Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Using Adiantum incisum Extracts

Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Using Adiantum incisum Extracts | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Using Adiantum incisum Extracts Muhammad Aizaz Shuaib, Waheed Murad, Asif Khan, Sehrish Asad, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547333/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Adiantum incisum and evaluated different biological activities. The transition from bright green to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs, which was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy absorbance peaks between 400–500 nm. Furthermore, optimized biosynthesis by adjusting different parameters such as temperature, pH, and various salt concentrations. Similarly, the characterization of AgNPs was performed using FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM. FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups involved in capping and reduction. XRD confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure, SEM revealed monodispersed spherical particles and EDX confirmed the presence of elemental silver. Similarly, the biological activities of plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs were evaluated. Insecticidal assays against Tribolium castaneum demonstrate that AgNPs inhibit more than plant extracts. Phytotoxicity tests against Lemna minor indicated that AgNPs possess greater phytotoxic potential and antioxidant activity assessed using the DPPH assay revealed dose-dependent radical scavenging capabilities with AgNPs showing superiority to plant extracts. The analgesic potential was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, where AgNPs achieved a higher inhibition rate than extracts. The carrageen-induced paw edema test evaluated anti-inflammatory activity with AgNPs showing greater efficacy. Antibacterial assays against Shigella dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aureginosa to the antibacterial activity indicated that AgNPs have antibacterial potential. Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger also showed a notable inhibition zone. These findings demonstrate that the biosynthesis of AgNPs from A. incisum extracts exhibits significant biological activities, highlighting their potential applications in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. Nanoparticles AgNPs Biological activities Optimization Characterization and extraction Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 26 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7547333","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":541920226,"identity":"85cd98e9-f002-49cf-92d8-c51583001152","order_by":0,"name":"Muhammad Aizaz Shuaib","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Aizaz","lastName":"Shuaib","suffix":""},{"id":541920227,"identity":"30de038a-91cd-49ef-9244-69871d32636d","order_by":1,"name":"Waheed Murad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Waheed","middleName":"","lastName":"Murad","suffix":""},{"id":541920229,"identity":"0b5895ba-ed06-4133-a58c-ebd0da1c720f","order_by":2,"name":"Asif Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State University of Maringá","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asif","middleName":"","lastName":"Khan","suffix":""},{"id":541920230,"identity":"e5e1bfc8-2761-48da-a9c8-4b970680ebbb","order_by":3,"name":"Sehrish Asad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sehrish","middleName":"","lastName":"Asad","suffix":""},{"id":541920231,"identity":"7437e231-5d84-4941-ad35-75b79857d4bb","order_by":4,"name":"Hussan Ara Begum","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hussan","middleName":"Ara","lastName":"Begum","suffix":""},{"id":541920232,"identity":"589bac2c-5bfa-4e18-a928-f15c41f80336","order_by":5,"name":"Omaish Alqahtani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Najran University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omaish","middleName":"","lastName":"Alqahtani","suffix":""},{"id":541920233,"identity":"c4f1de16-c3e7-4ad2-a7bb-eab21429443d","order_by":6,"name":"Mohammed A. Alshamrani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pharmacy College, Umm Al-Qura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Alshamrani","suffix":""},{"id":541920234,"identity":"37ef2cdf-5dbf-4188-b0fc-4c2809bd299a","order_by":7,"name":"Bassam S. M. Al Kazman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACewYGxoMNYCbzARDJ2EBIiyFQBVQLWwJxWgwOwLXwGBBpS//hBwdn1NRF88/u+faYh8FGdsMB9ocf8Gmxl0gzOLjhGFvujDtntxvzMKQZbzjAYyyB15YZDAYHH7Dx5DbcyN0mzcNwOBGohQGvFoPzxz8cfPBPInf+jZxnQC3/gVrYH//Aq+VAjsHBjW0GuRtu5LABtRwAamEwI+CwnIKDM/sScjfeSDOTnGOQbDzzMI+ZBT4t9vzHNz7s+VaXO+9G8jOJNxV2sn3H2x/fwKcF3Z1AzEyC+lEwCkbBKBgF2AEAF/hT3ATsWs0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Najran University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bassam","middleName":"S. M. Al","lastName":"Kazman","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-05 22:38:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547333/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547333/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95499232,"identity":"8b96bc5d-ebd5-491b-a72e-da800b9ae968","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:56","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4894124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptedited.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/2d2781ca9e8dc3682f595d91.docx"},{"id":95528934,"identity":"f809a597-15a3-42e9-8067-6dbe61804340","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:37","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d1a9bee8a7164d26bc2a7c399e7f384c.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/561fce700e24a4aaaafd3484.json"},{"id":95528833,"identity":"c6980eb4-fbe4-4ddb-afeb-454479ad2a1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:32","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":234338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d1a9bee8a7164d26bc2a7c399e7f384c1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/fbfd24683afc7ac0bad70a30.xml"},{"id":95527663,"identity":"a377e001-6174-4693-81ed-888bda1fd19c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:14:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":789040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/866c04804c13a760df4b4bcf.png"},{"id":95528201,"identity":"b06c6929-d20a-4a28-8036-5fccfc48e906","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:42","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":169205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/63cc3a09cababfc512e35d2a.png"},{"id":95499225,"identity":"52278071-5450-4160-8e2e-6f4f28af7268","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/a98bda728a30aa368a5ca5ae.wmf"},{"id":95528772,"identity":"9274eb01-0dc7-4e81-b740-73b08cda22ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:28","extension":"wmf","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":93704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/2e87533a1580250c754b51a8.wmf"},{"id":95528008,"identity":"ac68c318-22a4-4777-a7f7-0d3cc292892d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:23","extension":"wmf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/7cf5e1ca656a089c9c5a1d9c.wmf"},{"id":95528001,"identity":"bce8759c-a32c-47eb-8ba8-6f65bf9bd514","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:22","extension":"wmf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":110778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/34554ae6f23a53acac854377.wmf"},{"id":95499227,"identity":"b57caf16-d1e4-448a-96e9-b2919ace8d9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/6d6e09f131e69e4c0a7a4792.wmf"},{"id":95499234,"identity":"aa83ad71-4ac7-4fa4-ada8-f806d6b57e56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":466178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/eced741dc4b55e3946c4e07f.jpeg"},{"id":95528308,"identity":"7dbf905b-dce8-4cab-bdda-fefe649399ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/744b21f05336fa1277ea52e1.wmf"},{"id":95499236,"identity":"5a57be84-5ea7-4166-b167-823efd066f5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":870016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/ab130de183dd1bf2fb177cfb.png"},{"id":95529442,"identity":"a3187f82-3a1d-481e-b079-0db41d18c932","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:17:07","extension":"wmf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":110288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/54542eee05a5cda3fed62a93.wmf"},{"id":95499247,"identity":"21754042-0cc4-4faf-808b-ae9ee3da89b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/f902165a4a2826d3a12706b5.png"},{"id":95499268,"identity":"48982caa-efc3-4cc5-a97e-756d0604f08a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":848530,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/9bdefe5d608883d2387926c6.png"},{"id":95528812,"identity":"ae07543c-1274-41bb-af15-b8d975b773ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:31","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/581f57de30ba8a24a6edcbb7.png"},{"id":95499246,"identity":"3bfc7d14-097d-4717-be89-618f50a5cae3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":770213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/c4a39b4c363def86a781c7c7.png"},{"id":95499230,"identity":"06e6b7ef-9d4e-4475-a5de-f03fdb06ee48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:56","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/993e04c964fd115854c834b5.png"},{"id":95499249,"identity":"7cd60174-ddfb-428b-be5e-5dfe3464f1d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65676,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/cb2b140c1a4194bf42fcd2fd.png"},{"id":95499254,"identity":"ad1fff8f-a87c-4b30-8c26-c202eef743b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":386108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/731609445ce536dd660f709b.png"},{"id":95528300,"identity":"347bbab7-7f9d-4767-9cf3-ae39b46d218e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/75d09e34a6d93c5822970ed9.jpeg"},{"id":95528624,"identity":"668062fa-f341-4807-b79b-06a488d686da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:21","extension":"wmf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/14a86bfb194ab0822453ef63.wmf"},{"id":95499257,"identity":"7cbfe2ae-ded7-4d35-bf6d-a8ee2e1f05cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":93704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/c367aeaf23e0567f20b86efc.wmf"},{"id":95499248,"identity":"2886c424-3dd0-4e22-8cbb-d69eb372c8d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/66bfb64ab776330986c0f1b8.wmf"},{"id":95527851,"identity":"c524185f-10fb-4c55-b1dd-555514d5086f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:02","extension":"wmf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":110778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/83ad41d85b84f70027d6deee.wmf"},{"id":95527892,"identity":"4ee49806-b562-4b91-bc70-bb4a93106662","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:09","extension":"wmf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/d46586dcd21f578a6f611144.wmf"},{"id":95499240,"identity":"3e660f25-3ead-4593-a2eb-1a518dec7b88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/5f749cbc3e813df659009c76.wmf"},{"id":95499269,"identity":"f9bca273-0a5e-433e-a98b-36bb7d9f2f54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":110288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/b2e919777cb3c96b9c2d65c6.wmf"},{"id":95499253,"identity":"53caaa62-97d3-4e84-960c-3fc147e994e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/db8df3d3e79763e8be14e601.png"},{"id":95499256,"identity":"dcfb14c9-98aa-4442-85b0-671887281f92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/b9c50ffedc2fddc60229e33e.png"},{"id":95528643,"identity":"902baf15-b15f-4340-ae1c-8ebd4efccb2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:21","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/950eb0de329b403a59c4083c.png"},{"id":95499241,"identity":"8f57f132-35db-4c5c-805f-13b73c2df925","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/b14a85b6df573338e8bbefb2.png"},{"id":95499258,"identity":"8d8a2c00-099b-4e3a-a16b-0f84161b267d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/7b7281b9bb0b5e4bbbec1ce3.png"},{"id":95499252,"identity":"f9ebd446-65fa-4122-856f-2f12b17ead0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/400f8a1bfea4fc73ad7ded81.png"},{"id":95499245,"identity":"e755c71b-5d88-470b-b785-0d01627fc09a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14869,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/56f9f61270d8d71dac0d6c17.png"},{"id":95499264,"identity":"0dfb1eeb-387a-4db9-8640-7048bba690ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":278633,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/ce264e75809591f8f24a9a25.png"},{"id":95528938,"identity":"e3961303-f719-4c5d-a333-971e47761884","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:37","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/347bdc4656878c302cded336.png"},{"id":95529443,"identity":"ec97c9c1-5940-4ab9-9024-5f6b4a1fd133","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:17:07","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":159244,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/b260f7e065a6cf89cbdf4a6d.png"},{"id":95529123,"identity":"c4f7c66d-c213-4ecb-b51c-5f146c9c6461","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:48","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/148578d954bba44e01d8b32b.png"},{"id":95499272,"identity":"2ef8b792-6989-4cde-a18e-e1518590e721","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21659,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/29473f93f436c12870d92b15.png"},{"id":95499266,"identity":"5f82ebf8-0663-41b2-9bd3-f1ed75aaacee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81180,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/7f1bba69c860c52bdb1db27b.png"},{"id":95499275,"identity":"070597da-4ffc-4ab7-a869-24b46d6b768f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/be014ae353ea620cfc922881.png"},{"id":95499262,"identity":"582db39f-f7a1-4ac3-a031-3e2a7c8eeab1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/b34de42646e727c3c798cab0.png"},{"id":95499251,"identity":"c68532c6-99e0-44a9-b84b-359b9f14f48a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/0b4d0d536f2638e401104dbb.png"},{"id":95499261,"identity":"7aeecb1c-9746-450e-8231-5c9e481dd352","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/1d458e92299a2f45ffd40bb8.png"},{"id":95499255,"identity":"cc4a6896-9ca4-446c-b398-bf90c8fd8e47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":383448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/aff0814cb2788dd8606174e1.png"},{"id":95499281,"identity":"0e394531-5b02-4929-89c2-abc7d670b525","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":338864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/314f5bd0b2ab40a1eb233f09.png"},{"id":95499280,"identity":"e285d763-6b3b-4b14-bf27-e8fa24b7193e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/5dcc2af11c743b218f7ba8a2.png"},{"id":95499270,"identity":"a351eefa-f6ba-4f6c-958d-b21c625c89df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/952a8733831832deae0ba1b1.png"},{"id":95499259,"identity":"4b4fbdcb-1918-4d20-bcbe-3ccfd1960664","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/4f368e06aa18a80c559500cb.png"},{"id":95499265,"identity":"3e49e6ff-f4f5-4582-b32d-95774c5fd1f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/a7f7c41820772a6d80ef3249.png"},{"id":95527897,"identity":"8e2cb876-1971-409e-ba18-3646efb339d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:15:10","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14869,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/7e271338786627a678da1a7e.png"},{"id":95529120,"identity":"fa9f8f80-f5f8-4d79-9cd7-60308f4c0949","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:16:47","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/a5cd3ff462b8bfee4b43fffc.png"},{"id":95499271,"identity":"13016cbf-feac-4506-870e-82a8dda0d744","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/456fcf3a14ce6c8d9203d5a6.png"},{"id":95527826,"identity":"3efcdfc4-ee00-4177-95c4-6250f43ef9f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:14:58","extension":"xml","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":232476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d1a9bee8a7164d26bc2a7c399e7f384c1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/7f127f1635c048363ae0b6dc.xml"},{"id":95527637,"identity":"ca696a25-af6d-4bba-852a-85ad32adda52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:14:24","extension":"html","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":247840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1/b1ba4aec73396ea1e5527df3.html"},{"id":95654023,"identity":"433c267f-d0bf-441e-ba26-8222398eeff4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:08:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1567670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptedited.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547333/v1_covered_78fcc689-9982-49d9-95ff-ff17a64b3e7c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Using Adiantum incisum Extracts","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-nano","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"narl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Nano](https://www.springer.com/journal/11671)","snPcode":"11671","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11671/3","title":"Discover Nano","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nanoparticles, AgNPs, Biological activities, Optimization, Characterization and extraction","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547333/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547333/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic and ethanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eAdiantum incisum\u003c/em\u003e and evaluated different biological activities. The transition from bright green to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs, which was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy absorbance peaks between 400\u0026ndash;500 nm. Furthermore, optimized biosynthesis by adjusting different parameters such as temperature, pH, and various salt concentrations. Similarly, the characterization of AgNPs was performed using FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM. FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups involved in capping and reduction. XRD confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure, SEM revealed monodispersed spherical particles and EDX confirmed the presence of elemental silver. Similarly, the biological activities of plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs were evaluated. Insecticidal assays against \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e demonstrate that AgNPs inhibit more than plant extracts. Phytotoxicity tests against \u003cem\u003eLemna minor\u003c/em\u003e indicated that AgNPs possess greater phytotoxic potential and antioxidant activity assessed using the DPPH assay revealed dose-dependent radical scavenging capabilities with AgNPs showing superiority to plant extracts. The analgesic potential was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, where AgNPs achieved a higher inhibition rate than extracts. The carrageen-induced paw edema test evaluated anti-inflammatory activity with AgNPs showing greater efficacy. Antibacterial assays against \u003cem\u003eShigella dysenteriae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aureginosa\u003c/em\u003e to the antibacterial activity indicated that AgNPs have antibacterial potential. Antifungal activity against \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e also showed a notable inhibition zone. These findings demonstrate that the biosynthesis of AgNPs from \u003cem\u003eA. incisum\u003c/em\u003e extracts exhibits significant biological activities, highlighting their potential applications in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Using Adiantum incisum Extracts","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-10 05:14:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547333/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-12T18:26:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T09:34:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-08T01:52:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"136415919898469101426631462751430529270","date":"2025-11-03T12:15:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-01T02:27:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237696461171804864035489508439700006216","date":"2025-11-01T02:23:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94827002868608173275439875047621326583","date":"2025-10-31T15:12:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"56647333053668349498741897681143008473","date":"2025-10-29T13:52:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"122077986874405387677250891531209414019","date":"2025-10-29T12:06:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T11:35:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-26T07:55:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T11:38:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-30T15:43:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Nano","date":"2025-09-30T14:54:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-nano","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"narl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Nano](https://www.springer.com/journal/11671)","snPcode":"11671","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11671/3","title":"Discover Nano","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bfc4793f-f3d9-4eef-854e-a6f2a555c6e4","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-21T06:08:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-10 05:14:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7547333","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7547333","identity":"rs-7547333","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}