Learning about the genetic risk in my family: preferences of Italian nurses

Learning about the genetic risk in my family: preferences of Italian nurses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Learning about the genetic risk in my family: preferences of Italian nurses Lea Godino, Linda Battistuzzi, Daniela Turchetti, Liliana Varesco, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8558578/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores Italian nurses’ preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, focusing on their genetic literacy and responsibility, and comparing these perspectives with laypeople. A nested cross-sectional online survey, originally designed for the general population, included three hypothetical scenarios of inherited genetic risk (Cystic Fibrosis, Hereditary Cancer Syndromes, and early-onset Alzheimer’s disease) and items assessing genetic literacy (awareness), family cohesion, disclosure preferences, and responsibility. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially, and qualitative responses were analyzed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis. Among the 1,302 respondents, 501 were healthcare professionals (HCPs), including 315 nurses. Their genetic literacy was modest (mean 2.5/4), higher than laypeople’s, with no variation by age or education. Nearly all (94.9%) wished to be informed of genetic risk for at least one condition, with 75.9% preferring to be informed for all three, similar to laypeople (78.1%). Most (97.8%) would undergo genetic testing if informed (95.6% of laypeople). Responsibility for disclosure was viewed as shared between relatives and HCPs (39.1%) or by everyone involved (themselves, relatives and HCPs) (25.1%), echoing laypeople’s views. Qualitative findings from the few who did not wish to be informed (n=16) emphasized anxiety, psychological self-protection, and scepticism toward predictive medicine, similar to laypeople. Italian nurses expressed views and preferences similar to laypeople. While they valued receiving genetic risk information and HCP involvement in family communication, limited familiarity with clinical applications of genetic testing highlights a gap in nursing education and practice, with implications for targeted training. nurses genetic literacy genetic risk genetic information moral responsibility Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Genetic testing allows the detection of inherited disorders and, for certain conditions, enables targeted prevention strategies. Identification of a pathogenic variant in a proband also facilitates cascade genetic testing, whereby testing is offered to biological relatives, so they, in turn, may benefit from preventive and/or curative interventions. In clinical practice, the importance of cascade genetic testing is emphasized during genetic counseling, and probands are encouraged to inform relatives of potential genetic risks. Due to differences in healthcare systems, funding models, cultural attitudes, and legal frameworks, international approaches to cascade testing vary. In countries with universal healthcare, such as Italy, cascade testing is generally publicly funded, while in private insurance-based systems, such as the United States (US), coverage is inconsistent (Caswell-Jin et al., 2019; Costanzo et al., 2025; Kurian and Katz, 2020; Ongaro et al., 2025). Some countries have well-established national protocols for specific conditions, while in others, cascade testing is offered less systematically, depending on individual clinicians or regional resources (Chiang et al., 2024). In most jurisdictions, privacy laws locate sole responsibility for disclosing genetic risk information to at-risk relatives with the proband, but in some, healthcare professionals (HCPs) are allowed to directly contact probands’ at-risk family members (Dheensa et al., 2016; Ehrencrona et al., 2025). Factors such as family cohesion and genetic literacy further shape intra-familial communication of genetic risk. Families characterized by stronger cohesion are generally more open to discussions and more supportive of cascade communication, whereas weaker cohesion has been associated with incomplete or selective disclosure (Forrest et al., 2003; Wiseman et al., 2010). Likewise, higher levels of genetic literacy—defined as a multidimensional construct encompassing awareness, skills, and knowledge—can enhance individuals’ confidence in engaging relatives with genetic information. Despite its clinical utility, cascade testing remains underutilized, with uptake documented below 50%. largely due to reliance on proband-mediated disclosure and challenges in intra-familial communication (Afaya et al., 2024; Godino et al., 2021; Levine et al., 2024). These limitations have sparked a debate on whether responsibility for disclosure should rest with probands alone or be shared with HCPs (Samuel et al., 2017). To date, research on the disclosure and communication of genetic risk information within families has mostly examined the views of patients (Frey et al., 2022) or the general public (Godino et al., 2025b). Far less is known about the personal preferences of HCPs, although their views toward receiving and communicating personal genetic risk information may influence both their own health-related decisions and the extent to which they encourage patients to engage with genetic testing (Frank et al., 2013; Khubchandani et al., 2024). Specifically, to our best knowledge, no similar studies have been conducted among nurses, despite their central educational role towards patients and family members (Kwame and Petrucka, 2021), including in the context of genetics (Dante et al., 2025; Godino et al., 2025a, 2024; Laaksonen et al., 2022). Furthermore, no studies have investigated nurses’ wish to be informed about familial genetic risks, how they would prefer this information to be communicated, and how such preferences might be influenced by their genetic literacy, specifically in its awareness dimension, nor their views on moral responsibility for cascade communication. This study attempts to fill in these gaps in the nursing literature, especially considering the growing relevance of genetic diseases and the importance of their early identification in improving prevention and health outcomes (Khoury and Dotson, 2021; Modell et al., 2025). The study aimed to (a) explore Italian nurses’ preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, with attention to their genetic literacy and views on responsibility, and (b) compare these perspectives with those of Italian laypeople. In this study, genetic literacy was examined in its awareness dimension, referring to the recognition of the clinical relevance and applications of genetics in healthcare and its implications for family communication (Hurle et al., 2013; Little et al., 2022), and responsibility, particularly moral responsibility, was conceptualized as an awareness of the consequences of genetic knowledge and the moral agency to act upon it (Leefmann et al., 2017; Prainsack et al., 2016). METHODS Design This study is part of a broader research project that investigated the attitudes of the Italian population about the communication of genetic risk information ( reference blinded for review ) using a cross-sectional online survey design. Specifically, a nested analysis focusing on a subgroup of survey participants following the Checklist for Reporting Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Studies (ChecKAP) (Zarei et al., 2024) (Supplementary Material: File S1) was performed between late 2024 and early 2025. Although the Reflexive Thematic Analysis Reporting Guidelines (Braun and Clarke, 2024) is specifically designed for purely qualitative studies, we reviewed its recommendations and incorporated relevant elements to ensure transparency and rigor in performing and reporting the qualitative component of this nested study. Setting and Sample Participants for the online survey were recruited through multiple digital channels, including Facebook© (personal pages and interest groups), Instagram©, LinkedIn©, and the personal mailing lists of the authors and their professional networks at the national level. The advertisement posts briefly described the study as an investigation into public views on the communication of genetic risk information and included a direct link to the anonymous questionnaire, which was hosted on the Microsoft Forms platform. The survey was open from November 24, 2024, to February 7, 2025. There were eligible citizens satisfying the following inclusion criteria: (1) being at least 18 years old, (2) having no personal or family history of hereditary disease, and (3) being able to provide informed consent. During data collection, a considerable number of respondents self-identified as HCPs. Although the survey was not originally intended to target this population, the absence of existing evidence and the potential relevance of HCPs’ preferences with regard to their influence on patients and their families (Frank et al., 2013; Khubchandani et al., 2024), prompted us to conduct a dedicated analysis. Specifically, although nurses were not the intended target population, their unexpectedly high participation provided a unique opportunity to explore their personal, rather than professional, preferences on intra-familial genetic risk communication, and to compare them with those of Italian laypeople ( reference blinded for review ). As this was an unplanned sub-analysis, no a priori sample size calculation was performed; the final sample size corresponded to the number of HCPs respondents who met the inclusion criteria. Data collection instrument The online survey was developed based on a systematic review of the literature, which revealed the absence of previously validated instruments addressing the study focus (Godino et al., 2025b). Consequently, survey items were developed to reflect key domains repeatedly highlighted in the literature as central to the communication of genetic risk information, including genetics literacy (awareness dimension), personal and family experiences, moral responsibilities, communication preferences, and potential psychological implications. The instrument was structured into eight main sections covering: (1) genetic literacy (awareness dimension), (2) personal and family experiences with genetics, (3) perceived moral responsibilities, (4) communication and disclosure preferences, (5) family functioning, (6) potential psychological implications, (7) attitudes toward being informed of genetic risk, and (8) socio-demographic information. A conditional logic structure was implemented to tailor the flow of questions according to participants’ previous responses. The questionnaire is available in Supplementary Material (File S2). The genetic literacy (awareness dimension) section included four items assessing participants’ awareness of both more recent (determining how a disease should be managed following diagnosis; determining which medication may or may not be effective for an individual) and more established applications of genetics (determining the risk or probability of developing a specific disease; determining the probability of transmitting a hereditary disease to offspring). Because family functioning has also been identified as a key factor shaping intra-familial communication of genetic risk (Forrest et al., 2003; Wiseman et al., 2010), it was assessed through the Italian adaptation of the SCORE-15 (Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation) scale (Paolini and Schepisi, 2020). The validated 15-item self-report tool covers strengths/adaptability, emotional strain, and intra-family communication (α=0.80), with lower total scores indicating healthier family dynamics. As part of the survey, participants were presented with three hypothetical scenarios (regarding pathogenic variants associated with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, or Cystic Fibrosis identified in a second-degree relative) and asked whether they would want to be informed of the risk (25% in each scenario) of having inherited the variant . Participants who indicated a preference not to be informed of a genetic risk in the family for all three scenarios were given the opportunity to elaborate on the reasons for their choice in an open-ended question. Finally, participants had the option to provide further remarks at the end of the questionnaire. A preliminary pilot phase was carried out to evaluate clarity and comprehensibility, resulting in adjustments before large-scale dissemination ( reference blinded for review ). Data analysis The overall study was conducted within a pragmatic paradigm, which emphasizes the use of methods best suited to address the research questions and generate findings of practical relevance. This nested study reflected the overall study: according to its aims, data on nurses were focused and compared with (a) lay public to highlight similarities and differences in genetic literacy, responsibility, and communication preferences and (b) with other HCPs. Close-ended items were analysed using IBM SPSS (Version 28). Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, ranges, and frequencies, were calculated to summarize participants' demographics, family cohesion, and genetic literacy. Independent samples t-tests were conducted to compare genetic literacy scores between nurses and other HCPs and nurses and laypublic. Chi-square tests were utilized to compare preferences for communication sources and information disclosure scenarios among participants. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between genetic literacy and participants’ age and educational level. To evaluate associations between moral responsibility beliefs and participant characteristics (age, gender, parental status, genetic literacy), binary logistic regression models were employed. Two-tailed p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Open-ended responses were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework (Braun and Clarke, 2019). This approach was selected because it aligns with the exploratory aims of the study and acknowledges the active role of the researchers in generating themes, rather than relying on a predetermined codebook. Initially, researchers familiarized themselves with the open-ended responses by repeatedly reading the data. The analysis proceeded inductively, with codes generated through constant comparison. During the coding stage, segments of text were systematically reviewed, interpreted, and organized into emerging categories. Subsequent steps involved clustering these codes into broader themes, refining them to eliminate redundancy, and examining their coherence within the entire dataset. Themes were then clearly named and described to capture their conceptual meaning, and the final stage integrated them into an overall interpretive account. Although reflexive thematic analysis does not require formal inter-coder reliability, two researchers (LG and VG) independently coded the data and engaged in iterative discussions to compare and refine interpretations. Divergences were openly debated and resolved with input from a third researcher (LB), enhancing both analytical depth and credibility. The adequacy of the qualitative dataset was evaluated using the concept of information power (Malterud et al., 2016), considering the specificity of the participant group, the narrow study aim, and the relevance of the open-ended responses to the research question. While traditional notions of data saturation are less applicable to reflexive thematic analysis, the information power of the dataset was deemed sufficient to generate meaningful insights (Malterud et al., 2016). In presenting the results, representative quotations were used to exemplify each theme. To aid contextualization, excerpts were accompanied by participants’ identifiers, gender, age, and genetic literacy (awareness dimension) score. Reflexivity and positionality In line with recommendations for transparency in qualitative research (Jacobson and Mustafa, 2019; Wainstein et al., 2023), the research team engaged in reflexive practices throughout the study. The authors’ positionalities (nursing, genetic counselling, bioethics, clinical genetics, and qualitative methodology) shaped the design, conduct, and interpretation of the research. The first author is a genetic nurse and registered genetic counsellor; the team also included senior academics, experienced clinicians, and a master’s student trained and supervised during analysis. While anonymity of the online questionnaire reduced direct power imbalances, reflexive discussions were held to consider how the researchers’ professional and personal perspectives influenced the study process. Ethical considerations The study adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna, Italy, on September 30, 2024, with formal authorization issued on October 11, 2024 (approval number 0313516). RESULTS The study aimed to (a) explore Italian nurses’ (Table 1) preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, with attention to their genetic literacy and views on responsibility (Tables 2-6), and (b) compare these perspectives with those of Italian laypeople (Table 7). Participants profile, family cohesion and genetic testing The diagram of survey participants is shown in Figure 1. Of the 1335 individuals who accessed the survey, 1302 provided consent and completed it. After excluding 192 respondents with a personal or family history of hereditary conditions and 609 lay individuals, the final sample included 501 HCPs (Table 1). Overall, the sample had a mean age of 43.1±11.3 years (range: 21–67), with a majority being female (82.4%) and nurses (62.9%). Specifically, nurses (n = 315) were mostly women, middle-aged, married, with children and held at least a bachelor’s degree; and self-reported as believers (Table 1) with no statistically significant differences compared to other HCPs. Nurses perceived family cohesion, as assessed via the SCORE-15, averaged 2.0±0.6 (range: 1–4), suggesting moderate relational functioning, with some perceived difficulties in adaptability, communication, or emotional strain within the family context; however, no differences with other HCPs have emerged (2.0±0.6; p=0.737; Table 1), and the same mean value was observed in the lay public (2.0±0.6; p=1.000). Nurse participants’ genetic literacy (awareness dimension) was moderate overall (2.5±1.6, range 0–4), significant lower to that perceived by other HCPs (Table 1), and significantly higher compared with the lay public (mean=1.9±1.7, p<0.001). Specifically, 149 of 315 nurses (47.2%) scored 4, 74 (23.4%) scored 0, and the remainder were distributed across intermediate scores (score1: 3, 1.0%; score2: 45, 14.4%; score3: 44, 14.0%). Answers to four items assessing awareness of genetic testing applications as reported by nurses and non-nurses’ participants are detailed in the Supplementary Material (Table S1). Of note, participants’ awareness of more recent applications was lower than that of more established uses (52%/54.3% vs. 74.6%/75.6%) (p=??). Separate regression models showed that neither age (B = 0.001, SE = 0.008, β = .005, p = 0.934) nor educational attainment (B = 0.076, SE = 0.113, β = .038, p = 0.505) were associated with nurses’ genetic literacy scores. Wanting to Know One’s Genetic Risk and have Genetic Testing Of the 315 nurse participants, 299 (94.9%) wished to be informed about at least one condition, while 16 (5.1%) preferred not to receive any information. Among those open to information, 227 (75.9%) wanted to be informed in all three scenarios, and 72 (24.1%) selected one or two, most frequently Hereditary Cancer (HC, 50.4%), followed by Cystic Fibrosis (CF, 29.8%) and early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (early-onset AD, 19.8%). Detailed choice combinations are shown in Figure 1, and display highly fragmented responses. Therefore, answers were amalgamated into two groups: (1) Wanting to be informed about one or two conditions and (2) Wanting to be informed about the three conditions. Nurses who wished to be informed about at least one condition were significantly younger (43.0±11.3 vs. 49.8±12.2; p=0.022) and showed higher scores in genetic literacy (awareness dimension), although not statistically significant (2.6±1.6 vs. 1.8±1.6; p=0.057) (Table 2); these differences were not observed in other HCPs as a group (Supplementary Material Table S2). Similarly, a high proportion of lay public participants expressed the desire to be informed (92.8%), with no significant difference compared to nurses (p=0.260). However, nurses were slightly less likely than lay participants to want information across all three scenarios (75.9% vs 78.0%; p=0.500). Among those choosing to be informed about one or two conditions, the proportion opting to learn about early-onset Alzheimer’s disease was almost identical in the two groups (19.8% vs 20.4%). Open-ended responses (Why would you want to know?) offered insights into the drivers of participants’ decisions. Motivations varied by scenario: reproductive responsibility (CF), prevention (HC), and life planning and emotional preparedness (early-onset AD) (Table 3). Finally, at least 96.4% of nurses who wished to be informed about a genetic risk in the family also indicated willingness to undergo genetic testing, compared with 94.2% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S3) and 95.6% of lay participants, with a significant difference only between nurses and lay respondents (p = 0.005). Family cohesion was not significantly associated with the willingness to be informed or to undergo genetic testing (all p>0.05). Whose is the moral responsibility? Regarding the moral responsibility of informing individuals about a genetic risk within the family, 117 of 299 (39.1%) stated that family members and HCPs share this responsibility, and 75 of 299 (25.1%) believed that it rests with everyone involved, namely themselves, family members, and HCPs. Other preferences were indicated by small numbers of respondents (e.g., only HCPs n=49, 16.4%; only family members n=20, 6.7%) (Table 4 and Table S4). Among other HCPs, 43.2% also believed that relatives and professionals share this moral duty, 27.9% attributed it only to professionals, and 9.0% only to relatives (Table S4). These distributions were broadly consistent with those observed among the lay population, who also tended to view moral responsibility as shared rather than individual, though with a slightly greater emphasis on professional responsibility (35.0%, 11.3%, and 8.0%, respectively). When the association between moral responsibility of informing and various nurse participant characteristics (age, gender, parental status, genetic literacy) was evaluated using binary logistic regression models (Table 5), age was positively associated with agreement with the belief that informing is one’s own responsibility (p= 0.002) and female gender was positively associated with the belief that it is the responsibility of relatives (p= 0.007). No significant association emerged between family cohesion and perceived moral responsibility (all p>0.05). Preferences about genetic risk communication from the recipient’s perspective Among nurse participants who wished to be informed (n=299), 109 (36.5%) agreed and 106 (35.5%) strongly agreed that they would prefer to be informed by a family member (Item 14, Table 6). Comparable proportions were observed among other HCPs (36.2% agreed and 35.0% strongly agreed) (Supplementary Material Table S5) and lay respondents (35.9% agreed and 36.8% strongly agreed; p=0.740). Of the 215 nurses open to this option, 116 (54.0%) preferred a relative who had undergone genetic testing, 58 (27.0%) had no preference, and 41 (19.1%) preferred a relative who was emotionally close or with whom contact was regular (Item 15, Table 4; Supplementary Material Table S4 for other HCPs). Similarly, among lay participants, 54.4% preferred to be informed by the tested relative, 26.9% had no preference, and 18.7% chose an emotionally close relative. Most nurses (204 of 213, 95.8%) favored an in-person conversation (Item 16, Table 4), a preference also reported by 89.5% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S4) and by 90.0% of lay participants (p=0.105). Regarding more specific scenarios, 215 of 299 (71.9%) agreed with being informed by a family member they had no contact with rather than not being informed at all (Item 21, Table 6), a proportion lower than other HCPs (83.0%) and in line with lay respondents (73.1%; p=0.085). Likewise, 169 of 299 (56.5%) agreed that first information should come from someone emotionally close (Item 24, Table 6), a proportion higher than other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S5) and comparable to the lay group (59.2%; p=0.740). When asked about being informed by HCPs (Item 17, Table 6), 167 of 299 (55.9%) strongly agreed and 93 of 299 (31.1%) agreed, closely matching the other HCPs as a group (48.6% strongly agreed and 35.6% agreed; Supplementary Material Table S5) and the lay population (46.5% strongly agreed and 38.1% agreed; p=0.550). Among the 260 nurses open to this option, 180 (69.2%) always preferred a professional, 73 (28.1%) only if relatives were uncomfortable informing them, and 7 (2.7%) only if relatives refused (Item 18, Table 4). In addition, 228 of 299 (76.3%) nurses preferred being informed by a medical geneticist and, among these, 168 (73.7%) preferred being informed at the same genetics service their relative had attended (Item19, Supplementary Material Table S6). Also, 245 participants expressed their preference about the mode of information (Item 20): 221 of 245 (90.2%) preferred an in-person consultation (Table 4), a preference also reported by 87.1% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S4) and by 81.2% of lay participants (p=0.014). A combined variable based on Items 14 and 17 showed that, among participants wanting to know at least one condition who expressed a clear preference between family members and HCPs as a source of information (168 of 299, 56.2%), 122 (72.6%) preferred family members and 46 (27.4%) preferred HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S7). Comparable distributions were observed among other HCPs (66.1% vs 33.9%) and among lay participants (61.2% vs 38.8%), although the difference between nurses and lay participants was statistically significant (p=0.014). Regarding specific scenarios, 290 of 299 (97.0%) preferred professional disclosure over not being informed at all (Item 22, Table 6), comparable to 95.8% among lay respondents (p=0.085). Similarly, 228 of 299 nurses (76.3%) agreed that they would prefer an HCP over a relative with no contact (Item 23, Table 6), closely aligned with lay respondents (70.3%; p=0.440). No significant associations were found between family cohesion and any of these communication preferences (all p>0.05). Preferences about genetic risk communication from the informant’s perspective When participants were asked to indicate which family members should be informed (Item 26), 171 of 299 (57.2%) nurses stated all relatives, including those with whom participants had no regular contact, 88 of 299 (29.4%) only first-degree relatives, 36 of 299 (12.0%) only those they regularly interact with and 4 of 299 (1.3%) reported none. Most nurse participants (272 of 299, 91.0%) agreed they would personally inform family members (Item 27), a proportion similar to that observed among other HCPs (92.7%; Supplementary Material Table S5) and lay respondents (90.2%; p=0.660). Conversely, 143 of 299 nurses (47.8%) agreed having HCPs take on this role (Item 28) (Table 6), compared with 51.4% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S5) and 45.3% of lay participants (p=0.260). A combined variable based on Items 27 and 28 showed that, among the 216 of 299 (72.2%) nurses who expressed a clear ranking, 187 (86.6%) preferred to inform relatives personally, while 29 (13.4%) preferred professional disclosure (Supplementary Material Table S8). Comparable proportions emerged among other HCPs (87.4% preferred to inform relatives personally and 12.6% preferred that professionals disclose the information) and lay respondents (85.4% preferred to inform relatives personally and 14.6% preferred that professionals disclose the information). Most nurse participants (247 of 299, 83.7%) agreed about preferring informing relatives with professional support (Item 29) (Table 6), a proportion comparable with other HCPs as a group (85.4%) and the lay population (80.2%, p=0.540). Family cohesion was not significantly associated with the preferred mode or source of disclosure (p>0.05). Preferring not to receive information about a genetic risk in the family Among the 16 nurse participants who preferred not to receive any information, several reasons emerged from the open-ended response. These reasons clustered around three major thematic categories: 1) Worry about anxiety and emotional distress in oneself; 2) Protection against psychological harm; 3) Uncertainty and scepticism about preventive medicine. Some participants were concerned about the potential emotional burden associated with knowing one’s genetic risk. They feared that such knowledge could trigger panic or anxiety for themselves: “ It would affect me, I would be very worried. It could interfere with my peace of mind and my life. ” (ID 178, Female, 43y, Genetic literacy score: 3, Nurse) “ Because the seriousness of the disease would make me too anxious in my daily life. ” (ID 341, Male, 26y, Genetic literacy score: 4, Nurse) Others consciously preferred to focus on the present and avoid potentially distressing information. This protective stance was often framed as a strategy to maintain serenity and mental well-being: “ I want to live in the present without worrying about the future. ” (ID 79, Female, 56y, Genetic literacy score: 4, Nurse) “ If the risk isn’t high, I’d rather not have too many worries. ” (ID 809, Female, 43y, Genetic literacy score: 2, Nurse) Finally, some participants expressed distrust in the medicalization of risk and questioned the utility of predictive testing. Their comments often conveyed a sense of scepticism: “ I follow other schools of scientific thought that are just as valid” (ID 548, Female, 60y, Genetic literacy score: 0, Nurse) DISCUSSION Participants' profile, genetic literacy, and genetic testing This study investigated the genetic literacy (awareness dimension), preferences, perceived moral responsibility and views of Italian nurses who answered a survey on intrafamilial communication of genetic risk information and compared them with those of the lay public. This study also provides a broad comparison of nurses’ perspectives with those of other HCPs, given that the group of non-nurse HCPs was extremely diverse in its composition. The socio-demographic features of the nurses who participated in the survey are consistent with those of Italian nurses generally, as described in national reports, with the exception of age and geographic location. Indeed, our participants were slightly younger than the national mean, which may be explained by a selection bias associated with the fact that the survey was disseminated online, and mostly from the north and center of Italy. Nurses reported modest genetic literacy (mean 2.5/4), which was not associated with age or level of education. Their genetic literacy was significantly lower than that reported by by other HCPs. In addition, , there was a significant difference between nurses’ awareness of established applications of genetic testing and uses associated with precision medicine, suggesting that literacy is most lacking regarding more recent applications of genetic testing in clinical practice. The fact that almost 20% of the nurses scored 0 also deserves attention, as it appears to contrast with the results of earlier studies on Italian nurses, which suggested adequate understanding of basic genetic concepts (Godino et al., 2013) (Godino et al, submitted). The apparent contradiction may be explained by the focus of our instrument: while the prior surveys assessed knowledge of fundamental concepts, the items in this questionnaire targeted awareness of clinical applications. Perhaps not surprisingly, around 8% of the nurses in Godino et al. (Godino et al., 2013) reported that they were very confident when applying genetics in daily practice, while most described themselves as minimally (44.9% vs. 42.8%) or little confident (26.8% vs. 33.9%), and 11–15% reported no confidence at all. These findings suggest that nurses had difficulty transferring theoretical knowledge to the clinical setting, even if they worked in specialties where genetics is most relevant, such as oncology, pediatrics, and cardiology. This aligns with international findings showing that, although nurses generally acknowledge the importance of genetics, they often lack the skills to integrate it into practice (Carpenter-Clawson et al., 2023; Laaksonen et al., 2022). Thus, the findings observed here may reflect a persistent gap between theory and current practice. This is also consistent with evidence from a recent scoping review, which highlighted that genomic literacy among nurses, students, and faculty is generally low, and that, to date, educational interventions have had only a limited impact on practical competence (Dante et al., 2025). Family cohesion, as measured by the SCORE-15, was comparable across nurses, other HCPs, and lay participants, all showing moderate relational functioning. This finding suggests that perceived family relationships did not differ substantially among groups. Wanting to know one’s genetic risk and have genetic testing Similar to the lay public, nurses’ genetic literacy in the awareness dimension did not significantly influence nurses’ willingness to be informed of genetic risk. Prior research instead has shown that higher genetic literacy is associated with greater engagement in genetic testing contexts, as demonstrated by participants in large-scale genetic studies reporting higher knowledge, familiarity, and skills compared to the lay population (Little et al., 2022). Both nurses and other HCPs showed a high willingness to be informed about genetic risk, a tendency that was also evident among lay respondents. These findings are consistent with results reported by Middleton et al. (Middleton et al., 2016) in an international survey on hypothetical incidental findings, in which both the general population and non-genetics HCPs expressed a strong willingness to be informed. However, nurses were slightly less likely than lay respondents to want information across all three scenarios, suggesting a somewhat more selective approach toward predictive information. Among those choosing to be informed about one or two conditions, the proportion opting to learn about early-onset Alzheimer’s disease was nearly identical between the two groups, indicating similar attitudes toward predictive information about incurable conditions. When they were open to learning about a genetic risk in the family, nurses were more likely than lay respondents to express a willingness to undergo genetic testing, while no differences emerged between nurses and other HCPs. This result may be explained in part by nurses’ greater genetic literacy, specifically by their greater awareness of the role of genetic testing in establishing a person’s risk of developing a hereditary disease. Overall, the comparable family cohesion observed among nurses, other HCPs, and lay participants suggests that these preferences were not influenced by family relational functioning, but rather by individual or professional factors shaping engagement with genetic information. Whose is the moral responsibility? With respect to moral responsibility, most nurses considered that communication of genetic risk within families is a shared duty, which involves probands and HCPs (39.1%) or themselves, family members, and HCPs (25.1%), echoing the views of the other HCPs and general public, who similarly tended to view this responsibility as shared rather than individual. The concept of responsibility is central to how individuals understand and navigate their moral obligations in sharing genetic risk (Prainsack et al., 2016). Among nurses, as among lay participants, this perspective suggests an understanding of risk as embedded within social and relational contexts rather than confined to individual choice. In Italy, current practice places responsibility for disclosure on the proband, with HCPs adopting a supportive role (Varesco et al., 2024). The uniform level of family cohesion across groups supports the interpretation that the sense of moral responsibility in genetic communication is shaped more by ethical and professional reasoning than by perceived family relational dynamics. Preferences about genetic risk communication from the recipient’s perspective Our findings suggest that Italian nurses and laypeople favor a shared model of genetic risk disclosure, potentially opening the door to a more proactive role for HCPs. This contrasts with the reported perspectives of genetics specialists, such as those in Belgium, where opinions vary from limiting responsibility to proband counseling to endorsing a formal duty to warn relatives (Phillips et al., 2021). Similar divisions have been reported elsewhere: some clinicians see responsibility as lying entirely with the proband (Akpinar and Ersoy, 2014), while others emphasize the HCP’s role in encouraging disclosure (Mendes et al., 2024). In our survey, nurses generally preferred to be informed of genetic risk by a family member—especially one who had already undergone testing or with whom they shared a close emotional bond—while at the same time valuing professional involvement as a complementary or alternative option. This balanced view suggests that genetic communication is perceived not as an individual task, but as a collaborative process embedded within familial and professional relationships. Similar preferences were observed among other HCPs and lay participants, pointing toward a relational model of communication that values both empathy and accuracy (Di Pietro et al., 2020; Leenen et al., 2016; Wiens et al., 2013). Most nurses preferred in-person communication—whether from relatives or professionals—indicating limited acceptance of impersonal or technology-mediated modes of information delivery. This finding aligns with results from the Italian general population ( reference blinded for review ), which also emphasized the importance of direct, relational contact in sensitive genetic communication (Nazareth et al., 2021; Schmidlen et al., 2022; Siglen et al., 2022). These preferences highlight a tension between the ideal of family-mediated communication and the perceived need for professional support, underscoring the importance of relational trust and emotional closeness in mediating genetic disclosure. However, since family cohesion levels did not differ across groups and showed no association with communication preferences, it appears that the preferred modes and sources of information reflect professional and ethical orientations rather than family relational factors. Preferences about genetic risk communication from the informant’s perspective Most nurses expressed a clear preference for personally informing their relatives about a genetic risk, a view shared by other HCPs and lay participants. At the same time, nearly half valued the possibility of professional involvement as complementary support, indicating that disclosure is perceived not as an individual duty but as a shared process that benefits from collaboration. This relational model echoes the perspectives of the general population, who similarly emphasized the credibility and communicative clarity of HCPs while maintaining the central role of family members (Frey et al., 2022; Godino et al., 2025b). Such findings highlight nurses’ dual awareness—as both professionals and potential patients—of the emotional complexity surrounding the disclosure of genetic information. Like in previous studies, professional support was particularly valued when relatives might struggle to cope with distress or uncertainty (Henrikson et al., 2020; Marleen van den Heuvel et al., 2020; Menko et al., 2013). Overall, nurses appear to endorse a collaborative and ethically balanced approach that integrates empathy, accuracy, and shared moral responsibility in family communication about genetic risk (Dheensa et al., 2016; Gaff and Hodgson, 2014; Mendes et al., 2016; Metcalfe et al., 2011). Importantly, this preference for shared and collaborative disclosure does not seem to be influenced by family cohesion, which was consistent across groups, suggesting that nurses’ communicative attitudes are guided primarily by professional and personal identity and ethical reasoning rather than by perceived family functioning. Preferring not to receive information about a genetic risk in the family The open-ended responses of the 16 nurses who indicated a preference not to know about genetic risks highlighted concerns about emotional burdens, anticipatory anxiety, and skepticism toward preventive medicine. These self-protective stances mirror those reported by lay respondents ( reference blinded for review ), and underscore that nurses, despite professional expertise, may feel the psychological weight of health-related information. Indeed, previous research has shown that nurses may underestimate personal risk, avoid preventive care, or rely on emotional detachment as a coping strategy (Holtzclaw et al., 2020; Obiebi et al., 2020). Reluctance to receive genetic information often reflects psychosocial rather than cognitive factors. Anxiety and emotional distress are well-documented deterrents to engagement with genetic services (Jonsen et al., 1996; Keogh et al., 2017; Sarki et al., 2022), particularly when information concerns uncontrollable or incurable conditions (Hurley et al., 2012; Sweeny et al., 2010). In this light, avoidance can be interpreted as a protective response aimed at maintaining emotional stability and grounded in the ethical principle of non-maleficence and the right not to know (Andorno, 2004), as also observed among individuals in the Italian general population who preferred not to receive genetic risk information ( reference blinded for review ). For some, not knowing may also represent an alternative form of care and moral responsibility, intended to protect relatives from distress rather than to reject preventive knowledge (Chivers Seymour et al., 2010; Cowley, 2016). The expressed skepticism toward predictive medicine may reflect broader concerns about medicalization and the emotional costs of anticipating illness (Keenan et al., 2019; Khubchandani et al., 2024; Salardi, 2014). Limitations While this study provides valuable insights, some limitations should be considered. It was hypothetical in design, so responses may not fully reflect real-world behavior. The survey was not originally developed for HCPs, and little is known about the specific professional settings of participating nurses, although it is unlikely many worked in genetics, given the scarcity of such roles in Italy and the fact that a dedicated nursing specialty in medical genetics currently does not exist (Godino et al. 2024, 2025a). Another limitation concerns the heterogeneity of the non-nurse HCP group, which included professionals from diverse backgrounds. Because of this variability, it was not possible to conduct a more detailed comparative analysis across specific professional categories. Finally, the sample was self-selected and may overrepresent nurses with a stronger interest in genetics or ethical issues, while the online format may have excluded individuals with limited access to or familiarity with digital tools. Recommendations for Further Research Future research should develop and validate instruments specifically designed to assess nurses’ genetic literacy and preferences regarding communication of genetic risk, rather than relying on tools created for the general population. Given the heterogeneity of the non-nurse HCP group in the present study, future investigations could also adopt more targeted sampling strategies to allow for profession-specific comparisons and a more granular understanding of attitudes across healthcare roles. Qualitative studies within the Italian nursing community are warranted to explore in depth the emotional and ethical dimensions of disclosure and non-disclosure choices. In addition, intervention studies evaluating the impact of targeted educational programs on nurses’ ability to integrate genetics into practice are needed to address the persistent gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical application. Implications for Policy and Practice Italian nurses’ limited familiarity with the clinical applications of genetic testing highlights shortcomings in current nursing education and practice. Strengthening training in genetics, particularly its clinical applications, appears crucial to support nurses’ role in health communication and to enhance their ability to engage patients and families in discussions about genetic risk. CONCLUSION This study explored Italian nurses’ preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, focusing on their genetic literacy and responsibility, and compared these perspectives with those of laypeople. When asked to consider genetic risk communication within their own families, Italian nurses provided responses that mostly paralleled those of the Italian lay public. Their modest awareness of clinical applications of genetic testing suggests the need to strengthen genetics education in undergraduate and postgraduate nursing programs, ensuring adequate preparation for their role in supporting patients and families in communicating hereditary risk. Declarations Conflict Of Interest Disclosure Lea Godino, Daniela Turchetti, Linda Battistuzzi, Liliana Varesco, Vanessa Gentili, Paolo Chiari, Alvisa Palese declare that they have no conflict of interest. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement The study adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna (Italy) on September 30, 2024, with formal authorization issued on October 11, 2024 (approval number 0313516). Data availability statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgements We thank all the participants for their time and valuable contribution. We are grateful to Domenica Gazineo from the University of Bologna and Ercole Vellone from the University of Rome "Tor Vergata" for their precious help with sharing the survey. This study was conducted while the first author was educated, as part of her doctoral program in Nursing and Public Health Sciences at the University of Rome “Tor Vergata”. Authors Contributions L.G. conceptualised and designed the study, conducted data collection, analysis and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. L.B . contributed to data interpretation and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. D.T . contributed to the design of the study and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. L.V. contributed to data interpretation and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. V.G . conducted data collection and qualitative analysis. P.C . contributed to the design and funding of the study and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. A.P . contributed to the design of the study, supervised all the steps of the study and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Each author approved the final version, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. REFERENCES Afaya, A., Kim, S.W., Park, H.S., Lim, M.C., Jung, M.S., Nam, E.J., Park, J.S., Jeong, J., Ryu, J.M., Kim, J.S., Kim, J., Kim, M., Jin, J., Han, J., Kim, S.Y., Park, S.Y., Katapodi, M.C., Kim, S., 2024. Psychosocial barriers and facilitators for cascade genetic testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: a scoping review. Fam Cancer 23, 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-024-00379-Y/FIGURES/2 Akpinar, A., Ersoy, N., 2014. Attitudes of physicians and patients towards disclosure of genetic information to spouse and first-degree relatives: a case study from Turkey. BMC Med Ethics 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-15-39 Andorno, R., 2004. The right not to know: An autonomy based approach. J Med Ethics 30, 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1136/JME.2002.001578, Braun, V., Clarke, V., 2024. Supporting best practice in reflexive thematic analysis reporting in Palliative Medicine: A review of published research and introduction to the Reflexive Thematic Analysis Reporting Guidelines (RTARG). Palliat Med 38, 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163241234800, Braun, V., Clarke, V., 2019. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health 11, 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806 Carpenter-Clawson, C., Watson, M., Pope, A., Lynch, K., Miles, T., Bell, D., Talbot, M., Varadi, A., 2023. Competencies of the UK nursing and midwifery workforce to mainstream genomics in the National Health Service: the ongoing gap between perceived importance and confidence in genomics. Front Genet 14, 1125599. https://doi.org/10.3389/FGENE.2023.1125599/BIBTEX Caswell-Jin, J.L., Zimmer, A.D., Stedden, W., Kingham, K.E., Zhou, A.Y., Kurian, A.W., 2019. Cascade Genetic Testing of Relatives for Hereditary Cancer Risk: Results of an Online Initiative. J Natl Cancer Inst 111. https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCI/DJY147 Chiang, J., Chua, Z., Chan, J.Y., Sule, A.A., Loke, W.H., Lum, E., Ong, M.E.H., Graves, N., Ngeow, J., 2024. Strategies to improve implementation of cascade testing in hereditary cancer syndromes: a systematic review. NPJ Genom Med 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41525-024-00412-0 Chivers Seymour, K., Addington-Hall, J., Lucassen, A.M., Foster, C.L., 2010. What facilitates or impedes family communication following genetic testing for cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-synthesis of primary qualitative research. J Genet Couns 19, 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10897-010-9296-Y/FIGURES/3 Costanzo, S., Godino, L., De Summa, S., Marvulli, T.M., Genuardi, M., Di Pietro, M.L., Cordisco, E.L., Turchetti, D., Miccoli, S., Deledda, G., Fantoni, G., Viassolo, V., Brunetti, O., De Luca, R., Digennaro, M., Romito, F., Campanella, M., Patruno, M., 2025. BRCA cascade counselling and testing in Italy: current position and future directions. BMC Cancer 25, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12885-025-14419-Y/TABLES/7 Cowley, L., 2016. What can we Learn from Patients’ Ethical Thinking about the right “not to know” in Genomics? Lessons from Cancer Genetic Testing for Genetic Counselling. Bioethics 30, 628–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/BIOE.12272;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:14678519;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION Dante, A., Masotta, V., Paoli, I., Caponnetto, V., Caples, M., Laaksonen, M., Kamenšek, T., Petrucci, C., Lancia, L., 2025. Genomic literacy in nursing: a systematic scoping review of the literature. BMJ Open 15. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2025-100054 Dheensa, S., Fenwick, A., Shkedi-Rafid, S., Crawford, G., Lucassen, A., 2016. Health-care professionals’ responsibility to patients’ relatives in genetic medicine: a systematic review and synthesis of empirical research. Genetics in Medicine 18, 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/GIM.2015.72 Di Pietro, M.L., Zaçe, D., Orfino, A., Di Raimo, F.R., Poscia, A., de Matteis, E., Turchetti, D., Godino, L., Beronazzi, B., Franiuk, M., Bruzzone, C., Varesco, L., Lucci-Cordisco, E., Genuardi, M., 2020. Intrafamilial communication of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genetic information in Italian women: towards a personalised approach. European Journal of Human Genetics 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-00723-7 Ehrencrona, H., Öfverholm, A., Hawranek, C., Lovmar, L., Svensson, S., Wennstedt, S., Hellquist, B., Rosén, A., 2025. Direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary cancer-a randomised trial on healthcare-assisted versus family-mediated risk disclosure. Eur J Hum Genet. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41431-025-01922-W Forrest, K., Simpson, S.A., Wilson, B.J., van Teijlingen, E.R., McKee, L., Haites, N., Matthews, E., 2003. To tell or not to tell: Barriers and facilitators in family communication about genetic risk. Clin Genet 64, 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00142.x Frank, E., Dresner, Y., Shani, M., Vinker, S., 2013. The association between physicians’ and patients’ preventive health practices. CMAJ 185, 649–653. https://doi.org/10.1503/CMAJ.121028 Frey, M.K., Ahsan, M.D., Bergeron, H., Lin, J., Li, X., Fowlkes, R.K., Narayan, P., Nitecki, R., Rauh-Hain, J.A., Moss, H.A., Baltich Nelson, B., Thomas, C., Christos, P.J., Hamilton, J.G., Chapman-Davis, E., Cantillo, E., Holcomb, K., Kurian, A.W., Lipkin, S., Offit, K., Sharaf, R.N., 2022. Cascade Testing for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: Should We Move Toward Direct Relative Contact? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, 4129–4143. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00303 Gaff, C., Hodgson, J., 2014. A Genetic Counseling Intervention to Facilitate Family Communication About Inherited Conditions. J Genet Couns 23, 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10897-014-9696-5/METRICS Godino, L., Ambrosini, E., Barili, V., Graziano, C., Garavelli, L., Calabrese, O., Neri, M., Sangiorgi, L., Bertonazzi, B., Innella, G., Turchetti, D., Percesepe, A., 2024. Clinical Genetic Services in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy: Current Activity and Open Issues. A Mixed-Method Study. https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-4794494/V1 Godino, L., Magi, C.E., Bruzzone, C., Bonora, S., Seri, M., Varesco, L., Turchetti, D., 2025a. Experience and role of Italian nurses working in genetic clinics: a descriptive phenomenological qualitative study. BMC Nursing 2024 24:1 24, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12912-024-02659-5 Godino, L., Turchetti, D., Gentili, V., Chiari, P., Palese, A., 2025b. Public perspectives on healthcare professional-directed communication of hereditary genetic risks: a mixed-method systematic review. European Journal of Human Genetics 2025 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-025-01790-4 Godino, L., Turchetti, D., Jackson, L., Hennessy, C., Skirton, H., 2021. Genetic counselling as a route to enhanced autonomy: using a sequential mixed methods research approach to develop a theory regarding presymptomatic genetic testing for young adults at risk of inherited cancer syndromes. J Community Genet 12, 685–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12687-021-00548-X/FIGURES/2 Godino, L., Turchetti, D., Skirton, H., 2013. Knowledge of genetics and the role of the nurse in genetic health care: a survey of Italian nurses. J Adv Nurs 69, 1125–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06103.x Henrikson, N.B., Wagner, J.K., Hampel, H., Devore, C., Shridhar, N., Williams, J.L., Donohue, K.E., Kullo, I., Prince, A.E.R., 2020. What guidance does HIPAA offer to providers considering familial risk notification and cascade genetic testing? J Law Biosci 7, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/JLB/LSAA071 Holtzclaw, L., Arlinghaus, K.R., Johnston, C.A., 2020. The Health of Health Care Professionals. Am J Lifestyle Med 15, 130–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620977065 Hurle, B., Citrin, T., Jenkins, J.F., Kaphingst, K.A., Lamb, N., Roseman, J.E., Bonham, V.L., 2013. What does it mean to be genomically literate?: National Human Genome Research Institute Meeting Report. Genetics in Medicine 15, 658–663. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2013.14 Hurley, K., Rubin, L.R., Werner-Lin, A., Sagi, M., Kemel, Y., Stern, R., Phillips, A., Cholst, I., Kauff, N., Offit, K., 2012. Incorporating information about pre-implantation genetic diagnosis into discussions about testing and risk-management for BRCA1/2 mutations: A qualitative study of patient preferences. Cancer 118, 6270. https://doi.org/10.1002/CNCR.27695 Jacobson, D., Mustafa, N., 2019. Social Identity Map: A Reflexivity Tool for Practicing Explicit Positionality in Critical Qualitative Research. Int J Qual Methods 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919870075/FORMAT/EPUB Jonsen, A.R., Durfy, S.J., Burke, W., Motulsky, A.G., 1996. The advent of the “unpatients.” Nat Med 2, 622–624. https://doi.org/10.1038/NM0696-622, Keenan, K.F., Finnie, R.M., Simpson, W.G., McKee, L., Dean, J., Miedzybrodzka, Z., 2019. Parents’ views of genetic testing and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia in children: a qualitative study. J Community Genet 10, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12687-018-0373-5/TABLES/2 Keogh, L.A., Niven, H., Rutstein, A., Flander, L., Gaff, C., Jenkins, M., 2017. Choosing not to undergo predictive genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: expanding our understanding of decliners and declining. J Behav Med 40, 583–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10865-016-9820-0/TABLES/3 Khoury, M.J., Dotson, W.D., 2021. From genes to public health: are we ready for DNA-based population screening? Genetics in Medicine 23, 996–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-021-01141-w Khubchandani, J., Batra, K., Yockey, R.A., Webb, F.J., Banerjee, S., 2024. Health care workers’ risk behaviors and health status: Hidden realities or new paradigms? Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health 2, 100097. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLMEDI.2024.100097 Kurian, A.W., Katz, S.J., 2020. Emerging Opportunity of Cascade Genetic Testing for Population-Wide Cancer Prevention and Control. J Clin Oncol 38, 1371–1374. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00140 Kwame, A., Petrucka, P.M., 2021. A literature-based study of patient-centered care and communication in nurse-patient interactions: barriers, facilitators, and the way forward. BMC Nurs 20, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12912-021-00684-2/FIGURES/1 Laaksonen, M., Airikkala, E., Halkoaho, A., 2022. The Development of Education of Public Health Nurses for Applying Genomics in Preventive Health Care. Front Genet 13, 849232. https://doi.org/10.3389/FGENE.2022.849232/BIBTEX Leefmann, J., Schaper, M., Schicktanz, S., 2017. The Concept of “Genetic Responsibility” and Its Meanings: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Medical Sociology Literature. Frontiers in Sociology 1, 235072. https://doi.org/10.3389/FSOC.2016.00018/BIBTEX Leenen, C.H.M., Heijer, M. den, van der Meer, C., Kuipers, E.J., van Leerdam, M.E., Wagner, A., 2016. Genetic testing for Lynch syndrome: family communication and motivation. Fam Cancer 15, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-015-9842-8, Levine, R., Kahn, R.M., Perez, L., Brewer, J., Ratner, S., Li, X., Yeoshoua, E., Frey, M.K., 2024. Cascade genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes: a review of barriers and breakthroughs. Fam Cancer 23, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-024-00373-4/FIGURES/1 Little, I.D., Koehly, L.M., Gunter, C., 2022. Understanding changes in genetic literacy over time and in genetic research participants. Am J Hum Genet 109, 2141–2151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.11.005 Malterud, K., Siersma, V.D., Guassora, A.D., 2016. Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power. Qual Health Res 26, 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444, Marleen van den Heuvel, L., Stemkens, D., van Zelst-Stams, W.A.G., Willeboordse, F., Christiaans, I., 2020. How to inform at-risk relatives? Attitudes of 1379 Dutch patients, relatives, and members of the general population. J Genet Couns 29, 786–799. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1206 Mendes, Á., Paneque, M., Sequeiros, J., 2024. Disclosure of genetic risk to family members: A qualitative study on healthcare professionals’ perceived roles and responsibilities. Eur J Med Genet 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104931 Mendes, Á., Paneque, M., Sousa, L., Clarke, A., Sequeiros, J., 2016. How communication of genetic information within the family is addressed in genetic counselling: A systematic review of research evidence. European Journal of Human Genetics 24, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1038/EJHG.2015.174;SUBJMETA Menko, F.H., Aalfs, C.M., Henneman, L., Stol, Y., Wijdenes, M., Otten, E., Ploegmakers, M.M.J., Legemaate, J., Smets, E.M.A., De Wert, G.M.W.R., Tibben, A., 2013. Informing family members of individuals with Lynch syndrome: A guideline for clinical geneticists. Fam Cancer 12, 319–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-013-9636-9/TABLES/1 Metcalfe, A., Plumridge, G., Coad, J., Shanks, A., Gill, P., 2011. Parents’ and children’s communication about genetic risk: a qualitative study, learning from families’ experiences. European Journal of Human Genetics 19, 640–646. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.258 Middleton, A., Morley, K.I., Bragin, E., Firth, H. V., Hurles, M.E., Wright, C.F., Parker, M., 2016. Attitudes of nearly 7000 health professionals, genomic researchers and publics toward the return of incidental results from sequencing research. European Journal of Human Genetics 24, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/EJHG.2015.58;SUBJMETA Modell, S.M., Smith, J.A., Kardia, S.L.R., 2025. Progress and Criteria in Public Health Applications of Gene Therapy and Gene Editing: Beyond the White Paper. Public Health Genomics 28, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1159/000546850 Nazareth, S., Nussbaum, R.L., Siglen, E., Wicklund, C.A., 2021. Chatbots & artificial intelligence to scale genetic information delivery. J Genet Couns 30, 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1359, Obiebi, I.P., Moeteke, N.S., Eze, G.U., Umuago, I.J., 2020. How mindful of their own health are healthcare professionals? perception and practice of personnel in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Ghana Med J 54, 215–224. https://doi.org/10.4314/GMJ.V54I4.3 Ongaro, G., Petrocchi, S., Calvello, M., Bonanni, B., Feroce, I., Pravettoni, G., 2025. Can Family Motivation Enhance Men’s Uptake of Cascade Screening for Familial BRCA1/2 Mutations? Am J Mens Health 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883251343962 Paolini, D., Schepisi, L., 2020. The Italian Version of SCORE-15: Validation and Potential Use. Fam Process 59, 1789–1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/FAMP.12495 Phillips, A., Borry, P., Van Hoyweghen, I., Vears, D.F., 2021. Disclosure of genetic information to family members: a systematic review of normative documents. Genetics in Medicine 23, 2038–2046. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41436-021-01248-0 Prainsack, Barbara., Schicktanz, Silke., Werner-Felmayer, Gabriele., 2016. Genetic Responsibility Revisited: Moral and Cultural Implications of Genetic Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease 199–218. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315584300-15 Salardi, S., 2014. Ethical and legal implications of interventions on ‘unpatients’: therapeutic v. non-therapeutic treatments. BioLaw Journal - Rivista di BioDiritto 1, 133–133. https://doi.org/10.15168/2284-4503-13 Samuel, G.N., Dheensa, S., Farsides, B., Fenwick, A., Lucassen, A., 2017. Healthcare professionals’ and patients’ perspectives on consent to clinical genetic testing: Moving towards a more relational approach. BMC Med Ethics 18, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0207-8 Sarki, M., Ming, C., Aceti, M., Fink, G., Aissaoui, S., Bürki, N., Graffeo, R., Heinimann, K., Caiata Zufferey, M., Monnerat, C., Rabaglio, M., Zürrer-Härdi, U., Chappuis, P.O., Katapodi, M.C., 2022. Relatives from Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Lynch Syndrome Families Forgoing Genetic Testing: Findings from the Swiss CASCADE Cohort. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2022, Vol. 12, Page 1740 12, 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/JPM12101740 Schmidlen, T., Jones, C.L., Campbell-Salome, G., McCormick, C.Z., Vanenkevort, E., Sturm, A.C., 2022. Use of a chatbot to increase uptake of cascade genetic testing. J Genet Couns 31, 1219–1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1592;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION Siglen, E., Vetti, H.H., Lunde, A.B.F., Hatlebrekke, T.A., Strømsvik, N., Hamang, A., Hovland, S.T., Rettberg, J.W., Steen, V.M., Bjorvatn, C., 2022. Ask Rosa – The making of a digital genetic conversation tool, a chatbot, about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Patient Educ Couns 105, 1488–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PEC.2021.09.027 Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., Shepperd, J.A., 2010. Information Avoidance: Who, What, When, and Why. Review of General Psychology 14, 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0021288/ASSET/0DFED772-826D-4E0A-B347-40D831AE8738/ASSETS/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1037_A0021288-FIG1.JPG Varesco, L., Di Tano, F., Monducci, J., Sciallero, S., Turchetti, D., Bighin, C., Buzzatti, G., Giannubilo, I., Trevisan, L., Battistuzzi, L., 2024. Cascade genetic testing in hereditary cancer: exploring the boundaries of the Italian legal framework. Fam Cancer 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-024-00430-Y Wainstein, T., Elliott, A.M., Austin, J.C., 2023. Considerations for the use of qualitative methodologies in genetic counseling research. J Genet Couns 32, 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1644 Wiens, M.E., Wilson, B.J., Honeywell, C., Etchegary, H., 2013. A family genetic risk communication framework: Guiding tool development in genetics health services. J Community Genet 4, 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12687-012-0134-9, Wiseman, M., Dancyger, C., Michie, S., 2010. Communicating genetic risk information within families: a review. Fam Cancer 9, 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-010-9380-3 Zarei, F., Dehghani, A., Ratanasiri, A., Ghaffari, M., Raina, S.K., Halimi, A., Rakhshanderou, S., Isamel, S.A., Amiri, P., Aminafshar, A., Jarrahi, A.M., 2024. ChecKAP: A Checklist for Reporting a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 25, 2573. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2024.25.7.2573 Tables Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants Nurse participants (n=315) Non-nurse participants (n=185) p-value Variables Mean SD Mean SD Age, years 43.4 11.5 42.7 11.0 0.501 n % n % Gender* Male 58 18.5 28 15.1 0.391 Female 256 81.5 157 84.9 Marital Status Single 68 21.6 43 23.1 0.458 Married 135 42.9 89 47.8 Cohabiting 89 28.3 47 25.3 Divorced 19 6.0 6 3.2 Widowed 4 1.3 1 0.5 Children No 154 48.9 85 45.7 0.518 Yes 161 51.1 101 54.3 Highest Level of Education Middle School Diploma 2 0.6 2 1.1 0.134 High School Diploma 42 13.3 18 9.7 Bachelor's Degree 165 52.4 81 43.5 Postgraduate Specialization 82 26.0 78 41.9 Doctorate (PhD) 23 7.7 7 3.8 Healthcare Professionals - Audiometric technician 1 0.2 Biologist 11 2.2 Biomedical laboratory technician 14 2.8 Dental Hygienist 1 0.2 Dietitian 2 0.4 Healthcare assistant 28 5.6 Medical doctor 63 12.6 Midwife 13 2.6 Neuro and Psychomotor Therapist of Developmental Age 1 0.2 Neurophysiopathology technician 2 0.4 Nurse 315 62.9 Odontologist 2 0.4 Orthotic-Ophthalmologic assistant 2 0.4 Pharmacist 7 1.4 Phisiotherapist 19 3.8 Professional educator 4 0.8 Psychiatric rehabilitation technician 2 0.4 Psychologist 7 1.4 Speech therapist 3 0.6 Veterinarian 2 0.4 X-ray technician 1 0.2 Religious Orientation Believer (Practing/Non-practing) 220 69.8 117 37.1 0.116 Non-Believer/Agnostic 95 30.2 69 37.1 Current Area of Residence Northern Italy 218 69.2 163 87.6 <0.001 Central Italy 75 23.8 11 5.9 Souther Italy and Islands 20 6.3 11 5.9 Abroad 2 0.6 1 0.5 Mean SD Mean SD Family relationship (SCORE-15), score 1-5** 2.0 0.6 2.0 0.6 0.737 Genetic literacy (awareness), score 0-4*** 2.6 1.6 3.0 1.4 <0.001 Legend: SD=standard deviation HCP = Healthcare Professional, SCORE-15 = Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation scale *Two respondents who selected 'prefer not to disclose' for sex were excluded and treated as missing data ** The total score ranges from 1 (optimal family functioning) to 5 (severe family dysfunction) *** The total score ranges from 0 (no awareness of any clinical applications of genetics) to 4 (awareness of all four applications) Table 2. Comparisons of groups with different "Wanting to Know" responses among nurses Wanting to be informed about at least one condition versus none Wanting to be informed about three conditions versus one or two conditions None At least one 1 or 2 conditions All 3 conditions (n=16) (n=299) (n=72) (n=227) Characteristics of the study participants Mean SD Mean SD p-value Mean SD Mean SD p-value Age 49.8 12.2 43.0 11.3 0.022 43.6 11.7 42.8 11.2 0.608 n % n % n % n % Gender* Male 4 25.0 54 18.1 0.508 13 18.3 41 17.1 1.000 Female 12 75.0 244 81.9 58 81.7 186 81.9 Marital Status Single 4 25.0 64 21.4 0.018 12 16.7 52 22.9 0.539 Married 6 37.5 129 43.1 32 44.4 97 42.7 Cohabiting 2 12.5 87 43.1 21 29.2 66 29.1 Divorced 4 25.0 15 5.0 6 8.3 9 4.0 Widowed 0 0.0 4 1.3 1 1.4 3 1.3 Children No 7 43.8 147 49.2 0.799 32 44.4 115 50.7 0.417 Yes 9 56.3 152 50.8 40 55.6 112 49.3 Highest Level of Education Middle School Diploma 1 6.3 1 0.3 0.300 0 0.0 1 0.4 0.396 High School Diploma 3 18.8 39 13.0 10 13.9 29 12.8 Bachelor's Degree 7 43.8 158 52.8 35 48.6 123 54.2 Postgraduate Specialization 4 25.0 78 26.1 19 26.4 59 26.0 Doctorate (PhD) 1 6.3 23 7.7 8 11.1 15 6.6 Religious Orientation Believer (Practing/Non-practing) 9 56.3 211 70.6 0.265 57 79.2 154 67.8 0.075 Non-Believer/Agnostic 7 43.8 88 29.4 15 20.8 73 32.2 Current Area of Residence Northern Italy 11 68.8 207 69.2 0.990 53 73.6 154 67.8 0.310 Central Italy 4 25.0 71 23.7 12 16.7 59 26.0 Souther Italy and Islands 1 6.3 19 6.4 6 8.3 13 5.7 Abroad 0 0.0 2 0.7 1 1.4 1 0.4 Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Genetic literacy (awareness), score 1-5** 1.8 1.6 2.6 1.6 0.057 2.8 1.5 2.6 1.7 0.385 Family relationship (SCORE-15), score 0-4*** 2.0 0.5 2.0 0.6 0.959 2.1 0.6 2.0 0.6 0.197 Legend: SD: standard deviation; SCORE-15 = Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation scale *One respondent who selected 'prefer not to disclose' for sex were excluded and treated as missing data ** The total score ranges from 1 (optimal family functioning) to 5 (severe family dysfunction) *** The total score ranges from 0 (no awareness of any clinical applications of genetics) to 4 (awareness of all four applications) Table 3. Motivations underlying nurse participants’ desire to know by scenario Scenario Themes Reported Sentences Cystic Fibrosis Riproductive pianification Trasmission prevention Informed choices “For reproductive risks linked to cystic fibrosis” “For family planning and if possible check-ups and monitoring." “T o avoid procreating if positive." “To make informed choices when my partner is also a carrier, and thus avoid the risk of giving birth to a child who has the disease” Hereditary Cancer Early diagnosis Personalized screening Lifestyle changes “To make prevention if possible." "For family planning and preventive checkups." "To implement preventive screening." “To adopt even better lifestyles." "To be able to choose whether or not to take the test and make informed choices." Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Psychological preparation Plan for the future Avoiding burden familiar " To prepare myself psychologically should it happen to me." “To plan my future and be prepared for the possible onset of the disease and its long-term management." “In order not to have a surprise effect at the first signs of the pathology, to act on prevention by correcting or changing some behaviors.” “To update my children and their family planning." Table 4. Preferences for the source, situation, and method of receiving genetic risk information among nurse participants (N=315) Items n % Item 13. In your opinion, who has the moral responsibility to inform you? All (self, relatives, healthcare professionals) 75 25.1 Only self 3 1.0 Only relatives 20 6.7 Only healthcare professionals 49 16.4 Both relatives and healthcare professionals 117 39.1 Both self and relatives 11 3.7 Both self and healthcare professionals 21 7.0 No one/Not known 3 1.0 Item 15 – Preferred family member to receive the information from*: A family member who has already taken the genetic test 116 54.0 A family member with whom I have a close relationship 33 15.3 A family member I am in regular contact with 8 3.7 No particular preference 58 27.0 Item 18 – Preferred situation to be contacted and informed by a healthcare professional**: Always, regardless of my family's preference 180 69.2 If my family wants to inform me but has difficulty doing so, so they seek help from a healthcare professional 73 28.1 If my family does not want to inform me 7 2.7 Item 16 – Preferred method of receiving information from a family member***: Message (e.g. WhatsApp) 1 0.5 Email 1 0.5 Letter 2 0.9 Phone call 5 2.3 Video call 0 0.0 In person 204 95.8 Item 20 – Preferred method of receiving information from a healthcare professional****: Message (e.g. WhatsApp) 1 0.4 Email 11 4.5 Letter 0 0.0 Phone call 11 4.5 Video call 1 0.4 In person 221 90.2 * Only respondents who were open to be informed by family members were asked to give this preference (n=215). ** Only respondents who were open to be informed by a healthcare professional were asked to give this preference (n=260) *** Data missing for 2 participants **** Data missing for 15 participants Table 5. Binary logistic regression analyses on perceived moral responsibility* Self (n=298) Relatives (n=298) Professionals (n=298) Predictors OR [95% CI] p-value OR [95% CI] p-value OR [95% CI] p-value Age 1.04 [1.02 – 1.07] 0.002 0.98 [0.96 – 1.01] 0.170 1.04 [1.00 –1.08] 0.031 Gender 1.43 [0.74 – 2.76] 0.283 2.37 [1.27 – 4.45] 0.007 0.52 [0.17 – 1.54] 0.237 Knowledge 1.21 [1.04 – 1.42] 0.017 1.11 [0.95 – 1.31] 0.188 0.93 [0.74 – 1.17] 0.532 Having children 0.59 [0.34 – 1.03] 0.061 1.51 [0.84 – 2.73] 0.169 0.93 [0.41 – 2.08] 0.850 Note. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval. Self = 'I have the moral responsibility'; Relatives = 'My family members have the moral responsibility'; Professionals = 'Healthcare professionals have the moral responsibility'. Gender is coded as 0 = male (reference), 1 = female. Having children is coded as 0 = no (reference), 1 = yes; Knowing all conditions is coded as 0 = Knowing one or two conditions (reference), 1 = Knowing all three conditions. *Moral responsibility was assessed using Item 13 of the questionnaire. Table 6 Preferences for communication among nurse participants (N=315) Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree Items n (%) n(%) n(%) n(%) n(%) (a) Preferences for communication from the perspective of a person who could receive the information Item 14 I would prefer to be informed by a family member 9 (3.0) 16 (5.4) 59 (19.7) 109(36.5) 106 (35.5) Item 17 I would prefer to be contacted and informed by a healthcare professional 3 (1.0) 4 (1.3) 32 (10.7) 93 (31.1) 167 (55.9) Item 21 I would prefer to be informed by a family member with whom I have no contact rather than not being informed at all 20 (6.7) 16 (5.4) 48 (16.1) 81 (27.1) 134 (44.8) Item 22 I would prefer to be informed by a doctor/healthcare professional rather than not being informed at all 0 (0.0) 1 (0.3) 8 (2.7) 90 (30.1) 200(66.9) Item 23 I would prefer to be informed by a doctor/healthcare professional rather than by a family member with whom I have no contact 3 (1.0) 10 (3.3) 58 (19.4) 86 (28.8) 142 (47.5) Item 24 I would prefer to be informed first by a family member with whom I have a close relationship 13 (4.3) 19 (6.4) 98 (32.8) 93(31.1) 76(25.4) (b) Preferences for communication from the perspective of the informant Item 27 If I was the first person in my family be diagnosed with a hereditary disease, I would personally inform my family members 2 (0.7) 7 (2.3) 18 (6.0) 92 (30.8) 180 (60.2) Item 28 If I were the first person in my family to be diagnosed with a hereditary disease, I would want healthcare professionals to inform my family members 18 (6.1) 36 (12.2) 98 (33.2) 84 (28.5) 59 (20.0) Item 29 If I were the first person in my family to be diagnosed with a hereditary disease, I would inform my family members with the help of health professionals 0 (0.0) 8 (2.7) 40 (13.6) 113 (38.3) 134 (45.4) Table 7. Comparison of survey's main results between nurses and lay public Nurses (N=315) Lay public# (N=609) Characteristics of the study participants Mean SD Mean SD p-value Age 43.4 11.5 39.8 14.8 <0.001 Gender* n % n % Male 58 18.5 181 29.7 <0.001 Female 256 81.5 417 68.5 Results n % n % Genetic literacy (awareness), score 0-4** 2.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 <0.001 Determining the risk or probability of developing a specific disease No 77 24.4 250 41.1 <0.001 Yes 238 75.6 359 58.9 Family relationship (SCORE-15), score 1-5*** Mean SD Mean SD 2.0 0.6 2.0 0.6 1.000 Wanting to be informed about at least one condition versus none n % n % None 16 5.1 44 7.2 0.260 At least one 299 94.9 565 92.8 Wanting to undergo genetic testing (if wanting to know at least one condition)**** No 20 2.2 68 4.4 0.005 Yes 877 97.8 1461 95.6 Wanting to be informed about three conditions versus one or two conditions One or two conditions 72 24.0 124 21.9 0.500 All three conditions 227 75.9 441 78.1 Wanting to be informed about specific conditions***** Cystic Fibrosis 39 29.8 52 25.2 0.631 Hereditary Cancer 66 50.4 113 54.4 Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease 26 19.8 42 20.4 Legend: SD: standard deviation; SCORE-15 = Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation scale # reference blinded for review * The total score ranges from 1 (optimal family functioning) to 5 (severe family dysfunction) ** The total score ranges from 0 (no awareness of any clinical applications of genetics) to 4 (awareness of all four applications) *** Eleven respondents from lay population and two respondents from nurses who selected 'prefer not to disclose' for sex were excluded and treated as missing data. **** Numbers refer to the total number of responses across scenarios, not to the number of individual participants. Each participant contributed up to three responses (one per scenario). ***** Numbers refer to the total responses across scenarios (n=131 for nurses and n=206 for lay respondents), not to the number of individual participants, as each participant could contribute more than one response Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryFilesPhd2Nurse.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 14 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 12 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 09 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8558578","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":573399890,"identity":"deeafa47-2cc6-468e-adf7-bd4a5e04261f","order_by":0,"name":"Lea Godino","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lea","middleName":"","lastName":"Godino","suffix":""},{"id":573399891,"identity":"dbd6bda2-c04d-453d-8e7c-04bd8d56bce5","order_by":1,"name":"Linda Battistuzzi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Medical Oncology Unit 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Linda","middleName":"","lastName":"Battistuzzi","suffix":""},{"id":573399892,"identity":"ad361f92-afae-49ab-be2f-55aee1a675ac","order_by":2,"name":"Daniela Turchetti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniela","middleName":"","lastName":"Turchetti","suffix":""},{"id":573399893,"identity":"2503fffa-cf49-423e-866e-95216ae446da","order_by":3,"name":"Liliana Varesco","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liliana","middleName":"","lastName":"Varesco","suffix":""},{"id":573399894,"identity":"302f37e5-48a2-4503-a9ec-060e2042fd87","order_by":4,"name":"Vanessa Gentili","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vanessa","middleName":"","lastName":"Gentili","suffix":""},{"id":573399895,"identity":"189c51ce-f134-4c46-8c9c-0701af84b5d4","order_by":5,"name":"Paolo Chiari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paolo","middleName":"","lastName":"Chiari","suffix":""},{"id":573399896,"identity":"f92ae10f-03cf-45a5-93f2-568c208377c1","order_by":6,"name":"alvisa palese","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medicine, University of Udine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"alvisa","middleName":"","lastName":"palese","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-09 08:24:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8558578/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8558578/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100202510,"identity":"5b102a1e-9337-4ddf-abb2-789245d7d4f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":496731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptPhd2NurseJan26.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/e8dfa0bbb3780b27fe5338b2.docx"},{"id":100202508,"identity":"6340eb1b-f0c4-439f-a52a-57e28965b394","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130835,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure1HCPsNURSES.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/d87d514344821b564e9de42b.pdf"},{"id":100369801,"identity":"ccc47898-43ea-4689-81ca-a05eba87112f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:29","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table1Phd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/62c65e10ffb71b221e2f9d87.docx"},{"id":100369781,"identity":"ee206be6-bd9e-410d-aaa2-0e2bc7a17d59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:26","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table2Phd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/5ce15e81bb056b77db215ad5.docx"},{"id":100370136,"identity":"71b598f2-5b14-4824-bc17-35d02da9d3f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 08:00:07","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table3Phd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/80f54b7340ad2549f3dd1117.docx"},{"id":100202511,"identity":"78c32523-6369-4a13-856d-05453e6a08dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table4Phd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/10809882afb152704fc0ad86.docx"},{"id":100369228,"identity":"f3ade5ad-0900-491b-aa51-7aa457aa407a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:50","extension":"docx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14859,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table5Phd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/22f3fc868c315e2110be0863.docx"},{"id":100202512,"identity":"7ac1c695-b7df-4666-ae27-f99755577a26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16033,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table6Phd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/eab077df27542a9187f712af.docx"},{"id":100202516,"identity":"a5be8e79-b3fa-4ba5-99ec-38826f40763f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"docx","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table7Phd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/a0e400f2a23457cf8eb631b2.docx"},{"id":100202514,"identity":"cf66d798-17bc-43a5-9d2e-8cc85dd89b69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"json","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d9266f92b7414e28994ab40ca484b260.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/c3dd4dfd87bf207d58959ebf.json"},{"id":100202518,"identity":"35bad485-4cde-4893-a27b-a4f266fab05a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"docx","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":92794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFilesPhd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/3241eb9dceb45a213e7687ba.docx"},{"id":100202520,"identity":"8b277c1b-30f6-483d-890b-681bdb71efba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"xml","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":274753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d9266f92b7414e28994ab40ca484b2601enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/f73646040f743a826067e6a4.xml"},{"id":100369719,"identity":"d2a71937-4bb0-48aa-9a5b-505bfc099df2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130835,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure1HCPsNURSES.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/b31666033987619cd16e1035.pdf"},{"id":100369163,"identity":"f6a75cfc-fc2f-42b2-8569-ec83f02bb44a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:44","extension":"xml","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":272268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d9266f92b7414e28994ab40ca484b2601structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/54965861d827488430487306.xml"},{"id":100202522,"identity":"5c92804a-f6e6-4129-99e3-1294f3a4eb3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"html","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":290591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/bfefe8990e6226cefeb92630.html"},{"id":100202506,"identity":"02ba0614-5ba4-417a-8dda-c13171aca679","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 05:29:05","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":296373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/c9184107434775c7ab576d42.jpg"},{"id":100406456,"identity":"2accbf46-341e-48c5-9c92-682b5d8b00ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:02:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2847888,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/45c04573-d42a-4424-81de-53254e05b0fe.pdf"},{"id":100370739,"identity":"bd43eba1-fdf9-49da-98a5-880dc5dec14b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 08:07:37","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":92794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFilesPhd2Nurse.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8558578/v1/9bacb0b82ecef10d0f8d4570.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Learning about the genetic risk in my family: preferences of Italian nurses","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION ","content":"\u003cp\u003eGenetic testing allows the detection of inherited disorders and, for certain conditions, enables targeted prevention strategies. Identification of a pathogenic variant in a proband also facilitates cascade genetic testing, whereby testing is offered to biological relatives, so they, in turn, may benefit from preventive and/or curative interventions. In clinical practice, the importance of cascade genetic testing is emphasized during genetic counseling, and probands are encouraged to inform relatives of potential genetic risks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to differences in healthcare systems, funding models, cultural attitudes, and legal frameworks, international approaches to cascade testing vary. In countries with universal healthcare, such as Italy, cascade testing is generally publicly funded, while in private insurance-based systems, such as the United States (US), coverage is inconsistent (Caswell-Jin et al., 2019; Costanzo et al., 2025; Kurian and Katz, 2020; Ongaro et al., 2025). Some countries have well-established national protocols for specific conditions, while in others, cascade testing is offered less systematically, depending on individual clinicians or regional resources (Chiang et al., 2024). In most jurisdictions, privacy laws locate sole responsibility for disclosing genetic risk information to at-risk relatives with the proband, but in some, healthcare professionals (HCPs) are allowed to directly contact probands\u0026rsquo; at-risk family members (Dheensa et al., 2016; Ehrencrona et al., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactors such as family cohesion and genetic literacy further shape intra-familial communication of genetic risk. Families characterized by stronger cohesion are generally more open to discussions and more supportive of cascade communication, whereas weaker cohesion has been associated with incomplete or selective disclosure (Forrest et al., 2003; Wiseman et al., 2010). Likewise, higher levels of genetic literacy\u0026mdash;defined as a multidimensional construct encompassing awareness, skills, and knowledge\u0026mdash;can enhance individuals\u0026rsquo; confidence in engaging relatives with genetic information.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its clinical utility, cascade testing remains underutilized, with uptake documented below 50%.\u003cs\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/s\u003elargely due to reliance on proband-mediated disclosure and challenges in intra-familial communication (Afaya et al., 2024; Godino et al., 2021; Levine et al., 2024). These limitations have sparked a debate on whether responsibility for disclosure should rest with probands alone or be shared with HCPs (Samuel et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, research on the disclosure and communication of genetic risk information within families has mostly examined the views of patients (Frey et al., 2022) or the general public (Godino et al., 2025b). Far less is known about the personal preferences of HCPs, although their views toward receiving and communicating personal genetic risk information may influence both their own health-related decisions and the extent to which they encourage patients to engage with genetic testing (Frank et al., 2013; Khubchandani et al., 2024). Specifically, to our best knowledge, no similar studies have been conducted among nurses, despite \u0026nbsp;their central educational role towards patients and family members (Kwame and Petrucka, 2021), including in the context of genetics (Dante et al., 2025; Godino et al., 2025a, 2024; Laaksonen et al., 2022). Furthermore, no studies have investigated nurses\u0026rsquo; \u0026nbsp;wish to be informed about familial genetic risks, how they would prefer this information to be communicated, and how such preferences might be influenced by their genetic literacy, specifically in its awareness dimension, nor their views on moral responsibility for cascade communication. This study attempts to fill in these gaps in the nursing literature, especially considering the growing relevance of genetic diseases and the importance of their early identification in improving prevention and health outcomes (Khoury and Dotson, 2021; Modell et al., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to (a) explore Italian nurses\u0026rsquo; preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, with attention to their genetic literacy and views on responsibility, and (b) compare these perspectives with those of Italian laypeople.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, genetic literacy was examined in its awareness dimension, referring to the recognition of the clinical relevance and applications of genetics in healthcare and its implications for family communication (Hurle et al., 2013; Little et al., 2022), and responsibility, particularly moral responsibility, was conceptualized as an awareness of the consequences of genetic knowledge and the moral agency to act upon it (Leefmann et al., 2017; Prainsack et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is part of a broader research project that investigated the attitudes of the Italian population about the communication of genetic risk information (\u003cem\u003ereference blinded for review\u003c/em\u003e) using a cross-sectional online survey design. Specifically, a nested analysis focusing on a subgroup of survey participants following the Checklist for Reporting Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Studies (ChecKAP) (Zarei et al., 2024) (Supplementary Material: File S1) was performed between late 2024 and early 2025. Although the Reflexive Thematic Analysis Reporting Guidelines (Braun and Clarke, 2024) is specifically designed for purely qualitative studies, we reviewed its recommendations and incorporated relevant elements to ensure transparency and rigor in performing and reporting the qualitative component of this nested study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSetting and Sample\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants for the online survey were recruited through multiple digital channels, including Facebook\u0026copy; (personal pages and interest groups), Instagram\u0026copy;, LinkedIn\u0026copy;, and the personal mailing lists of the authors and their professional networks at the national level. The advertisement posts briefly described the study as an investigation into public views on the communication of genetic risk information and included a direct link to the anonymous questionnaire, which was hosted on the Microsoft Forms platform. The survey was open from November 24, 2024, to February 7, 2025. There were eligible citizens satisfying the following inclusion criteria: (1) being at least 18 years old, (2) having no personal or family history of hereditary disease, and (3) being able to provide informed consent. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring data collection, a considerable number of respondents self-identified as HCPs. Although the survey was not originally intended to target this population, the absence of existing evidence and the potential relevance of HCPs\u0026rsquo; preferences with regard to their influence on patients and their families (Frank et al., 2013; Khubchandani et al., 2024), prompted us to conduct a dedicated analysis. Specifically, although nurses were not the intended target population, their unexpectedly high participation provided a unique opportunity to explore their personal, rather than professional, preferences on intra-familial genetic risk communication, and to compare them with those of Italian laypeople (\u003cem\u003ereference blinded for review\u003c/em\u003e). As this was an unplanned sub-analysis, no \u003cem\u003ea priori\u003c/em\u003e sample size calculation was performed; the final sample size corresponded to the number of HCPs respondents who met the inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection instrument\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe online survey was developed based on a systematic review of the literature, which revealed the absence of previously validated instruments addressing the study focus (Godino et al., 2025b). Consequently, survey items were developed to reflect key domains repeatedly highlighted in the literature as central to the communication of genetic risk information, including genetics literacy (awareness dimension), personal and family experiences, moral responsibilities, communication preferences, and potential psychological implications.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe instrument was structured into eight main sections covering: (1) genetic literacy (awareness dimension), (2) personal and family experiences with genetics, (3) perceived moral responsibilities, (4) communication and disclosure preferences, (5) family functioning, (6) potential psychological implications, (7) attitudes toward being informed of genetic risk, and (8) socio-demographic information. A conditional logic structure was implemented to tailor the flow of questions according to participants\u0026rsquo; previous responses. The questionnaire is available in Supplementary Material (File S2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe genetic literacy (awareness dimension) section included four items assessing participants\u0026rsquo; awareness of both more recent (determining how a disease should be managed following diagnosis; determining which medication may or may not be effective for an individual) and more established applications of genetics (determining the risk or probability of developing a specific disease; determining the probability of transmitting a hereditary disease to offspring).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause family functioning has also been identified as a key factor shaping intra-familial communication of genetic risk (Forrest et al., 2003; Wiseman et al., 2010), it was assessed through the Italian adaptation of the SCORE-15 (Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation) scale (Paolini and Schepisi, 2020). The validated 15-item self-report tool covers strengths/adaptability, emotional strain, and intra-family communication (\u0026alpha;=0.80), with lower total scores indicating healthier family dynamics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of the survey, participants were presented with three hypothetical scenarios (regarding pathogenic variants associated with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, early-onset Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease, or Cystic Fibrosis identified in a second-degree relative) and asked whether they would want to be informed of the risk (25% in each scenario) of having inherited the variant\u003cs\u003e.\u003c/s\u003e Participants who indicated a preference not to be informed of a genetic risk in the family for all three scenarios were given the opportunity to elaborate on the reasons for their choice in an open-ended question. Finally, participants had the option to provide further remarks at the end of the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA preliminary pilot phase was carried out to evaluate clarity and comprehensibility, resulting in adjustments before large-scale dissemination (\u003cem\u003ereference blinded for review\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall study was conducted within a pragmatic paradigm, which emphasizes the use of methods best suited to address the research questions and generate findings of practical relevance. This nested study reflected the overall study: according to its aims, data on nurses were focused and compared with (a) lay public to highlight similarities and differences in genetic literacy, responsibility, and communication preferences and (b) with other HCPs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClose-ended items were analysed using IBM SPSS (Version 28). Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, ranges, and frequencies, were calculated to summarize participants\u0026apos; demographics, family cohesion, and genetic literacy. Independent samples t-tests were conducted to compare genetic literacy scores between nurses and other HCPs and nurses and laypublic. Chi-square tests were utilized to compare preferences for communication sources and information disclosure scenarios among participants. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between genetic literacy and participants\u0026rsquo; age and educational level. To evaluate associations between moral responsibility beliefs and participant characteristics (age, gender, parental status, genetic literacy), binary logistic regression models were employed. Two-tailed p-values \u0026lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen-ended responses were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke\u0026rsquo;s six-phase framework (Braun and Clarke, 2019). This approach was selected because it aligns with the exploratory aims of the study and acknowledges the active role of the researchers in generating themes, rather than relying on a predetermined codebook. Initially, researchers familiarized themselves with the open-ended responses by repeatedly reading the data. The analysis proceeded inductively, with codes generated through constant comparison. During the coding stage, segments of text were systematically reviewed, interpreted, and organized into emerging categories. Subsequent steps involved clustering these codes into broader themes, refining them to eliminate redundancy, and examining their coherence within the entire dataset. Themes were then clearly named and described to capture their conceptual meaning, and the final stage integrated them into an overall interpretive account.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough reflexive thematic analysis does not require formal inter-coder reliability, two researchers (LG and VG) independently coded the data and engaged in iterative discussions to compare and refine interpretations. Divergences were openly debated and resolved with input from a third researcher (LB), enhancing both analytical depth and credibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe adequacy of the qualitative dataset was evaluated using the concept of information power (Malterud et al., 2016), considering the specificity of the participant group, the narrow study aim, and the relevance of the open-ended responses to the research question. While traditional notions of data saturation are less applicable to reflexive thematic analysis, the information power of the dataset was deemed sufficient to generate meaningful insights (Malterud et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn presenting the results, representative quotations were used to exemplify each theme. To aid contextualization, excerpts were accompanied by participants\u0026rsquo; identifiers, gender, age, and genetic literacy (awareness dimension) score.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReflexivity and positionality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn line with recommendations for transparency in qualitative research (Jacobson and Mustafa, 2019; Wainstein et al., 2023), the research team engaged in reflexive practices throughout the study. The authors\u0026rsquo; positionalities (nursing, genetic counselling, bioethics, clinical genetics, and qualitative methodology) shaped the design, conduct, and interpretation of the research. The first author is a genetic nurse and registered genetic counsellor; the team also included senior academics, experienced clinicians, and a master\u0026rsquo;s student trained and supervised during analysis. While anonymity of the online questionnaire reduced direct power imbalances, reflexive discussions were held to consider how the researchers\u0026rsquo; professional and personal perspectives influenced the study process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna, Italy, on September 30, 2024, with formal authorization issued on October 11, 2024 (approval number 0313516).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to (a) explore Italian nurses\u0026rsquo; (Table 1) preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, with attention to their genetic literacy and views on responsibility (Tables 2-6), and (b) compare these perspectives with those of Italian laypeople (Table 7). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants profile, family cohesion and genetic testing \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagram of survey participants is shown in Figure 1. Of the 1335 individuals who accessed the survey, 1302 provided consent and completed it. After excluding 192 respondents with a personal or family history of hereditary conditions and 609 lay individuals, the final sample included 501 HCPs (Table 1). Overall, the sample had a mean age of 43.1\u0026plusmn;11.3 years (range: 21\u0026ndash;67), with a majority being female (82.4%) and nurses (62.9%). Specifically, nurses (n = 315) were mostly women, middle-aged, married, with children and held at least a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree; and self-reported as believers (Table 1) with no statistically significant differences compared to other HCPs. Nurses perceived family cohesion, as assessed via the SCORE-15, averaged 2.0\u0026plusmn;0.6 (range: 1\u0026ndash;4), suggesting moderate relational functioning, with some perceived difficulties in adaptability, communication, or emotional strain within the family context; however, no differences with other HCPs have emerged (2.0\u0026plusmn;0.6; p=0.737; Table 1), and the same mean value was observed in the lay public (2.0\u0026plusmn;0.6; p=1.000). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNurse participants\u0026rsquo; genetic literacy (awareness dimension) was moderate overall (2.5\u0026plusmn;1.6, range 0\u0026ndash;4), significant lower to that perceived by other HCPs (Table 1), and significantly higher compared with the lay public (mean=1.9\u0026plusmn;1.7, p\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecifically, 149 of 315 nurses (47.2%) scored 4, 74 (23.4%) scored 0, and the remainder were distributed across intermediate scores (score1: 3, 1.0%; score2: 45, 14.4%; score3: 44, 14.0%). Answers to four items assessing awareness of genetic testing applications as reported by nurses and non-nurses\u0026rsquo; participants are detailed in the Supplementary Material (Table S1). Of note, participants\u0026rsquo; awareness of more recent applications was lower than that of more established uses (52%/54.3% vs. 74.6%/75.6%) (p=??). Separate regression models showed that neither age (B = 0.001, SE = 0.008, \u0026beta; = .005, p = 0.934) nor educational attainment (B = 0.076, SE = 0.113, \u0026beta; = .038, p = 0.505) were associated with nurses\u0026rsquo; genetic literacy scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to Know One\u0026rsquo;s Genetic Risk and have Genetic Testing \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 315 nurse participants, 299 (94.9%) wished to be informed about at least one condition, while 16 (5.1%) preferred not to receive any information. Among those open to information, 227 (75.9%) wanted to be informed in all three scenarios, and 72 (24.1%) selected one or two, most frequently Hereditary Cancer (HC, 50.4%), followed by Cystic Fibrosis (CF, 29.8%) and early-onset Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease (early-onset AD, 19.8%). Detailed choice combinations are shown in Figure 1, and display highly fragmented responses. Therefore, answers were amalgamated into two groups: (1) Wanting to be informed about one or two conditions and (2) Wanting to be informed about the three conditions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNurses who wished to be informed about at least one condition were significantly younger (43.0\u0026plusmn;11.3 vs. 49.8\u0026plusmn;12.2; p=0.022) and showed higher scores in genetic literacy (awareness dimension), although not statistically significant (2.6\u0026plusmn;1.6 vs. 1.8\u0026plusmn;1.6; p=0.057) (Table 2); these differences were not observed in other HCPs as a group (Supplementary Material Table S2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, a high proportion of lay public participants expressed the desire to be informed (92.8%), with no significant difference compared to nurses (p=0.260). However, nurses were slightly less likely than lay participants to want information across all three scenarios (75.9% vs 78.0%; p=0.500). Among those choosing to be informed about one or two conditions, the proportion opting to learn about early-onset Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease was almost identical in the two groups (19.8% vs 20.4%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen-ended responses (Why would you want to know?) offered insights into the drivers of participants\u0026rsquo; decisions. Motivations varied by scenario: reproductive responsibility (CF), prevention (HC), and life planning and emotional preparedness (early-onset AD) (Table 3). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, at least 96.4% of nurses who wished to be informed about a genetic risk in the family also indicated willingness to undergo genetic testing, compared with 94.2% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S3) and 95.6% of lay participants, with a significant difference only between nurses and lay respondents (p = 0.005).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily cohesion was not significantly associated with the willingness to be informed or to undergo genetic testing (all p\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhose is the moral responsibility? \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the moral responsibility of informing individuals about a genetic risk within the family, 117 of 299 (39.1%) stated that family members and HCPs share this responsibility, and 75 of 299 (25.1%) believed that it rests with everyone involved, namely themselves, family members, and HCPs. Other preferences were indicated by small numbers of respondents (e.g., only HCPs n=49, 16.4%; only family members n=20, 6.7%) (Table 4 and Table S4). Among other HCPs, 43.2% also believed that relatives and professionals share this moral duty, 27.9% attributed it only to professionals, and 9.0% only to relatives (Table S4). These distributions were broadly consistent with those observed among the lay population, who also tended to view moral responsibility as shared rather than individual, though with a slightly greater emphasis on professional responsibility (35.0%, 11.3%, and 8.0%, respectively). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the association between moral responsibility of informing and various nurse participant characteristics (age, gender, parental status, genetic literacy) was evaluated using binary logistic regression models (Table 5), age was positively associated with agreement with the belief that informing is one\u0026rsquo;s own responsibility (p= 0.002) and female gender was positively associated with the belief that it is the responsibility of relatives (p= 0.007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo significant association emerged between family cohesion and perceived moral responsibility (all p\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreferences \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eabout genetic risk communication from the \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erecipient\u0026rsquo;s perspective \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong nurse participants who wished to be informed (n=299), 109 (36.5%) agreed and 106 (35.5%) strongly agreed that they would prefer to be informed by a family member (Item 14, Table 6). Comparable proportions were observed among other HCPs (36.2% agreed and 35.0% strongly agreed) (Supplementary Material Table S5) and lay respondents (35.9% agreed and 36.8% strongly agreed; p=0.740).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 215 nurses open to this option, 116 (54.0%) preferred a relative who had undergone genetic testing, 58 (27.0%) had no preference, and 41 (19.1%) preferred a relative who was emotionally close or with whom contact was regular (Item 15, Table 4; Supplementary Material Table S4 for other HCPs). Similarly, among lay participants, 54.4% preferred to be informed by the tested relative, 26.9% had no preference, and 18.7% chose an emotionally close relative. Most nurses (204 of 213, 95.8%) favored an in-person conversation (Item 16, Table 4), a preference also reported by 89.5% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S4) and by 90.0% of lay participants (p=0.105).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding more specific scenarios, 215 of 299 (71.9%) agreed with being informed by a family member they had no contact with rather than not being informed at all (Item 21, Table 6), a proportion lower than other HCPs (83.0%) and in line with lay respondents (73.1%; p=0.085). Likewise, 169 of 299 (56.5%) agreed that first information should come from someone emotionally close (Item 24, Table 6), a proportion higher than other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S5) and comparable to the lay group (59.2%; p=0.740).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen asked about being informed by HCPs (Item 17, Table 6), 167 of 299 (55.9%) strongly agreed and 93 of 299 (31.1%) agreed, closely matching the other HCPs as a group (48.6% strongly agreed and 35.6% agreed; Supplementary Material Table S5) and the lay population (46.5% strongly agreed and 38.1% agreed; p=0.550). Among the 260 nurses open to this option, 180 (69.2%) always preferred a professional, 73 (28.1%) only if relatives were uncomfortable informing them, and 7 (2.7%) only if relatives refused (Item 18, Table 4). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, 228 of 299 (76.3%) nurses preferred being informed by a medical geneticist and, among these, 168 (73.7%) preferred being informed at the same genetics service their relative had attended (Item19, Supplementary Material Table S6). Also, 245 participants expressed their preference about the mode of information (Item 20): 221 of 245 (90.2%) preferred an in-person consultation (Table 4), a preference also reported by 87.1% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S4) and by 81.2% of lay participants (p=0.014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA combined variable based on Items 14 and 17 showed that, among participants wanting to know at least one condition who expressed a clear preference between family members and HCPs as a source of information (168 of 299, 56.2%), 122 (72.6%) preferred family members and 46 (27.4%) preferred HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S7). Comparable distributions were observed among other HCPs (66.1% vs 33.9%) and among lay participants (61.2% vs 38.8%), although the difference between nurses and lay participants was statistically significant (p=0.014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding specific scenarios, 290 of 299 (97.0%) preferred professional disclosure over not being informed at all (Item 22, Table 6), comparable to 95.8% among lay respondents (p=0.085). Similarly, 228 of 299 nurses (76.3%) agreed that they would prefer an HCP over a relative with no contact (Item 23, Table 6), closely aligned with lay respondents (70.3%; p=0.440).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo significant associations were found between family cohesion and any of these communication preferences (all p\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreferences about genetic risk communication from the informant\u0026rsquo;s perspective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen participants were asked to indicate which family members should be informed (Item 26), 171 of 299 (57.2%) nurses stated all relatives, including those with whom participants had no regular contact, 88 of 299 (29.4%) only first-degree relatives, 36 of 299 (12.0%) only those they regularly interact with and 4 of 299 (1.3%) reported none. Most nurse participants (272 of 299, 91.0%) agreed they would personally inform family members (Item 27), a proportion similar to that observed among other HCPs (92.7%; Supplementary Material Table S5) and lay respondents (90.2%; p=0.660). Conversely, 143 of 299 nurses (47.8%) agreed having HCPs take on this role (Item 28) (Table 6), compared with 51.4% of other HCPs (Supplementary Material Table S5) and 45.3% of lay participants (p=0.260).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA combined variable based on Items 27 and 28 showed that, among the 216 of 299 (72.2%) nurses who expressed a clear ranking, 187 (86.6%) preferred to inform relatives personally, while 29 (13.4%) preferred professional disclosure (Supplementary Material Table S8). Comparable proportions emerged among other HCPs (87.4% preferred to inform relatives personally and 12.6% preferred that professionals disclose the information) and lay respondents (85.4% preferred to inform relatives personally and 14.6% preferred that professionals disclose the information). Most nurse participants (247 of 299, 83.7%) agreed about preferring informing relatives with professional support (Item 29) (Table 6), a proportion comparable with other HCPs as a group (85.4%) and the lay population (80.2%, p=0.540).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily cohesion was not significantly associated with the preferred mode or source of disclosure (p\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreferring not to receive information about a genetic risk in the family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 16 nurse participants who preferred not to receive any information, several reasons emerged from the open-ended response. These reasons clustered around three major thematic categories: 1) Worry about anxiety and emotional distress in oneself; 2) Protection against psychological harm; 3) Uncertainty and scepticism about preventive medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome participants were concerned about the potential emotional burden associated with knowing one\u0026rsquo;s genetic risk. They feared that such knowledge could trigger panic or anxiety for themselves:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eIt would affect me, I would be\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003every worried. It could interfere with my peace of mind and my life.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; (ID 178, Female, 43y, Genetic literacy score: 3, Nurse)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eBecause the seriousness of the disease would make me too anxious in my daily life.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; (ID 341, Male, 26y, Genetic literacy score: 4, Nurse)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers consciously preferred to focus on the present and avoid potentially distressing information. This protective stance was often framed as a strategy to maintain serenity and mental well-being:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI want to live in the present without worrying about the future.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; (ID 79, Female, 56y, Genetic literacy score: 4, Nurse)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eIf the risk isn\u0026rsquo;t high, I\u0026rsquo;d rather not have too many worries.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; (ID 809, Female, 43y, Genetic literacy score: 2, Nurse)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, some participants expressed distrust in the medicalization of risk and questioned the utility of predictive testing. Their comments often conveyed a sense of scepticism:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI follow other schools of scientific thought that are just as valid\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (ID 548, Female, 60y, Genetic literacy score: 0, Nurse)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u0026apos; profile, genetic literacy, and genetic testing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the genetic literacy (awareness dimension), preferences, perceived moral responsibility and views of Italian nurses who answered a survey on intrafamilial communication of genetic risk information and compared them with those of the lay public. This study also provides a broad comparison of \u0026nbsp;nurses\u0026rsquo; \u0026nbsp;perspectives with those of other HCPs, given that the group of non-nurse HCPs was extremely diverse in its composition.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe socio-demographic features of the nurses who participated in the survey are consistent with those of Italian nurses generally, as described in national reports, with the exception of age and geographic location. Indeed, our participants were slightly younger than the national mean, which may be explained by a selection bias associated with the fact that the survey was disseminated online, and mostly from the north and center of Italy. \u0026nbsp; Nurses reported modest genetic literacy (mean 2.5/4), which was not associated with age or level of education. Their genetic literacy was significantly lower than that reported by \u0026nbsp;by other HCPs. In addition, , there was a significant difference between nurses\u0026rsquo; awareness of established applications of genetic testing and uses associated with precision medicine, suggesting that literacy is most lacking regarding more recent applications of genetic testing in clinical practice. The fact that almost 20% of the nurses scored 0 also deserves attention, as it appears to contrast with the results of earlier studies on Italian nurses, which suggested adequate understanding of basic genetic concepts (Godino et al., 2013) (Godino et al, submitted). The apparent contradiction may be explained by the focus of our instrument: while the prior surveys assessed knowledge of fundamental concepts, the items in this questionnaire targeted awareness of clinical applications. Perhaps not surprisingly, around 8% of the nurses in Godino et al. (Godino et al., 2013) reported that they were very confident when applying genetics in daily practice, while most described themselves as minimally (44.9% vs. 42.8%) or little confident (26.8% vs. 33.9%), and 11\u0026ndash;15% reported no confidence at all. These findings suggest that nurses had difficulty transferring theoretical knowledge to the clinical setting, even if they worked in specialties where genetics is most relevant, such as oncology, pediatrics, and cardiology. This aligns with international findings showing that, although nurses generally acknowledge the importance of genetics, they often lack the skills to integrate it into practice (Carpenter-Clawson et al., 2023; Laaksonen et al., 2022). Thus, the findings observed here may reflect a persistent gap between theory and current practice. This is also consistent with evidence from a recent scoping review, which highlighted that genomic literacy among nurses, students, and faculty is generally low, and that, to date, educational interventions have had only a limited impact on practical competence (Dante et al., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily cohesion, as measured by the SCORE-15, was comparable across nurses, other HCPs, and lay participants, all showing moderate relational functioning. This finding suggests that perceived family relationships did not differ substantially among groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to know one\u0026rsquo;s genetic risk and have genetic testing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the lay public, nurses\u0026rsquo; genetic literacy in the awareness dimension did not significantly influence nurses\u0026rsquo; willingness to be informed of genetic risk. Prior research instead has shown that higher genetic literacy is associated with greater engagement in genetic testing contexts, as demonstrated by participants in large-scale genetic studies reporting higher knowledge, familiarity, and skills compared to the lay population (Little et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth nurses and other HCPs showed a high willingness to be informed about genetic risk, a tendency that was also evident among lay respondents. These findings are consistent with results reported by Middleton et al. (Middleton et al., 2016) in an international survey on hypothetical incidental findings, in which both the general population and non-genetics HCPs expressed a strong willingness to be informed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, nurses were slightly less likely than lay respondents to want information across all three scenarios, suggesting a somewhat more selective approach toward predictive information. Among those choosing to be informed about one or two conditions, the proportion opting to learn about early-onset Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease was nearly identical between the two groups, indicating similar attitudes toward predictive information about incurable conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen they were open to learning about a genetic risk in the family, nurses were more likely than lay respondents to express a willingness to undergo genetic testing, while no differences emerged between nurses and other HCPs. This result may be explained in part by nurses\u0026rsquo; greater genetic literacy, specifically by their greater awareness of the role of genetic testing in establishing a person\u0026rsquo;s risk of developing a hereditary disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the comparable family cohesion observed among nurses, other HCPs, and lay participants suggests that these preferences were not influenced by family relational functioning, but rather by individual or professional factors shaping engagement with genetic information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhose is the moral responsibility? \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to moral responsibility, most nurses considered that communication of genetic risk within families is a shared duty, which involves probands and HCPs (39.1%) or themselves, family members, and HCPs (25.1%), echoing the views of the other HCPs and general public, who similarly tended to view this responsibility as shared rather than individual.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concept of responsibility is central to how individuals understand and navigate their moral obligations in sharing genetic risk (Prainsack et al., 2016). Among nurses, as among lay participants, this perspective suggests an understanding of risk as embedded within social and relational contexts rather than confined to individual choice. In Italy, current practice places responsibility for disclosure on the proband, with HCPs adopting a supportive role (Varesco et al., 2024).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe uniform level of family cohesion across groups supports the interpretation that the sense of moral responsibility in genetic communication is shaped more by ethical and professional reasoning than by perceived family relational dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreferences\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eabout genetic risk communication from the\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erecipient\u0026rsquo;s perspective\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings suggest that Italian nurses and laypeople favor a shared model of genetic risk disclosure, potentially opening the door to a more proactive role for HCPs. This contrasts with the reported perspectives of genetics specialists, such as those in Belgium, where opinions vary from limiting responsibility to proband counseling to endorsing a formal duty to warn relatives (Phillips et al., 2021). \u0026nbsp;Similar divisions have been reported elsewhere: some clinicians see responsibility as lying entirely with the proband (Akpinar and Ersoy, 2014), while others emphasize the HCP\u0026rsquo;s role in encouraging disclosure (Mendes et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our survey, nurses generally preferred to be informed of genetic risk by a family member\u0026mdash;especially one who had already undergone testing or with whom they shared a close emotional bond\u0026mdash;while at the same time valuing professional involvement as a complementary or alternative option. This balanced view suggests that genetic communication is perceived not as an individual task, but as a collaborative process embedded within familial and professional relationships. Similar preferences were observed among other HCPs and lay participants, pointing toward a relational model of communication that values both empathy and accuracy (Di Pietro et al., 2020; Leenen et al., 2016; Wiens et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost nurses preferred in-person communication\u0026mdash;whether from relatives or professionals\u0026mdash;indicating limited acceptance of impersonal or technology-mediated modes of information delivery. This finding aligns with results from the Italian general population (\u003cem\u003ereference blinded for review\u003c/em\u003e), which also emphasized the importance of direct, relational contact in sensitive genetic communication (Nazareth et al., 2021; Schmidlen et al., 2022; Siglen et al., 2022). These preferences highlight a tension between the ideal of family-mediated communication and the perceived need for professional support, underscoring the importance of relational trust and emotional closeness in mediating genetic disclosure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, since family cohesion levels did not differ across groups and showed no association with communication preferences, it appears that the preferred modes and sources of information reflect professional and ethical orientations rather than family relational factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreferences about genetic risk communication from the informant\u0026rsquo;s perspective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost nurses expressed a clear preference for personally informing their relatives about a genetic risk, a view shared by other HCPs and lay participants. At the same time, nearly half valued the possibility of professional involvement as complementary support, indicating that disclosure is perceived not as an individual duty but as a shared process that benefits from collaboration. This relational model echoes the perspectives of the general population, who similarly emphasized the credibility and communicative clarity of HCPs while maintaining the central role of family members (Frey et al., 2022; Godino et al., 2025b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuch findings highlight nurses\u0026rsquo; dual awareness\u0026mdash;as both professionals and potential patients\u0026mdash;of the emotional complexity surrounding the disclosure of genetic information. Like in previous studies, professional support was particularly valued when relatives might struggle to cope with distress or uncertainty (Henrikson et al., 2020; Marleen van den Heuvel et al., 2020; Menko et al., 2013). Overall, nurses appear to endorse a collaborative and ethically balanced approach that integrates empathy, accuracy, and shared moral responsibility in family communication about genetic risk (Dheensa et al., 2016; Gaff and Hodgson, 2014; Mendes et al., 2016; Metcalfe et al., 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImportantly, this preference for shared and collaborative disclosure does not seem to be influenced by family cohesion, which was consistent across groups, suggesting that nurses\u0026rsquo; communicative attitudes are guided primarily by professional and personal identity and ethical reasoning rather than by perceived family functioning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreferring not to receive information about a genetic risk in the family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe open-ended responses of the 16 nurses who indicated a preference not to know about genetic risks highlighted concerns about emotional burdens, anticipatory anxiety, and skepticism toward preventive medicine. These self-protective stances mirror those reported by lay respondents (\u003cem\u003ereference blinded for review\u003c/em\u003e), and underscore that nurses, despite professional expertise, may feel the psychological weight of health-related information. Indeed, previous research has shown that nurses may underestimate personal risk, avoid preventive care, or rely on emotional detachment as a coping strategy (Holtzclaw et al., 2020; Obiebi et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReluctance to receive genetic information often reflects psychosocial rather than cognitive factors. Anxiety and emotional distress are well-documented deterrents to engagement with genetic services (Jonsen et al., 1996; Keogh et al., 2017; Sarki et al., 2022), particularly when information concerns uncontrollable or incurable conditions (Hurley et al., 2012; Sweeny et al., 2010). In this light, avoidance can be interpreted as a protective response aimed at maintaining emotional stability and grounded in the ethical principle of non-maleficence and the right not to know (Andorno, 2004), as also observed among individuals in the Italian general population who preferred not to receive genetic risk information (\u003cem\u003ereference blinded for review\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor some, not knowing may also represent an alternative form of care and moral responsibility, intended to protect relatives from distress rather than to reject preventive knowledge (Chivers Seymour et al., 2010; Cowley, 2016). The expressed skepticism toward predictive medicine may reflect broader concerns about medicalization and the emotional costs of anticipating illness (Keenan et al., 2019; Khubchandani et al., 2024; Salardi, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile this study provides valuable insights, some limitations should be considered. It was hypothetical in design, so responses may not fully reflect real-world behavior. The survey was not originally developed for HCPs, and little is known about the specific professional settings of participating nurses, although it is unlikely many worked in genetics, given the scarcity of such roles in Italy and the fact that a dedicated nursing specialty in medical genetics currently does not exist (Godino et al. 2024, 2025a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother limitation concerns the heterogeneity of the non-nurse HCP group, which included professionals from diverse backgrounds. Because of this variability, it was not possible to conduct a more detailed comparative analysis across specific professional categories. Finally, the sample was self-selected and may overrepresent nurses with a stronger interest in genetics or ethical issues, while the online format may have excluded individuals with limited access to or familiarity with digital tools.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations for Further Research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture research should develop and validate instruments specifically designed to assess nurses\u0026rsquo; genetic literacy and preferences regarding communication of genetic risk, rather than relying on tools created for the general population. Given the heterogeneity of the non-nurse HCP group in the present study, future investigations could also adopt more targeted sampling strategies to allow for profession-specific comparisons and a more granular understanding of attitudes across healthcare roles. Qualitative studies within the Italian nursing community are warranted to explore in depth the emotional and ethical dimensions of disclosure and non-disclosure choices. In addition, intervention studies evaluating the impact of targeted educational programs on nurses\u0026rsquo; ability to integrate genetics into practice are needed to address the persistent gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplications for Policy and Practice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItalian nurses\u0026rsquo; limited familiarity with the clinical applications of genetic testing highlights shortcomings in current nursing education and practice. Strengthening training in genetics, particularly its clinical applications, appears crucial to support nurses\u0026rsquo; role in health communication and to enhance their ability to engage patients and families in discussions about genetic risk.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explored Italian nurses\u0026rsquo; preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, focusing on their genetic literacy and responsibility, and compared these perspectives with those of laypeople. When asked to consider genetic risk communication within their own families, Italian nurses provided responses that mostly paralleled those of the Italian lay public. Their \u0026nbsp;modest awareness of clinical applications of genetic testing suggests the need to strengthen genetics education in undergraduate and postgraduate nursing programs, ensuring adequate preparation for their role in supporting patients and families in communicating hereditary risk.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflict Of Interest Disclosure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLea Godino, Daniela Turchetti, Linda Battistuzzi, Liliana Varesco, Vanessa Gentili, Paolo Chiari, Alvisa Palese declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics Approval Statement\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna (Italy) on September 30, 2024, with formal authorization issued on October 11, 2024 (approval number 0313516).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData availability statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank all the participants for their time and valuable contribution. We are grateful to Domenica Gazineo from the University of Bologna and Ercole Vellone from the University of Rome \u0026quot;Tor Vergata\u0026quot; for their precious help with sharing the survey. This study was conducted while the first author was educated, as part of her doctoral program in Nursing and Public Health Sciences at the University of Rome \u0026ldquo;Tor Vergata\u0026rdquo;. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.G.\u003c/strong\u003e conceptualised and designed the study, conducted data collection, analysis and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. \u003cstrong\u003eL.B\u003c/strong\u003e. contributed to data interpretation and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. \u003cstrong\u003eD.T\u003c/strong\u003e. contributed to the design of the study and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. \u003cstrong\u003eL.V.\u003c/strong\u003e contributed to data interpretation and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;V.G\u003c/strong\u003e. conducted data collection and qualitative analysis. \u003cstrong\u003eP.C\u003c/strong\u003e. contributed to the design and funding of the study and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. \u003cstrong\u003eA.P\u003c/strong\u003e. contributed to the design of the study, supervised all the steps of the study and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Each author approved the final version, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"REFERENCES","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfaya, A., Kim, S.W., Park, H.S., Lim, M.C., Jung, M.S., Nam, E.J., Park, J.S., Jeong, J., Ryu, J.M., Kim, J.S., Kim, J., Kim, M., Jin, J., Han, J., Kim, S.Y., Park, S.Y., Katapodi, M.C., Kim, S., 2024. Psychosocial barriers and facilitators for cascade genetic testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: a scoping review. Fam Cancer 23, 121\u0026ndash;132. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-024-00379-Y/FIGURES/2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkpinar, A., Ersoy, N., 2014. Attitudes of physicians and patients towards disclosure of genetic information to spouse and first-degree relatives: a case study from Turkey. BMC Med Ethics 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-15-39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAndorno, R., 2004. The right not to know: An autonomy based approach. J Med Ethics 30, 435\u0026ndash;440. https://doi.org/10.1136/JME.2002.001578,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBraun, V., Clarke, V., 2024. Supporting best practice in reflexive thematic analysis reporting in Palliative Medicine: A review of published research and introduction to the Reflexive Thematic Analysis Reporting Guidelines (RTARG). Palliat Med 38, 608\u0026ndash;616. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163241234800,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBraun, V., Clarke, V., 2019. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health 11, 589\u0026ndash;597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarpenter-Clawson, C., Watson, M., Pope, A., Lynch, K., Miles, T., Bell, D., Talbot, M., Varadi, A., 2023. Competencies of the UK nursing and midwifery workforce to mainstream genomics in the National Health Service: the ongoing gap between perceived importance and confidence in genomics. Front Genet 14, 1125599. https://doi.org/10.3389/FGENE.2023.1125599/BIBTEX\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaswell-Jin, J.L., Zimmer, A.D., Stedden, W., Kingham, K.E., Zhou, A.Y., Kurian, A.W., 2019. Cascade Genetic Testing of Relatives for Hereditary Cancer Risk: Results of an Online Initiative. J Natl Cancer Inst 111. https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCI/DJY147\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChiang, J., Chua, Z., Chan, J.Y., Sule, A.A., Loke, W.H., Lum, E., Ong, M.E.H., Graves, N., Ngeow, J., 2024. Strategies to improve implementation of cascade testing in hereditary cancer syndromes: a systematic review. NPJ Genom Med 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41525-024-00412-0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChivers Seymour, K., Addington-Hall, J., Lucassen, A.M., Foster, C.L., 2010. What facilitates or impedes family communication following genetic testing for cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-synthesis of primary qualitative research. J Genet Couns 19, 330\u0026ndash;342. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10897-010-9296-Y/FIGURES/3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCostanzo, S., Godino, L., De Summa, S., Marvulli, T.M., Genuardi, M., Di Pietro, M.L., Cordisco, E.L., Turchetti, D., Miccoli, S., Deledda, G., Fantoni, G., Viassolo, V., Brunetti, O., De Luca, R., Digennaro, M., Romito, F., Campanella, M., Patruno, M., 2025. BRCA cascade counselling and testing in Italy: current position and future directions. BMC Cancer 25, 1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12885-025-14419-Y/TABLES/7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCowley, L., 2016. What can we Learn from Patients\u0026rsquo; Ethical Thinking about the right \u0026ldquo;not to know\u0026rdquo; in Genomics? Lessons from Cancer Genetic Testing for Genetic Counselling. Bioethics 30, 628\u0026ndash;635. https://doi.org/10.1111/BIOE.12272;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:14678519;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDante, A., Masotta, V., Paoli, I., Caponnetto, V., Caples, M., Laaksonen, M., Kamen\u0026scaron;ek, T., Petrucci, C., Lancia, L., 2025. Genomic literacy in nursing: a systematic scoping review of the literature. BMJ Open 15. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2025-100054\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDheensa, S., Fenwick, A., Shkedi-Rafid, S., Crawford, G., Lucassen, A., 2016. Health-care professionals\u0026rsquo; responsibility to patients\u0026rsquo; relatives in genetic medicine: a systematic review and synthesis of empirical research. Genetics in Medicine 18, 290\u0026ndash;301. https://doi.org/10.1038/GIM.2015.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDi Pietro, M.L., Za\u0026ccedil;e, D., Orfino, A., Di Raimo, F.R., Poscia, A., de Matteis, E., Turchetti, D., Godino, L., Beronazzi, B., Franiuk, M., Bruzzone, C., Varesco, L., Lucci-Cordisco, E., Genuardi, M., 2020. Intrafamilial communication of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genetic information in Italian women: towards a personalised approach. European Journal of Human Genetics 1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-00723-7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEhrencrona, H., \u0026Ouml;fverholm, A., Hawranek, C., Lovmar, L., Svensson, S., Wennstedt, S., Hellquist, B., Ros\u0026eacute;n, A., 2025. Direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary cancer-a randomised trial on healthcare-assisted versus family-mediated risk disclosure. Eur J Hum Genet. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41431-025-01922-W\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForrest, K., Simpson, S.A., Wilson, B.J., van Teijlingen, E.R., McKee, L., Haites, N., Matthews, E., 2003. To tell or not to tell: Barriers and facilitators in family communication about genetic risk. Clin Genet 64, 317\u0026ndash;326. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00142.x\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrank, E., Dresner, Y., Shani, M., Vinker, S., 2013. The association between physicians\u0026rsquo; and patients\u0026rsquo; preventive health practices. CMAJ 185, 649\u0026ndash;653. https://doi.org/10.1503/CMAJ.121028\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrey, M.K., Ahsan, M.D., Bergeron, H., Lin, J., Li, X., Fowlkes, R.K., Narayan, P., Nitecki, R., Rauh-Hain, J.A., Moss, H.A., Baltich Nelson, B., Thomas, C., Christos, P.J., Hamilton, J.G., Chapman-Davis, E., Cantillo, E., Holcomb, K., Kurian, A.W., Lipkin, S., Offit, K., Sharaf, R.N., 2022. Cascade Testing for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: Should We Move Toward Direct Relative Contact? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, 4129\u0026ndash;4143. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00303\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGaff, C., Hodgson, J., 2014. A Genetic Counseling Intervention to Facilitate Family Communication About Inherited Conditions. J Genet Couns 23, 814\u0026ndash;823. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10897-014-9696-5/METRICS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGodino, L., Ambrosini, E., Barili, V., Graziano, C., Garavelli, L., Calabrese, O., Neri, M., Sangiorgi, L., Bertonazzi, B., Innella, G., Turchetti, D., Percesepe, A., 2024. Clinical Genetic Services in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy: Current Activity and Open Issues. A Mixed-Method Study. https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-4794494/V1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGodino, L., Magi, C.E., Bruzzone, C., Bonora, S., Seri, M., Varesco, L., Turchetti, D., 2025a. Experience and role of Italian nurses working in genetic clinics: a descriptive phenomenological qualitative study. BMC Nursing 2024 24:1 24, 1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12912-024-02659-5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGodino, L., Turchetti, D., Gentili, V., Chiari, P., Palese, A., 2025b. Public perspectives on healthcare professional-directed communication of hereditary genetic risks: a mixed-method systematic review. European Journal of Human Genetics 2025 1\u0026ndash;16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-025-01790-4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGodino, L., Turchetti, D., Jackson, L., Hennessy, C., Skirton, H., 2021. Genetic counselling as a route to enhanced autonomy: using a sequential mixed methods research approach to develop a theory regarding presymptomatic genetic testing for young adults at risk of inherited cancer syndromes. J Community Genet 12, 685\u0026ndash;691. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12687-021-00548-X/FIGURES/2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGodino, L., Turchetti, D., Skirton, H., 2013. Knowledge of genetics and the role of the nurse in genetic health care: a survey of Italian nurses. J Adv Nurs 69, 1125\u0026ndash;35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06103.x\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHenrikson, N.B., Wagner, J.K., Hampel, H., Devore, C., Shridhar, N., Williams, J.L., Donohue, K.E., Kullo, I., Prince, A.E.R., 2020. What guidance does HIPAA offer to providers considering familial risk notification and cascade genetic testing? J Law Biosci 7, 1\u0026ndash;14. https://doi.org/10.1093/JLB/LSAA071\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHoltzclaw, L., Arlinghaus, K.R., Johnston, C.A., 2020. The Health of Health Care Professionals. Am J Lifestyle Med 15, 130\u0026ndash;132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620977065\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHurle, B., Citrin, T., Jenkins, J.F., Kaphingst, K.A., Lamb, N., Roseman, J.E., Bonham, V.L., 2013. What does it mean to be genomically literate?: National Human Genome Research Institute Meeting Report. Genetics in Medicine 15, 658\u0026ndash;663. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2013.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHurley, K., Rubin, L.R., Werner-Lin, A., Sagi, M., Kemel, Y., Stern, R., Phillips, A., Cholst, I., Kauff, N., Offit, K., 2012. Incorporating information about pre-implantation genetic diagnosis into discussions about testing and risk-management for BRCA1/2 mutations: A qualitative study of patient preferences. Cancer 118, 6270. https://doi.org/10.1002/CNCR.27695\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJacobson, D., Mustafa, N., 2019. Social Identity Map: A Reflexivity Tool for Practicing Explicit Positionality in Critical Qualitative Research. Int J Qual Methods 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919870075/FORMAT/EPUB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJonsen, A.R., Durfy, S.J., Burke, W., Motulsky, A.G., 1996. The advent of the \u0026ldquo;unpatients.\u0026rdquo; Nat Med 2, 622\u0026ndash;624. https://doi.org/10.1038/NM0696-622,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeenan, K.F., Finnie, R.M., Simpson, W.G., McKee, L., Dean, J., Miedzybrodzka, Z., 2019. Parents\u0026rsquo; views of genetic testing and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia in children: a qualitative study. J Community Genet 10, 129\u0026ndash;141. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12687-018-0373-5/TABLES/2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeogh, L.A., Niven, H., Rutstein, A., Flander, L., Gaff, C., Jenkins, M., 2017. Choosing not to undergo predictive genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: expanding our understanding of decliners and declining. J Behav Med 40, 583\u0026ndash;594. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10865-016-9820-0/TABLES/3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKhoury, M.J., Dotson, W.D., 2021. From genes to public health: are we ready for DNA-based population screening? Genetics in Medicine 23, 996\u0026ndash;998. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-021-01141-w\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKhubchandani, J., Batra, K., Yockey, R.A., Webb, F.J., Banerjee, S., 2024. Health care workers\u0026rsquo; risk behaviors and health status: Hidden realities or new paradigms? Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health 2, 100097. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLMEDI.2024.100097\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKurian, A.W., Katz, S.J., 2020. Emerging Opportunity of Cascade Genetic Testing for Population-Wide Cancer Prevention and Control. J Clin Oncol 38, 1371\u0026ndash;1374. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00140\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKwame, A., Petrucka, P.M., 2021. A literature-based study of patient-centered care and communication in nurse-patient interactions: barriers, facilitators, and the way forward. BMC Nurs 20, 1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12912-021-00684-2/FIGURES/1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLaaksonen, M., Airikkala, E., Halkoaho, A., 2022. The Development of Education of Public Health Nurses for Applying Genomics in Preventive Health Care. Front Genet 13, 849232. https://doi.org/10.3389/FGENE.2022.849232/BIBTEX\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeefmann, J., Schaper, M., Schicktanz, S., 2017. The Concept of \u0026ldquo;Genetic Responsibility\u0026rdquo; and Its Meanings: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Medical Sociology Literature. Frontiers in Sociology 1, 235072. https://doi.org/10.3389/FSOC.2016.00018/BIBTEX\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeenen, C.H.M., Heijer, M. den, van der Meer, C., Kuipers, E.J., van Leerdam, M.E., Wagner, A., 2016. Genetic testing for Lynch syndrome: family communication and motivation. Fam Cancer 15, 63\u0026ndash;73. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-015-9842-8,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLevine, R., Kahn, R.M., Perez, L., Brewer, J., Ratner, S., Li, X., Yeoshoua, E., Frey, M.K., 2024. Cascade genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes: a review of barriers and breakthroughs. Fam Cancer 23, 111\u0026ndash;120. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-024-00373-4/FIGURES/1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLittle, I.D., Koehly, L.M., Gunter, C., 2022. Understanding changes in genetic literacy over time and in genetic research participants. Am J Hum Genet 109, 2141\u0026ndash;2151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.11.005\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalterud, K., Siersma, V.D., Guassora, A.D., 2016. Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power. Qual Health Res 26, 1753\u0026ndash;1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarleen van den Heuvel, L., Stemkens, D., van Zelst-Stams, W.A.G., Willeboordse, F., Christiaans, I., 2020. How to inform at-risk relatives? Attitudes of 1379 Dutch patients, relatives, and members of the general population. J Genet Couns 29, 786\u0026ndash;799. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1206\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMendes, \u0026Aacute;., Paneque, M., Sequeiros, J., 2024. Disclosure of genetic risk to family members: A qualitative study on healthcare professionals\u0026rsquo; perceived roles and responsibilities. Eur J Med Genet 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104931\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMendes, \u0026Aacute;., Paneque, M., Sousa, L., Clarke, A., Sequeiros, J., 2016. How communication of genetic information within the family is addressed in genetic counselling: A systematic review of research evidence. European Journal of Human Genetics 24, 315\u0026ndash;325. https://doi.org/10.1038/EJHG.2015.174;SUBJMETA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMenko, F.H., Aalfs, C.M., Henneman, L., Stol, Y., Wijdenes, M., Otten, E., Ploegmakers, M.M.J., Legemaate, J., Smets, E.M.A., De Wert, G.M.W.R., Tibben, A., 2013. Informing family members of individuals with Lynch syndrome: A guideline for clinical geneticists. Fam Cancer 12, 319\u0026ndash;324. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-013-9636-9/TABLES/1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetcalfe, A., Plumridge, G., Coad, J., Shanks, A., Gill, P., 2011. Parents\u0026rsquo; and children\u0026rsquo;s communication about genetic risk: a qualitative study, learning from families\u0026rsquo; experiences. European Journal of Human Genetics 19, 640\u0026ndash;646. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.258\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddleton, A., Morley, K.I., Bragin, E., Firth, H. V., Hurles, M.E., Wright, C.F., Parker, M., 2016. Attitudes of nearly 7000 health professionals, genomic researchers and publics toward the return of incidental results from sequencing research. European Journal of Human Genetics 24, 21\u0026ndash;29. https://doi.org/10.1038/EJHG.2015.58;SUBJMETA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModell, S.M., Smith, J.A., Kardia, S.L.R., 2025. Progress and Criteria in Public Health Applications of Gene Therapy and Gene Editing: Beyond the White Paper. Public Health Genomics 28, 241\u0026ndash;251. https://doi.org/10.1159/000546850\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNazareth, S., Nussbaum, R.L., Siglen, E., Wicklund, C.A., 2021. Chatbots \u0026amp; artificial intelligence to scale genetic information delivery. J Genet Couns 30, 7\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1359,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObiebi, I.P., Moeteke, N.S., Eze, G.U., Umuago, I.J., 2020. How mindful of their own health are healthcare professionals? perception and practice of personnel in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Ghana Med J 54, 215\u0026ndash;224. https://doi.org/10.4314/GMJ.V54I4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOngaro, G., Petrocchi, S., Calvello, M., Bonanni, B., Feroce, I., Pravettoni, G., 2025. Can Family Motivation Enhance Men\u0026rsquo;s Uptake of Cascade Screening for Familial BRCA1/2 Mutations? Am J Mens Health 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883251343962\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaolini, D., Schepisi, L., 2020. The Italian Version of SCORE-15: Validation and Potential Use. Fam Process 59, 1789\u0026ndash;1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/FAMP.12495\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhillips, A., Borry, P., Van Hoyweghen, I., Vears, D.F., 2021. Disclosure of genetic information to family members: a systematic review of normative documents. Genetics in Medicine 23, 2038\u0026ndash;2046. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41436-021-01248-0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrainsack, Barbara., Schicktanz, Silke., Werner-Felmayer, Gabriele., 2016. Genetic Responsibility Revisited: Moral and Cultural Implications of Genetic Prediction of Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Disease 199\u0026ndash;218. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315584300-15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalardi, S., 2014. Ethical and legal implications of interventions on \u0026lsquo;unpatients\u0026rsquo;: therapeutic v. non-therapeutic treatments. BioLaw Journal - Rivista di BioDiritto 1, 133\u0026ndash;133. https://doi.org/10.15168/2284-4503-13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamuel, G.N., Dheensa, S., Farsides, B., Fenwick, A., Lucassen, A., 2017. Healthcare professionals\u0026rsquo; and patients\u0026rsquo; perspectives on consent to clinical genetic testing: Moving towards a more relational approach. BMC Med Ethics 18, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0207-8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSarki, M., Ming, C., Aceti, M., Fink, G., Aissaoui, S., B\u0026uuml;rki, N., Graffeo, R., Heinimann, K., Caiata Zufferey, M., Monnerat, C., Rabaglio, M., Z\u0026uuml;rrer-H\u0026auml;rdi, U., Chappuis, P.O., Katapodi, M.C., 2022. Relatives from Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Lynch Syndrome Families Forgoing Genetic Testing: Findings from the Swiss CASCADE Cohort. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2022, Vol. 12, Page 1740 12, 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/JPM12101740\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSchmidlen, T., Jones, C.L., Campbell-Salome, G., McCormick, C.Z., Vanenkevort, E., Sturm, A.C., 2022. Use of a chatbot to increase uptake of cascade genetic testing. J Genet Couns 31, 1219\u0026ndash;1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1592;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSiglen, E., Vetti, H.H., Lunde, A.B.F., Hatlebrekke, T.A., Str\u0026oslash;msvik, N., Hamang, A., Hovland, S.T., Rettberg, J.W., Steen, V.M., Bjorvatn, C., 2022. Ask Rosa \u0026ndash; The making of a digital genetic conversation tool, a chatbot, about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Patient Educ Couns 105, 1488\u0026ndash;1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PEC.2021.09.027\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., Shepperd, J.A., 2010. Information Avoidance: Who, What, When, and Why. Review of General Psychology 14, 340\u0026ndash;353. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0021288/ASSET/0DFED772-826D-4E0A-B347-40D831AE8738/ASSETS/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1037_A0021288-FIG1.JPG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVaresco, L., Di Tano, F., Monducci, J., Sciallero, S., Turchetti, D., Bighin, C., Buzzatti, G., Giannubilo, I., Trevisan, L., Battistuzzi, L., 2024. Cascade genetic testing in hereditary cancer: exploring the boundaries of the Italian legal framework. Fam Cancer 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-024-00430-Y\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWainstein, T., Elliott, A.M., Austin, J.C., 2023. Considerations for the use of qualitative methodologies in genetic counseling research. J Genet Couns 32, 300\u0026ndash;314. https://doi.org/10.1002/JGC4.1644\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWiens, M.E., Wilson, B.J., Honeywell, C., Etchegary, H., 2013. A family genetic risk communication framework: Guiding tool development in genetics health services. J Community Genet 4, 233\u0026ndash;242. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12687-012-0134-9,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWiseman, M., Dancyger, C., Michie, S., 2010. Communicating genetic risk information within families: a review. Fam Cancer 9, 691\u0026ndash;703. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10689-010-9380-3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZarei, F., Dehghani, A., Ratanasiri, A., Ghaffari, M., Raina, S.K., Halimi, A., Rakhshanderou, S., Isamel, S.A., Amiri, P., Aminafshar, A., Jarrahi, A.M., 2024. ChecKAP: A Checklist for Reporting a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 25, 2573. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2024.25.7.2573\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Characteristics of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 22.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNurse participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=315)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 22.905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-nurse participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=185)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge, years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSingle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarried\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCohabiting\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDivorced\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWidowed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest Level of Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMiddle School Diploma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh School Diploma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBachelor\u0026apos;s Degree\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePostgraduate Specialization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDoctorate (PhD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthcare Professionals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAudiometric technician\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiologist\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiomedical laboratory technician\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDental Hygienist\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDietitian\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHealthcare assistant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedical doctor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMidwife\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuro and Psychomotor Therapist of Developmental Age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurophysiopathology technician\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNurse\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOdontologist\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrthotic-Ophthalmologic assistant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePharmacist\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhisiotherapist\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProfessional educator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychiatric rehabilitation technician\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychologist\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpeech therapist\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVeterinarian\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX-ray technician\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligious Orientation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeliever (Practing/Non-practing)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNon-Believer/Agnostic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent Area of Residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNorthern Italy\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCentral Italy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSouther Italy and Islands\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbroad\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily relationship (SCORE-15), score 1-5**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.89013%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.2235%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenetic literacy (awareness), score 0-4***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.6145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.9665%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLegend: SD=standard deviation HCP = Healthcare Professional, SCORE-15 = Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation scale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*Two respondents who selected \u0026apos;prefer not to disclose\u0026apos; for sex were excluded and treated as missing data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e** The total score ranges from 1 (optimal family functioning) to 5 (severe family dysfunction)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*** The total score ranges from 0 (no awareness of any clinical applications of genetics) to 4 (awareness of all four applications)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Comparisons of groups with different \u0026quot;Wanting to Know\u0026quot; responses among nurses\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to be informed about at least one condition versus none\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to be informed about three conditions versus one or two conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt least one\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 or 2 conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll 3 conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=299)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=227)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSingle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.018\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarried\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCohabiting\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDivorced\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWidowed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest Level of Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMiddle School Diploma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh School Diploma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBachelor\u0026apos;s Degree\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePostgraduate Specialization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDoctorate (PhD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligious Orientation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeliever (Practing/Non-practing)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNon-Believer/Agnostic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent Area of Residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNorthern Italy\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCentral Italy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSouther Italy and Islands\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbroad\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenetic literacy (awareness), score 1-5**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily relationship (SCORE-15),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003escore 0-4***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 641px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLegend:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD: standard deviation; SCORE-15 = Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation scale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*One respondent who selected \u0026apos;prefer not to disclose\u0026apos; for sex were excluded and treated as missing data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e** The total score ranges from 1 (optimal family functioning) to 5 (severe family dysfunction)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*** The total score ranges from 0 (no awareness of any clinical applications of genetics) to 4 (awareness of all four applications)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMotivations underlying nurse participants\u0026rsquo; desire to know by scenario\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"642\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 207px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScenario\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThemes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReported Sentences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 207px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCystic Fibrosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRiproductive pianification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrasmission prevention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformed choices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;For reproductive risks linked to cystic fibrosis\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;For family planning and if possible check-ups and monitoring.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;T\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eo avoid procreating if positive.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;To make informed choices when my partner is also a carrier, and thus avoid the risk of giving birth to a child who has the disease\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 207px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHereditary Cancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonalized screening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLifestyle changes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;To make prevention if possible.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;For family planning and preventive checkups.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;To implement preventive screening.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;To adopt even better lifestyles.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;To be able to choose whether or not to take the test and make informed choices.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 207px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly-Onset Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePsychological preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlan for the future\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvoiding burden familiar\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026quot; To prepare myself psychologically should it happen to me.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;To plan my future and be prepared for the possible onset of the disease and its long-term management.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;In order not to have a surprise effect at the first signs of the pathology, to act on prevention by correcting or changing some behaviors.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;To update my children and their family planning.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Preferences for the source, situation, and method of receiving genetic risk information among nurse participants (N=315)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem 13. In your opinion, who has the moral responsibility to inform you?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll (self, relatives, healthcare professionals)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOnly self\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOnly relatives\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOnly healthcare professionals\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoth relatives and healthcare professionals\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoth self and relatives\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoth self and healthcare professionals\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNo one/Not known\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem 15 \u0026ndash; Preferred family member to receive the information from*:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA family member who has already taken the genetic test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA family member with whom I have a close relationship\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA family member I am in regular contact with\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo particular preference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem 18 \u0026ndash; Preferred situation to be contacted and informed by a healthcare professional**:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlways, regardless of my family\u0026apos;s preference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf my family wants to inform me but has difficulty doing so, so they seek help from a healthcare professional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf my family does not want to inform me\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem 16 \u0026ndash; Preferred method of receiving information from a family member***:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMessage (e.g. WhatsApp)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLetter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhone call\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVideo call\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn person\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem 20 \u0026ndash; Preferred method of receiving information from a healthcare professional****:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMessage (e.g. WhatsApp)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLetter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhone call\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVideo call\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn person\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Only respondents who were open to be informed by family members were asked to give this preference (n=215).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e** Only respondents who were open to be informed by a healthcare professional were asked to give this preference (n=260)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*** Data missing for 2 participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**** Data missing for 15 participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Binary logistic regression analyses on perceived moral responsibility*\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=298)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelatives\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=298)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessionals\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=298)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR [95% CI]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR [95% CI]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR [95% CI]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 [1.02 \u0026ndash; 1.07]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98 [0.96 \u0026ndash; 1.01]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 [1.00 \u0026ndash;1.08]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43 [0.74 \u0026ndash; 2.76]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37 [1.27 \u0026ndash; 4.45]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52 [0.17 \u0026ndash; 1.54]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21 [1.04 \u0026ndash; 1.42]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11 [0.95 \u0026ndash; 1.31]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93 [0.74 \u0026ndash; 1.17]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59 [0.34 \u0026ndash; 1.03]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51 [0.84 \u0026ndash; 2.73]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93 [0.41 \u0026ndash; 2.08]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval. Self = \u0026apos;I have the moral responsibility\u0026apos;; Relatives = \u0026apos;My family members have the moral responsibility\u0026apos;; Professionals = \u0026apos;Healthcare professionals have the moral responsibility\u0026apos;. Gender is coded as 0 = male (reference), 1 = female. Having children is coded as 0 = no (reference), 1 = yes; Knowing all conditions is coded as 0 = Knowing one or two conditions (reference), 1 = Knowing all three conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*Moral responsibility was assessed using Item 13 of the questionnaire.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6 Preferences for communication among nurse participants (N=315)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"680\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisagree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeither agree nor disagree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 680px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Preferences for communication from the perspective of a person who could receive the information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would prefer to be informed by a family member\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109(36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would prefer to be contacted and informed by a healthcare professional\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (55.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would prefer to be informed by a family member with whom I have no contact rather than not being informed at all\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (44.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would prefer to be informed by a doctor/healthcare professional rather than not being informed at all\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200(66.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would prefer to be informed by a doctor/healthcare professional rather than by a family member with whom I have no contact\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (28.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would prefer to be informed first by a family member with whom I have a close relationship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 680px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(b) Preferences for communication from the perspective of the informant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf I was the first person in my family be diagnosed with a hereditary disease, I would personally inform my family members\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (60.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf I were the first person in my family to be diagnosed with a hereditary disease, I would want healthcare professionals to inform my family members\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem 29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf I were the first person in my family to be diagnosed with a hereditary disease, I would inform my family members with the help of health professionals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (38.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. Comparison of survey\u0026apos;s main results between nurses and lay public\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNurses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=315)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLay public#\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=609)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenetic literacy (awareness), score 0-4**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetermining the risk or probability of developing a specific disease\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily relationship (SCORE-15), score 1-5***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to be informed about at least one condition versus none\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt least one\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to undergo genetic testing (if wanting to know at least one condition)****\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to be informed about three conditions versus one or two conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne or two conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll three conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWanting to be informed about specific conditions*****\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCystic Fibrosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHereditary Cancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly-onset Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 641px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLegend:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD: standard deviation; SCORE-15 = Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation scale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e# \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; reference blinded for review\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e* The total score ranges from 1 (optimal family functioning) to 5 (severe family dysfunction)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e** The total score ranges from 0 (no awareness of any clinical applications of genetics) to 4 (awareness of all four applications)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*** Eleven respondents from lay population and two respondents from nurses who selected \u0026apos;prefer not to disclose\u0026apos; for sex were excluded and treated as missing data.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e**** Numbers refer to the total number of responses across scenarios, not to the number of individual participants. Each participant contributed up to three responses (one per scenario).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e***** Numbers refer to the total responses across scenarios (n=131 for nurses and n=206 for lay respondents), not to the number of individual participants, as each participant could contribute more than one response\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-community-genetics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jocg","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Community Genetics](http://link.springer.com/journal/12685)","snPcode":"12687","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12687/3","title":"Journal of Community Genetics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"nurses, genetic literacy, genetic risk, genetic information, moral responsibility","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8558578/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8558578/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores Italian nurses’ preferences and views regarding the disclosure and sharing of genetic risk information within families, focusing on their genetic literacy and responsibility, and comparing these perspectives with laypeople.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA nested cross-sectional online survey, originally designed for the general population, included three hypothetical scenarios of inherited genetic risk (Cystic Fibrosis, Hereditary Cancer Syndromes, and early-onset Alzheimer’s disease) and items assessing genetic literacy (awareness), family cohesion, disclosure preferences, and responsibility. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially, and qualitative responses were analyzed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 1,302 respondents, 501 were healthcare professionals (HCPs), including 315 nurses. Their genetic literacy was modest (mean 2.5/4), higher than laypeople’s, with no variation by age or education. Nearly all (94.9%) wished to be informed of genetic risk for at least one condition, with 75.9% preferring to be informed for all three, similar to laypeople (78.1%). Most (97.8%) would undergo genetic testing if informed (95.6% of laypeople). Responsibility for disclosure was viewed as shared between relatives and HCPs (39.1%) or by everyone involved (themselves, relatives and HCPs) (25.1%), echoing laypeople’s views. Qualitative findings from the few who did not wish to be informed (n=16) emphasized anxiety, psychological self-protection, and scepticism toward predictive medicine, similar to laypeople.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItalian nurses expressed views and preferences similar to laypeople. While they valued receiving genetic risk information and HCP involvement in family communication, limited familiarity with clinical applications of genetic testing highlights a gap in nursing education and practice, with implications for targeted training.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Learning about the genetic risk in my family: preferences of Italian nurses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-14 05:28:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8558578/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-03T07:27:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T19:21:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-14T17:11:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"81335536590983562852392728685824262356","date":"2026-03-08T18:12:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23052097784120526446214428232655161044","date":"2026-02-26T17:57:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T11:44:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T11:12:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T11:10:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Community Genetics","date":"2026-01-09T08:11:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-community-genetics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jocg","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Community Genetics](http://link.springer.com/journal/12685)","snPcode":"12687","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12687/3","title":"Journal of Community Genetics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21cc4d49-e8e3-47ad-9a24-b33a61736d30","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 14th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-22T11:26:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-14 05:28:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8558578","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8558578","identity":"rs-8558578","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}