IL-1α correlates with severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver diseases.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most prevalent chronic infectious diseases throughout the world. Approximately 170 million people are chronically infected. Chronic HCV infection is one of the major causes of liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The rate of spontaneous recovery from acute HCV is about 15%–50%, occurring within 3 months. This recovery is characterized by symptom improvement, normalized liver function tests, disappearance of HCV-RNA from serum, and appearance of HCV antibody. 1 – 3 In Egypt, HCV is considered the major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC. The prevalence of HCV is estimated to be 14.7%. HCV genotype 4 is the most prevalent genotype accounting about 90% among Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection. 4 – 9 Liver fibrosis occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. It results from both liver cell damage and deposition of extracellular matrix protein. 10 Liver cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease affecting the entire organ. It consists of nodular regeneration of liver parenchyma, deposition of fibrous septa, and, in addition, loss of hepatic architecture. 11 Cirrhosis can be considered as an end-stage disease that may lead to death unless liver transplantation is done. The only preventive measures in cirrhotic patients are screening for esophageal varices and HCC. 12 HCC is the fifth most common cancer throughout the world. It causes approximately 500,000 deaths annually. 13 HCC is the second most common cancer in Egyptian men and the sixth most common one in Egyptian women. 14 , 15 The incidence of HCC increases in proportion to the age, reaching its peak in patients over the age of 75. 13 The immune response is a key component in the activation and maintenance of antiviral immunity. Defects in the host’s immune response can lead to viral persistence. 16 Patients with viral replication have weak HCV antigen-specific T-cell responses. However, strong responses may associate with a more benign course of disease. 17 Immune response also includes induction of cytokines and initiation of the adaptive immune response. Early, specific, and sustained CD4+ and CD8+ responses directed against different HCV epitopes have been found to be associated with clearance of chronic HCV. 18 Cytokines are low-molecular weight mediators of cellular communication. They are secreted by multiple cell types in the liver, particularly Kupffer cells. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), TNF, and IL-8 are known to be acute-phase cytokines. They play a role in the liver injury of acute and chronic liver diseases. 19 Th1 cytokines correlate positively with liver inflammation in HCV infection. 20 Functional impairment, suppression, or deletion of antigen-specific T-cells appears to be the most important determinant factor behind the progression to chronic liver disease. 21 IL-1 is one of the most prominent proinflammatory cytokines. 22 It has a key role in viral clearance and the host immune response. IL-1 has 2 isoforms, IL-1α and IL-1β. Both have similar biological functions. IL-1 can exert numerous biological effects on multiple cell types. 23 Changes in IL-1 expression in HCV-infected patients have been well documented. Some studies suggested that patients with HCV had increased levels of serum IL-1. 24 The biological roles of IL-1 in HCV infection cannot be denied. It can help viral clearance by regulating immune response, particularly antigen presentation. In addition, it can enhance interferon-stimulated target gene expression, which has a role in antiviral activity. 25 As regard to IL1α and IL1β, inactive IL1β precursor is cleaved by caspase-1 into an active cytokine. However, IL1α precursor is cleaved into a mature form and N-terminal propiece by calpain. IL1α can also be expressed on the cell membrane, possibly via a mannose-like receptor. 26 , 27 Studies have suggested that membrane IL1α is immunostimulatory and can promote antitumor immune responses including HCC through activation of T- and natural killer cells. 28 Some studies have shown that IL-1β production might be impaired in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) from both peripheral blood and sinusoidal cells due to viral infection of monocytes/macrophages. 23 However, CHC is found to be accompanied by augmented expression of other cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-2 in groups of children and of adult patients. IL-1 could here possibly find its application, which is the subject of further research. 29 This study aimed to evaluate the serum level of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1α in patients with CHC.

This study was performed on 60 CHC patients and 10 healthy subjects as a control group at the Department of Tropical Medicine, Tanta University Hospital, during the period from October 2015 to October 2016. The subjects in this study were classified into 4 groups: Group I included 20 patients with CHC with cirrhosis; Group II included 20 patients with CHC without cirrhosis; Group III included 20 patients with CHC with HCC; Group IV: included 10 healthy persons as control group. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the research. All participants’ names were hidden and were replaced by code numbers to maintain privacy. Institutional ethical committee approval was obtained before the start of the study. The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as reflected in a prior approval by the Tanta University Faculty of Medicine Research Ethical Committee. Patients with CHC who were consistently positive for anti-HCV antibodies (Matrix-ELISA; third-generation assay) with detectable HCV-RNA by real-time PCR for at least 6 months were included in the study. HCV-RNA quantitation was done by real-time PCR using Cobas Ampli Prep/Cobas TaqMan HCV-RNA assay (Roche Diagnostics; Pleasanton, CA, USA) with a threshold of detection of 15 IU/mL. Patients with liver disease caused by NAFLD/NASH, patients with cardiac cirrhosis or primary biliary cirrhosis or hereditary conditions of the liver, patients with acute hepatitis, patients with evidence of acute or chronic inflammatory syndrome of other origin, or patients with immunodeficiency states were excluded from the study. All patients included in the study were subjected to full history taking, complete clinical examination, routine laboratory investigations including total and direct serum bilirubin, serum ALT and AST, serum albumin, prothrombin time, INR, complete blood picture, serum urea and creatinine level, HCV-Ab by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and specific laboratory investigation as measurement of serum levels of cytokine IL-1α ELISA. These tests were performed in the clinical pathology laboratory in Tanta University Hospital. Six mL venous blood samples were collected under aseptic conditions and subdivided in to 3 tubes. Two mL in EDTA tube for complete blood count, 2 mL in citrate tube for prothrombin time, and 2 mL in a plain tube for liver functions and ELISA technique. The samples were centrifuged to separate serum and were kept in sterile containers in the fridge at −20°C till the assay was done. Measurement of IL-1α was done by quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. The Assay Max Human Interleukin-1α ELISA kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) was designed for detection of human IL-1α in plasma, serum, and cell culture samples. This assay employs a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique which measures IL-1α in >5 hours. Radiological investigation was performed for all patients enrolled in the study. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on all patients to detect the liver cirrhosis and had a tumor detection limit of 1 cm. Small HCC (3 cm) appeared hypoechogenic in most cases relative to the surrounding nontumorous liver. 30 Triphasic spiral computed tomography, abdominal and pelvic, was performed for patients with HCC. During the arterial phase, tumors appear enhanced against the relatively unenhanced liver parenchyma. HCC is characterized by arterial hypervascularization followed by a rapid wash out, appearing hypovascular in the portal phase. 31 All patient data were tabulated and processed using SPSS 19.0 (V.19 SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative data are presented by mean ( X ) ± SD. Tests of normality were done for all groups to detect that data was normally distributed. Statistical methods used in this study were analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. Fisher’s exact test was performed for qualitative data. Pearson correlation test was done between serum IL-1α and other parameters. In all tests, the level of significance was P <0.05.

Group I included 20 patients with chronic HCV with liver cirrhosis; their age ranged from 38 to 65 years. Twenty patients with chronic HCV without cirrhosis were enrolled in Group II, and they were aged between 31 and 60 years. 20 patients with HCC were enrolled in Group III, aged from 31 to 65. 10 normal subjects were included in the study as control group, aged 31–60 years. There was no significant difference as regard to the age and sex between the different groups ( Table 1 for complete demographic and laboratory data). There was no significant deference between the 3 studied groups regarding the viral load level ( Table 2 ). Regarding other laboratory findings, hemoglobin concentration and platelet count were significantly higher in the control group than in patients in other studied groups, and in noncirrhotic patients than cirrhotic ones. They were significantly low in HCC group. However, the difference detected between studied groups regarding white blood cell count was not significant; in spite of the fact that IL-1α affects neutrophils. This can be explained due to the total leucocytic count only being measured, which might be affected in chronic hepatitis and development of cirrhosis or HCC. All groups showed significant statistical difference as regard to liver function tests. Serum bilirubin and INR were higher in Group I ( Table 1 ). However, liver enzymes were higher in Group III. Serum albumin was also lower in Group III. Serum IL-1α level was significantly higher in group HCC than in group chronic HCV with cirrhosis. Also, it was higher in group chronic HCV with cirrhosis compared to chronic HCV without cirrhosis group. Also, it was higher in all groups compared to the control group ( Table 3 , Figure 1 ). There was positive significant correlation between serum IL-1αand bilirubin ( P ≤0.001), ALT ( P =0.006), AST ( P =0.001), and viral load ( P =0.001), but there was negative significant correlation between this and albumin ( P <0.001*), Hb ( P ≤0.001), and white blood cells. Also, there was no significant correlation with other parameters (age, INR, urea, creatinine, platelet) as shown in Table 4 .

The serum level of IL-1α is elevated in patients with CHC. In addition, the levels correlate well with deterioration of liver function in chronic HCV patients, and also with the development of HCC. It can be considered as a promising parameter of inflammatory activity and fibrosis evaluation in chronic liver disease.

Cytokines, as the products of host response to inflammation, play an important role in the defense against viral infections. However, in HCV infection they may play a prominent role in liver damage. 32 Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF, and IL-8 play a role in liver injury during acute and chronic liver disease. 22 In the present study, we measured serum levels of IL-1α. Levels were high among all groups compared to the control group. It was higher in cirrhotic cases compared to noncirrhotic ones and higher in HCC patients when compared to cases with or without cirrhosis. This is in agreement with Lecube et al’s 33 study which showed that all the proinflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in anti-HCV+ cirrhotic patients than in anti-HCV – cirrhotic cases. 33 In Wang et al’s 34 study, the proinflammatory cytokines, the IL-1 family (IL-1 and IL-1ra), and TNF were studied in 274 Japanese patients with chronic HCV infection and 55 healthy individuals using standard polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping techniques. There was elevation in cytokine levels in the chronic HCV group. 34 Elevation of cytokine level in chronic HCV patients was also found in the study done by Vanis et al, 35 who found that IL-1α had the highest mean concentration in the group with viral hepatitis C, with PCR-positive test, and then in chronic viral hepatitis C with PCR-negative test than IL-1α in the healthy group. This may be explained by the fact that IL-1α has an important role as a marker of both inflammation and hepatic injury, particularly in the course of hepatitis C. The present study agrees also with Huang et al’s results 36 which found that cytokines (IL1, IL 2r IL-6, and TNF-α) levels were significantly elevated in CHC with cirrhosis, CHC, and HCC compared with controls. These levels reflect hepatic dysfunction better than liver inflammation parameters, which might explain the higher serum concentrations of cytokines in cirrhosis. Budhu and Wang 37 study showed elevation of the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in HCC patients. Lin et al 38 stated that IL-1α is one of the most important inflammatory cytokines involved in inflammation and tumor development. However, the role of membrane IL-1α in HCC tumorigenesis is still not clear. They found that membrane IL-1α potently inhibited HCC tumor growth. Further in vitro studies demonstrated that membrane IL-1α could directly activate T-cells and NK cells in a cell contact-dependent manner. Their studies demonstrated that membrane IL-1α could promote antitumor immune responses through activation of T- and NK cells. 38 Correlation of IL-1α with various parameters of the study showed a positive association with serum bilirubin, ALT, and viral load. There was a significant negative correlation with albumin and hemoglobin. The increase in ALT and bilirubin reflects hepatic inflammation, which gets worse with progress of HCV. It is well known that IL-1α level mirrors inflammatory process in the liver. Olteanu et al 39 found that selective deficiency of IL-1α in Kupffer cells reduces liver inflammation and expression of inflammatory cytokines, which may implicate Kupffer cell-derived IL-1α in steatohepatitis development. Other IL-1 family ligands are critical for the development of diverse diseases, including inflammatory and allergic diseases. 39 Tseilikman et al 40 found that IL-1β treatment causes liver inflammation, consisting of infiltrating monocytes and the appearance of necrosis by increasing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Blocking IL-1 receptors with an antagonist significantly rescues stress-induced liver injury, suggesting that IL-1 might be involved in the cascade of liver injury initiated by sustained stress. There was a significant negative correlation with albumin which reflects the synthetic function of the liver. However, we failed to find a significant correlation between IL-1α and INR. 40 However, we failed to find a significant correlation between IL-1α and INR. Correlation of IL-1α with viral load agrees with the results of Vanis et al, 35 who found that analysis of serum level of IL-1α showed a high degree of correlation with active replication of genetic material (HCV-RNA PCR positive). The limitations of this study were the small number of patients and the dependence on laboratory data and radiological criteria for diagnosis of cirrhosis and HCC rather than liver biopsy in many patients. IL-1β and TGF-β were not evaluated here. However, it can be said that IL-1β may decrease in CHC, and TGF-β is responsible mainly for fibro-genesis. This study also included an HCC group. The cost is also a limitation here. Another limitation was that the study was directed toward presence of cirrhosis or HCC without focusing on the stage of HCC or presence or absence of hepatic decompensation.