Parametric analysis of commercial fuel sprays in a test bench with controlled temperature

Parametric analysis of commercial fuel sprays in a test bench with controlled temperature | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Parametric analysis of commercial fuel sprays in a test bench with controlled temperature Mateus Garcia Lopes, Guenther Carlos Krieger Filho, Antonio Luiz Pacifico, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6716946/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A novel setup using a modular test bench with independent control of gas-phase velocity, temperature, injection pressure, and nozzle geometry was employed to perform a comprehensive parametric analysis of commercial ethanol and gasoline sprays under non-reactive conditions. High-speed imaging and Phase Doppler Interferometry quantified integral and pointwise spray characteristics across divergent and convergent nozzles, varying pressures (50-70 bar) and gas-phase temperatures (25-40 \textdegree C). Divergent nozzles produced narrow and stable plumes with rapid momentum decay, whereas convergent nozzles yielded wider sprays with delayed velocity peaks and sustained dispersion. Elevated temperatures and pressures strongly influence spray characteristics, markedly reducing smaller diameter class populations and shifting secondary breakup downstream. Ethanol sprays exhibited higher values of the Ohnesorge numbers than gasoline and a more constant projected area variance (PAV), resulting in consistent spray formation across all tested conditions. Fuel volatility governed the evolution of droplet size distribution throughout the sprays, with gasoline sprays displaying bimodal size distributions and ethanol maintaining it's size distribution pattern. Dimensionless parameter analysis (Weber and Ohnesorge numbers) highlighted the transition from aerodynamic to oscillation-dominated breakup regimes and their influence in the formation of new droplets and consequently the rate of droplet size reduction between measurement points. These findings provide valuable insights for injector design and commercial fuel spray applications, highlighting the potential of ethanol(a renewable fuel in Brazil) due to its stable and regular spray strucutre. This characteristic makes it particularly suitable for use in narrow operational windows, potentially enhancing overall process efficiency Fuel spray Co‑flow Phase Doppler Interferometry High-speed imaging Gasoline Ethanol Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files graphicalabstract.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 26 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6716946","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":463556190,"identity":"131ddb87-45b3-408c-9729-9a563c9709e3","order_by":0,"name":"Mateus Garcia 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