Innovative pathways for contemporary expression of landscape imagery in classical Chinese poetry: A deep learning-based automatic recognition model

Innovative pathways for contemporary expression of landscape imagery in classical Chinese poetry: A deep learning-based automatic recognition model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Innovative pathways for contemporary expression of landscape imagery in classical Chinese poetry: A deep learning-based automatic recognition model siqi gao, xiwei xu, Puaypeng HO, Zijian Zhang, Ruier Chen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8603371/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Classical Chinese poetry provides a critical basis for revealing historical landscape characteristics and for understanding aesthetic concepts in premodern China. Effectively extracting landscape imagery information from such poems is therefore a prerequisite and key step for guiding the spatial production of poetic ambience. To address the limitations of existing text-mining approaches in terms of both recognition efficiency and accuracy, this study focuses on Zhuzhici (bamboo-branch poems), which is related to the Jiangnan region, and introduces deep learning techniques to develop an automated landscape imagery recognition model tailored to the cultural specificity and linguistic nonstandardness of classical Chinese poetry. The results indicate that the proposed DA-BERT-BiLSTM-CRF model achieves a precision of 87.87%, a recall of 83.05%, and an F1 score of 85.39%, significantly improving the recognition accuracy of landscape imagery elements, including those expressed in single-character forms, functioning as geographically specific proper names, and embedded with implicit emotional connotations or behavioural activities. Furthermore, this study explores potential application pathways of the model for the digital inventory and in-depth mining of historical landscape resources, the refined construction of a place-based landscape imagery knowledge base, and the rapid collaborative reconstruction of cross-modal scene information. These efforts broaden the avenues through which landscape-imagery theories can be translated into spatial planning practices, thereby supporting the creation of poetic dwelling environments. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Scientific community and society/Geography Social science/Geography Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8603371","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":599799489,"identity":"4f003c66-1791-4442-bf61-7c8972c84f2c","order_by":0,"name":"siqi gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"siqi","middleName":"","lastName":"gao","suffix":""},{"id":599799490,"identity":"24ee492f-cc5b-42a4-918f-464e0991d63a","order_by":1,"name":"xiwei xu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAwwMEnJgioGNBC3GPCRpAYHEHjBFjBaDGzmGh3kqLNL3M54xYPhQdpiBf3YDfi2SM9ISDvOckcjtYThjwDjj3GEGiTsH8Gvhl0g+cDi3DaKFmbftMIOBRAJ+LWwSiQ2Hc/9JpPOAtPwlRgvElgaJBLAWRmK0SPY8Szj855iEYc+BYwUHe86l80jcIKDF4HiO8ccZNXXy7DMOb3zwo8xajn8GAS0IIHEAHJk8xKoHAv4GEhSPglEwCkbBiAIAThBCi5yBC1wAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"xiwei","middleName":"","lastName":"xu","suffix":""},{"id":599799491,"identity":"84308c62-c50e-48d6-aefb-d807532b22cd","order_by":2,"name":"Puaypeng HO","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Singapore","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Puaypeng","middleName":"","lastName":"HO","suffix":""},{"id":599799492,"identity":"ba1099c5-6e07-4976-a733-7f0162570e99","order_by":3,"name":"Zijian Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zijian","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":599799496,"identity":"3d0e0e99-72fe-4b43-aadb-66abd246edab","order_by":4,"name":"Ruier Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruier","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-14 15:39:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8603371/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8603371/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104402216,"identity":"cf39b76d-ec00-43dc-8ecd-6af958c8728a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:14:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2283086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptfile.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8603371/v1_covered_7eca7699-1ccd-411d-a44d-6a7c28fcfc17.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Innovative pathways for contemporary expression of landscape imagery in classical Chinese poetry: A deep learning-based automatic recognition model","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8603371/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8603371/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Classical Chinese poetry provides a critical basis for revealing historical landscape characteristics and for understanding aesthetic concepts in premodern China. 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