Latent Profile Analysis of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength and Physical Fitness in Elite Taekwondo Athletes

Latent Profile Analysis of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength and Physical Fitness in Elite Taekwondo Athletes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Latent Profile Analysis of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength and Physical Fitness in Elite Taekwondo Athletes Jae-Hoon Lee, Taehwan Kim, Minchul Lee, Min-Seong Ha This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5069012/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In Taekwondo, core stability and physical fitness are vital for performance, with spinal deep muscles playing a key role. This study explored the relationship between spinal deep muscle strength and physical fitness in 104 adolescent Taekwondo athletes, using a cross-sectional design in a laboratory setting. Participants were classified into groups based on spinal muscle strength at various angles, measured with a Centaur 3D machine. Outcome measures included body composition (height, weight, BMI) and physical fitness (grip strength, back muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, and leg strength). Latent profile analysis identified five profiles: G2 and G4 showed higher body weight and skeletal muscle mass, with G2 also having the highest grip, back, and leg strength. No significant relationship was found between spinal muscle strength and balance. The findings suggest spinal muscle strength and physical fitness do not always correlate, highlighting the need for further research to optimize training. Latent Profile Analysis Taekwondo athletes Spinal Deep Muscle Strength Physical Fitness Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Taekwondo requires explosive power, speed, agility, and both anaerobic and aerobic power, which are crucial elements for performance [ 1 ]. The primary technique in Taekwondo, the kick, is generated through the rotation of the torso and accounts for most of the scoring in Taekwondo competitions [ 2 ]. The muscle activation of the torso and lower body varies depending on the form of the rotation during kicking [ 3 ]. Elite athletes demonstrate high angular velocity and muscle fiber conduction speed, requiring a high level of neuromuscular adaptation [ 4 ]. Core stability is a potential factor that can enhance kicking speed and plays a central role in generating, transmitting, and controlling optimal force and movement [ 5 , 6 ]. MM Panjabi [ 7 ] described core stability as the interdependent actions of three components: bone and ligament structures, muscles surrounding the spine, and the neural control system. The core muscle group, which is the origin of all forces and mobilities in the body, is surrounded by the diaphragm (acting as the roof), pelvic floor muscles (supporting the base), abdominal muscles, and muscles around the spine, which maintain intra-abdominal pressure and provide a foundation for distal movements [ 6 ]. Moreover, core stability focuses on the local muscle system, not only providing stability but also effectively transmitting force to the arms and legs [ 8 ]. Incorporating core-strengthening exercises into general training can rapidly enhance physical fitness [ 9 ]. This chain of functions and complex factors from the body's center facilitates smooth movements, thereby affecting overall performance. Taekwondo athletes typically exhibit characteristics such as low body fat, high anaerobic power, strength, flexibility, and balance [ 10 , 11 ], which are highly correlated with trunk strength [ 12 ]. High-intensity trunk exercises performed just before competitions can positively impact performance, highlighting the importance of strengthening the muscles around the spine [ 6 , 13 ]. Previous studies have analyzed the key physical fitness factors necessary for selecting elite athletes by evaluating performance and specialized fitness determinants [ 14 , 15 ], aiming to elucidate the relationship between the physical fitness factors inherent to Taekwondo, performance, and fitness levels. However, researchers have argued that simple assessments of athletes' physical fitness are insufficient for evaluating their capabilities. Recently, there has been a shift towards categorizing and understanding the diverse characteristics of athletes for more precise identification. For instance, a study on archery athletes employed Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) to cluster and analyze the new potential of archers, providing a novel approach to enhance their performance [ 16 ]. While HACA struggles to explain groups based on hidden variable patterns, latent profile analysis (LPA) offers a complementary approach by classifying new group types based on similar patterns among variables, using a probabilistic latent variable modeling approach [ 17 ]. However, objective measurements of physiological and biomechanical variables for analyzing new patterns remain limited. Thus, this study aimed to identify new patterns of spinal deep muscle strength in Taekwondo athletes using latent profile analysis. Previous research systematically reviewed the physical characteristics and fitness profiles of Taekwondo athletes [ 18 ]. Numerous studies have actively explored various physical fitness traits, such as body composition, body type, strength, and anaerobic and aerobic capacities, to enhance performance [ 14 ]. Given that physical fitness is crucial for the performance of Taekwondo athletes [ 15 ], identifying new patterns based on core stability characteristics and understanding the relationship between body composition and fitness could offer a novel approach to performance enhancement. Therefore, this study aimed to classify new groups based on the spinal deep muscle strength of adolescent male Taekwondo athletes using latent profile analysis. Additionally, this study aimed to verify the differences in body composition and physical fitness among the classified groups to determine the relationships among spinal deep muscle strength, body composition, and fitness. Methods 1.1. Participants A total of 127 male adolescent taekwondo athletes registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association and residing in S City were recruited for this study. After excluding 23 dropouts, 104 participants were included in the analysis. The exclusion criteria for study participants are listed in . Prior to the study, the purpose and intent of the research were fully explained to the participants, and consent was obtained their consent from those who voluntarily wished to participate. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dongguk University (DUIRB-202212-17) and adhered to the guidelines and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants’ characteristics are listed in . Tables 1 and 2 about here. 1.2. Measurement All study participants fasted for more than 8 h before measurements were conducted between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The specific measurement methods are as follows. 1.2.1. Body Composition Height (cm) and weight (kg) were measured using a digital stadiometer (BSM 370; InBody, Seoul, Korea). Body composition was measured using a body composition analyzer (InBody 620; InBody, Seoul, Korea). Participants were asked to wear light clothing after removing any metal accessories. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: weight (kg) / height (m) 2 . 1.2.2. Physical Fitness (grip strength, back muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, balance, and leg strength) 1.2.2.1. Muscle Strength (Grip Strength, Back Muscle Strength, Leg Strength) (1) Grip Strength: Measured using a handgrip dynamometer (T.K.K. 5401; Takei, Tokyo, Japan). Participants adjusted the dynamometer to fit their hands and stood comfortably with their arms straight and slightly away from their bodies at a 15° angle. The dynamometer was gripped with the second joint of the fingers at a right angle, and the grip strength of the dominant hand was measured. (2) Back Muscle Strength: Measured using a back and leg strength dynamometer (T.K.K. 5402; Takei, Tokyo, Japan). Participants stood comfortably on the machine, with knees and torso straight, holding the handle at thigh level. The handle was pulled vertically upward without bending the elbows or tilting the body backward. (3) Leg Strength: Measured using a leg extension machine (T.K.K. 5710M; Takei, Tokyo, Japan) in conjunction with the T.K.K. 5402. Participants sat with their backs and hips against the backrest, with the pad positioned on the lower tibia, and extended their knees. All muscle strength measurements were performed twice with a 1-minute rest in between, and the higher value was recorded for the analysis. 1.2.2.2. Muscular Endurance (1) Sit-up: To assess abdominal muscle endurance, participants lay on a mat with their feet 30 cm apart, knees bent at 90°, and hands clasped behind their heads. They raised their upper bodies to touch their elbows to the knees and return to the starting position. This was repeated for 1 min, and the number of repetitions was recorded. 1.2.2.3. Flexibility (1) Sit-and-Reach: A flexibility testing device (T.K.K. 5403, Takei, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure the flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings. Participants sat without shoes, with their feet against the device, and extended their hands as far forward as possible. Measurements were performed twice, with the higher value recorded. 1.2.2.4. Balance One-Legged Stance with Closed Eyes: To assess balance, participants stood comfortably with their hands on their hips and one knee bent at approximately 90° while their eyes were closed. The time until the participants opened their eyes or their lifted foot touched the ground was measured. The test was performed thrice, and the highest value was recorded. To prevent injury, a researcher assisted without interfering with the measurements. 1.2.2.5. Deep spinal muscle strength. Spinal deep muscle strength was measured using a Centaur 3D machine (Bio-Feedback Motor Control, Germany), a device that assess the isometric strength of the lower back muscles in 3D space. Participants stood on the central platform with their lower body and hips fixed, chin tucked, hands on the abdomen, and the transversus abdominis contracted. Measurements were taken at eight angles in the transverse plane (0°, +45°, -45°, +90°, -90°, +135°, -135°, and 180°), with clockwise directions denoted as "+" and counterclockwise as "-.” Measurements were taken while the body was tilted up to 90° in the sagittal plane (). Participants were instructed to stabilize their upper body against gravity along the body axis. Data values were zeroed before collection, and measurements were immediately stopped upon request from the participants. 1.3. Statistical Analysis To analyze differences in body composition and physical fitness based on the latent profile classification of spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) and One-way ANOVA were conducted. Analyses were performed using Jamovi 2.3.16, with the statistical significance level set at p < 0.05. The specific data processing methods are as follows. 1.3.1. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) Latent Profile Analysis was conducted using the snowRMM module provided by Jamovi 2.3.16 to extract groups with common characteristics while controlling for the spinal deep muscle strength of adolescent Taekwondo athletes (0°, −45°, 45°, −90°, 90°, −135°, 135°, and 180°) [19, 20]. The snowRMM module, based on the R package tidy LPA, provides LPA results [21, 22], enabling the extraction of groups that commonly or heterogeneously possess spinal deep muscle strength. Indices used to determine the number of latent profiles through Latent Profile Analysis included the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), sample-size-adjusted Bayesian information criterion (SABIC), and entropy values. AIC and BIC consider both explanatory power and parsimony by accounting for the number of estimated parameters [19] and indicate the fit between the latent profile model and the data [23], with smaller values indicating better fit [19, 20]. Given that the AIC and BIC are influenced by sample size, the SABIC, which adjusts for sample size, was also considered. Entropy indicates the classification accuracy of the estimated latent profiles [19], with values closer to 1 indicating a clearer classification [20]. Therefore, this study determined the number of latent profiles by considering the AIC, BIC, and SABIC, which focus on explanatory power and parsimony, and entropy, which indicates classification accuracy [19], while also considering the appropriateness of the classification ratio [23]. 1.3.2. One-way ANOVA One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the characteristics of the latent profiles derived from LPA and the mean differences in body composition and physical fitness among the classified latent profile groups. The independent variables were the latent profiles classified by LPA, and the dependent variables were body composition (weight, body fat, and skeletal muscle mass) and physical fitness (grip strength, back muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, and leg strength). Post hoc comparisons were conducted using the Games-Howell method. Table 1 Participants inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria 1. Individuals registered as athletes with the Korea Taekwondo Association. 2. Male and female high school students residing in S city. 3. Individuals willing to voluntarily participate in this study and have completed the consent form. 1. Individuals with metabolic disorders such as hypertension and diabetes. 2. Individuals aware of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders. 3. Individuals with cerebral vascular diseases and mental disorders such as depression. 4. Individuals who have taken medications that may affect psychiatric drug trials within the past 2 months. 5. Individuals deemed unsuitable for the study by the principal investigator. Results 1.1. Classification of Latent Profiles of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength To classify the latent profiles of spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, a latent profile model was established, incorporating measurements at 0°, − 45°, 45°, − 90°, 90°, − 135°, 135°, and 180°. A range of latent profiles, from one to six, was exploratorily extracted to assess model fit, and the classification results with the most appropriate explanatory power were selected. After conducting LPA, it was observed that both the AIC and BIC values gradually decreased with the extraction of up to five extracted group profiles. However, these values increased when six latent profiles were extracted. Entropy was the highest when five latent profiles were extracted. Therefore, this study determined that the model with five latent profiles had the best fit indices and that the classification ratios were appropriate as follows: Group 1, 25 participants (24.0%); Group 2, 10 participants (9.6%); Group 3, 28 participants (26.9%); Group 4, 16 participants (15.4%); and Group 5, 25 participants (24.0%). Thus, the model with five latent profiles was selected as the final model (). 1.2. Classification of Latent Profiles of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength (ANOVA) Given the extraction of five latent profiles for spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, the characteristics of the classified groups were visualized as shown in , and the analysis results are presented in . The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in all variables of spinal deep muscle strength according to the latent profiles (p < .001). Based on post hoc comparisons, the main characteristics of each group were as follows: Table 2. Characteristics of participants (n=104) Variables Mean SD Age (years) 16.53 0.87 Height (cm) 174.35 7.38 Weight (kg) 67.52 9.04 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 23.30 3.89 Body fat (kg) 20.02 6.83 Skeletal muscle (kg) 30.44 5.88 Values are presented as mean standard deviation. BMI: Body Mass Index Table 3. Fit statistics of the latent 1 to 6 profile (n = 104) Fit statistics Profiles 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class AIC 5496 5461 5364 5334 5337 BIC 5636 5625 5551 5546 5572 SABIC 5469 5430 5327 5293 5291 Entropy .9901 .941 .957 .964 .962 AIC: Akaike Information Criterion, BIC: Bayesian Information Criterion, SABIC: Sample-size Adjusted BIC Table 4. Group Classification Results Based on the Number of Latent Profiles Classified Variables Group n M SD F p post-hoc 0° G1 25 100.00 .00 5.696 <.001 4<1,2,3,5 G2 10 100.00 .00 G3 28 99.82 .54 G4 16 98.46 2.63 G5 25 99.72 .60 -45° G1 25 97.96 2.93 8.726 <.001 4<3,5<1,2 G2 10 97.90 4.43 G3 28 91.33 10.46 G4 16 84.36 10.92 G5 25 92.03 6.26 45° G1 25 96.32 3.05 46.885 <.001 4<5<1,2,3 G2 10 99.04 2.02 G3 28 96.06 3.72 G4 16 76.51 7.34 G5 25 91.49 7.46 -90° G1 25 95.45 5.12 79.183 <.001 4<5<3<1,2 G2 10 96.82 .82 G3 28 84.81 7.44 G4 16 61.47 10.05 G5 25 75.52 6.27 90° G1 25 94.03 4.39 37.734 <.001 5<4<3<1,2 G2 10 92.76 2.31 G3 28 84.64 6.17 G4 16 77.34 14.11 G5 25 68.84 8.57 -135° G1 25 81.68 8.81 34.822 <.001 4,5<3<1<2 G2 10 99.24 1.60 G3 28 73.39 9.35 G4 16 64.87 12.73 G5 25 65.68 6.62 135° G1 25 86.20 4.44 70.075 <.001 5<4<2,3<1 G2 10 74.94 3.01 G3 28 73.32 6.50 G4 16 68.47 5.85 G5 25 61.64 5.00 180° G1 25 73.21 7.29 70.694 <.001 4<3<1<2 G2 10 91.56 5.68 G3 28 60.23 5.43 G4 16 55.64 6.85 G5 25 59.00 6.51 Values are presented as mean standard deviation. One-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test was performed. Table 5. Group Classification Results Based on the Number of Latent Profiles Classified Variables Group n M SD F p post-hoc Weight (kg) G1 25 69.52 11.23 3.778 .007 1,3,5<2,4 G2 10 76.26 7.53 G3 28 66.56 8.15 G4 16 71.85 6.41 G5 25 66.46 4.74 Body fat (kg) G1 25 20.42 5.17 .722 .579 - G2 10 18.00 4.17 G3 28 19.27 7.20 G4 16 17.72 4.49 G5 25 17.97 7.62 Skeletal muscle (kg) G1 25 31.33 6.27 2.922 .025 5<2,4 G2 10 34.29 3.68 G3 28 30.59 6.21 G4 16 34.00 3.57 G5 25 29.15 4.77 Values are presented as mean standard deviation. One-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test was performed. First, G1, G3, and G5 exhibited similar patterns of spinal deep muscle strength, but in the following order: G1 > G3 > G5. Specifically, at 0°, the three groups were identical, but from − 45° to 180°, G1 displayed the highest levels, G3 showed moderate levels, and G5 showed the lowest levels. Thus, G1, G3, and G5 can be considered groups with similar patterns of spinal deep muscle strength, but with relative differences in the amount of strength at each angle. G2 exhibited generally high levels of spinal deep muscle strength, with particularly high values at -135° and 180°, and the second highest value at 135°. In other words, G2 showed a similar overall pattern of spinal deep muscle strength to G1 but had the highest strength at -135° and 180° and lower strength at 135° compared to G1. Finally, G4 exhibited the lowest overall spinal deep muscle strength, with higher values at 90° and 135° than G5. Therefore, G4 was characterized as having the lowest overall spinal deep muscle strength, but higher strength than G5 at 90° and 135°. The groups were named as follows: G1, high spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance group, G2 as the high spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength group, G3 as the moderate spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance group, G4 as the low spinal deep muscle strength with better right (+) strength; and G5, low spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength. Table 4 and Fig. 2 . 1.3. Differences in Body Composition According to Latent Profile Types To determine whether the characteristics of the derived groups were related to body composition, mean differences in weight, body fat, and skeletal muscle mass according to the latent profiles were analyzed (). The analysis results revealed significant differences in weight: G1 = 69.52 ± 11.23 kg, G2 = 76.26 ± 7.53 kg, G3 = 66.56 ± 8.15 kg, G4 = 71.85 ± 6.41 kg, G5 = 66.46 ± 4.74 kg (F = 3.778, p < .01). Significant differences were also found in skeletal muscle mass: G1 = 31.33 ± 6.27 kg, G2 = 34.29 ± 3.68 kg, G3 = 30.59 ± 6.21 kg, G4 = 34.00 ± 3.57 kg, G5 = 29.15 ± 4.77 kg (F = 2.922, p < .05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in body fat. Post-hoc analysis showed that weight was relatively higher in G2 and G4 than in the other groups and that skeletal muscle mass was higher in G2 and G4 than in G5. 1.4. Differences in Physical Fitness According to Latent Profile Types The analysis of mean differences in physical fitness according to latent profiles of spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes showed significant differences in grip strength: G1 = 37.66 ± 8.93 kg, G2 = 40.23 ± 2.23 kg, G3 = 37.33 ± 8.65 kg, G4 = 40.61 ± 4.36 kg, G5 = 33.29 ± 6.58 kg (F = 3.104, p < .05). Significant differences were also found in back muscle strength: G1 = 94.28 ± 20.78 kg, G2 = 118.32 ± 1.16 kg, G3 = 86.80 ± 27.88 kg, G4 = 103.66 ± 18.15 kg, G5 = 92.32 ± 17.55 kg (F = 4.917, p < .01). Leg strength showed significant differences: G1 = 44.98 ± 10.23 kg, G2 = 54.11 ± 7.17 kg, G3 = 40.81 ± 11.77 kg, G4 = 42.63 ± 6.59 kg, G5 = 40.84 ± 8.27 kg (F = 4.316, p < .01). Muscular endurance also showed significant differences: G1 = 47.60 ± 7.90 reps, G2 = 52.80 ± 5.25 reps, G3 = 49.96 ± 6.74 reps, G4 = 44.63 ± 15.79 reps, G5 = 39.76 ± 10.93 reps (F = 5.050, p < .01). Flexibility showed significant differences as well: G1 = 21.52 ± 9.27 cm, G2 = 16.82 ± 8.42 cm, G3 = 25.45 ± 6.85 cm, G4 = 20.28 ± 8.56 cm, G5 = 21.72 ± 6.43 cm (F = 2.683, p < .05). However, no significant differences were observed in balance. Post hoc comparisons indicated that grip strength was higher in G2 and G4 than in G5, and back muscle strength was higher in G2 than in G3 and G4. Muscular endurance was higher in G2 than in G5, whereas flexibility was the highest in G3. Additionally, leg strength was highest in G2 compared to other groups. Table 6 Group Classification Results Based on the Number of Latent Profiles Classified Variables Group n M SD F p post-hoc Handgrip strength (kg) G1 25 37.66 8.93 3.104 .019 5 < 2,4 G2 10 40.23 2.23 G3 28 37.33 8.65 G4 16 40.61 4.36 G5 25 33.29 6.58 Back strength (kg) G1 25 94.28 20.78 4.917 .001 3 < 4 < 2 G2 10 118.32 1.16 G3 28 86.80 27.88 G4 16 103.66 18.15 G5 25 92.32 17.55 Leg strength (kg) G1 25 44.98 10.23 4.316 .003 3,5,4,1 < 2 G2 10 54.11 7.17 G3 28 40.81 11.77 G4 16 42.63 6.59 G5 25 40.84 8.27 Flexibility (cm) G1 25 21.52 9.27 2.683 .036 2 < 3 G2 10 16.82 8.42 G3 28 25.45 6.85 G4 16 20.28 8.56 G5 25 21.72 6.43 Balance (sec) G1 25 22.20 7.90 1.372 .249 - G2 10 21.40 13.95 G3 28 19.43 9.49 G4 16 18.25 9.98 G5 25 24.04 6.52 Abdominal muscle endurance (rep) G1 25 47.60 7.90 5.050 .001 5 < 2 G2 10 52.80 5.25 G3 28 49.96 6.74 G4 16 44.63 15.79 G5 25 39.76 10.93 Values are presented as mean standard deviation. One-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test was performed. Discussion The aim of this study was to classify new groups of adolescent male Taekwondo athletes based on their spinal deep muscle strength using latent profile analysis, and to verify differences in body composition and physical fitness among the classified groups. Five profiles were extracted. The classified groups showed the following characteristics: G1, high spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance; G2, high spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength; G3, moderate spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance; G4. low spinal deep muscle strength with better right (+) strength; and G5, low spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength. This study demonstrated that adolescent male Taekwondo athletes exhibit different characteristics based on spinal deep muscle strength. This attribute serves as a key indicator of core stability and reflects differences in body composition and physical fitness variables. The results are discussed below. First, groups G1, G3, and G5 showed consistent decreases in spinal deep muscle strength from 0° to 180°, with G1 > G3 > G5 in terms of strength. G1 exhibited high strength, G3 showed moderate strength, and G5 showed low strength, respectively. G2 and G4 exhibited different characteristics depending on the angle. G2 generally exhibited high strength, with particularly high values on the right (+) side and at 180°. In contrast, G4 generally demonstrated lower strength, surpassing G5 only at 90° and 135°. A notable finding is that even among adolescent male Taekwondo athletes, spinal deep muscle strength can be categorized into various types. This indicates that despite the sports-specific nature of Taekwondo, athletes exhibit different patterns of spinal deep muscle strength. For Taekwondo athletes, the function of the spinal deep muscles in maintaining posture stability varies by age group and is more critical for athletes in their 20s compared to junior athletes [ 24 ]. However, adolescence is a transitional period until adulthood, and it is crucial not to overlook the stabilization muscles during this stage. These characteristics likely reflect differences in foot use, kicking techniques, and bodily functions among Taekwondo athletes. Through latent profile analysis and consideration of body composition information, we found that the profiles of G2 and G4 were strongly correlated with weight and skeletal muscle mass. Further analysis of how different patterns of spinal deep muscle strength influenced physical fitness showed that G2 exhibited relatively higher grip strength, back muscle strength, muscular endurance, and leg strength than the other groups. However, flexibility was the lowest in this group. Moreover, excluding G2, G4 displayed higher grip strength and back muscle strength than the other groups. Interestingly, despite having relatively lower spinal deep muscle strength, G4 exhibited higher grip strength and back muscle strength than the other groups. This indicates that the type of spinal deep muscle strength profile affects body composition and physical fitness factors, although it does not affect balance. In university football players, the cross-sectional area and contraction thickness of the multifidus muscle are positively correlated with body weight, body fat mass, and muscle mass [ 25 ]. Similarly, in ice hockey players, the echo intensity (EI) of the multifidus muscle showed a strong correlation with body fat percentage, body fat mass, and lean body mass [ 26 ]. These findings support our results that groups with higher muscle strength were more strongly correlated with weight and skeletal muscle mass. However, our study did not find a significant correlation with body fat.; This might be because Taekwondo athletes generally have lower body fat levels compared to athletes in other sports, making significant differences harder to detect [ 27 ]. Taekwondo requires anaerobic power, strength, flexibility, and explosiveness[ 10 , 11 ], and improving core function through core exercises can enhance back muscle strength, lower body strength, and grip strength, which are key muscles of the body [ 28 , 29 ]. Our study also supports previous findings, as group G2 exhibited high grip strength, back muscle strength, muscular endurance, and leg strength. A notable finding in our study was that despite lower spinal deep muscle strength, G4 exhibited higher grip strength and muscular endurance than the other groups. This may be because grip strength, a major tool for predicting adolescent strength, is heavily influenced by body weight [ 30 ]. G3 exhibited the highest flexibility. Despite having moderate spinal deep muscle strength, lower weight, and back muscle strength, this group showed the highest flexibility. This result is significant given that flexibility is a critical factor for sports requiring high levels of flexibility, highlighting variations within the average level. However, a meta-analysis of the relationship between trunk strength and physical fitness indicated a higher correlation among recreational participants than elite athletes [ 12 ]. These results suggest the need for more comprehensive studies on the relationship between the various functions of spinal deep muscles and physical fitness in athletes. No significant differences in balance were found based on the latent profile analysis, consistent with previous studies. For instance, core strength in lacrosse players was not correlated with balance [ 31 ], and no correlation was found between core muscular endurance and balance in university lacrosse and soccer players [ 32 ]. These results contradict common findings that core stabilization exercises influence strength, endurance, and balance [ 33 ], suggesting that muscular endurance might be more crucial for balance than trunk strength [ 34 ]. However, research on the relationship between core muscles and balance remains limited, indicating the need for further studies to clarify this relationship. The lack of a relationship between balance and deep spinal muscle strength is a significant point of consideration. Taekwondo is characterized by dynamic movements, requiring fast and high-rotating kicks, and diverse movement structures [ 15 ]. Considering the varying activation levels of core and leg muscles during different kicks, tailored training addressing these aspects is necessary[ 4 ]. This study had several limitations. First, the study focused solely on adolescent male Taekwondo athletes; therefore, the results may vary according to sex and age. Second, the analysis was limited to latent profile analysis based on spinal deep muscle strength, necessitating further research on other physiological variables in Taekwondo athletes. Third, comparisons of dominant and non-dominant limb strengths were not included. Nevertheless, this study is the first to reclassify adolescent male taekwondo athletes based on spinal deep muscle strength using latent profile analysis. Additionally, it provides new insights into body composition and physical fitness that differ from those of previous studies. Conclusion In this study classified adolescent male taekwondo athletes into five groups based on their spinal deep muscle strength using latent profile analysis. Groups G2 and G4, which had different spinal deep muscle strength characteristics, had greater weights and skeletal muscle masses than the other groups. Additionally, G2 and G4 exhibited higher grip strength and back muscle strength, indicating that weight and skeletal muscle mass might have a greater influence on these metrics more than deep spinal muscle strength. Finally, no relationship was found between spinal deep muscle strength and balance. These findings suggest that lower spinal deep muscle strength does not necessarily correlate with lower physical fitness in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, and differences in left-right spinal deep muscle strength do not seem to affect balance. This emphasizes the need for individualized training to enhance Taekwondo athlete performance. Declarations Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Acknowledgements The authors thank the taekwondo team athletes who took part in the study. Funding This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2023S1A5A2A01079293). Author information Authors and Affiliations 1. Laboratory of Sports Conditioning: Nutrition Biochemistry and Neuroscience, Department of Sport Science, College of Arts and Sports, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiri-pdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea Jae-Hoon Lee & Min-Seong Ha 2. Department of Sport Science, College of Arts and Sports, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiri-pdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea Taehwan Kim 3. Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea Minchul Lee Contributions J.-H.L. and M-S.H. designed the study, with input regarding feasibility from T.L. All authors were involved in the data collection (J.-H.L. and T.L. [recruitment and data collection of players]). T.L. performed the statistical analysis. J.-H.L. and T.L. interpreted the data and J.-H.L. M.L. and M.-S.H. wrote the manuscript, which was revised by M.L. and M.-S.H. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to Minchul Lee and Min-Seong Ha. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dongguk University (DUIRB-202212-17) and adhered to the guidelines and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Arazı H, Hosseınzadeh Z, Izadı M: Relationship between anthropometric, physiological and physical characteristics with success of female taekwondo athletes . Turkish Journal of Sport Exercise 2016, 18 (2):69-75. Kazemi M, Perri G, Soave D: A profile of 2008 Olympic Taekwondo competitors . The journal of the Canadian chiropractic association 2010, 54 (4):243-249. Estevan I, Falco C, Elvira JL, Vera-Garcia FJ: Trunk and lower limb muscle activation in linear, circular and spin back kicks . Archives of budo 2015, 11 :243. Quinzi F, Camomilla V, Felici F, Di Mario A, Sbriccoli P: Differences in neuromuscular control between impact and no impact roundhouse kick in athletes of different skill levels . Journal of Electromyography Kinesiology 2013, 23 (1):140-150. Lihao G, Xiangwei M: The Relationship between Core Stability and Naraechagi Kicks Velocity in Amateur Taekwondo Players: An Investigation . The Korea Journal of Sports Science 2023, 32 (5):825-835. Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A: The role of core stability in athletic function . Sports medicine 2006, 36 :189-198. Panjabi MM: The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement . Journal of Spinal Disoders 1992, 5 (4):383-389. Bagherian S, Ghasempoor K, Rahnama N, Wikstrom EA: The effect of core stability training on functional movement patterns in college athletes . Journal of sport rehabilitation 2019, 28 (5):444-449. Liu T, Yan F: Physical changes in taekwondo athletes caused by strengthening the core . Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 2022, 28 (2):96-98. Heller J, Peric T, Dlouha R, Kohlikova E, Melichna J, Novakova H: Physiological profiles of male and female taekwon-do (ITF) black belts . Journal of sports sciences 1998, 16 (3):243-249. Fong SS, Ng GY: Sensory integration and standing balance in adolescent taekwondo practitioners . Pediatric exercise science 2012, 24 (1):142-151. Prieske O, Muehlbauer T, Granacher U: The role of trunk muscle strength for physical fitness and athletic performance in trained individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Sports medicine 2016, 46 :401-419. Iizuka S, Imai A, Koizumi K, Okuno K, Kaneoka K: Immediate effects of deep trunk muscle training on swimming start performance . International journal of sports physical therapy 2016, 11 (7):1048-1053. Bridge CA, Ferreira da Silva Santos J, Chaabene H, Pieter W, Franchini E: Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes . Sports Medicine 2014, 44 :713-733. Marković G, Mišigoj-Duraković M, Trninić S: Fitness profile of elite Croatian female taekwondo athletes . Collegium antropologicum 2005, 29 (1):93-99. Taha Z, Musa RM, Majeed APA, Alim MM, Abdullah MR: The identification of high potential archers based on fitness and motor ability variables: A Support Vector Machine approach . Human movement science 2018, 57 :184-193. Spurk D, Hirschi A, Wang M, Valero D, Kauffeld S: Latent profile analysis: A review and “how to” guide of its application within vocational behavior research . Journal of vocational behavior 2020, 120 :103445. Kim J-W, Nam S-S: Physical characteristics and physical fitness profiles of korean taekwondo athletes: A systematic review . International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health 2021, 18 (18):9624. Collins LM, Lanza ST: Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences , vol. 718: John Wiley & Sons; 2009. Kreuter F, Yan T, Tourangeau R: Good item or bad—can latent class analysis tell?: the utility of latent class analysis for the evaluation of survey questions . Journal of the royal statistical society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 2008, 171 (3):723-738. snowRMM: Rasch mixture, LCA, and Test equating analysis. [https://github.com/hyunsooseol/snowRMM] Rosenberg J, van Lissa C, Beymer P, Anderson D, Schell M, Schmidt J: tidyLPA: Easily carry out Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software . Journal of Open Source Software 2019, 3 (30):978. Jedidi K, Jagpal HS, DeSarbo WS: Finite-mixture structural equation models for response-based segmentation and unobserved heterogeneity . Marketing science 1997, 16 (1):39-59. Bešlija T, Marinković D, Čular D: Postural stability assessment in elite taekwondo athletes: Comparative study between different age group . Acta Kinesiol 2017, 11 (2):98-104. Schryver A, Rivaz H, Rizk A, Frenette S, Boily M, Fortin M: Ultrasonography of lumbar multifidus muscle in university american football players . Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2020, 52 (7):1495-1501. Fortin M, Rizk A, Frenette S, Boily M, Rivaz H: Ultrasonography of multifidus muscle morphology and function in ice hockey players with and without low back pain . Physical therapy in sport 2019, 37 :77-85. Reale R, Burke LM, Cox GR, Slater G: Body composition of elite Olympic combat sport athletes . European journal of sport science 2020, 20 (2):147-156. Genç H, Ciğerci AE: The effect of the core exercises on body composition, selected strength and performance skills in child soccer players . International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 2020, 9 (6):101-108. Turna, Bulent: The Effects of 6-Week Core Training on Selected Biomotor Abilities in Soccer Players . Journal of Education and Learning 2020, 9 (1):99-109. Wind AE, Takken T, Helders PJ, Engelbert RH: Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults? European journal of pediatrics 2010, 169 :281-287. Gordon AT, Ambegaonkar JP, Caswell SV: Relationships between core strength, hip external rotator muscle strength, and star excursion balance test performance in female lacrosse players . International journal of sports physical therapy 2013, 8 (2):97. Ambegaonkar JP, Mettinger LM, Caswell SV, Burtt A, Cortes N: Relationships between core endurance, hip strength, and balance in collegiate female athletes . International journal of sports physical therapy 2014, 9 (5):604. Sekendiz B, Cug M, Korkusuz F: Effects of Swiss-ball core strength training on strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in sedentary women . The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research 2010, 24 (11):3032-3040. Barati A, Safarcherati A, Aghayari A, Azizi F, Abbasi H: Evaluation of relationship between trunk muscle endurance and static balance in male students . Asian journal of sports medicine 2013, 4 (4):289. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 17 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 11 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5069012","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":355009808,"identity":"a23cf4b5-822f-4c04-b79f-25777f45b5fd","order_by":0,"name":"Jae-Hoon Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Seoul","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jae-Hoon","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":355009809,"identity":"1906b45a-1a67-4f6c-a736-31baa251e3a7","order_by":1,"name":"Taehwan Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Seoul","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taehwan","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":355009810,"identity":"7d539218-4e3a-444d-853d-47af884070f8","order_by":2,"name":"Minchul Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CHA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Minchul","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":355009811,"identity":"fa845f1e-ff8a-4f86-96c5-c988780720f6","order_by":3,"name":"Min-Seong Ha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyA+AGEyQ2kGNqK1sCUQrwUKeGBsAlrM2U8nHi74YyNnzr/mm8SHPwzy/A1saR/wabHsyd1weGZbmrHljLfbJGe2MRjOOMB2eAZehx0AauFtOJy44cbZbdK8DQyMGxjYm/H75fzbDYd5/vwHajnzTJrnD4M9YS03gLbwsB1I3HC+h02ah40hcQMD22ECWoC28LYlGxvcYDO2nNkmkTzjMFsyAYflbv7M88dOzuD84Yc3Pvyxse1vbzPGqwUBJBLAJDAVEKmBgYH/ANFKR8EoGAWjYIQBAI4iTJNolRW6AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Seoul","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Min-Seong","middleName":"","lastName":"Ha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-11 07:23:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5069012/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5069012/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01034-w","type":"published","date":"2024-12-18T15:57:19+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69352074,"identity":"ee98cd77-7aae-4f2c-9e58-48058860f791","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-19 13:09:05","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMeasurement positions of Centra 3d machine.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5069012/v1/a446ad7772046694841cca9b.png"},{"id":69350351,"identity":"303dbf49-9c4c-4f85-9cec-c05308a47fc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-19 13:01:05","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpin stabilizing muscle categories by latent class for the overall sample. G1: high spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance group. G2: high spinal deep muscle strength with better left-side (-) strength group. G3 had moderate spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance group. G4: low spinal deep muscle strength with better right-side (+) strength group. G5: low spinal deep muscle strength with better left-side (-) strength group.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5069012/v1/bf3251ce8f874a5aafa40745.png"},{"id":72201669,"identity":"fc5469c6-7a3c-453a-bfd4-9c2caa81a729","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-23 16:09:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1798843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5069012/v1/87162040-a00f-4731-9b3b-150d1c694ba3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Latent Profile Analysis of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength and Physical Fitness in Elite Taekwondo Athletes","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTaekwondo requires explosive power, speed, agility, and both anaerobic and aerobic power, which are crucial elements for performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The primary technique in Taekwondo, the kick, is generated through the rotation of the torso and accounts for most of the scoring in Taekwondo competitions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The muscle activation of the torso and lower body varies depending on the form of the rotation during kicking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Elite athletes demonstrate high angular velocity and muscle fiber conduction speed, requiring a high level of neuromuscular adaptation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore stability is a potential factor that can enhance kicking speed and plays a central role in generating, transmitting, and controlling optimal force and movement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. MM Panjabi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] described core stability as the interdependent actions of three components: bone and ligament structures, muscles surrounding the spine, and the neural control system. The core muscle group, which is the origin of all forces and mobilities in the body, is surrounded by the diaphragm (acting as the roof), pelvic floor muscles (supporting the base), abdominal muscles, and muscles around the spine, which maintain intra-abdominal pressure and provide a foundation for distal movements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, core stability focuses on the local muscle system, not only providing stability but also effectively transmitting force to the arms and legs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Incorporating core-strengthening exercises into general training can rapidly enhance physical fitness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This chain of functions and complex factors from the body's center facilitates smooth movements, thereby affecting overall performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaekwondo athletes typically exhibit characteristics such as low body fat, high anaerobic power, strength, flexibility, and balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], which are highly correlated with trunk strength [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. High-intensity trunk exercises performed just before competitions can positively impact performance, highlighting the importance of strengthening the muscles around the spine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have analyzed the key physical fitness factors necessary for selecting elite athletes by evaluating performance and specialized fitness determinants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], aiming to elucidate the relationship between the physical fitness factors inherent to Taekwondo, performance, and fitness levels. However, researchers have argued that simple assessments of athletes' physical fitness are insufficient for evaluating their capabilities. Recently, there has been a shift towards categorizing and understanding the diverse characteristics of athletes for more precise identification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor instance, a study on archery athletes employed Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) to cluster and analyze the new potential of archers, providing a novel approach to enhance their performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. While HACA struggles to explain groups based on hidden variable patterns, latent profile analysis (LPA) offers a complementary approach by classifying new group types based on similar patterns among variables, using a probabilistic latent variable modeling approach [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, objective measurements of physiological and biomechanical variables for analyzing new patterns remain limited. Thus, this study aimed to identify new patterns of spinal deep muscle strength in Taekwondo athletes using latent profile analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious research systematically reviewed the physical characteristics and fitness profiles of Taekwondo athletes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Numerous studies have actively explored various physical fitness traits, such as body composition, body type, strength, and anaerobic and aerobic capacities, to enhance performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Given that physical fitness is crucial for the performance of Taekwondo athletes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], identifying new patterns based on core stability characteristics and understanding the relationship between body composition and fitness could offer a novel approach to performance enhancement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study aimed to classify new groups based on the spinal deep muscle strength of adolescent male Taekwondo athletes using latent profile analysis. Additionally, this study aimed to verify the differences in body composition and physical fitness among the classified groups to determine the relationships among spinal deep muscle strength, body composition, and fitness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 127 male adolescent taekwondo athletes registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association and residing in S City were recruited for this study. After excluding\u0026nbsp;23 dropouts, 104 participants were included in\u0026nbsp;the analysis. The exclusion criteria for study participants are listed in \u0026lt;Table 1\u0026gt;. Prior to the study, the purpose and intent of the research were fully explained to the participants, and consent was obtained\u0026nbsp;their consent from those who voluntarily wished to participate. This study was\u0026nbsp;approved by the Institutional Review Board\u0026nbsp;of Dongguk University (DUIRB-202212-17)\u0026nbsp;and adhered to the guidelines and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants\u0026rsquo; characteristics are listed in \u0026lt;Table 2\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;1 and 2 about here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Measurement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll study participants fasted for more than 8 h before measurements were conducted between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The specific measurement methods are as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Body Composition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeight (cm) and weight (kg) were measured using a digital stadiometer (BSM 370; InBody, Seoul, Korea). Body composition was measured using a body composition analyzer (InBody 620; InBody, Seoul, Korea). Participants were asked to wear light clothing after removing any metal accessories. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: weight (kg) / height (m)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Physical Fitness (grip strength, back muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, balance,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;leg strength)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2.1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Muscle Strength (Grip Strength, Back Muscle Strength, Leg Strength)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Grip Strength: Measured using a handgrip dynamometer (T.K.K. 5401; Takei, Tokyo, Japan). Participants adjusted the dynamometer to fit their hands and stood comfortably with their arms straight and slightly away from their bodies at a 15\u0026deg; angle. The dynamometer was gripped with the second joint of the fingers at a right angle, and the grip strength of the dominant hand was measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Back Muscle Strength: Measured using a back and leg strength dynamometer (T.K.K. 5402; Takei, Tokyo, Japan). Participants stood comfortably on the machine, with knees and torso straight, holding the handle at thigh level. The handle was pulled vertically upward without bending the elbows or tilting the body backward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) Leg Strength: Measured\u0026nbsp;using a leg extension machine (T.K.K. 5710M; Takei, Tokyo, Japan) in conjunction with\u0026nbsp;the T.K.K. 5402.\u0026nbsp;Participants sat with their backs and hips against the backrest, with the pad positioned on the lower tibia, and extended\u0026nbsp;their knees.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll muscle strength measurements were performed twice with a 1-minute rest in between, and the higher value was recorded for\u0026nbsp;the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2.2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Muscular Endurance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Sit-up: \u0026nbsp;To assess abdominal muscle endurance, participants lay on a mat with\u0026nbsp;their feet\u0026nbsp;30 cm apart, knees bent at 90\u0026deg;,\u0026nbsp;and hands clasped behind their heads. They raised their upper bodies to touch their elbows to the knees and return to the starting position. This was repeated for 1 min, and the number of repetitions was recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2.3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Flexibility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Sit-and-Reach: A flexibility testing device (T.K.K. 5403, Takei, Tokyo, Japan)\u0026nbsp;was used to measure the flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings.\u0026nbsp;Participants sat without shoes, with\u0026nbsp;their feet against the device, and extended their hands as far forward as possible. Measurements were\u0026nbsp;performed twice, with the higher value\u0026nbsp;recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2.4.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Balance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne-Legged Stance with Closed\u0026nbsp;Eyes:\u0026nbsp;To assess balance, participants stood comfortably with\u0026nbsp;their hands on their hips and one knee bent at approximately 90\u0026deg; while their eyes were closed. The\u0026nbsp;time until the participants opened their eyes or their lifted foot touched the ground was measured. The test was performed\u0026nbsp;thrice, and the highest value was recorded. To prevent injury, a researcher assisted without interfering with the measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2.5.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Deep spinal muscle strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpinal deep muscle strength was measured using a Centaur 3D machine (Bio-Feedback Motor Control, Germany), a device that assess\u0026nbsp;the isometric strength of the lower back muscles in 3D space.\u0026nbsp;Participants stood on the central platform with their lower body and hips fixed, chin tucked, hands on the abdomen, and the transversus abdominis contracted. Measurements were taken at\u0026nbsp;eight angles in the transverse plane (0\u0026deg;, +45\u0026deg;, -45\u0026deg;, +90\u0026deg;, -90\u0026deg;, +135\u0026deg;, -135\u0026deg;,\u0026nbsp;and 180\u0026deg;), with\u0026nbsp;clockwise directions denoted as \u0026quot;+\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;and counterclockwise as \u0026quot;-.\u0026rdquo; Measurements were taken while the body\u0026nbsp;was tilted up to 90\u0026deg; in the sagittal plane\u0026nbsp;(\u0026lt; Figure 1 \u0026gt;). Participants were instructed to stabilize their upper body against gravity along the body axis. Data values were zeroed\u0026nbsp;before collection, and measurements were immediately stopped upon request from the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Figure 1 in here\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Statistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo analyze differences in body composition and physical fitness based on the latent profile classification of spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) and One-way ANOVA were conducted. Analyses were performed using Jamovi 2.3.16, with the statistical significance level set at\u0026nbsp;p \u0026lt; 0.05. The specific data processing methods are as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3.1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Latent Profile Analysis (LPA)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLatent Profile Analysis was conducted using the snowRMM module provided by Jamovi 2.3.16\u0026nbsp;to extract groups with common characteristics while controlling for the spinal deep muscle strength of adolescent Taekwondo athletes (0\u0026deg;, \u0026minus;45\u0026deg;, 45\u0026deg;, \u0026minus;90\u0026deg;, 90\u0026deg;, \u0026minus;135\u0026deg;, 135\u0026deg;, and 180\u0026deg;)\u0026nbsp;[19, 20]. The snowRMM module, based on the R package tidy LPA, provides LPA results\u0026nbsp;[21, 22], enabling the extraction of groups that commonly or heterogeneously possess spinal deep muscle strength. Indices used to determine the number of latent profiles through Latent Profile Analysis included the Akaike Information Criterion\u0026nbsp;(AIC),\u0026nbsp;Bayesian Information Criterion\u0026nbsp;(BIC),\u0026nbsp;sample-size-adjusted Bayesian information criterion\u0026nbsp;(SABIC), and\u0026nbsp;entropy values. AIC and BIC consider both explanatory power and parsimony by accounting for the number of estimated parameters\u0026nbsp;[19]\u0026nbsp;and indicate the fit between the latent profile model and the data\u0026nbsp;[23], with smaller values indicating better fit\u0026nbsp;[19, 20]. Given that\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;AIC and BIC are influenced by sample size, the SABIC, which adjusts for sample size, was also considered. Entropy indicates the classification accuracy of the estimated latent profiles\u0026nbsp;[19], with values closer to 1 indicating\u0026nbsp;a clearer classification\u0026nbsp;[20]. Therefore, this study determined the number of latent profiles by considering\u0026nbsp;the AIC, BIC, and SABIC, which focus on explanatory power and parsimony, and\u0026nbsp;entropy, which indicates classification accuracy\u0026nbsp;[19], while also considering the appropriateness of the classification ratio\u0026nbsp;[23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3.2. \u0026nbsp; One-way ANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the characteristics of the latent profiles derived from LPA and the mean differences in body composition and physical fitness among the classified latent profile groups. The independent variables were the latent profiles classified by LPA, and the dependent variables were body composition (weight, body fat, and skeletal muscle mass) and physical fitness (grip strength, back muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, and leg strength). Post hoc comparisons were conducted using the Games-Howell method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants inclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Individuals registered as athletes with the Korea Taekwondo Association.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Male and female high school students residing in S city.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Individuals willing to voluntarily participate in this study and have completed the consent form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Individuals with metabolic disorders such as hypertension and diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Individuals aware of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Individuals with cerebral vascular diseases and mental disorders such as depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Individuals who have taken medications that may affect psychiatric drug trials within the past 2 months.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. Individuals deemed unsuitable for the study by the principal investigator.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.1. Classification of Latent Profiles of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo classify the latent profiles of spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, a latent profile model was established, incorporating measurements at 0\u0026deg;, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;45\u0026deg;, 45\u0026deg;, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;, 90\u0026deg;, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;135\u0026deg;, 135\u0026deg;, and 180\u0026deg;. A range of latent profiles, from one to six, was exploratorily extracted to assess model fit, and the classification results with the most appropriate explanatory power were selected. After conducting LPA, it was observed that both the AIC and BIC values gradually decreased with the extraction of up to five extracted group profiles. However, these values increased when six latent profiles were extracted. Entropy was the highest when five latent profiles were extracted. Therefore, this study determined that the model with five latent profiles had the best fit indices and that the classification ratios were appropriate as follows: Group 1, 25 participants (24.0%); Group 2, 10 participants (9.6%); Group 3, 28 participants (26.9%); Group 4, 16 participants (15.4%); and Group 5, 25 participants (24.0%). Thus, the model with five latent profiles was selected as the final model (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Table\u0026nbsp;3 \u0026gt;).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Table\u0026nbsp;3 in here\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.2. Classification of Latent Profiles of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength (ANOVA)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGiven the extraction of five latent profiles for spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, the characteristics of the classified groups were visualized as shown in \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Figure \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;, and the analysis results are presented in \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Table \u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in all variables of spinal deep muscle strength according to the latent profiles (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Based on post hoc comparisons, the main characteristics of each group were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Characteristics of participants (n=104)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody fat (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkeletal muscle (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValues are presented as mean standard deviation. BMI: Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Fit statistics of the latent 1 to 6 profile (n = 104)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFit statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfiles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSABIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEntropy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.9901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIC: Akaike Information Criterion, BIC: Bayesian Information Criterion, SABIC: Sample-size Adjusted BIC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Group Classification Results Based on the Number of Latent Profiles Classified\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003epost-hoc\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.696\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026lt;1,2,3,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.82\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.54\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.46\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.72\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-45\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.96\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026lt;3,5\u0026lt;1,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.90\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.46\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.36\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.92\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.03\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.32\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026lt;5\u0026lt;1,2,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.04\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.06\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.51\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.34\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.49\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.46\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-90\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.45\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026lt;5\u0026lt;3\u0026lt;1,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.82\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.82\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.81\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.44\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.47\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.05\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.52\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.03\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026lt;4\u0026lt;3\u0026lt;1,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.76\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.64\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.34\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.11\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.84\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.57\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.68\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.81\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.822\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,5\u0026lt;3\u0026lt;1\u0026lt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.39\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.87\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.73\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.68\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.62\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026lt;4\u0026lt;2,3\u0026lt;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.94\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.32\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.47\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.85\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.64\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026lt;3\u0026lt;1\u0026lt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.56\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.23\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.64\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.51\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are presented as mean standard deviation. One-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test was performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Group Classification Results Based on the Number of Latent Profiles Classified\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003epost-hoc\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,3,5\u0026lt;2,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody fat (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkeletal muscle (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026lt;2,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValues are presented as mean standard deviation. One-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test was performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst, G1, G3, and G5 exhibited similar patterns of spinal deep muscle strength, but in the following order: G1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G5. Specifically, at 0\u0026deg;, the three groups were identical, but from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;45\u0026deg; to 180\u0026deg;, G1 displayed the highest levels, G3 showed moderate levels, and G5 showed the lowest levels. Thus, G1, G3, and G5 can be considered groups with similar patterns of spinal deep muscle strength, but with relative differences in the amount of strength at each angle.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2 exhibited generally high levels of spinal deep muscle strength, with particularly high values at -135\u0026deg; and 180\u0026deg;, and the second highest value at 135\u0026deg;. In other words, G2 showed a similar overall pattern of spinal deep muscle strength to G1 but had the highest strength at -135\u0026deg; and 180\u0026deg; and lower strength at 135\u0026deg; compared to G1. Finally, G4 exhibited the lowest overall spinal deep muscle strength, with higher values at 90\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg; than G5. Therefore, G4 was characterized as having the lowest overall spinal deep muscle strength, but higher strength than G5 at 90\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg;. The groups were named as follows: G1, high spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance group, G2 as the high spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength group, G3 as the moderate spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance group, G4 as the low spinal deep muscle strength with better right (+) strength; and G5, low spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.3. Differences in Body Composition According to Latent Profile Types\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo determine whether the characteristics of the derived groups were related to body composition, mean differences in weight, body fat, and skeletal muscle mass according to the latent profiles were analyzed (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Table \u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u0026gt;). The analysis results revealed significant differences in weight: G1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;69.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.23 kg, G2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.53 kg, G3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.15 kg, G4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.41 kg, G5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.74 kg (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.778, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Significant differences were also found in skeletal muscle mass: G1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.27 kg, G2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68 kg, G3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.21 kg, G4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.57 kg, G5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.77 kg (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.922, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in body fat. Post-hoc analysis showed that weight was relatively higher in G2 and G4 than in the other groups and that skeletal muscle mass was higher in G2 and G4 than in G5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Table \u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e in here\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.4. Differences in Physical Fitness According to Latent Profile Types\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of mean differences in physical fitness according to latent profiles of spinal deep muscle strength in adolescent Taekwondo athletes showed significant differences in grip strength: G1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.93 kg, G2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23 kg, G3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.65 kg, G4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.36 kg, G5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.58 kg (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.104, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). Significant differences were also found in back muscle strength: G1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;94.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.78 kg, G2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;118.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16 kg, G3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;86.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.88 kg, G4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.15 kg, G5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.55 kg (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.917, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Leg strength showed significant differences: G1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.23 kg, G2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.17 kg, G3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.77 kg, G4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.59 kg, G5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.27 kg (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.316, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Muscular endurance also showed significant differences: G1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.90 reps, G2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.25 reps, G3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.74 reps, G4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.79 reps, G5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.93 reps (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.050, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Flexibility showed significant differences as well: G1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.27 cm, G2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.42 cm, G3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.85 cm, G4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.56 cm, G5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.43 cm (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.683, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). However, no significant differences were observed in balance. Post hoc comparisons indicated that grip strength was higher in G2 and G4 than in G5, and back muscle strength was higher in G2 than in G3 and G4. Muscular endurance was higher in G2 than in G5, whereas flexibility was the highest in G3. Additionally, leg strength was highest in G2 compared to other groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e in here\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup Classification Results Based on the Number of Latent Profiles Classified\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003epost-hoc\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHandgrip strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBack strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeg strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,5,4,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlexibility (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(sec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbdominal muscle endurance (rep)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eValues are presented as mean standard deviation. One-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test was performed.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to classify new groups of adolescent male Taekwondo athletes based on their spinal deep muscle strength using latent profile analysis, and to verify differences in body composition and physical fitness among the classified groups. Five profiles were extracted. The classified groups showed the following characteristics: G1, high spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance; G2, high spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength; G3, moderate spinal deep muscle strength with good left-right balance; G4. low spinal deep muscle strength with better right (+) strength; and G5, low spinal deep muscle strength with better left (-) strength. This study demonstrated that adolescent male Taekwondo athletes exhibit different characteristics based on spinal deep muscle strength. This attribute serves as a key indicator of core stability and reflects differences in body composition and physical fitness variables. The results are discussed below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, groups G1, G3, and G5 showed consistent decreases in spinal deep muscle strength from 0\u0026deg; to 180\u0026deg;, with G1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G5 in terms of strength. G1 exhibited high strength, G3 showed moderate strength, and G5 showed low strength, respectively. G2 and G4 exhibited different characteristics depending on the angle. G2 generally exhibited high strength, with particularly high values on the right (+) side and at 180\u0026deg;. In contrast, G4 generally demonstrated lower strength, surpassing G5 only at 90\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg;. A notable finding is that even among adolescent male Taekwondo athletes, spinal deep muscle strength can be categorized into various types. This indicates that despite the sports-specific nature of Taekwondo, athletes exhibit different patterns of spinal deep muscle strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Taekwondo athletes, the function of the spinal deep muscles in maintaining posture stability varies by age group and is more critical for athletes in their 20s compared to junior athletes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. However, adolescence is a transitional period until adulthood, and it is crucial not to overlook the stabilization muscles during this stage. These characteristics likely reflect differences in foot use, kicking techniques, and bodily functions among Taekwondo athletes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough latent profile analysis and consideration of body composition information, we found that the profiles of G2 and G4 were strongly correlated with weight and skeletal muscle mass. Further analysis of how different patterns of spinal deep muscle strength influenced physical fitness showed that G2 exhibited relatively higher grip strength, back muscle strength, muscular endurance, and leg strength than the other groups. However, flexibility was the lowest in this group. Moreover, excluding G2, G4 displayed higher grip strength and back muscle strength than the other groups. Interestingly, despite having relatively lower spinal deep muscle strength, G4 exhibited higher grip strength and back muscle strength than the other groups. This indicates that the type of spinal deep muscle strength profile affects body composition and physical fitness factors, although it does not affect balance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn university football players, the cross-sectional area and contraction thickness of the multifidus muscle are positively correlated with body weight, body fat mass, and muscle mass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, in ice hockey players, the echo intensity (EI) of the multifidus muscle showed a strong correlation with body fat percentage, body fat mass, and lean body mass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings support our results that groups with higher muscle strength were more strongly correlated with weight and skeletal muscle mass. However, our study did not find a significant correlation with body fat.; This might be because Taekwondo athletes generally have lower body fat levels compared to athletes in other sports, making significant differences harder to detect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaekwondo requires anaerobic power, strength, flexibility, and explosiveness[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], and improving core function through core exercises can enhance back muscle strength, lower body strength, and grip strength, which are key muscles of the body [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Our study also supports previous findings, as group G2 exhibited high grip strength, back muscle strength, muscular endurance, and leg strength. A notable finding in our study was that despite lower spinal deep muscle strength, G4 exhibited higher grip strength and muscular endurance than the other groups. This may be because grip strength, a major tool for predicting adolescent strength, is heavily influenced by body weight [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3 exhibited the highest flexibility. Despite having moderate spinal deep muscle strength, lower weight, and back muscle strength, this group showed the highest flexibility. This result is significant given that flexibility is a critical factor for sports requiring high levels of flexibility, highlighting variations within the average level. However, a meta-analysis of the relationship between trunk strength and physical fitness indicated a higher correlation among recreational participants than elite athletes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. These results suggest the need for more comprehensive studies on the relationship between the various functions of spinal deep muscles and physical fitness in athletes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant differences in balance were found based on the latent profile analysis, consistent with previous studies. For instance, core strength in lacrosse players was not correlated with balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], and no correlation was found between core muscular endurance and balance in university lacrosse and soccer players [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. These results contradict common findings that core stabilization exercises influence strength, endurance, and balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting that muscular endurance might be more crucial for balance than trunk strength [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. However, research on the relationship between core muscles and balance remains limited, indicating the need for further studies to clarify this relationship. The lack of a relationship between balance and deep spinal muscle strength is a significant point of consideration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaekwondo is characterized by dynamic movements, requiring fast and high-rotating kicks, and diverse movement structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering the varying activation levels of core and leg muscles during different kicks, tailored training addressing these aspects is necessary[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study had several limitations. First, the study focused solely on adolescent male Taekwondo athletes; therefore, the results may vary according to sex and age. Second, the analysis was limited to latent profile analysis based on spinal deep muscle strength, necessitating further research on other physiological variables in Taekwondo athletes. Third, comparisons of dominant and non-dominant limb strengths were not included. Nevertheless, this study is the first to reclassify adolescent male taekwondo athletes based on spinal deep muscle strength using latent profile analysis. Additionally, it provides new insights into body composition and physical fitness that differ from those of previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study classified adolescent male taekwondo athletes into five groups based on their spinal deep muscle strength using latent profile analysis. Groups G2 and G4, which had different spinal deep muscle strength characteristics, had greater weights and skeletal muscle masses than the other groups. Additionally, G2 and G4 exhibited higher grip strength and back muscle strength, indicating that weight and skeletal muscle mass might have a greater influence on these metrics more than deep spinal muscle strength. Finally, no relationship was found between spinal deep muscle strength and balance. These findings suggest that lower spinal deep muscle strength does not necessarily correlate with lower physical fitness in adolescent Taekwondo athletes, and differences in left-right spinal deep muscle strength do not seem to affect balance. This emphasizes the need for individualized training to enhance Taekwondo athlete performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the taekwondo team athletes who took part in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2023S1A5A2A01079293).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors and Affiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Laboratory of\u0026nbsp;Sports Conditioning: Nutrition Biochemistry and\u0026nbsp;Neuroscience, Department of Sport Science, College of Arts and Sports, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiri-pdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJae-Hoon Lee \u0026amp; Min-Seong Ha\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Department of Sport Science, College of Arts and Sports, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiri-pdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTaehwan Kim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMinchul Lee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJ.-H.L. and M-S.H. designed the study, with input regarding feasibility from T.L. All authors were involved in the data collection (J.-H.L. and T.L. [recruitment and data collection of players]). T.L. performed the statistical analysis. J.-H.L. and T.L. interpreted the data and J.-H.L. M.L. and M.-S.H. wrote the manuscript, which was revised by M.L. and M.-S.H. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to\u0026nbsp;Minchul Lee and Min-Seong Ha.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dongguk University (DUIRB-202212-17) and adhered to the guidelines and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArazı H, Hosseınzadeh Z, Izadı M: \u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between anthropometric, physiological and physical characteristics with success of female taekwondo athletes\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eTurkish Journal of Sport Exercise \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(2):69-75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKazemi M, Perri G, Soave D: \u003cstrong\u003eA profile of 2008 Olympic Taekwondo competitors\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eThe journal of the Canadian chiropractic association \u003c/em\u003e2010, \u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e(4):243-249.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEstevan I, Falco C, Elvira JL, Vera-Garcia FJ: \u003cstrong\u003eTrunk and lower limb muscle activation in linear, circular and spin back kicks\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eArchives of budo \u003c/em\u003e2015, \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e:243.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuinzi F, Camomilla V, Felici F, Di Mario A, Sbriccoli P: \u003cstrong\u003eDifferences in neuromuscular control between impact and no impact roundhouse kick in athletes of different skill levels\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Electromyography Kinesiology \u003c/em\u003e2013, \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e(1):140-150.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLihao G, Xiangwei M: \u003cstrong\u003eThe Relationship between Core Stability and Naraechagi Kicks Velocity in Amateur Taekwondo Players: An Investigation\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eThe Korea Journal of Sports Science \u003c/em\u003e2023, \u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e(5):825-835.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A: \u003cstrong\u003eThe role of core stability in athletic function\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eSports medicine \u003c/em\u003e2006, \u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e:189-198.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanjabi MM: \u003cstrong\u003eThe stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Spinal Disoders \u003c/em\u003e1992, \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(4):383-389.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBagherian S, Ghasempoor K, Rahnama N, Wikstrom EA: \u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of core stability training on functional movement patterns in college athletes\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of sport rehabilitation \u003c/em\u003e2019, \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e(5):444-449.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu T, Yan F: \u003cstrong\u003ePhysical changes in taekwondo athletes caused by strengthening the core\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eRevista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte \u003c/em\u003e2022, \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e(2):96-98.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeller J, Peric T, Dlouha R, Kohlikova E, Melichna J, Novakova H: \u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological profiles of male and female taekwon-do (ITF) black belts\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of sports sciences \u003c/em\u003e1998, \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(3):243-249.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFong SS, Ng GY: \u003cstrong\u003eSensory integration and standing balance in adolescent taekwondo practitioners\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePediatric exercise science \u003c/em\u003e2012, \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e(1):142-151.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrieske O, Muehlbauer T, Granacher U: \u003cstrong\u003eThe role of trunk muscle strength for physical fitness and athletic performance in trained individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eSports medicine \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e46\u003c/strong\u003e:401-419.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIizuka S, Imai A, Koizumi K, Okuno K, Kaneoka K: \u003cstrong\u003eImmediate effects of deep trunk muscle training on swimming start performance\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of sports physical therapy \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(7):1048-1053.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBridge CA, Ferreira da Silva Santos J, Chaabene H, Pieter W, Franchini E: \u003cstrong\u003ePhysical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eSports Medicine \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e44\u003c/strong\u003e:713-733.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarković G, Mi\u0026scaron;igoj-Duraković M, Trninić S: \u003cstrong\u003eFitness profile of elite Croatian female taekwondo athletes\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eCollegium antropologicum \u003c/em\u003e2005, \u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e(1):93-99.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaha Z, Musa RM, Majeed APA, Alim MM, Abdullah MR: \u003cstrong\u003eThe identification of high potential archers based on fitness and motor ability variables: A Support Vector Machine approach\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eHuman movement science \u003c/em\u003e2018, \u003cstrong\u003e57\u003c/strong\u003e:184-193.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpurk D, Hirschi A, Wang M, Valero D, Kauffeld S: \u003cstrong\u003eLatent profile analysis: A review and \u0026ldquo;how to\u0026rdquo; guide of its application within vocational behavior research\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of vocational behavior \u003c/em\u003e2020, \u003cstrong\u003e120\u003c/strong\u003e:103445.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim J-W, Nam S-S: \u003cstrong\u003ePhysical characteristics and physical fitness profiles of korean taekwondo athletes: A systematic review\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research Public Health \u003c/em\u003e2021, \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(18):9624.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollins LM, Lanza ST: \u003cstrong\u003eLatent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences\u003c/strong\u003e, vol. 718: John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons; 2009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKreuter F, Yan T, Tourangeau R: \u003cstrong\u003eGood item or bad\u0026mdash;can latent class analysis tell?: the utility of latent class analysis for the evaluation of survey questions\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the royal statistical society: Series A (Statistics in Society) \u003c/em\u003e2008, \u003cstrong\u003e171\u003c/strong\u003e(3):723-738.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esnowRMM: Rasch mixture, LCA, and Test equating analysis. \u003c/strong\u003e[https://github.com/hyunsooseol/snowRMM]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRosenberg J, van Lissa C, Beymer P, Anderson D, Schell M, Schmidt J: \u003cstrong\u003etidyLPA: Easily carry out Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Open Source Software \u003c/em\u003e2019, \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(30):978.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJedidi K, Jagpal HS, DeSarbo WS: \u003cstrong\u003eFinite-mixture structural equation models for response-based segmentation and unobserved heterogeneity\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMarketing science \u003c/em\u003e1997, \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(1):39-59.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBe\u0026scaron;lija T, Marinković D, Čular D: \u003cstrong\u003ePostural stability assessment in elite taekwondo athletes: Comparative study between different age group\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eActa Kinesiol \u003c/em\u003e2017, \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(2):98-104.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchryver A, Rivaz H, Rizk A, Frenette S, Boily M, Fortin M: \u003cstrong\u003eUltrasonography of lumbar multifidus muscle in university american football players\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMedicine and science in sports and exercise \u003c/em\u003e2020, \u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e(7):1495-1501.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFortin M, Rizk A, Frenette S, Boily M, Rivaz H: \u003cstrong\u003eUltrasonography of multifidus muscle morphology and function in ice hockey players with and without low back pain\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePhysical therapy in sport \u003c/em\u003e2019, \u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e:77-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReale R, Burke LM, Cox GR, Slater G: \u003cstrong\u003eBody composition of elite Olympic combat sport athletes\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eEuropean journal of sport science \u003c/em\u003e2020, \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e(2):147-156.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGen\u0026ccedil; H, Ciğerci AE: \u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of the core exercises on body composition, selected strength and performance skills in child soccer players\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology \u003c/em\u003e2020, \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(6):101-108.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTurna, Bulent: \u003cstrong\u003eThe Effects of 6-Week Core Training on Selected Biomotor Abilities in Soccer Players\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Journal of Education and Learning \u003c/em\u003e2020, \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(1):99-109.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWind AE, Takken T, Helders PJ, Engelbert RH: \u003cstrong\u003eIs grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eEuropean journal of pediatrics \u003c/em\u003e2010, \u003cstrong\u003e169\u003c/strong\u003e:281-287.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGordon AT, Ambegaonkar JP, Caswell SV: \u003cstrong\u003eRelationships between core strength, hip external rotator muscle strength, and star excursion balance test performance in female lacrosse players\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of sports physical therapy \u003c/em\u003e2013, \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(2):97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmbegaonkar JP, Mettinger LM, Caswell SV, Burtt A, Cortes N: \u003cstrong\u003eRelationships between core endurance, hip strength, and balance in collegiate female athletes\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of sports physical therapy \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(5):604.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSekendiz B, Cug M, Korkusuz F: \u003cstrong\u003eEffects of Swiss-ball core strength training on strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in sedentary women\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength Conditioning Research \u003c/em\u003e2010, \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e(11):3032-3040.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarati A, Safarcherati A, Aghayari A, Azizi F, Abbasi H: \u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of relationship between trunk muscle endurance and static balance in male students\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAsian journal of sports medicine \u003c/em\u003e2013, \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e(4):289.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Latent Profile Analysis, Taekwondo athletes, Spinal Deep Muscle Strength, Physical Fitness","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5069012/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5069012/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn Taekwondo, core stability and physical fitness are vital for performance, with spinal deep muscles playing a key role. This study explored the relationship between spinal deep muscle strength and physical fitness in 104 adolescent Taekwondo athletes, using a cross-sectional design in a laboratory setting. Participants were classified into groups based on spinal muscle strength at various angles, measured with a Centaur 3D machine. Outcome measures included body composition (height, weight, BMI) and physical fitness (grip strength, back muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, and leg strength). Latent profile analysis identified five profiles: G2 and G4 showed higher body weight and skeletal muscle mass, with G2 also having the highest grip, back, and leg strength. No significant relationship was found between spinal muscle strength and balance. The findings suggest spinal muscle strength and physical fitness do not always correlate, highlighting the need for further research to optimize training.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Latent Profile Analysis of Spinal Deep Muscle Strength and Physical Fitness in Elite Taekwondo Athletes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-19 13:01:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5069012/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-17T05:47:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-17T05:02:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-11T08:35:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","date":"2024-09-11T07:21:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fb1e0023-e6d6-4c1f-aba0-d9ce8afb787b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-23T16:00:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5069012","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01034-w","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2024-12-18 15:57:19","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 18th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-19 13:01:00","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-024-01034-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01034-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5069012","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5069012","identity":"rs-5069012","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}