Treatment Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Patients: A Cross-sectional Study at a Health Center, Vietnam in 2024

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is considered the cornerstone of HIV treatment, playing a critical role in improving patients’ quality of life and extending life expectancy. Objective To assess the characteristics, antiretroviral (ARV) usage rate, and treatment response among outpatients undergoing HIV treatment at District 3 Health Center in 2024. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using retrospective medical record data of HIV/AIDS patients receiving treatment at the Community Consultation and Support Department of the District 3 Health Center in 2024. Results Among the 318 HIV patients surveyed, 96.2% were receiving first-line ARV regimens, while 3.8% were on second-line regimens. The TDF + 3TC + DTG combination was the most commonly used regimen, accounting for 94.65% of cases. The findings showed that 98.69% of patients on first-line therapy and 91.69% of those on second-line therapy achieved treatment response. Conclusion The ARV treatment response rate was high, with the majority of patients receiving first-line regimens, among which the TDF + 3TC + DTG combination was the most predominant. Further analysis of treatment characteristics is necessary to assess their correlation with treatment response. HIV AIDS antiretroviral therapy 1. Introduction HIV/AIDS has been a significant pandemic of concern since its initial discovery, profoundly impacting the health and psychosocial well-being of affected patients and their communities. HIV is caused by a retrovirus that primarily infects CD4^+ T-helper lymphocytes, progressively depleting these cells, resulting in severe immunodeficiency. 1 , 2 Untreated HIV replication causes progressive CD4 + T cell loss and a wide range of immunological abnormalities, leading to an increased risk of infectious and oncological complications and ultimately causes AIDS and death. 3 HIV remains a pressing pathological issue not only in developing countries but also in developed nations. According to The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), there are currently approximately 85.6 million (64.8 million–113.0 million) people living with HIV worldwide, and 40.4 million (32.9 million–51.3 million) deaths have been attributed to AIDS-related illnesses since the onset of the epidemic. 4 In 2012, nine countries in Southern Africa, accounting for less than 2% of the world’s population, currently bear approximately one-third of the global HIV burden. 5 In the US, total number of new infections increased from 48,175 per year in 2010 to 67,000 people contracting the virus in 2019. 6 In the Asia–Pacific region, according to UNAIDS reports in 2022, there were 7.8 million people living with HIV, approximately 400,000 new infections, and 220,000 AIDS-related deaths. 4 In Viet Nam, According to the 2023 statistics from the Ministry of Health of Vietnam, the country reported 13,445 newly diagnosed HIV-positive cases and 1,623 deaths related to HIV/AIDS. 7 ART is regarded as the cornerstone in HIV treatment, significantly improving the quality of life and life expectancy of people living with HIV/AIDS, therefore assessing ART response remains critically important. Globally, numerous studies have evaluated ART response in HIV/AIDS patients. Recent research in Cameroon, Brazil, and Qatar has demonstrated high treatment response rates among patients. 8 – 10 In Vietnam, similar studies have been conducted on HIV patients, notably the research by Dinh Van Nguyen, Thi Hue Doan, Hoang Vinh Vo which evaluated ART treatment response among HIV patients at several healthcare facilities in Yen Bai, Phu Tho and Tien Giang provinces. 11 – 13 However, no similar research has been conducted at the District 3 Health Center. Acknowledging the necessity and significance of this issue, the study titled “Treatment Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Patients: A Cross-sectional Study at a Health Center, Vietnam in 2024” has been conducted with the following objectives: Determine the proportion of ART regimens used among patients undergoing HIV treatment. Determine the treatment response rate and factors associated with treatment outcomes in patients. 2. Methods 2.1. Study subjects HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART and medical care at the Community Counseling and Support Unit for HIV/AIDS, under District 3 Health Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 2.2. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study using retrospective medical record data of HIV/AIDS patients at the Community Counseling and Support Unit for HIV/AIDS, under District 3 Health Center. Data collection took place from August, 2024 to February, 2025. 2.3. Study sample 2.3.1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria -Patients diagnosed with HIV infection. -Patients currently undergoing treatment and receiving medication at the Community Support Counseling Department, HIV/AIDS Unit, District 3. -Patients receiving ARV treatment for at least 12 months. -Patients aged 18 years and above. -Patients with insufficient research data. 2.3.2. Sampling method All patients who came for consultation, treatment, and medication at the Community Counseling and Support Unit for HIV/AIDS, under District 3 Health Center, and met the sampling criteria during the sampling period were included. 2.4. Statistical analysis The study data were processed and analyzed via Microsoft Excel 2021 and IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Statistical analyses were performed with a 95% confidence interval. 3. Results 3.1. Determine the proportion of antiretroviral therapy regimens used among patients undergoing HIV treatment Patient characteristics The general characteristics of the study sample are presented Table 2. Table 2. General characteristics of the study sample (n=318) Variables groups Frequency (Percentage %) / Mean ± SD (Min-Max) Gender Male 304 (95.60) Female 14 (4.40) Age 34.29 ± 8.97 (18-70) Age groups Below 40 241 (75.79) 40 and above 77 (24.21) Occupation Student 11 (3.46) Office worker/Civil servant 127 (39.94) Service staff 16 (5.03) Freelancer 151 (47.48) Retirees 6 (1.89) Other 7 (2.20) Educational level Upper secondary school and below 140 (44.03) Above upper secondary school 178 (55.97) Ethnicity Kinh 300 (94.34) Chinese 9 (2.83) Other 9 (2.83) Marital status Single 267 (83.96) Married 33 (10.38) Other 18 (5.66) Living arrangement Living with family 199 (62.58) Living alone 119 (37.42) Family support No 143 (44.97) Yes 175 (55.03) Engaged in same-sex relationship No 96 (30.19) Yes 222 (69.81) Clinical stage 1 313 (98.42) 3 5 (1.58) Duration of treatment Below 8 years 206 (64.78) 8–10 years 70 (22.01) Above 10 years 42 (13.21) Mean duration of treatment 6.67 ± 3.64 (1-19) Notes: SD - Standard Deviation. According to Table 2, the study recorded that male patients predominated over female patients, with a male-to-female ratio of 21.7:1. The majority of participants were in the 30–39 age group (44.03%), with a mean age of 34.29 ± 8.97, ranging from 18 to 70 years. Most patients were freelance workers (47.48%), had an education level above high school (55.97%), and belonged to the Kinh ethnic group (94.34%). A large proportion of patients were single (83.96%), lived with their families (62.58%), and received support from relatives (55.03%). Individuals who reported same-sex relationships accounted for the majority (69.81%). Most patients were in WHO clinical stage 1 (98.4%) and had been on treatment for less than 8 years (64.78%). The mean duration of treatment was 6.67 ± 3.64 years, with a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of 19 years at the time of the survey. Proportion of regimen groups The survey on the proportion of ART regimens and the combination groups within each regimen is presented in Table 3. Table 3. Proportion of antiretroviral drugs by treatment regimens (n=318) Variables groups Frequency (Percentage %) Regimen group First-line 306 (96.23) Second-line 12 (3.77) First-line regimen group TDF+3TC+DTG 301 (94.65) TDF+3TC+EFV 2 (0.63) TDF+3TC+LPV/r 3 (0.94) Second-line regimen group AZT+3TC+EFV 5 (1.57) AZT+3TC+LPV/r 3 (0.94) AZT+3TC+DTG 3 (0.94) ABC+3TC+LPV/r 1 (0.31) Notes: TDF - tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; 3TC - lamivudine; DTG - dolutegravir; EFV - efavirenz; LPV/r - lopinavir/ritonavir; ABC - abacavir; AZT - zidovudine. According to Table 3. First-line ART regimens accounted for the majority, with 96.2%. Among the first-line regimen group, the combination of TDF + 3TC + DTG was predominant, representing 94.65%. In the second-line regimen group, the AZT + 3TC + EFV combination accounted for 1.57% of the total study population. Status of treatment response The assessment of treatment response in the study population is presented in Table 4. Table 4. Overall treatment response status (n=318) Variables groups Frequency (Percentage %) Response status Response 313 (98.43) Non-response 5 (1.57) According to Table 4, The study found that 98.43% of patients showed a favorable treatment response, whereas 1.57% were classified as non-responders to the prescribed ART regimen. The treatment response status by regimens was assessed, and the results are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Treatment response according to ART regimens Variables groups Response Non-response Frequency (Percentage %) Frequency (Percentage %) Regimen group First-line 302 (96.5) 4 (80.00) Second-line 11 (3.5) 1 (20.00) Total 313 (100.0) 5 (100.00) First-line regimen group TDF+3TC+DTG 297 (98.34) 4 (100.00) TDF+3TC+EFV 2 (0.66) 0 (0.00) TDF+3TC+LPV/r 3 (0.99) 0 (0.00) Total 302 (100.00) 4 (100.00) Second-line regimen group AZT+3TC+EFV 5 (45.45) 0 (0.00) AZT+3TC+LPV/r 3 (27.27) 0 (0.00) AZT+3TC+DTG 3 (27.27) 0 (0.00) ABC+3TC+LPV/r 0 (0.00) 1 (100.00) Total 11 (100.00) 1 (100.00) Notes: TDF - tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; 3TC - lamivudine; DTG - dolutegravir; EFV - efavirenz; LPV/r - lopinavir/ ritonavir; ABC - abacavir; AZT - zidovudine. According to Table 5 , among patients with treatment response, first-line regimens accounted for the highest proportion (95.5%). Within this group, the TDF + 3TC + DTG combination demonstrated the highest response rate (98.34%). For second-line regimens, the AZT + 3TC + EFV combination was predominant (45.45%). In the non-response group, first-line regimens also accounted for the majority (80.00%), with TDF + 3TC + DTG being the only combination used (100.00%). In the second-line group, only one patient receiving the ABC + 3TC + LPV/r regimen was recorded as non-responsive. 3.2. Determine the treatment response rate and factors associated with treatment outcomes in patients Univariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with treatment response, and the results are presented in Table 6 . Table 6. Treatment response rate and associated factors (n=318) Factors Respond (%) Non-response (%) Results OR (95% Cl) p Gender Female 13 (4.20) 1 (20.00) 0.173 (0.018-1.662) 0.129 Male 300 (95.80) 4 (80.00) Educational level Upper secondary school and below 137 (43.80) 3 (60.00) 1.927 (0.318-11.369) 0.476 Above upper secondary school 176 (56.20) 2 (40.00) Marital status (compared with single) Single 265 (84.70) 2 (40.00) Married 31 (9.90) 2 (40.00) 0.117 (0.016-0.860) 0 . 035 Other 17 (5.40) 1 (20.00) 0.128 (0.011-1.487) 0.100 Age groups Below 40 238 (76.00) 3 (60.00) 0.473 (0.078-2.882) 0.417 40 and above 75 (24.00) 2 (40.00) Living arrangement Living with family 198 (63.30) 1 (20.00) 6.887 (0.761-62.362) 0.086 Living alone 115 (36.70) 4 (80.00) Engaged in same-sex relationship No 92 (29.40) 4 (80.00) 9.609 (1.060-87.132) 0 . 044 Yes 221 (70.60) 1 (20.00) Family support No 139 (44.40) 4 (80.00) 0.200 (0.022-1.807) 0.152 Yes 174 (55.60) 1 (20.00) Notes: OR - Odds Ratio; 95% CI: - 95% Confidence Interval. According to Table 6 , The study identified a statistically significant association between treatment response and marital status, with patients who were married having lower odds of non-response compared to single individuals (OR = 0.117; 95% CI: 0.016–0.860; p = 0.035). Additionally, a significant association was observed with homosexual orientation (OR = 9.609; 95% CI: 1.060–87.132; p = 0.044). 4. Discussion The study was conducted on 318 HIV outpatients at District 3 Health Center in 2024. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using retrospective medical record data. Results showed that 96.2% of patients were receiving first-line regimens, with TDF + 3TC + DTG being the most common (94.65%). The overall treatment response rate reached 98.43%, with first-line regimens accounting for the majority. Univariate logistic regression identified significant associations between treatment response and both marital status and same-sex relationships. Specifically, married patients had lower odds of non-response compared with single individuals, while those engaged in same-sex relationships exhibited higher response rates. The survey conducted on 318 patients undergoing ART at District 3 Health Center showed that the majority of patients were male, accounting for 95.6%, which is 21.7 times higher than the proportion of female patients. Most patients were in the 30–39 age group (44.03%), worked as freelancers (47.48%), and had an education level above high school (55.97%). The majority were single (83.96%), suggesting that unmarried individuals tend to have a higher risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections. The proportions of patients with and without support from family members were approximately equal, at 55.03% and 44.97% respectively. This finding suggests that people living with HIV are gradually receiving more care, empathy, and support from their families and communities, helping to alleviate the burden of the disease. The study also revealed that a high proportion of patients (69.81%) reported having same-sex relationships. This is noteworthy in the context of the rising HIV infection rate among men who have sex with men (MSM), which increased from 6.7% in 2014 to 12.47% in 2022 and continues to rise. 7 The mean duration of ART was 6.67 ± 3.64 years, which is higher than that reported in the study by Duc Giang Dao (2019). This finding suggests that people living with HIV are experiencing increased longevity during ART compared to previous years. The primary reason is likely due to effective treatment responses, which help suppress viral load to minimal levels, thereby preventing the progression to AIDS. 14 The majority of patients were in clinical stage 1 (98.4%), indicating the effectiveness of current ART regimens in achieving good treatment responses and preventing disease progression. First-line regimens were predominantly used (96.2%), with the combination of TDF + 3TC + DTG being prescribed for nearly all patients (94.65%). Recent international guidelines strongly recommend the TDF/3TC/DTG (TLD) regimen as first-line therapy due to its high efficacy and durability. For instance, a study in Thailand (Patamatamkul et al., 2025) reported that when patients were switched from TDF/FTC/EFV to TLD (or DTG + 3TC), 100% maintained viral suppression (HIV RNA undetectable). No significant differences in CD4 counts were observed between groups, and only minor renal function changes were reported. 15 This evidence highlights the superior effectiveness of TLD, consistent with WHO and national HIV treatment recommendations. Several studies conducted in other developing countries have also reported relatively high rates of viral suppression with advanced treatment regimens. The study recorded a very high overall treatment response rate of 98.43%, consistent with findings from a study by Doan Thi Hue conducted in Yen Bai Province in 2021. 11 Additionally, Several studies conducted in other developing countries have also reported relatively high rates of viral suppression with advanced treatment regimens. In India, Karade et al. (2016) found 87.7% of patients achieved viral suppression (< 1,000 cp/mL) after 12 months on first-line ART. 16 In Zambia, the HPTN 071 trial reported suppression rates above 98% after 12 months among stable patients, regardless of care delivery model (facility-based or community). 17 Univariate logistic regression analysis identified statistically significant associations between treatment response and marital status (married vs. single; p = 0.035), as well as between MSM and non-MSM individuals ( p = 0.044). Regarding marital status, when compared with the single group, other marital status categories did not show a statistically significant association with treatment response (p = 0.101), except for the married group (p = 0.035). This finding is consistent with the study by Phuong Minh Nguyen et al. (2021), which demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between marital status and treatment adherence, a key determinant of HIV treatment response. 18 This suggests that marital status may influence HIV treatment outcomes. Individuals with spouses may receive greater emotional and practical support from their partners, which can enhance adherence to treatment and consequently improve therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, while this study did not demonstrate a significant association between living arrangements and treatment response, the influence of family and social support remains a critical determinant of adherence and therapeutic outcomes. Knodel et al. (2011, Cambodia/Thailand) emphasized the role of parents and relatives in reminding patients to take medications, attend appointments, and collect drugs. 19 In Vietnam, Li et al. (2017) demonstrated that higher social support scores were positively correlated with self-efficacy and adherence (β = 0.420, p < 0.001; β = 0.201, p = 0.0368). 20 With respect to same-sex relationships, the present study found a statistically significant association between treatment response and whether or not participants engaged in same-sex relationships (p = 0.044). This reflects the positive impact of recent targeted intervention programs for MSM in Vietnam, which have improved service accessibility, increased knowledge, and strengthened motivation for treatment adherence. The study demonstrates several notable strengths. First, it represents the first comprehensive study at District 3 Health Center assessing ARV usage patterns and treatment response, thereby filling a local data gap. Second, the relatively large sample size of 318 patients and high participation rate enhance the reliability of the findings. Furthermore, the application of univariate logistic regression allowed the identification of factors associated with treatment response, contributing valuable evidence for clinical practice and public health management. The high treatment response rate reported, particularly with the TDF + 3TC + DTG regimen, reflects the regimen’s efficacy and patients’ strong adherence, consistent with current HIV treatment recommendations in Vietnam. These findings offer important reference value for policymakers and healthcare professionals in sustaining and optimizing HIV/AIDS treatment programs However, as the study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design with data collected in 2024, it was not possible to assess temporal changes in treatment regimens or longitudinal patterns in treatment outcomes. Therefore, future research should consider longitudinal or cohort study designs to better evaluate changes in ART response over time and to establish causal relationships between associated factors and treatment effectiveness. 5. Conclusion The proportion of patients achieving ART treatment response was remarkably high at 98.43%. The majority of patients were on first-line regimens, predominantly the combination of TDF + 3TC + DTG. The study identified statistically significant associations between treatment response and marital status (married vs. single), as well as between those who were and were not engaged in same-sex relationships. Further analysis of treatment-related characteristics is warranted to better understand their relationship with treatment outcomes. Abbreviations HIV – Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS – Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ART – Antiretroviral therapy ARV – Antiretroviral UNAIDS – The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS TDF – Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 3TC – Lamivudine DTG – Dolutegravir EFV – Efavirenz LPV/r – Lopinavir/ritonavir ABC – Abacavir AZT – Zidovudine MSM – Men who have sex with men Declarations Acknowledgments We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all research participants, the Board of Directors and all healthcare staff at the District 3 Health Center, as well as to the HIV/AIDS Community Counseling and Support Department, for their invaluable support, facilitation in providing information and data, and for sharing their practical experience, which has been essential for the successful completion of this research. Author contributions HQTD, TN, CBT, TTTN conceptualized the manuscript. HQTD wrote the original draft. TN, CBT, TDN and TTTN supervised the process. HQTD, TN, TDN and TTTN reviewed and edited the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript and consented to its publication. Funding This research received no external funding. Data availability The datasets generated by or analyzed during the current study are available from the author, Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen ( [email protected] ), upon reasonable request. Consent for publication Not applicable. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Hong Bang University under Decision No.179/PCT-HĐĐĐ-SĐH. This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent was received from District 3 Health Center. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee. The confidentiality of the data was maintained throughout the study in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 64/2006/QH11. Due to the retrospective nature and the anonymity of the data, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived. The results were reported back to the implementing institution to serve as a basis for planning future HIV/AIDS activities. References Chun TW, Fauci AS. HIV reservoirs: pathogenesis and obstacles to viral eradication and cure. Aids . 2012; 26 (10):1261-8.Doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328353f3f1 Mukhopadhyay M. Learning the immunological repertoire. Nature Methods . 2025; 22 (4):651-51.Doi:10.1038/s41592-025-02673-8 Deeks SG, Overbaugh J, Phillips A, Buchbinder S. HIV infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers . 2015; 1 (1):15035.Doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.35 UNAIDS. 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Rates of viral suppression in a cohort of people with stable HIV from two community models of ART delivery versus facility-based HIV care in Lusaka, Zambia: a cluster-randomised, non-inferiority trial nested in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial. The Lancet HIV . 2022; 9 (1):e13-e23.Doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00242-3 Nguyen PM, Thach AN, Pham XD, et al. Prevalence and determinants of medication adherence among patients with HIV/AIDS in southern Vietnam. Infectious Disease Reports . 2021; 13 (1):126-35 Knodel J, Hak S, Khuon C, So D, McAndrew J. Parents and family members in the era of ART: evidence from Cambodia and Thailand. AIDS care . 2011; 23 (10):1264-73.Doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.555741 Li L, Lin C, Lee SJ, Tuan LA, Feng N, Tuan NA. Antiretroviral therapy adherence and self-efficacy among people living with HIV and a history of drug use in Vietnam. International journal of STD & AIDS . 2017; 28 (12):1247-54.Doi:10.1177/0956462417696431 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 15 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 20 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 09 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 08 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8453860","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":577767909,"identity":"03644e98-1ab8-4d32-884e-5d0963859487","order_by":0,"name":"Huynh Quoc Thang Do","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hong Bang International University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huynh","middleName":"Quoc Thang","lastName":"Do","suffix":""},{"id":577767910,"identity":"c6787b07-cfc3-4066-ab46-168406ed9a3a","order_by":1,"name":"Thai Nguyen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"District 3 Health 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Nguyen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAApklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQjFwy/B2ECcDh6wlgQDGckZpGqxMbhBrLvspXvMpAt//OExvt3cJsHYdocIW2TOmEnPSDDgMbtzEKTlGTEOyzGT5gFpuZHYJsFw5jAJWoxnkKzFQAKkpYIYLTfSiq150ox5JG4kNlskEKOFfUbyxts8NnL2/DPSH974YECEFiBgkYAzE4jSwMDA/IFIhaNgFIyCUTBSAQCcQDAG4Y3p9AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hong Bang International University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thi","middleName":"Thu Thuy","lastName":"Nguyen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-26 09:08:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8453860/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8453860/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100905482,"identity":"f032c37d-2487-4b94-a873-72606def712a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 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15:49:44","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8453860/v1/039c6c1ad581c549229411f1.html"},{"id":101299810,"identity":"2c6adb39-14a3-48bf-972f-5513f482aee0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-28 09:45:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1101725,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8453860/v1/633c0307-dc53-464d-b2cb-b22d55b878fe.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Treatment Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Patients: A Cross-sectional Study at a Health Center, Vietnam in 2024","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHIV/AIDS has been a significant pandemic of concern since its initial discovery, profoundly impacting the health and psychosocial well-being of affected patients and their communities. HIV is caused by a retrovirus that primarily infects CD4^+ T-helper lymphocytes, progressively depleting these cells, resulting in severe immunodeficiency.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Untreated HIV replication causes progressive CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cell loss and a wide range of immunological abnormalities, leading to an increased risk of infectious and oncological complications and ultimately causes AIDS and death.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e HIV remains a pressing pathological issue not only in developing countries but also in developed nations. According to The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), there are currently approximately 85.6\u0026nbsp;million (64.8 million–113.0\u0026nbsp;million) people living with HIV worldwide, and 40.4\u0026nbsp;million (32.9 million–51.3\u0026nbsp;million) deaths have been attributed to AIDS-related illnesses since the onset of the epidemic.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In 2012, nine countries in Southern Africa, accounting for less than 2% of the world’s population, currently bear approximately one-third of the global HIV burden.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In the US, total number of new infections increased from 48,175 per year in 2010 to 67,000 people contracting the virus in 2019.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In the Asia–Pacific region, according to UNAIDS reports in 2022, there were 7.8\u0026nbsp;million people living with HIV, approximately 400,000 new infections, and 220,000 AIDS-related deaths.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In Viet Nam, According to the 2023 statistics from the Ministry of Health of Vietnam, the country reported 13,445 newly diagnosed HIV-positive cases and 1,623 deaths related to HIV/AIDS.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e ART is regarded as the cornerstone in HIV treatment, significantly improving the quality of life and life expectancy of people living with HIV/AIDS, therefore assessing ART response remains critically important. Globally, numerous studies have evaluated ART response in HIV/AIDS patients. Recent research in Cameroon, Brazil, and Qatar has demonstrated high treatment response rates among patients.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In Vietnam, similar studies have been conducted on HIV patients, notably the research by Dinh Van Nguyen, Thi Hue Doan, Hoang Vinh Vo which evaluated ART treatment response among HIV patients at several healthcare facilities in Yen Bai, Phu Tho and Tien Giang provinces.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e However, no similar research has been conducted at the District 3 Health Center. Acknowledging the necessity and significance of this issue, the study titled “Treatment Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Patients: A Cross-sectional Study at a Health Center, Vietnam in 2024” has been conducted with the following objectives:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermine the proportion of ART regimens used among patients undergoing HIV treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermine the treatment response rate and factors associated with treatment outcomes in patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study subjects\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART and medical care at the Community Counseling and Support Unit for HIV/AIDS, under District 3 Health Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional descriptive study using retrospective medical record data of HIV/AIDS patients at the Community Counseling and Support Unit for HIV/AIDS, under District 3 Health Center. Data collection took place from August, 2024 to February, 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Study sample\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Patients diagnosed with HIV infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Patients currently undergoing treatment and receiving medication at the Community Support Counseling Department, HIV/AIDS Unit, District 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Patients receiving ARV treatment for at least 12 months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Patients aged 18 years and above.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Patients with insufficient research data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.2. Sampling method\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll patients who came for consultation, treatment, and medication at the Community Counseling and Support Unit for HIV/AIDS, under District 3 Health Center, and met the sampling criteria during the sampling period were included.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study data were processed and analyzed via Microsoft Excel 2021 and IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Statistical analyses were performed with a 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Determine the proportion of antiretroviral therapy regimens used among patients undergoing HIV treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe general characteristics of the study sample are presented\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2. General characteristics of the study sample (n=318)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"672\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage %) /\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mean \u0026plusmn; SD (Min-Max)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304 (95.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.29\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 8.97 (18-70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelow 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241 (75.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (24.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (3.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOffice worker/Civil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (39.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eService staff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (5.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreelancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (47.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetirees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper secondary school and below\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (44.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbove upper secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178 (55.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKinh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 (94.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChinese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267 (83.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (10.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (5.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving arrangement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199 (62.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving alone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (37.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (44.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (55.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngaged in same-sex relationship\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (30.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222 (69.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313 (98.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelow 8 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206 (64.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (22.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbove 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (13.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean duration of treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 3.64 (1-19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes: SD - Standard Deviation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Table 2, the study recorded that male patients predominated over female patients, with a male-to-female ratio of 21.7:1. The majority of participants were in the 30\u0026ndash;39 age group (44.03%), with a mean age of 34.29 \u0026plusmn; 8.97, ranging from 18 to 70 years. Most patients were freelance workers (47.48%), had an education level above high school (55.97%), and belonged to the Kinh ethnic group (94.34%). A large proportion of patients were single (83.96%), lived with their families (62.58%), and received support from relatives (55.03%). Individuals who reported same-sex relationships accounted for the majority (69.81%). Most patients were in WHO clinical stage 1 (98.4%) and had been on treatment for less than 8 years (64.78%). The mean duration of treatment was 6.67 \u0026plusmn; 3.64 years, with a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of 19 years at the time of the survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion of regimen groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey on the proportion of ART regimens and the combination groups within each regimen is presented in\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3. Proportion of antiretroviral drugs by treatment regimens (n=318)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"644\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegimen group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst-line\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e306 (96.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond-line\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFirst-line regimen group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDF+3TC+DTG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301 (94.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDF+3TC+EFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDF+3TC+LPV/r\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecond-line regimen group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAZT+3TC+EFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAZT+3TC+LPV/r\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAZT+3TC+DTG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABC+3TC+LPV/r\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes: TDF -\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003etenofovir disoproxil fumarate; 3TC - lamivudine; DTG - dolutegravir; EFV - efavirenz; LPV/r - lopinavir/ritonavir; ABC - abacavir; AZT - zidovudine.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Table 3. First-line ART regimens accounted for the majority, with 96.2%. Among the first-line regimen group, the combination of TDF + 3TC + DTG was predominant, representing 94.65%. In the second-line regimen group, the AZT + 3TC + EFV combination accounted for 1.57% of the total study population.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatus of treatment response\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of treatment response in the study population is presented in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4. Overall treatment response status (n=318)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"645\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 294px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313 (98.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-response\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Table 4, The study found that 98.43% of patients showed a favorable treatment response, whereas 1.57% were classified as non-responders to the prescribed ART regimen.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe treatment response status by regimens was assessed, and the results are presented in\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;5. Treatment response according to ART regimens\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-response\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegimen group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst-line\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (96.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond-line\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFirst-line regimen group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDF+3TC+DTG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297 (98.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDF+3TC+EFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDF+3TC+LPV/r\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecond-line regimen group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAZT+3TC+EFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (45.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAZT+3TC+LPV/r\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (27.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAZT+3TC+DTG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (27.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABC+3TC+LPV/r\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes: TDF -\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003etenofovir disoproxil fumarate; 3TC - lamivudine; DTG - dolutegravir; EFV - efavirenz; LPV/r - lopinavir/ ritonavir; ABC - abacavir; AZT - zidovudine.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Table 5\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eamong patients with treatment response, first-line regimens accounted for the highest proportion (95.5%). Within this group, the TDF + 3TC + DTG combination demonstrated the highest response rate (98.34%). For second-line regimens, the AZT + 3TC + EFV combination was predominant (45.45%). In the non-response group, first-line regimens also accounted for the majority (80.00%), with TDF + 3TC + DTG being the only combination used (100.00%). In the second-line group, only one patient receiving the ABC + 3TC + LPV/r regimen was recorded as non-responsive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Determine the treatment response rate and factors associated with treatment outcomes in patients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with treatment response, and the results are presented in\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 6\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;6. Treatment response rate and associated factors (n=318)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"640\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespond\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-response\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(95% Cl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.018-1.662)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper secondary school and below\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(43.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.927\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.318-11.369)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbove upper secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(56.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status (compared with single)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(84.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.016-0.860)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e035\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.011-1.487)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelow 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(76.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.078-2.882)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(24.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving arrangement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(63.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.761-62.362)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving alone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(36.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEngaged in same-sex relationship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(29.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.060-87.132)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e044\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(70.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(44.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.022-1.807)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes: OR - Odds Ratio; 95% CI: - 95% Confidence Interval.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Table 6\u003cstrong\u003e,\u003c/strong\u003e The study identified a statistically significant association between treatment response and marital status, with patients who were married having lower odds of non-response compared to single individuals (OR = 0.117; 95% CI: 0.016\u0026ndash;0.860; p = 0.035). Additionally, a significant association was observed with homosexual orientation (OR = 9.609; 95% CI: 1.060\u0026ndash;87.132; p = 0.044).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted on 318 HIV outpatients at District 3 Health Center in 2024. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using retrospective medical record data. Results showed that 96.2% of patients were receiving first-line regimens, with TDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3TC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DTG being the most common (94.65%). The overall treatment response rate reached 98.43%, with first-line regimens accounting for the majority. Univariate logistic regression identified significant associations between treatment response and both marital status and same-sex relationships. Specifically, married patients had lower odds of non-response compared with single individuals, while those engaged in same-sex relationships exhibited higher response rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survey conducted on 318 patients undergoing ART at District 3 Health Center showed that the majority of patients were male, accounting for 95.6%, which is 21.7 times higher than the proportion of female patients. Most patients were in the 30\u0026ndash;39 age group (44.03%), worked as freelancers (47.48%), and had an education level above high school (55.97%). The majority were single (83.96%), suggesting that unmarried individuals tend to have a higher risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections. The proportions of patients with and without support from family members were approximately equal, at 55.03% and 44.97% respectively. This finding suggests that people living with HIV are gradually receiving more care, empathy, and support from their families and communities, helping to alleviate the burden of the disease. The study also revealed that a high proportion of patients (69.81%) reported having same-sex relationships. This is noteworthy in the context of the rising HIV infection rate among men who have sex with men (MSM), which increased from 6.7% in 2014 to 12.47% in 2022 and continues to rise.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The mean duration of ART was 6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.64 years, which is higher than that reported in the study by Duc Giang Dao (2019). This finding suggests that people living with HIV are experiencing increased longevity during ART compared to previous years. The primary reason is likely due to effective treatment responses, which help suppress viral load to minimal levels, thereby preventing the progression to AIDS.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The majority of patients were in clinical stage 1 (98.4%), indicating the effectiveness of current ART regimens in achieving good treatment responses and preventing disease progression. First-line regimens were predominantly used (96.2%), with the combination of TDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3TC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DTG being prescribed for nearly all patients (94.65%). Recent international guidelines strongly recommend the TDF/3TC/DTG (TLD) regimen as first-line therapy due to its high efficacy and durability. For instance, a study in Thailand (Patamatamkul et al., 2025) reported that when patients were switched from TDF/FTC/EFV to TLD (or DTG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3TC), 100% maintained viral suppression (HIV RNA undetectable). No significant differences in CD4 counts were observed between groups, and only minor renal function changes were reported.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This evidence highlights the superior effectiveness of TLD, consistent with WHO and national HIV treatment recommendations. Several studies conducted in other developing countries have also reported relatively high rates of viral suppression with advanced treatment regimens. The study recorded a very high overall treatment response rate of 98.43%, consistent with findings from a study by Doan Thi Hue conducted in Yen Bai Province in 2021.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Additionally, Several studies conducted in other developing countries have also reported relatively high rates of viral suppression with advanced treatment regimens. In India, Karade et al. (2016) found 87.7% of patients achieved viral suppression (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1,000 cp/mL) after 12 months on first-line ART.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In Zambia, the HPTN 071 trial reported suppression rates above 98% after 12 months among stable patients, regardless of care delivery model (facility-based or community).\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate logistic regression analysis identified statistically significant associations between treatment response and marital status (married vs. single; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035), as well as between MSM and non-MSM individuals (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044). Regarding marital status, when compared with the single group, other marital status categories did not show a statistically significant association with treatment response (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.101), except for the married group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035). This finding is consistent with the study by Phuong Minh Nguyen et al. (2021), which demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between marital status and treatment adherence, a key determinant of HIV treatment response.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This suggests that marital status may influence HIV treatment outcomes. Individuals with spouses may receive greater emotional and practical support from their partners, which can enhance adherence to treatment and consequently improve therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, while this study did not demonstrate a significant association between living arrangements and treatment response, the influence of family and social support remains a critical determinant of adherence and therapeutic outcomes. Knodel et al. (2011, Cambodia/Thailand) emphasized the role of parents and relatives in reminding patients to take medications, attend appointments, and collect drugs.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In Vietnam, Li et al. (2017) demonstrated that higher social support scores were positively correlated with self-efficacy and adherence (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.420, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.201, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0368).\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e With respect to same-sex relationships, the present study found a statistically significant association between treatment response and whether or not participants engaged in same-sex relationships (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044). This reflects the positive impact of recent targeted intervention programs for MSM in Vietnam, which have improved service accessibility, increased knowledge, and strengthened motivation for treatment adherence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrates several notable strengths. First, it represents the first comprehensive study at District 3 Health Center assessing ARV usage patterns and treatment response, thereby filling a local data gap. Second, the relatively large sample size of 318 patients and high participation rate enhance the reliability of the findings. Furthermore, the application of univariate logistic regression allowed the identification of factors associated with treatment response, contributing valuable evidence for clinical practice and public health management. The high treatment response rate reported, particularly with the TDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3TC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DTG regimen, reflects the regimen\u0026rsquo;s efficacy and patients\u0026rsquo; strong adherence, consistent with current HIV treatment recommendations in Vietnam. These findings offer important reference value for policymakers and healthcare professionals in sustaining and optimizing HIV/AIDS treatment programs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, as the study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design with data collected in 2024, it was not possible to assess temporal changes in treatment regimens or longitudinal patterns in treatment outcomes. Therefore, future research should consider longitudinal or cohort study designs to better evaluate changes in ART response over time and to establish causal relationships between associated factors and treatment effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe proportion of patients achieving ART treatment response was remarkably high at 98.43%. The majority of patients were on first-line regimens, predominantly the combination of TDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3TC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DTG. The study identified statistically significant associations between treatment response and marital status (married vs. single), as well as between those who were and were not engaged in same-sex relationships. Further analysis of treatment-related characteristics is warranted to better understand their relationship with treatment outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eHIV \u0026ndash; Human immunodeficiency virus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAIDS \u0026ndash; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eART \u0026ndash; Antiretroviral therapy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eARV \u0026ndash; Antiretroviral\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUNAIDS \u0026ndash; The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTDF \u0026ndash; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3TC \u0026ndash; Lamivudine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDTG \u0026ndash; Dolutegravir\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFV \u0026ndash; Efavirenz\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPV/r \u0026ndash; Lopinavir/ritonavir\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eABC \u0026ndash; Abacavir\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAZT \u0026ndash; Zidovudine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSM \u0026ndash; Men who have sex with men\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our sincere gratitude to all research participants, the Board of Directors and all healthcare staff at the District 3 Health Center, as well as to the HIV/AIDS Community Counseling and Support Department, for their invaluable support, facilitation in providing information and data, and for sharing their practical experience, which has been essential for the successful completion of this research.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHQTD, TN, CBT, TTTN conceptualized the manuscript. HQTD wrote the original draft. TN, CBT, TDN and TTTN supervised the process. HQTD, TN, TDN and TTTN reviewed and edited the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;All the authors read and approved the final manuscript and consented to its publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated by or analyzed during the current study are available from the author, Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen ([email protected]), upon reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Hong Bang University under Decision No.179/PCT-HĐĐĐ-SĐH. This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent was received from District 3 Health Center. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee. The confidentiality of the data was maintained throughout the study in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 64/2006/QH11. Due to the retrospective nature and the anonymity of the data, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived. The results were reported back to the implementing institution to serve as a basis for planning future HIV/AIDS activities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChun TW, Fauci AS. 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Thực trạng v\u0026agrave; một số yếu tố li\u0026ecirc;n quan đến đ\u0026aacute;p ứng điều trị thuốc ARV của người bệnh tại hai cơ sở chăm s\u0026oacute;c điều trị HIV/AIDS tỉnh Y\u0026ecirc;n B\u0026aacute;i năm 2021. \u003cem\u003eTạp ch\u0026iacute; Y học Việt Nam\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e507\u003c/strong\u003e(2).Doi:10.51298/vmj.v507i2.1434\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVạn NĐ, Anh PTL, H\u0026agrave; VH, H\u0026ugrave;ng NT. Đ\u0026aacute;p ứng điều trị bằng thuốc kh\u0026aacute;ng vi r\u0026uacute;t v\u0026agrave; một số yếu tố li\u0026ecirc;n quan ở phạm nh\u0026acirc;n nhiễm HIV tại trại giam T\u0026acirc;n Lập, tỉnh Ph\u0026uacute; Thọ năm 2018 - 2020. \u003cem\u003eTạp ch\u0026iacute; Y học Cộng đồng\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e62\u003c/strong\u003e(7 (2021)).Doi:10.52163/yhc.v62i7%20(2021).215\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVinh VH, Như MH. Đ\u0026aacute;p ứng điều trị ở người bệnh HIV/AIDS tại bệnh viện đa khoa khu vực G\u0026ograve; C\u0026ocirc;ng, Tiền Giang năm 2023. \u003cem\u003eTạp ch\u0026iacute; Y học Việt Nam\u003c/em\u003e. 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e542\u003c/strong\u003e(1).Doi:10.51298/vmj.v542i1.10968\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eĐ\u0026agrave;o ĐG. Thực trạng tu\u0026acirc;n thủ điều trị ARV, một số yếu tố li\u0026ecirc;n quan v\u0026agrave; hiệu quả can thiệp tại một số ph\u0026ograve;ng kh\u0026aacute;m ngoại tr\u0026uacute; tại H\u0026agrave; Nội: Viện Vệ sinh Dịch tễ Trung Ương; 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatamatamkul S, Burimat P, Kanogtorn S, Putcharoen O. A combined prospective and retrospective comparative study evaluating renal outcomes after switching from TDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;FTC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;EFV to TDF/3TC/DTG (TLD) vs. DTG + 3TC in virologically suppressed Thai people with HIV. \u003cem\u003eHIV research \u0026amp; clinical practice\u003c/em\u003e. 2025;\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(1):2509379.Doi:10.1080/25787489.2025.2509379\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarade SK, Ghate MV, Chaturbhuj DN, et al. Cross-sectional study of virological failure and multinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance at 12 months of antiretroviral therapy in Western India. \u003cem\u003eMedicine\u003c/em\u003e. 2016;\u003cstrong\u003e95\u003c/strong\u003e(37):e4886.Doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004886\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLimbada M, Macleod D, Situmbeko V, et al. Rates of viral suppression in a cohort of people with stable HIV from two community models of ART delivery versus facility-based HIV care in Lusaka, Zambia: a cluster-randomised, non-inferiority trial nested in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial. \u003cem\u003eThe Lancet HIV\u003c/em\u003e. 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(1):e13-e23.Doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00242-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNguyen PM, Thach AN, Pham XD, et al. Prevalence and determinants of medication adherence among patients with HIV/AIDS in southern Vietnam. \u003cem\u003eInfectious Disease Reports\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(1):126-35\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnodel J, Hak S, Khuon C, So D, McAndrew J. Parents and family members in the era of ART: evidence from Cambodia and Thailand. \u003cem\u003eAIDS care\u003c/em\u003e. 2011;\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e(10):1264-73.Doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.555741\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi L, Lin C, Lee SJ, Tuan LA, Feng N, Tuan NA. Antiretroviral therapy adherence and self-efficacy among people living with HIV and a history of drug use in Vietnam. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of STD \u0026amp; AIDS\u003c/em\u003e. 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e(12):1247-54.Doi:10.1177/0956462417696431\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Infectious Diseases](http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/infd","title":"BMC Infectious Diseases","twitterHandle":"#bmcinfectdis","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HIV, AIDS, antiretroviral therapy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8453860/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8453860/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has remained a major global health concern since its initial discovery, exerting profound impacts on both the physical health and psychosocial well-being of affected individuals and their communities. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is considered the cornerstone of HIV treatment, playing a critical role in improving patients\u0026rsquo; quality of life and extending life expectancy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the characteristics, antiretroviral (ARV) usage rate, and treatment response among outpatients undergoing HIV treatment at District 3 Health Center in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using retrospective medical record data of HIV/AIDS patients receiving treatment at the Community Consultation and Support Department of the District 3 Health Center in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the 318 HIV patients surveyed, 96.2% were receiving first-line ARV regimens, while 3.8% were on second-line regimens. The TDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3TC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DTG combination was the most commonly used regimen, accounting for 94.65% of cases. The findings showed that 98.69% of patients on first-line therapy and 91.69% of those on second-line therapy achieved treatment response.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ARV treatment response rate was high, with the majority of patients receiving first-line regimens, among which the TDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3TC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DTG combination was the most predominant. Further analysis of treatment characteristics is necessary to assess their correlation with treatment response.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Treatment Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Patients: A Cross-sectional Study at a Health Center, Vietnam in 2024","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 15:49:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8453860/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-30T08:07:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-23T07:01:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"183683046347579749249527364919299897617","date":"2026-04-22T19:28:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310448392051977739512770088323554607928","date":"2026-04-16T18:28:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-15T18:08:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"274628744363412553265944528834891139148","date":"2026-02-15T12:53:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"321397168039647342723057174534673125103","date":"2026-02-10T05:17:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"57897555006643509449704970776292871204","date":"2026-01-20T11:42:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T11:26:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T11:22:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T14:19:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T07:43:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Infectious Diseases","date":"2026-01-08T07:24:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Infectious Diseases](http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/infd","title":"BMC Infectious Diseases","twitterHandle":"#bmcinfectdis","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1908eab1-109f-464b-a089-5bdd9be28d81","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-30T08:07:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-14T04:09:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 15:49:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8453860","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8453860","identity":"rs-8453860","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}