence sub-dimension according to place of residence, education level, and chemotherapy status is statistically significant (p < 0.05). For the Total Score of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale, the difference in the total mean score of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale according to place of residence, education level, income and expenditure status, and chemotherapy status is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Table 3 Comparison of scores obtained from the ıntimate partner violence against women scale and ıts sub-dimensions according to demographic characteristics Intimate Partner Violence Perception of Social Support Against Violence Common Beliefs About Violence Intimate Partner Violence Scale Median S. rt. S. rt. S. rt. S. Living Place City 79 42.34 16.76 16.06 4.67 6.75 3.77 65.15 19.77 Counties 82 51.50 14.38 19.17 4.27 7.32 4.02 77.99 15.69 Rural 52 57.62 16.58 20.27 3.93 9.19 4.82 87.08 19.09 Testing and Significance F = 15.551 p = 0.000 F = 17.454 p = 0.000 x 2 KW = 12.813 p = 0.002 F = 24.255 p = 0.000 Educational Status Literate 69 54.36 16.17 19.43 4.35 8.65 4.79 82.45 18.95 Primary School 65 50.98 16.34 19.88 3.86 7.18 3.66 78.05 18.18 High School 39 51.62 17.03 17.31 4.44 7.15 3.79 76.08 19.22 University and above 40 37.15 12.92 14.68 4.58 6.70 4.27 58.53 16.03 Testing and Significance F = 10.698 p = 0.000 F = 14.897 p = 0.000 x 2 KW = 9.202 p = 0.027 F = 15.300 p = 0.000 Income Status Income is more than expense 22 46.18 23.09 17.00 4.31 8.14 5.20 71.32 25.86 Income is equal to the expense 75 45.89 16.56 18.03 4.61 7.67 4.32 71.59 19.56 Income is less than the expense 116 52.64 15.21 18.70 4.76 7.39 4.00 78.72 18.61 Testing and Significance F = 4.262 p = 0.015 F = 1.407 p = 0.247 x 2 KW = 1.068 p = 0.586 F = 3.499 p = 0.032 Working Status No 132 50.73 17.26 19.52 4.30 7.11 3.67 77.36 19.73 Yes 81 47.74 16.20 16.28 4.58 8.31 4.96 72.33 20.21 Testing and Significance t = 1.258 p = 0.210 t = 5.194 p = 0.000 U = 4656.000 p = 0.085 t = 1.787 p = 0.075 Receiving Chemotherapy No 79 44.72 17.02 17.57 4.62 7.16 4.15 69.46 20.16 Yes 134 52.47 16.19 18.71 4.67 7.80 4.28 78.98 19.14 Testing and Significance t=-3.310 p = 0.001 t=-1.728 p = 0.085 U = 4401.000 p = 0.025 t=-3.439 p = 0.001 Having Surgery No 56 45.68 18.83 18.00 5.40 7.61 5.14 71.29 22.08 Yes 157 50.99 15.97 18.39 4.39 7.55 3.88 76.93 19.08 Testing and Significance t=-2.037 p = 0.043 t=-0.534 p = 0.594 U = 4099.000 p = 0.413 t=-1.822 p = 0.070 All participating women were asked about the violence they experienced with their husbands. The women were asked to answer in a few sentences—51 of the women filled in this section. The main themes and subthemes of the verbal statements of the women are shown in Table 4 below, and the findings of each theme are explained and shown. What are the themes of women with breast cancer regarding violence? Table 4 Themes and sub-themes Themes 1. Sub-Themes 2. Sub-Themes History of Violence Causes of violence Problems caused by breast cancer (inability to do housework and meals due to illness, inability to care for children, prolonged sleep, and fatigue) (n = 8) Financial problems (problems regarding hospital transportation and expenses, husband not giving money) (n = 4) Problems related to sexuality (disruption in sexuality due to illness) (n = 6) Disagreements about children and their care (relatives looking after children due to illness) (n = 5) Involvement of spouses' families (n11) Swearing, insults, threats (n = 6) Communication problems (impaired interaction between spouses, lack of support from a spouse during illness, questioning marriage, comparing with other women, not wanting to be accompanied in hospital (n = 5) Man and woman leaving home (n = 2) Jealousy between spouses (husband wants to marry a different woman) (n = 4) Duration of violence Since the beginning of the relationship (n = 28) After having a child (n = 7) After the onset of the disease (n = 16) Effects of violence The impact of violence on women Physical effects (assault)(n = 7) Psychological effects(n = 40) Effects on social life(n = 21) The impact of violence on the child Witnessing violence (n = 23) Living apart from mother or father (n = 3) At the end of the study, the statements regarding the victim were written individually, and the data obtained was evaluated using the document analysis method. Accordingly, after the data was transcribed, it was coded. The data was read twice, and notes were taken, and the statements with the same and different meanings were conceptualized. Finally, the classified statements were divided into themes and subthemes. The results were interpreted in line with the determined themes and subthemes. Some verbal statements of women with breast cancer are shared below. Patient 1 I did not receive any support from my husband after receiving chemotherapy. He continued his life as if nothing had happened. Patient 2 As a housewife, I always complain about hospital expenses. Patient 3 After getting sick, my husband asks my little grandchildren, “Should I bring you a new grandmother?” Patient 4 I got sick right after I got married. My husband said, “I am bored; I wish I had not gotten married.” I was very sad that day. Patient 5 My husband says, "I cannot do housework, I cannot look after the children, and I sleep all the time,” especially when his family is with us. Patient 6 My husband compares me to his friends’ wives. Patient 7 I come from the district for chemotherapy treatment; he always says it costs a lot of money, and the bus fare is costly. Patient 8 My husband yells and swears at me occasionally. He locks my children in the room when he gets angry with me. I am afraid that he will take my children away from me because I am sick. Patient 9 When I have pain after my surgery, he yells at me and tells me I am making it too big. Patient 10 My husband used to take great care of me. He has been very cold to me since my breast was removed. Patient 11 My husband says he does not love me and hits me. Patient 12 On the first day of my chemotherapy, the nurses told my husband that there would be some needs and that he needed to get them. He said, "Let your brother get them." This hurt me a lot. DISCUSSION This section discusses the findings of the study conducted to determine the status of spousal violence in women diagnosed with breast cancer and the affecting factors based on the comparison of the sources in the literature. In the study examining the spousal violence of women diagnosed with breast cancer, all women were exposed to sensory/verbal violence. In the study conducted by Mejri and colleagues on women with breast cancer, the prevalence of spousal violence was found to be 24.8%. According to the study, the common forms of violence were determined as economic violence, severe restrictions on certain types of food and clothing (21%), psychological violence; disclosure of private information about the patient's health status to others; ignoring, restricting visiting friends or family (20%), verbal assault 9.2%, physical violence 7.9% and other types of violence (Mejri et al., 2023). In the study conducted by Fouladi and colleagues with 211 women with breast cancer, different types of violence were questioned, and it was determined that 90% were exposed to different types of spousal violence (Fouladi, 2018). Physical violence victimization was relatively high in our study, at 72.5%. In a qualitative study conducted by Sawin and Parker with older women with breast cancer, it was determined that all women were exposed to all types of violence (Sawin & Parker, 2011). In another study conducted by Sawin and his colleagues with women with breast cancer, it was determined that emotional violence was the most common (Sawin et al., 2009). Although there are similar results to our study in the literature, it is thought that women frequently experience violence after a diagnosis of breast cancer and that while women expect support from their husbands during their struggle with the disease, different behaviors other than what is expected are challenging. A wide variety of physical, psychological, and social effects are observed in women who are subjected to violence. The most common and intense emotion in these women is fear. This fear experienced by women causes their home, which should be the safest living space, to turn into a hell for them. In addition, children also live under the threat of this violence and are exposed to violence. In an environment of violence, women may isolate themselves from their surroundings due to the damage to their self-esteem and the desire to hide in this situation. This isolation can lead to a feeling of loneliness and a depressive mood over time. Long-term violence can reinforce the woman's belief that she will not be able to escape this situation and can cause a feeling of "learned helplessness." The woman may also blame herself and feel worthless, thinking that she "deserves" the violence she receives from her husband (Kandemirci et al., 2014). In our study, the situations in which women diagnosed with breast cancer are exposed to spousal violence are classified in detail in Table 3 according to the demographic characteristics of the individuals. Among these, statistically significant data were found for marital status, educational status, place of residence, income status, working life, chemotherapy, and surgery status. The difference in the total mean score of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale according to marital status, working status, and surgery status is not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The difference in the mean scores of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale is statistically significant according to place of residence, educational level, income level, chemotherapy, and surgery status (p < 0.05) (Table 4 ). In Yalçın's study, the same scale was used, and findings were found that violence rates were higher among women with higher education and working. This shows that violence is related not only to socioeconomic level but also to personal situations. In addition, the study states that domestic violence manifests itself not only in physical but also in other forms, such as emotional violence. This indicates that violence is a phenomenon that creates not only physical harm but also psychological and emotional effects (Yalçın, 2022). In other studies, the risk of breast cancer decreases as the level of education and socioeconomic level increases. Rather than the level of education and socioeconomic level being independent risk factors, it is thought that the risk increases because lifestyle and reproductive habits change (Braaten, 2004; Koçak et al., 2011). The frequency of breast cancer in the west of Turkey is twice as high as in the east. This situation is thought to be because the lifestyle in the country's west is similar to that in Western societies (Taşdelen, 2012). Cancer is a disease associated with various physical, emotional, social, and financial consequences for the affected individuals and their families. Patients have to cope with significant concerns such as fear of death, pain, disability, infertility, dependency, abandonment, changing relationships, and financial difficulties (Mejri et al., 2023). It is difficult to have an idea about the extent of violence against women due to breast cancer, but considering the data given, in addition to the adverse effects women experience from the disease, the violence inflicted on them by their partner's violence negatively affects their lives. Support from spouses is a critical recovery factor for patients during cancer treatment. Strong support is important in disease management (Martins Faria et al., 2021). Breast cancer can have significant psychosocial effects in terms of roles and responsibilities on family members and social life. The shock of a cancer diagnosis can cause changes in communication and interaction between the patient, family members, and other individuals. In our study, it is thought that women being diagnosed with breast cancer is an important factor in becoming victims of violence, considering the problems they face as individuals in the family and society, their psychological states, and the dynamics in their relationships with their spouses. The themes and subthemes of these themes that we examined that women are negatively affected psychologically as a result of breast cancer. Studies examining the effects of violence against women within the family reveal that both the physical and mental health of women exposed to such violence are negatively affected. Violence reduces women's functionality, threatens their economic independence, and limits their social participation (Ekinci et al., 2024). Based on the verbal statements of women with breast cancer, in addition to the difficulty of coping with the disease, the workload at home from their husbands, the inability to spend more time with their children, the responsibilities placed on women at home, cooking, cleaning the house, tidying up, mopping, sweeping, taking care of the children, many tasks have been disrupted by cancer, which has caused a rift between them and their husbands. These problems have even seriously affected their sexual lives with their husbands. Based on the verbal statements of women in general, it is stated that their husbands' perspectives towards their husbands have changed after this disease, and their relationships are not going well. Similarly, all these problems come together and result in violence against women. Another issue verbally expressed by women who have cancer is that they cannot get along and that they cannot be understood. This is interpreted as resulting in violence due to a lack of communication between individuals. In different studies, verbal statements of women who were victims of violence due to breast cancer were included. Women stated that their treatments were negatively affected by violence, their recovery periods were prolonged, they were affected by different types of violence, especially emotionally, they became depressed, experienced stress, their emotional ties were weakened, their sexual lives were negatively affected, their family relationships were disrupted, and they could not receive counseling and support despite being victims of violence. These studies yielded results similar to our study (Fauladi et al., 2021; Jetelina et al., 2020; Mejri et al., 2023; Parker & Sawin, 2011; Sawin et al., 2009). Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate In order to conduct the research, ethics committee approval was obtained from the ethics committee decision of the Atatürk University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Before data collection, all participants were informed both verbally and in writing about the study’s purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the right to voluntary participation and withdrawal at any time without any consequences. Informed consent was obtained from all participants through recorded verbal agreement. Written consent was not collected, as verbal consent was considered ethically appropriate and was approved by the aforementioned ethics committee. No personally identifiable information was recorded. All data were anonymized and stored securely in password-protected files, accessible only to the research team, and hard copies were kept in a locked cabinet. Consent for publication Not applicable. This manuscript does not include identifying images or personal or clinical details of participants that compromise anonymity. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding No Funding. Authors’ contributions Study conception and design: NY, SO. Data collection: SO. Data analysis and interpretation: NY, SO. Drafting of the article: NY, SO. Manuscript writing: NY, SO. Critical revision of the article: NY. Authorship statement All listed authors meet the authorship criteria, and all authors are in agreement with the content of the manuscript. Author details ¹Erzurum Technical University, Instıtute of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Nursing, Erzurum, TURKIYE. ²Erzurum Technical University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Department of Public Health Nursing, Erzurum, TURKIYE. Jhons Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Conflıct Of Interest Statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Arabacı, L. B., & Uygun, T. (2022). Şiddet uygulayan ve şiddet uygulanan bireylerin özellikleri. Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi, 5(1), 38-46. Black MC (2011). Intimate partner violence and adverse health consequences: implications for clinicians. Am J Lifestyle Med 5:428–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827611410265 Blackstone, M., & Feudtner, C. (2006) Gender Roles and Society. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 5. Braaten, T., Weiderpass, E., Kumle, M., Adami, H. O., & Lund, E. (2004). 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Kandemirci, D., ve Kağnıcı, Y, D., (2014)., Kadına Yönelik Aile İçi Şiddetle Baş Etme: Çok Boyutlu Bir İnceleme., Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, Haziran, 17 (33), 1-12. Karabulutlu, E. Y., & Karaman, S. (2015). Kanser hastalarında hastalık algısının değerlendirilmesi. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 2(3), 271-284. Koçak, S., Çelik, L., Özbaş, S., Sak, S. D., Tükün, A., & Yalçın, B. (2011). Meme kanserinde rısk faktörleri, riskin değerlendirilmesi ve prevansiyon: istanbul 2010 konsensus raporu. Meme Sagligi Dergisi/Journal Of Breast Health, 7(2). Latifi, M., Salimi, S., Barahmand, N., Fahimnia, F., & Farsani, L. A. (2018). Postmastectomy information needs and information-seeking motives for women with breast cancer. Advanced Biomedical Research, 7(1), 75. Martins Faria, B., Martins Rodrigues, I., Verri Marquez, L., da Silva Pires, U.& Vilges de Oliveira, S. (2021). The impact of mastectomy on body image and sexuality in women with breast cancer: a systematic review. Psicooncología,18(1). doi:10.5209/psic.74534 Mejri, N., Lajnef, I., Berrazega, Y., Rachdi, H., Bohli, M., Kochbati, L., & Hamouda, B. (2023). Intimate partner violence after cancer diagnosis: an SOS call. Supportive Care in Cancer, 31(2), 103. Ministery of Health Turkey, 2024. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/48054/0/siy202205042024pdf.pdf OECD. (2019). Kadına yönelik şiddet – Eşitsizlik . https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/violence-against-women/indicator/english_f1eb4876-en. Pallitto, C. C., García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Watts, C. (2013). Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: results from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 120(1), 3-9. Sawin, E. M., Laughon, K., Parker, B. J., & Steeves, R. H. (2009). Breastcancer in the context of intimate partner violence: A qualitativestudy. Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(6), 686–692. Sawin EM. (2010).‘‘My husband would not help me, so I was driving over there’’: older rural women experiencing breast cancer with a non-supportive intimate partner. Rural and Remote Health;10(1536):1Y13. http://www .rrh.org.au. Sawin, E. M., & Parker, B. (2011). “If looks would kill then I would be dead”: intimate partner abuse and breast cancer in older women. Journal of gerontological nursing, 37(7), 26-35. Sheikhnezhad, L., Hassankhani, H., Sawin, E. M., Sanaat, Z., & Sahebihagh, M. H. (2023). Intimate partner violence in women with breast and gynaecologic cancers: A systematic review. Journal of advanced nursing, 79(4), 1211-1224. Speakman, E., Paris, R., Gioiella, M. E., & Hathaway, J. (2015). “I Didn’t Fight for My Life to Be Treated Like This!”: The Relationship between the Experience of Cancer and Intimate Partner Abuse. Health & social work, 40(1), 51-58. Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209-249. Tasdelen İ. (2012). Meme Hastalıkları Dernekleri Federasyonu Meme Hastalıkları Kitabı. In. Özmen V, editör. Güneş Tıp Kitabevi; 33-46 Undie, C.-C., Maternowska, C., Mak’anyengo, M., Birungi, H., Keesbury, J., & Askew, I. (2012). Routine screening for intimate partner violence in public health care settings in Kenya: An assessment of acceptability. Population Council. https://doi.org/10.31899/rh3.1027 Yalçin, M. (2022). Aile Merkezlerinden Hizmet Alan Kadınların Kadına Yönelik Şiddete İlişkin Tutumları ile Şiddete Maruz Kalma Durumlarının İncelenmesi. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri, 8(17), 14-35. Yildirim, N., & Toraman, A. U. (2023). Analysis of the descriptive characteristics of female victims of violence applying to the domestic violence office of a court of law. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 96, 102510. Zare Shahabadi A, Hajizadeh Meymand M, Abraham Sadrabadi F. (2010). The Effect of Social Support on Management and Treatment of Type II Diabetic Patients in Yazd. Journal of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 18(4): 277-228. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as ''the intentional and intentional application of power or authority to other individuals in the form of a threat or reality, resulting in tissue damage, death and psychological damage to the affected individual'' (WHO, 2014). The World Health Organization reports that a total of 735\u0026nbsp;million women in 161 countries between 2005 and 2018 were subjected to violence at least once in their lives (WHO, 2018). According to the 2019 data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the highest percentage of women victims of violence is in Turkey at 38% (OECD, 2019). In Turkey, one in every 12 women develops breast cancer during her lifetime [Ministry of Health, 2024], and one in every three women is exposed to intimate partner violence (OECD, 2019). The number of women experiencing breast cancer and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Turkey is not yet fully known.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eViolence has negative consequences for women’s physical and mental health. Intimate partner violence is one of the most common and damaging forms of violence worldwide. Intimate partner violence includes behaviors that can cause physical, sexual, or psychological harm, such as physical aggression, sexual bullying, psychological abuse, and controlling behaviors (WHO, 2021). Living with intimate partner violence can lead to poor health outcomes (Black, 2011). Violence has serious and long-term effects, including injuries, unintended pregnancies, adverse birth outcomes, abortion (often in unsafe conditions), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections, depression, alcohol use disorders, and other problems, and even cancers (Cesairo et al., 2014; WHO, 2013; Pallitto et al., 2013). At the same time, studies conducted on cancer patients concluded that they were subjected to violence and that they had to continue their lives in an undesirable way as a result of this violence (Karabulutlu \u0026amp; Karaman, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreast cancer represents a major global health problem: It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world, with an estimated 2.26\u0026nbsp;million cases recorded in 2020, and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women (Sung et al., 2021). According to the statistics of the General Directorate of Public Health of the Ministry of Health, the number of breast cancer cases in Turkey, which was 9733 in 2013, increased to 11851 in 2017 (Ministry of Health, 2023). Studies examining IPV among cancer survivors are limited and relatively new. When we examine the publications that have studied breast cancer and intimate partner violence together, In one study, women diagnosed with cancer who experience intimate partner violence reported poorer mental and physical well-being compared to those who were not exposed to the same violence. Routine clinical screening for intimate partner violence in women diagnosed with cancer is expected to provide a better quality of life (Coker et al., 2017). In a study conducted in oncology services, intimate partner violence is frequently seen in patients. Intimate partners do not hospitalize the patients in question, threaten to leave their partners or instill bad habits in their partners. Lack of partner support leads to physical, sexual, psychological, and economic abuse (Undie et al., 2012). It was reported that the victim woman had difficulty accessing treatment due to her dependence on her partner to access health services, causing delays in cancer check-ups (Sawin, 2010). In a qualitative study, a breast cancer patient stated her husband's violence and weak relationship (Sawin \u0026amp; Parker, 2011). Good communication before, during, and after treatment can ensure success in personal care and a good lifestyle (Latifi et al., 2018). Cancer patients are among the patients who need to be paid attention to and supported. In breast cancer, which is one of the most common types of cancer in women, social support, especially from their spouses, can motivate them to continue treatment at different stages of treatment. It is predicted that the more support the patient receives from their spouse and family members, the more they will adhere to treatment and disease control (Zare Shahabadi et al., 2010). In a study, it was found that the bad experiences experienced by women diagnosed with cancer who faced intimate partner violence caused them to withdraw from disease management, and this led to worse outcomes for cancer patients (Speakman et al., 2015). Without appropriate strategies to reduce intimate partner violence, it will not be possible to create a health agenda focused on health and gender equality (Blackstone \u0026amp; Feudtner, 2006). Apart from these, improving the capacity of healthcare professionals, especially nurses, in the education and training of patients is essential in the screening, detection, and treatment of cancer-related partner violence (Dionigi et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCancer and IPV co-occurring can be a significant stressor in women's lives and can harm women in many ways. Caring for women living with IPV and cancer simultaneously can be challenging for oncology professionals. Therefore, in addition to using clinical guidelines, it is critical that IPV among women diagnosed with cancer be examined more closely and that oncology nurses address this sensitive issue in their practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is seen that there are few studies on breast cancer and partner violence in the literature (Sheikhnezhad et al., 2023). Therefore, this study aims to conclude whether there is a relationship between husband violence status and the influencing factors of women diagnosed with breast cancer in the surgical oncology department of a city hospital.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign and Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted with breast cancer women receiving treatment in the oncology clinic of a city hospital between March and August 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study sample consisted of 213 breast cancer women who agreed to participate in the research. Accordingly, 213 female patients were reached by calculating the average one-year population size (800 women) with a known sample calculation formula with 90% reliability and 5% margin of error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion Criteria for the Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria for the study were breast cancer women treated in the clinic due to a cancer diagnosis who can communicate, understand, and read in Turkish.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore starting the study, ethical approval was obtained from the University\u0026apos;s Research Ethics Committee, and written permission was obtained from the provincial health directorate and the city hospital where the study was conducted. Women were given descriptive information about the research, their written consent was obtained, and it was stated that they had the right to withdraw from the study until the data analysis phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale patients with breast cancer in the surgical oncology clinic were informed by one of the researchers working as a nurse on how to fill out the forms. The forms were filled out during face-to-face interviews with the patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study used the \u0026ldquo;Demographic Form\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Husband Violence Against Women Scale\u0026rdquo; as data collection tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe form, created based on the literature, consists of 12 questions (Yildirim and Uysal Toraman., 2023). There are six questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics such as age, marital status, place of residence, and socioeconomic status. The remaining six questions asked women when they were diagnosed, whether they received chemotherapy/radiotherapy, whether they had surgery, and objective questions regarding intimate partner violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband Violence Against Women Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scale was developed in 2019 (Deniz, 2019). The scale consists of a total of 29 questions. The scale consists of 3 subscales: Husband violence against women (physical, psychological, financial, and sexual) items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27; the victim\u0026apos;s understanding of social support against violence items 15, 16, 17, 18, 29; the victim\u0026apos;s general beliefs about violence items 20, 21, 22, 23, 28. This scale was created with a 5-point Likert type. (\u0026ldquo;I completely disagree (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;I somewhat agree (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;I am undecided (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;I very much agree (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;I completely agree (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rdquo;) the maximum score obtained from this scale type is 145, and the minimum score is 29. In evaluating the scale, items 12, 15, and 16, which contain positive statements regarding the need for social support against violence, are evaluated by reversing them. As violence against women increases, the scale score average increases. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; value of the scale was 0.874; subdimensions were found to be .891, .543 and .858 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn data analysis, numbers, percentages, minimum and maximum values, mean and standard deviation were used. In addition, an independent samples t-test, Analysis of Variance (As further analysis, LSD was used when the variances were homogeneous, Dunnet C was used when they were not), and Cronbach \u0026alpha; coefficient for internal validity were used. IBM SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) 21.0 from the statistics programs will be used to analyze the data, and the significance level will be accepted as \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulties of the Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, patients were quite hesitant during data collection because they did not feel physically and psychologically; they feared their spouses would learn the information they provided, and they thought the study would be useless. In anticipation of this situation, before giving the forms to the patients, their fears and concerns on this issue were listened to, the necessary explanations were made by informing them that it would be good for them psychologically, and participation was tried to be increased.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en: (213)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Relationship\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiving Place\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCounties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome is more than expense\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome is equal to the expense\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome is less than the expense\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReceiving Chemotherapy/\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRadiotherapy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHaving Surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*What type of violence do you think you have been exposed to?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional/Verbal Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumerical Variables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMin.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMax.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedian\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003cb\u003eMultiple answers provided.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording the results, 88.7% of the participants are married, 38.5% live in the district, 32.4% are literate, and 54.5% have less income than expenses. 62% of the participants are unemployed, 62.9% are receiving chemotherapy due to their illness, and 73.7% have had surgery due to their illness. The average age of the participants is 41.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.44, and the average number of children is 3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14. According to the answers given by the women, the rate of emotional/verbal violence was found to be 100% for 213 women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of scores obtained from husband violence against women scale and sub-dimensions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScale and Subscales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntimate Partner Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerception of Social Support Against Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon Beliefs About Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHusband Violence Against\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen Scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the participants received 49.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.89 points from the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women sub-dimension, 18.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.67 points from the Perception of Social Support against Violence sub-dimension, 7.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.23 points from the Common Beliefs About Violence sub-dimension, and 74.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.01 points in total from the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Sub-Dimension, in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the difference in the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women sub-scale means is statistically significant according to a place of residence, education level, income level, chemotherapy, and surgery status. (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The difference in the mean score of the sub-dimension of Perception of Social Support Against Violence according to place of residence, education level, and employment status is statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For the Common Beliefs About Violence Sub-Dimension, The difference in the mean score of the Common Beliefs About Violence sub-dimension according to place of residence, education level, and chemotherapy status is statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For the Total Score of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale, the difference in the total mean score of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale according to place of residence, education level, income and expenditure status, and chemotherapy status is statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of scores obtained from the ıntimate partner violence against women scale and ıts sub-dimensions according to demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntimate Partner Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerception of Social Support Against Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon Beliefs About Violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntimate Partner Violence Scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ert.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ert.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ert.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiving Place\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCounties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTesting and Significance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.551\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.454\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eKW\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.813\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.255\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTesting and Significance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.698\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.897\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eKW\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.027\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.300\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome is more than expense\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome is equal to the expense\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome is less than the expense\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTesting and Significance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.262\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.407\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.247\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eKW\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.586\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.499\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.032\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTesting and Significance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.258\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4656.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReceiving Chemotherapy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTesting and Significance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-3.310\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-1.728\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4401.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-3.439\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHaving Surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTesting and Significance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-2.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.043\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-0.534\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.594\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4099.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.413\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-1.822\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.070\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll participating women were asked about the violence they experienced with their husbands. The women were asked to answer in a few sentences\u0026mdash;51 of the women filled in this section. The main themes and subthemes of the verbal statements of the women are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e below, and the findings of each theme are explained and shown.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the themes of women with breast cancer regarding violence?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes and sub-themes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Sub-Themes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Sub-Themes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHistory of Violence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCauses of violence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProblems caused by breast cancer (inability to do housework and meals due to illness, inability to care for children, prolonged sleep, and fatigue) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial problems (problems regarding hospital transportation and expenses, husband not giving money) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProblems related to sexuality (disruption in sexuality due to illness) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisagreements about children and their care (relatives looking after children due to illness) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInvolvement of spouses' families (n11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSwearing, insults, threats (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunication problems (impaired interaction between spouses, lack of support from a spouse during illness, questioning marriage, comparing with other women, not wanting to be accompanied in hospital (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMan and woman leaving home (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJealousy between spouses (husband wants to marry a different woman) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDuration of violence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince the beginning of the relationship (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter having a child (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the onset of the disease (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffects of violence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe impact of violence on women\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical effects (assault)(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological effects(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffects on social life(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe impact of violence on the child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWitnessing violence (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiving apart from mother or father (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the study, the statements regarding the victim were written individually, and the data obtained was evaluated using the document analysis method. Accordingly, after the data was transcribed, it was coded. The data was read twice, and notes were taken, and the statements with the same and different meanings were conceptualized. Finally, the classified statements were divided into themes and subthemes. The results were interpreted in line with the determined themes and subthemes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSome verbal statements of women with breast cancer are shared below.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eI did not receive any support from my husband after receiving chemotherapy. He continued his life as if nothing had happened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a housewife, I always complain about hospital expenses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter getting sick, my husband asks my little grandchildren, \u0026ldquo;Should I bring you a new grandmother?\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eI got sick right after I got married. My husband said, \u0026ldquo;I am bored; I wish I had not gotten married.\u0026rdquo; I was very sad that day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eMy husband says, \"I cannot do housework, I cannot look after the children, and I sleep all the time,\u0026rdquo; especially when his family is with us.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eMy husband compares me to his friends\u0026rsquo; wives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eI come from the district for chemotherapy treatment; he always says it costs a lot of money, and the bus fare is costly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eMy husband yells and swears at me occasionally. He locks my children in the room when he gets angry with me. I am afraid that he will take my children away from me because I am sick.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen I have pain after my surgery, he yells at me and tells me I am making it too big.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eMy husband used to take great care of me. He has been very cold to me since my breast was removed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eMy husband says he does not love me and hits me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient 12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the first day of my chemotherapy, the nurses told my husband that there would be some needs and that he needed to get them. He said, \"Let your brother get them.\" This hurt me a lot.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section discusses the findings of the study conducted to determine the status of spousal violence in women diagnosed with breast cancer and the affecting factors based on the comparison of the sources in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the study examining the spousal violence of women diagnosed with breast cancer, all women were exposed to sensory/verbal violence. In the study conducted by Mejri and colleagues on women with breast cancer, the prevalence of spousal violence was found to be 24.8%. According to the study, the common forms of violence were determined as economic violence, severe restrictions on certain types of food and clothing (21%), psychological violence; disclosure of private information about the patient's health status to others; ignoring, restricting visiting friends or family (20%), verbal assault 9.2%, physical violence 7.9% and other types of violence (Mejri et al., 2023). In the study conducted by Fouladi and colleagues with 211 women with breast cancer, different types of violence were questioned, and it was determined that 90% were exposed to different types of spousal violence (Fouladi, 2018). Physical violence victimization was relatively high in our study, at 72.5%. In a qualitative study conducted by Sawin and Parker with older women with breast cancer, it was determined that all women were exposed to all types of violence (Sawin \u0026amp; Parker, 2011). In another study conducted by Sawin and his colleagues with women with breast cancer, it was determined that emotional violence was the most common (Sawin et al., 2009). Although there are similar results to our study in the literature, it is thought that women frequently experience violence after a diagnosis of breast cancer and that while women expect support from their husbands during their struggle with the disease, different behaviors other than what is expected are challenging. A wide variety of physical, psychological, and social effects are observed in women who are subjected to violence. The most common and intense emotion in these women is fear. This fear experienced by women causes their home, which should be the safest living space, to turn into a hell for them. In addition, children also live under the threat of this violence and are exposed to violence. In an environment of violence, women may isolate themselves from their surroundings due to the damage to their self-esteem and the desire to hide in this situation. This isolation can lead to a feeling of loneliness and a depressive mood over time. Long-term violence can reinforce the woman's belief that she will not be able to escape this situation and can cause a feeling of \"learned helplessness.\" The woman may also blame herself and feel worthless, thinking that she \"deserves\" the violence she receives from her husband (Kandemirci et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study, the situations in which women diagnosed with breast cancer are exposed to spousal violence are classified in detail in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e according to the demographic characteristics of the individuals. Among these, statistically significant data were found for marital status, educational status, place of residence, income status, working life, chemotherapy, and surgery status. The difference in the total mean score of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale according to marital status, working status, and surgery status is not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe difference in the mean scores of the Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale is statistically significant according to place of residence, educational level, income level, chemotherapy, and surgery status (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In Yal\u0026ccedil;ın's study, the same scale was used, and findings were found that violence rates were higher among women with higher education and working. This shows that violence is related not only to socioeconomic level but also to personal situations. In addition, the study states that domestic violence manifests itself not only in physical but also in other forms, such as emotional violence. This indicates that violence is a phenomenon that creates not only physical harm but also psychological and emotional effects (Yal\u0026ccedil;ın, 2022). In other studies, the risk of breast cancer decreases as the level of education and socioeconomic level increases. Rather than the level of education and socioeconomic level being independent risk factors, it is thought that the risk increases because lifestyle and reproductive habits change (Braaten, 2004; Ko\u0026ccedil;ak et al., 2011). The frequency of breast cancer in the west of Turkey is twice as high as in the east. This situation is thought to be because the lifestyle in the country's west is similar to that in Western societies (Taşdelen, 2012). Cancer is a disease associated with various physical, emotional, social, and financial consequences for the affected individuals and their families. Patients have to cope with significant concerns such as fear of death, pain, disability, infertility, dependency, abandonment, changing relationships, and financial difficulties (Mejri et al., 2023). It is difficult to have an idea about the extent of violence against women due to breast cancer, but considering the data given, in addition to the adverse effects women experience from the disease, the violence inflicted on them by their partner's violence negatively affects their lives. Support from spouses is a critical recovery factor for patients during cancer treatment. Strong support is important in disease management (Martins Faria et al., 2021). Breast cancer can have significant psychosocial effects in terms of roles and responsibilities on family members and social life. The shock of a cancer diagnosis can cause changes in communication and interaction between the patient, family members, and other individuals. In our study, it is thought that women being diagnosed with breast cancer is an important factor in becoming victims of violence, considering the problems they face as individuals in the family and society, their psychological states, and the dynamics in their relationships with their spouses. The themes and subthemes of these themes that we examined that women are negatively affected psychologically as a result of breast cancer. Studies examining the effects of violence against women within the family reveal that both the physical and mental health of women exposed to such violence are negatively affected. Violence reduces women's functionality, threatens their economic independence, and limits their social participation (Ekinci et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the verbal statements of women with breast cancer, in addition to the difficulty of coping with the disease, the workload at home from their husbands, the inability to spend more time with their children, the responsibilities placed on women at home, cooking, cleaning the house, tidying up, mopping, sweeping, taking care of the children, many tasks have been disrupted by cancer, which has caused a rift between them and their husbands. These problems have even seriously affected their sexual lives with their husbands. Based on the verbal statements of women in general, it is stated that their husbands' perspectives towards their husbands have changed after this disease, and their relationships are not going well. Similarly, all these problems come together and result in violence against women. Another issue verbally expressed by women who have cancer is that they cannot get along and that they cannot be understood. This is interpreted as resulting in violence due to a lack of communication between individuals. In different studies, verbal statements of women who were victims of violence due to breast cancer were included. Women stated that their treatments were negatively affected by violence, their recovery periods were prolonged, they were affected by different types of violence, especially emotionally, they became depressed, experienced stress, their emotional ties were weakened, their sexual lives were negatively affected, their family relationships were disrupted, and they could not receive counseling and support despite being victims of violence. These studies yielded results similar to our study (Fauladi et al., 2021; Jetelina et al., 2020; Mejri et al., 2023; Parker \u0026amp; Sawin, 2011; Sawin et al., 2009).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to conduct the research, ethics committee approval was obtained from the ethics committee decision of the Atat\u0026uuml;rk University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Before data collection, all participants were informed both verbally and in writing about the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the right to voluntary participation and withdrawal at any time without any consequences. Informed consent was obtained from all participants through recorded verbal agreement. Written consent was not collected, as verbal consent was considered ethically appropriate and was approved by the aforementioned ethics committee. No personally identifiable information was recorded. All data were anonymized and stored securely in password-protected files, accessible only to the research team, and hard copies were kept in a locked cabinet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. This manuscript does not include identifying images or personal or clinical details of participants that compromise anonymity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy conception and design: NY, SO. Data collection: SO. Data analysis and interpretation: NY, SO. Drafting of the article: NY, SO. Manuscript writing: NY, SO. Critical revision of the article: NY.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll listed authors meet the authorship criteria, and all authors are in agreement with the content of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026sup1;Erzurum Technical University, Instıtute of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Nursing, Erzurum, TURKIYE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026sup2;Erzurum Technical University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Department of Public Health Nursing, Erzurum, TURKIYE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJhons Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflıct Of Interest Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArabacı, L. 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Journal of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 18(4): 277-228.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cancer","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcan","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cancer](http://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcan/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cancer","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cancer, intimate partner violence, nursing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7041583/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7041583/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim:\u003c/strong\u003e The study aimed to determine the intimate partner violence and affecting factors of women diagnosed with breast cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A descriptive and cross-sectional research design was adopted in this study. The research was conducted in the surgical oncology service of a city hospital between March 2023 and August 2023. This study used the “Demographic Form” and “Intimate Partner Violence Scale” as data collection tools. The research was evaluated using forms prepared for 213 female patients and interpreting their verbal expressions. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows 22 package program. Ethical permission and written consent were obtained from the patients for the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe rate of women being subjected to physical violence was determined as 19.3% for 41 people, 100% for emotional/verbal violence for 213 people, 46% for economic violence for 98 people, and 30.1% for sexual violence for 64 people. According to the Intimate Partner Violence Scale, the average score of the violence experienced by the participants from their spouses was determined as 74.45. The rates of violence experienced by those who received chemotherapy and surgery due to their illness were higher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e Considering these findings, the extent of violence experienced by female patients diagnosed with breast cancer from their spouses or close partners was found to be relatively high.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"When Healing Meets Harm: Intimate Partner Violence in Breast Cancer Patients","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-29 17:58:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7041583/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T00:35:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"308411563504371284311738230473971059265","date":"2025-09-28T13:54:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227387869518953936021141372321848011974","date":"2025-09-26T16:28:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"98301328505439080643515297494283609934","date":"2025-09-26T07:25:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-18T15:23:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T17:00:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-07T06:49:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-07T06:45:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Cancer","date":"2025-07-03T22:29:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cancer","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcan","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cancer](http://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcan/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cancer","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0ffe2e2d-bb44-4ef3-bb8a-8f90ab62d04c","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-29T17:58:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-29 17:58:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7041583","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7041583","identity":"rs-7041583","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}