Dose Dependent Toxicity of Carbon Nanosphere in Drosophila melanogaster: Establishing Safe Limits for Biomedical Application

Dose Dependent Toxicity of Carbon Nanosphere in Drosophila melanogaster: Establishing Safe Limits for Biomedical Application | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dose Dependent Toxicity of Carbon Nanosphere in Drosophila melanogaster: Establishing Safe Limits for Biomedical Application Samantha Raj Sah, Anisha Saha, Sahabudeen Sheik Mohideen, Balashanmugan Pannerselvam, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9216375/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 19 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The toxicity of nanomaterial is largely determined by particle size, shape, surface charge, composition, concentration, and surface modifications. Due to their nanoscale dimensions, they can interact with biological systems and induce dose-dependent cellular responses. In this study Carbon nanosphere (CNS), were synthesized by probe sonication method and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Zeta Potential measurement. The dose-dependent toxicity of CNS was evaluated using Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon K strain), in both larval and adult flies (female and male) were fed with CNS containing diet at varying concentrations (50-200 µg/ml). Behavioural toxicity was assessed through larval crawling and adult climbing assays. Biochemical evaluations included measurement of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, protein content, and Glutathione S- Transferase (GST) were performed. Other assays, including survival, haemolysis, MTT, fluorescence studies, along with histopathological studies, were also performed. Overall, CNS exhibits high biocompatibility at lower concentrations. But induces oxidative stress and cytotoxic effect at 200 µg/ml. These findings establish a safe exposure window and highlights the importance of dose-dependent evaluation for biomedical applications. Carbon nanosphere Drosophila melanogaster Reactive Oxygen Species Risk assessment Toxicity Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 26 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 25 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 24 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9216375","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":627825831,"identity":"25fdab36-415f-48ab-9c62-aa78bc4a2acf","order_by":0,"name":"Samantha Raj Sah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samantha","middleName":"Raj","lastName":"Sah","suffix":""},{"id":627825833,"identity":"ad2fa5d9-c6c1-4f63-a116-957b84549c09","order_by":1,"name":"Anisha Saha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anisha","middleName":"","lastName":"Saha","suffix":""},{"id":627825834,"identity":"b9ff9064-e573-4a9c-8c6d-2951392c6311","order_by":2,"name":"Sahabudeen Sheik Mohideen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sahabudeen","middleName":"Sheik","lastName":"Mohideen","suffix":""},{"id":627825837,"identity":"f5cfa77c-fe88-42fc-9b6f-5723a3d1fd07","order_by":3,"name":"Balashanmugan Pannerselvam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Avigen Biotech Pvt Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Balashanmugan","middleName":"","lastName":"Pannerselvam","suffix":""},{"id":627825843,"identity":"a7ad69c3-bea4-4941-8e00-bf1d641835b4","order_by":4,"name":"G. Devanand Venkatasubbu","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"G.","middleName":"Devanand","lastName":"Venkatasubbu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-24 22:53:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9216375/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9216375/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107706104,"identity":"e750998f-f66f-4c15-91c5-ecc085848f5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 09:17:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1071789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CorrectedNewDoseDependentToxicityofCNSinDrosophila3rd.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9216375/v1_covered_a5c5366c-f357-4b6c-8ebf-f05d650751a2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Dose Dependent Toxicity of Carbon Nanosphere in Drosophila melanogaster: Establishing Safe Limits for Biomedical Application","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chemical-papers","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"chpa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chemical Papers](http://link.springer.com/journal/11696)","snPcode":"11696","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/CHPA/default.aspx","title":"Chemical Papers","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Carbon nanosphere, Drosophila melanogaster, Reactive Oxygen Species, Risk assessment, Toxicity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9216375/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9216375/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe toxicity of nanomaterial is largely determined by particle size, shape, surface charge, composition, concentration, and surface modifications. Due to their nanoscale dimensions, they can interact with biological systems and induce dose-dependent cellular responses. In this study Carbon nanosphere (CNS), were synthesized by probe sonication method and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Zeta Potential measurement. The dose-dependent toxicity of CNS was evaluated using \u003cem\u003eDrosophila melanogaster\u003c/em\u003e (Oregon K strain), in both larval and adult flies (female and male) were fed with CNS containing diet at varying concentrations (50-200 µg/ml). Behavioural toxicity was assessed through larval crawling and adult climbing assays. Biochemical evaluations included measurement of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, protein content, and Glutathione S- Transferase (GST) were performed. Other assays, including survival, haemolysis, MTT, fluorescence studies, along with histopathological studies, were also performed. Overall, CNS exhibits high biocompatibility at lower concentrations. But induces oxidative stress and cytotoxic effect at 200 µg/ml. These findings establish a safe exposure window and highlights the importance of dose-dependent evaluation for biomedical applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Dose Dependent Toxicity of Carbon Nanosphere in Drosophila melanogaster: Establishing Safe Limits for Biomedical Application","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-23 09:05:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9216375/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-02T20:44:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-28T11:55:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-28T09:45:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-27T23:27:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-26T16:21:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-25T19:56:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-22T14:17:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"62620166273071142794038203374227773510","date":"2026-04-20T11:05:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T04:56:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"185590531682787301420208040566328078136","date":"2026-04-19T05:39:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"81453597121293590539425160731891838279","date":"2026-04-18T16:58:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307039451745715393186133117130791508378","date":"2026-04-18T10:38:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237980132017853956272848451379772500364","date":"2026-04-18T07:55:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6662160479882773484337562513135264967","date":"2026-04-16T11:50:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"109215357755264483124269596903232861794","date":"2026-04-16T07:38:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T05:51:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T13:40:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T11:09:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Chemical Papers","date":"2026-03-24T22:40:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chemical-papers","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"chpa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chemical Papers](http://link.springer.com/journal/11696)","snPcode":"11696","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/CHPA/default.aspx","title":"Chemical Papers","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6e592c4c-0b70-4dab-8022-972866be8fb5","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-02T20:44:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-02T20:53:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-23 09:05:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9216375","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9216375","identity":"rs-9216375","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}