Distributed Region-Based Monitoring in Low-Power Listening Wireless Sensor Networks

Distributed Region-Based Monitoring in Low-Power Listening Wireless Sensor Networks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Distributed Region-Based Monitoring in Low-Power Listening Wireless Sensor Networks Krita Pattamasiriwat, Chaiporn Jaikaeo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-65351/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Advancement in IoT technology and the concept of Information-Centric Networking lead to less importance of node individuality since several nodes can work interchangeably. Multiple sensor nodes can be grouped into a region and monitored as one instance to guarantee sufficient coverage over the region. Therefore, a single node fault often does not need to be reported unless it is the last node in the region. In addition, there are occasions where a central monitor station cannot rely on continuous data delivery from nodes or regions to decide whether they are still alive, such as situations when nodes are deployed to detect rare events. Moreover, low-power listening MAC protocols, which significantly help reducing power consumption while nodes are mostly idle, put a lot more work on the transmission process. In such situations it is desirable to minimize status reports to the central monitor station. A distributed region-based monitoring scheme, or DRMON, is then proposed to facilitate this circumstance. This approach designates a representative to each region so that it can be used as an indicator of the region's status with a mechanism to re-elect a new representative until all nodes in the respective region are dead, implying region inactiveness. We evaluate the suitability of DRMON over various scenarios in two aspects: centralized vs. distributed monitoring schemes and individual-based vs. region-based monitoring schemes. Simulation results indicate that region-based schemes outperform the individual schemes in terms of power consumption and scalability when the number of regions is low. The distributed schemes also yield better efficiency in terms of message overhead and load distribution. In addition, detection accuracy of all schemes is not significantly different and fault detection delay is guaranteed. This outcome suggests that in the case where existence of individual node is out of concern, distributed region-based fault monitoring scheme could be employed to reduce energy usage and lower message overhead while retaining the detection accuracy. Systems and Networking wireless sensor networks network monitoring distributed monitoring region-based monitoring Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-65351","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":2033349,"identity":"03227607-78a7-48ef-b593-baced15db3a1","order_by":0,"name":"Krita Pattamasiriwat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kasetsart University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Krita","middleName":"","lastName":"Pattamasiriwat","suffix":""},{"id":2033350,"identity":"5d8f5703-0658-46ba-be01-f54c0fcec9b3","order_by":1,"name":"Chaiporn Jaikaeo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQaGAxDW4cNQIR6itRxLhtBsRGiBGW5MnBb+2c0PDxdU3MtjYDzz2ZiHwU6eQb73AH5L7hwzODzjTHExA8PZzck8DMmGDWx8CXi1GEgkGBzmbUtIbABqOczDwJwAdJgBAS3pH6BazjwGaqknRksOzJYzzECHHSasReJGTgHQLwmJbQzHjA3nGBw3bGPLwa+Ff0b65s8FFQmJ/RKHH0u8qaiW52c+g18LCDCDCDaJAyB3AhkE1cO0MPA3EKN2FIyCUTAKRiIAAOIPPz+/6D5sAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-1323","institution":"Kasetsart University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chaiporn","middleName":"","lastName":"Jaikaeo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-08-25 10:34:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-65351/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-65351/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":2302773,"identity":"ad0a7945-ed19-41ac-b8a7-6358b889832f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":327979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Forest fire detection scenario. In forest fire detection application, the monitored area is populated\nwith sensor nodes that are randomly deployed using an aircraft.\nThe coverage areas of nearby nodes likely overlap. The network\nthen requires only one or a few nodes in the same region to detect\nan event.","description":"","filename":"fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig1.png"},{"id":2302774,"identity":"cad44de6-4377-46a3-baf8-83c5802ed192","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":248504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Duty-cycling mechanism of X-MAC protocol. (a) for a unicast transmission, the sender transmits probing packets\nuntil an acknowledgment is received from the intended receiver,\nand (b) for a broadcast transmission, the sender must send\nthe packet continuously throughout the full wake-up interval because\nan acknowledgment is not used.","description":"","filename":"fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig2.png"},{"id":2302775,"identity":"846f1385-7767-45a2-a5d5-fcbf84448731","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":656437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Heartbeat message snapshots of all the four network monitoring schemes. (a) in CIMON, each individual node periodically sends heartbeats\nto the sink, i.e., the centralized monitor station, (b) in DIMON, parent\nnodes assume the responsibility of monitoring their child nodes\nand do not forwarded heartbeats to the sink, (c) in CRMON, only\nthe representative of each region (i.e., region rep) is responsible\nfor sending heartbeats to the sink, and (d) for DRMON, each region\nrep’s heartbeats are monitored by one of its one-hop neighbor,\nwhere the rest of them become observers that will immediately\ntrigger a region representative process in case the current region\nrep fails.","description":"","filename":"fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig3.png"},{"id":2302776,"identity":"78a39bc6-a2c2-49d9-9aab-942d4e928ce3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Average power consumption per node using different MAC protocols and\nnetwork monitoring schemes. Nodes using nullMAC generally waste most of their energy in the\nidle state. However, the power consumption of all schemes using\nXMAC is approximately the same because the power used for TX\nactivities is relatively small compared to the total power consumption\nused during periodic wake-ups.","description":"","filename":"fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig4.png"},{"id":2302777,"identity":"dfa61d29-d244-4b04-907d-446cafe2c8fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Average power consumption per node using different network sizes and network\nmonitoring schemes. As CIMON requires participation of all nodes in the monitoring process\nand all of the heartbeat messages need to be sent to the sink,\nthe growth of the network size leads to higher power consumption.\nHowever, the distributed or region-based schemes consume\napproximately the same amount of energy regardless of network\nsize, which implies that these schemes are scalable.","description":"","filename":"fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig5.png"},{"id":2302778,"identity":"cb13cc7a-3129-4ec1-b5ba-2a676df394b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Average power consumption per node using different node models and network\nmonitoring schemes. CIMON consumes the most energy, followed by DIMON, whereas\nCRMON and DRMON consume the least energy for both platforms.\nIt is also evidenced that by using LoRa technology, the differences\nin the power consumption of all the schemes become\nlarger.","description":"","filename":"fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig6.png"},{"id":2302779,"identity":"f5f0049b-eaa5-48ba-9c9a-b0c7775c9684","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":459425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Message overhead using different network sizes. The addition of nodes clearly increases the number of messages\ngenerated in individual-based monitoring schemes. In contrast,\nregion-based mechanisms attempt to minimize the participation of\nnodes in the monitoring process, thus, the number of messages is\nnot obviously related to the network size if the number of regions\nis the same.","description":"","filename":"fig7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig7.png"},{"id":2302780,"identity":"54c1c9f8-0dee-4d8a-898a-0ec1cf1fbe2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":414218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Message overhead using different numbers of regions. When every node in the network has to be monitored, i.e., each\nregion consists of only one node, individual monitoring schemes\nare shown perform better than the region-based ones. The message\noverhead of CRMON and DRMON drastically increase when\nthe number of regions changes from 5 to 25. This implies that the\nperformance of region-based schemes tends to deteriorate if the\nnumber of regions increases due to the overhead of the region\nrepresentation election process during the initializing state.","description":"","filename":"fig8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig8.png"},{"id":2302781,"identity":"61478c9c-e2cd-4b2e-8579-d7bcedbc4204","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:17","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Diagram of ground truth (Gr,t) and fault report (Rr,t)’s status. Precision is defined as the ratio of the length of the time for which\nthe system correctly identifies faults to the total time of fault occurrences.\nFaults are correctly detected when Gr,t and Rr,t are\nboth equal to 0 for identical region, r, and time, t. Recall is the\nratio of the length of time for which the system accurately reports\nregion status, both active and inactive, per total time of all reports.","description":"","filename":"fig9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/fig9.png"},{"id":13529126,"identity":"54dc2578-15cc-4f90-a679-b2ffe2a41207","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 01:02:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2739787,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paper1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":2302783,"identity":"92925e55-493b-4bae-b469-2ea17ec0e217","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1751510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paper1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1_stamped.pdf"},{"id":2302782,"identity":"566be3fe-5620-4660-b5c0-fce0dc9fef71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-08 18:31:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1708096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paper1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-65351/v1/paper1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Distributed Region-Based Monitoring in Low-Power Listening Wireless Sensor Networks","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-65351/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"wireless sensor networks, network monitoring, distributed monitoring, region-based monitoring","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-65351/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-65351/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Advancement in IoT technology and the concept of Information-Centric Networking lead to less importance of node individuality since several nodes can work interchangeably. Multiple sensor nodes can be grouped into a region and monitored as one instance to guarantee sufficient coverage over the region. Therefore, a single node fault often does not need to be reported unless it is the last node in the region. In addition, there are occasions where a central monitor station cannot rely on continuous data delivery from nodes or regions to decide whether they are still alive, such as situations when nodes are deployed to detect rare events. Moreover, low-power listening MAC protocols, which significantly help reducing power consumption while nodes are mostly idle, put a lot more work on the transmission process. In such situations it is desirable to minimize status reports to the central monitor station. A distributed region-based monitoring scheme, or DRMON, is then proposed to facilitate this circumstance. This approach designates a representative to each region so that it can be used as an indicator of the region's status with a mechanism to re-elect a new representative until all nodes in the respective region are dead, implying region inactiveness. We evaluate the suitability of DRMON over various scenarios in two aspects: centralized vs. distributed monitoring schemes and individual-based vs. region-based monitoring schemes. Simulation results indicate that region-based schemes outperform the individual schemes in terms of power consumption and scalability when the number of regions is low. The distributed schemes also yield better efficiency in terms of message overhead and load distribution. In addition, detection accuracy of all schemes is not significantly different and fault detection delay is guaranteed. This outcome suggests that in the case where existence of individual node is out of concern, distributed region-based fault monitoring scheme could be employed to reduce energy usage and lower message overhead while retaining the detection accuracy.","manuscriptTitle":"Distributed Region-Based Monitoring in Low-Power Listening Wireless Sensor Networks","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-09-08 18:31:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-65351/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b4387fc9-12f1-4135-ae7e-547f8419d741","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 8th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":462338,"name":"Systems and Networking"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-11-19T18:52:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-09-08 18:31:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-65351","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-65351","identity":"rs-65351","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}