The Impact of Elite Endurance Activity on Cardiac Remodelling in Asians - an Echocardiographic Case Control Study

The Impact of Elite Endurance Activity on Cardiac Remodelling in Asians - an Echocardiographic Case Control Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Impact of Elite Endurance Activity on Cardiac Remodelling in Asians - an Echocardiographic Case Control Study Michelle Huiye LEE, Aik Khien Victor Tan, Xuan Han KOH, Lieng Hsi LING, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6881039/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Prolonged endurance training causes significant cardiac adaptations like thickened left ventricular (LV) walls and dilated ventricles, which may mimic cardiomyopathies. While reference ranges for elite black and white athletes exist, Asian athletes’ data remains scarce. This study aimed to compare echocardiographic parameters between elite endurance athletes (EAs) and non-endurance controls. Elite athletes in endurance sport were identified from the Singapore Sports cardiology Registry (SSCR) from January to October 2018. Controls were (a) skill-based athletes from the SSCR, healthy non-athletic volunteers from (b) a national atrial fibrillation registry, and (c) a national heart failure registry. All underwent resting two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler transthoracic echocardiography. 163 participants (55 EAs, 108 controls) were analysed (mean age 28.9 years, male 54.6%; Chinese 100% among EAs). Baseline characteristics were similar. EAs had larger LV wall thickness (9.2 vs. 8.0 mm, p < 0.001), LVIDd (50.7 vs. 48.2 mm, p < 0.001), larger LV mass (168.8 vs. 130.4g, p < 0.001), larger right ventricular dimensions and biatrial volumes, even after indexing for body surface area, age and ethnicity. Endurance activity in elite Singaporean Chinese athletes was associated with significant cardiac remodelling. This study described echocardiographic reference ranges to better distinguish physiology from pathology in Asian athletes. Biological sciences/Physiology/Cardiovascular biology/Cardiac hypertrophy Biological sciences/Physiology/Cardiovascular biology/Cardiovascular diseases/Cardiomyopathies Endurance athletes Echocardiography Cardiac remodelling Asian population Echocardiographic Index Physiological adaptations Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Regular physical training induces physiological changes in the heart's structure, function, and electrical activity, a phenomenon termed exercise-induced cardiac remodelling (EICR). EICR may overlap with pathological cardiac conditions associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). Amongst young athletes, HCM and AC have been reported as the most common causes of sports-related SCD in the United States and Italy respectively. [ 1 ] The term “grey zone” has been used to describe the clinical overlap between EICR and pathology, comprising four main variants: 1) Left ventricular (LV) wall thickening; 2) LV chamber dilation; 3) Right ventricular dilation; and 4) LV hypertrabeculation. [ 2 ] This “grey zone” poses challenges in pre-participation screening of athletes. Over the past decades, there is growing interest in improving our understanding of imaging criteria for EICR in athletes. Data on athletes’ echocardiographic parameters is now available, largely derived from European and American registries of white and black athletes. The American Society of Echocardiography [ 2 ] and the European Association of Preventive Cardiology [ 3 ] published recommendations on interpretations of cardiovascular imaging in the evaluation of athletes’ heart. This enables comparison with the general non-athletic population, facilitating improved definition of the “grey zone”. Nonetheless, data on Asian athletes remains scarce; with limited comparisons between athletic and non-athletic populations. In lieu of available data in Asian athletes, the British Society of Echocardiography guideline for echocardiographic screening of sports participants recommended utilising Caucasian athletes’ norms when evaluating Asian athletes. [ 4 ] However, clear differences in common echocardiographic parameters exist between athletes of Asian compared to Caucasian descent. For instance, early descriptive studies in Southeast Asian (SEA) athletes reported an upper physiological limit in septal wall thickness as 12 mm [ 5 ], whereas the corresponding limit in Italian athletes was 16 mm. [ 6 ] Likewise, the maximum measured LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) in SEA athletes was 57 mm [ 5 ] whereas 14% of Italian athletes were found to have LVIDd exceeding 60 mm. [ 7 ] These differences reinforce that Caucasian athletes’ normative echocardiographic values may not apply to SEA athletes. In order to improve the definition of “grey zones” in Asian athletes, we aimed to compare echocardiographic parameters in Asian elite endurance athletes with Asian non-athletes. METHODS Elite athletes engaging in endurance sport were studied as EICR in this group is most pronounced compared to other categories of sport. Endurance athletes (EA) were identified from the Singapore Sports Cardiology Registry (SSCR) from January to October 2018. [ 8 ] Endurance sports involve prolonged, high-intensity physical activities characterized by significant dynamic exertion [ 9 ], such as marathon running, cycling, rowing, and swimming. [ 4 ] The Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology (APSC) working group established a sports classification system based on dynamic and static components, adapting the 2015 ACC framework while incorporating sports more commonly practiced in Asia. This classification categorizes athletic disciplines according to their intensity levels. [ 10 ] Controls were obtained from 3 sources: (a) skill-based athletes from the SSCR, (b) healthy non-athlete controls from a national atrial fibrillation registry (AF registry), and (c) healthy non-athlete controls from a national heart failure registry (HF registry). [ 8 ] Echocardiography Transthoracic echocardiography was performed at rest for all participants, incorporating M-mode, two-dimensional (2D), and Doppler imaging techniques, using the Vivid S6 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). The imaging protocol followed established standards outlined by the American and British Societies of Echocardiography. [ 11 – 13 ] Left ventricular (LV) systolic function was assessed by calculating the ejection fraction using the biplane Simpson’s method. Comprehensive diastolic function evaluation incorporated pulsed-wave tissue Doppler measurements at both septal and lateral mitral annular sites, as well as the tricuspid annulus, acquired from standardized apical four-chamber views. These measurements included peak early diastolic myocardial velocity (e'), late diastolic myocardial velocity (a') and the derived E/e' ratio (calculated from the transmitral E-wave velocity to tissue Doppler e' ratio). This standardized protocol ensured comprehensive evaluation of both systolic and diastolic ventricular function in all study participants. [ 8 ] Myocardial deformation parameters were assessed using speckle-tracking echocardiography on radiofrequency data collected over three sequential cardiac cycles. Analysis was carried out with EchoPac software (version 11.1.8, GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway). Peak systolic strain was evaluated through automated functional imaging with a tri-plane transducer. For all subjects, mean global longitudinal strain was computed. Right ventricular systolic performance was additionally quantified using two-dimensional fractional area change and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). [ 8 ] Left ventricular (LV) geometry was categorized into four groups according to the guidelines established by the American and European Society of Echocardiography: normal geometry, concentric remodelling, eccentric hypertrophy and concentric hypertrophy. The classification was determined using predefined thresholds for relative wall thickness (RWT) (abnormal if > 0.42) and LV mass index (LVMI) (with LV hypertrophy defined as LVMI > 95 g/m² in women and > 115 g/m² in men). [ 8 , 11 , 13 ] All echocardiographic images were independently assessed by two cardiologists who were blinded to the participants' ethnicity, age, and athletic status. Quantitative discrepancies between their measurements were resolved by averaging the values, while qualitative differences were addressed through mutual discussion to reach a consensus. [ 8 ] Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics of participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics were reported as number and percentage for categorical data, mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data, and median and interquartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed data. An independent samples t-test was used to identify differences in echocardiographic parameters between EA and controls overall, and by gender. To examine if the associations were independent of age and ethnicity, we performed multivariable linear regression with robust standard errors of each echocardiographic parameter on endurance training, adjusting for baseline age and ethnicity. The unstandardized B coefficients and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. To compare the effect of endurance training across echocardiographic parameters measured on different scales, we standardized each parameter by transforming it into a Z-score before performing multivariable linear regression. The adjusted standardized coefficient represents the difference in mean outcome between EA and controls, expressed in standard deviations of the echocardiographic parameter, after adjusting for age and ethnicity. The Fisher’s exact test assessed if there were differences in the left ventricular geometry, while quantile regression assessed if there were differences in the upper limits of common echocardiographic parameters between EA and controls. Differences in the 95th and 90th percentiles, and corresponding 95% CIs were reported. As this was an exploratory study, we did not adopt the conventional 0.05 two-sided significance level. A p-value below the two-sided significance level of 0.001 was taken to suggest the possibility of an association. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 18 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC). This study was reviewed and approved by National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board Singapore (2017/00319) and Singapore Sports Institute Institutional Review Board (PH/EXP/018). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All study procedures conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. RESULTS Baseline characteristics Each endurance athlete (EA) was compared with 2 controls, giving a total of 163 participants comprising 55 EA and 108 controls. Of the 108 controls, 35 (32.4%) were from SSCR, 34 (31.5%) were from Atrial Fibrillation (AF) registry and 39 (36.1%) were from Heart failure (HF) registry. Amongst the 55 EA included in our study were 12 cyclists, 12 kayakers, 11 marathon runners, 6 dragon-boaters, 5 triathlon runners,, 3 rowers, 2 swimmers, 2 canoeists and 2 canoe poloists. Baseline characteristics of EA and controls were similar (Table 1 ). The mean age for EA and controls was 28.9 years old and 30 years old respectively, 54.6% of EA and 59.1% of controls were male, and 100% of EA and 74.6% of controls were of Chinese ethnicity. 16 of 108 (14.8%) controls presented with underlying cardiovascular risk factors – 11 had hypertension, 1 had diabetes, 3 had hyperlipidemia and 1 had both hypertension and diabetes. Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants. Characteristic All participants (n = 163) Endurance athletes (n = 55) Controls (n = 108) Age (years) 29.6 ± 6.0 28.9 ± 5.9 29.9 ± 6.1 Gender Male 93 (57.1) 30 (54.6) 63 (58.3) Female 70 (42.9) 25 (45.5) 45 (41.7) Ethnicity Chinese 136 (83.4) 55 (100.0) 81 (75) Malay 17 (10.4) 0 (0.0) 17 (15.7) Indian 8 (4.9) 0 (0.0) 8 (7.4) Others 2 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.9) SBP (mmHg) 117.9 ± 14.9 113.5 ± 9.1 120.2 ± 16.7 DBP (mmHg) 75.3 ± 10.3 78.1 ± 9.3 73.8 ± 10.4 Heart rate (beats/min) 66.7 ± 10.7 63.4 ± 10.4 68.3 ± 10.5 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 23.8 ± 4.4 22.0 ± 2.1 24.7 ± 5.0 BSA (m 2 ) 1.76 ± 0.22 1.71 ± 0.15 1.79 ± 0.24 Chronic condition Hypertension 12 (7.5) 0 (0) 12 (11.3) Diabetes mellitus 2 (1.2) 0 (0) 2 (1.9) Hyperlipidemia 3 (2.3) 0 (0) 3 (4.1) Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number and percentage. BMI = Body mass index. BSA = Body surface area. DBP = Diastolic blood pressure. SBP = Systolic blood pressure. SD = Standard deviation. Endurance training on echocardiographic parameters, by gender The differences in echocardiographic parameters by gender between EA and controls are presented in Table 2 . Male EA had larger LV mass (193.0 ± 48.2 vs. 148.7 ± 35.9 g, p < 0.001) when compared to male controls. Female EA also demonstrated the same differences albeit of a lower magnitude, having larger LV mass (139.8 ± 24.1 vs 104.8 ± 27.1 g, p < 0.001) and larger LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) (49.3 ± 2.8 vs. 46.1 ± 3.3 mm, p < 0.001) compared to female controls. The results persisted after indexing for body surface area (BSA). The differences between male and female EA and their non athlete counterparts also persisted after adjusting for age and ethnicity. Table 2 Differences in echocardiographic parameters between endurance athletes and controls, by gender. Echocardiographic parameter Male participants (n = 93) Female participants (n = 70) Endurance athletes (n = 30) Controls (n = 63) P value * Endurance athletes (n = 25) Controls (n = 45) P valu e* Mean ± SD Min, max Mean ± SD Min, max Mean ± SD Min, max Mean ± SD Min, max IVSd (mm) 9.9 ± 1.5 7, 13 8.5 ± 1.5 5, 11 < 0.001 8.3 ± 0.9 7, 11 7.3 ± 1.2 5, 11 < 0.001 LVIDd (mm) 51.9 ± 3.5 45, 60 49.7 ± 3.7 41, 58 0.009 49.3 ± 2.8 46, 57 46.1 ± 3.3 39, 54 < 0.001 LVIDd/BSA (mm/m 2 ) 29.0 ± 2.6 25.3, 35.3 26.5 ± 3.0 20.0, 35.4 < 0.001 30.9 ± 2.0 26.7, 34.3 28.5 ± 2.8 21.1, 36.2 < 0.001 LVPWd (mm) 9.9 ± 1.3 8, 13 8.6 ± 1.4 6, 12 < 0.001 8.4 ± 0.9 7, 11 7.4 ± 1.3 5, 12 < 0.001 RWT 0.38 ± 0.05 0.30, 0.47 0.35 ± 0.06 0.23, 0.5 0.007 0.34 ± 0.04 0.29, 0.45 0.32 ± 0.06 0.20, 0.56 0.109 EDV (ml) 129.6 ± 20.3 92, 177 117.8 ± 20.0 74, 167 0.009 114.8 ± 15.7 95, 160 98.4 ± 16.5 66, 139 < 0.001 EDVi (ml/m 2 ) 72.3 ± 11.7 55.2, 98.4 62.8 ± 10.6 37, 90 < 0.001 71.9 ± 8.7 58.9, 91.3 60.4 ± 9.3 42, 80.7 < 0.001 LVEF M-mode (%) 61.5 ± 5.0 54, 74 65.4 ± 6.0 56, 81 0.003 61.8 ± 6.0 49, 75 67.2 ± 6.9 56, 86 0.002 SV (ml) 79.9 ± 15.2 54, 112 76.7 ± 13.4 49, 110 0.302 70.8 ± 10.6 55, 93 65.6 ± 9.2 39, 83 0.036 SVi (ml/m 2 ) 44.6 ± 8.4 30.7, 59.8 40.8 ± 6.7 28, 60.8 0.021 44.4 ± 6.8 32.6, 58.6 40.5 ± 6.7 27, 63.8 0.023 LV mass (g) 193.0 ± 48.2 102.9, 295.1 148.7 ± 35.9 71, 227 < 0.001 139.8 ± 24.1 98.7, 199.6 104.8 ± 27.1 64.5, 174 < 0.001 LVMI (g/m 2 ) 107.3 ± 26.5 62, 160.4 78.7 ± 16.1 44, 116.5 < 0.001 87.8 ± 16.0 62.1, 129.6 64.6 ± 12.0 39.6, 98 < 0.001 LVOT SV (ml) 88.8 ± 15.0 53, 123 72.7 ± 12.6 43, 105 < 0.001 68.5 ± 10.0 50, 92 60 ± 11.3 40, 88 0.003 SoV (mm) 32.5 ± 3.3 26, 40 30.6 ± 3.8 20, 40 0.022 28.4 ± 3.2 22, 35 26.4 ± 2.3 22, 33 0.003 SoV index (mm/m 2 ) 18.1 ± 1.9 14.6, 21.4 16.2 ± 2.2 9.9, 20.3 < 0.001 17.8 ± 2.1 13.5, 21.6 16.3 ± 1.7 13.1, 21.0 0.001 STJ (mm/m 2 ) 25.5 ± 2.2 22, 31 24.4 ± 3.0 19, 36 0.083 23.0 ± 2.7 16, 28 21.6 ± 1.8 17, 25 0.007 BPLVEDV (mmHg) 132.3 ± 20.5 96, 175.7 118.0 ± 26.2 70.2, 213.2 0.010 104.4 ± 15.6 75, 147 81.9 ± 19.6 23, 118 < 0.001 LVEDVi (ml/m 2 ) 73.7 ± 10.9 53.5, 97.7 62.5 ± 13.0 37.5, 98.7 < 0.001 65.4 ± 9.1 53.3, 83.2 50.3 ± 11.1 11.6, 76.2 < 0.001 BPLVESV (mmHg) 53.6 ± 10.3 38, 76.7 43.2 ± 12.6 20, 85.1 < 0.001 43.5 ± 9.6 32, 73 29.7 ± 7.2 16.4, 45 < 0.001 BPSV (mmHg) 78.7 ± 12.4 58, 102.1 74.9 ± 16.4 44, 128.1 0.256 61.0 ± 10.7 33, 80 53.6 ± 12.0 30, 83 0.013 BPLVEF (mmHg) 59.6 ± 3.9 53, 67 62.7 ± 4.0 55.7, 73 < 0.001 59.4 ± 4.8 46, 67 63.9 ± 3.9 57, 73 < 0.001 BPCO (L/min) 4.0 ± 0.6 2.9, 5.4 4.9 ± 1.4 2.3, 10.1 0.003 3.2 ± 0.6 2.2, 4.5 3.6 ± 1.1 2, 6.5 0.153 BPCI (L/min/m 2 ) 2.2 ± 0.3 1.8, 3.2 2.5 ± 0.6 1.3, 4.7 0.013 2.0 ± 0.4 1.5, 2.8 2.2 ± 0.6 1.3, 3.7 0.252 LA (mm) 37.5 ± 4.5 25, 46 35.6 ± 4.5 25, 45 0.058 34.6 ± 2.6 30, 39 31.7 ± 3.7 24, 41 < 0.001 LAi (ml/m 2 ) 20.9 ± 2.8 15.4, 27.2 19.0 ± 2.0 15, 23 < 0.001 21.7 ± 1.9 17.9, 26.5 19.5 ± 2.5 16, 28.3 < 0.001 LAV (mm) 70.5 ± 21.7 34, 134.8 46.8 ± 15.7 17, 89.5 < 0.001 59.1 ± 11.2 32, 78 39.9 ± 11.0 18, 64.2 < 0.001 LAVi (ml/m 2 ) 39.1 ± 11.3 17.8, 70.6 24.0 ± 6.9 8.6, 45.8 < 0.001 37.0 ± 6.6 20.4, 47.1 24.5 ± 6.7 11.3, 44 < 0.001 RAV (mm) 71.8 ± 26.5 24, 155 33.3 ± 7.9 11, 52 < 0.001 51.5 ± 12.3 30, 84 27.7 ± 8.8 11, 49 < 0.001 RAVi (ml/m 2 ) 39.8 ± 13.8 12.7, 84.0 17.8 ± 4.4 5.6, 28.0 < 0.001 32.3 ± 7.6 18.6, 52.4 17.0 ± 5.5 7.0, 31.2 < 0.001 RVOTpl (mm) 30.2 ± 3.3 22, 36 28.3 ± 3.8 19, 35 0.024 28.0 ± 3.1 23, 36 25.7 ± 3.3 16, 34 0.005 RVOTp (mm) 34.4 ± 4.6 28, 46 28.8 ± 4.3 20, 36 < 0.001 31.2 ± 4.3 26, 43 27.0 ± 4.0 20, 37 < 0.001 RVOTd (mm) 24.1 ± 2.6 17, 28 19.8 ± 3.9 13, 30 < 0.001 22.1 ± 3.1 14, 27 19.3 ± 2.7 15, 25 < 0.001 RVD1 (mm) 40.2 ± 5.7 26, 54 27.9 ± 7.0 2.7, 48 < 0.001 36.4 ± 3.8 29, 44 28.0 ± 5.7 17, 40 < 0.001 RVD2 (mm) 34.1 ± 6.1 18, 50 23.7 ± 7.0 2.8, 39 < 0.001 31.2 ± 5.0 21, 42 24.9 ± 5.6 12, 37 < 0.001 RVD3 (mm) 81.8 ± 7.7 59, 94 67.5 ± 20.7 6.6, 86 < 0.001 73.4 ± 7.0 53, 84 65.7 ± 15.1 5.8, 83 0.019 E vel (cm/s) 74.6 ± 11.6 58, 103 72.9 ± 13.3 46, 109 0.549 78.0 ± 13.9 55, 101 82.3 ± 13.2 53, 112 0.210 DT (ms) 158.4 ± 23.6 118, 208 179.3 ± 36.6 102, 287 0.006 150.7 ± 20.8 110, 186 167.5 ± 37.1 128, 335 0.042 A vel (cm/s) 40.7 ± 7.3 22, 54 44.4 ± 11.4 24, 87 0.106 41.6 ± 9.6 28, 69 46.4 ± 8.9 32, 73 0.038 E/A 1.9 ± 0.5 1.4, 3.5 1.7 ± 0.6 0.9, 3.8 0.223 1.9 ± 0.4 1.4, 2.7 1.8 ± 0.4 0.9, 3.0 0.273 TAPSE (mm) 26.4 ± 2.7 21, 33 20.9 ± 3.0 12, 28 < 0.001 25.3 ± 3.0 19, 32 22.9 ± 2.6 16, 29 < 0.001 Sep E’ (cm/s) 11.7 ± 1.3 9, 14 11.1 ± 2.6 6, 18 0.257 11.1 ± 1.6 8, 15 12.0 ± 1.8 7, 17 0.030 Sep A’ (cm/s) 7.3 ± 1.4 5, 10 8.1 ± 1.6 5, 13 0.019 6.4 ± 1.1 4, 8 7.0 ± 1.5 4, 10 0.134 Sep E’/A’ 1.6 ± 0.3 1.1, 2.2 1.4 ± 0.5 0.6, 2.4 0.017 1.8 ± 0.4 1.1, 2.8 1.8 ± 0.6 0.8, 3.5 0.648 Sep E’/E’ 6.4 ± 1.0 5, 8.3 6.7 ± 1.7 0, 12 0.405 7.1 ± 1.2 5, 9.1 6.9 ± 1.4 4.1, 11.5 0.637 Sep sys vel. (cm/s) 8.7 ± 1.0 7, 12 8.2 ± 1.6 6, 16 0.109 7.7 ± 1.1 6, 11 7.8 ± 1.0 6, 10 0.691 Lat E’ (cm/s) 14.4 ± 2.1 10, 19 14.2 ± 2.7 8, 19 0.681 14.0 ± 2.8 10, 20 14.7 ± 2.2 9, 20 0.254 Lat A’ (cm/s) 7.4 ± 1.3 5, 11 7.6 ± 2.1 3, 14 0.527 6.8 ± 1.1 4, 9 7.1 ± 1.3 5, 11 0.355 Lat E’/A’ 2.0 ± 0.5 1.3, 3.4 2.1 ± 0.9 0.9, 6 0.888 2.1 ± 0.6 1.3, 3.4 2.1 ± 0.5 1.2, 3.4 0.829 Lat E’/E’ 5.3 ± 0.9 4.1, 7.8 5.3 ± 1.3 2.7, 9.9 0.802 5.7 ± 1.2 4.2, 8.3 5.7 ± 1.2 3.8, 9.3 0.966 Lat sys vel (cm/s) 10.3 ± 2.0 7, 15 10.2 ± 2.4 5, 18 0.715 9.3 ± 1.6 7, 14 9.9 ± 2.0 6, 14 0.206 RV E’ (cm/s) 12.9 ± 2.3 8, 18 12.1 ± 3.3 2, 21 0.259 12.4 ± 1.8 10, 16 13.1 ± 2.3 9, 19 0.212 RV A’ (cm/s) 10.0 ± 2.4 6, 16 9.6 ± 3.1 0, 21 0.493 9.1 ± 2.4 5, 14 9.6 ± 3.3 5, 19 0.514 RV E’/A’ 1.4 ± 0.4 0.8, 2.5 1.3 ± 0.6 0, 3.6 0.900 1.4 ± 0.3 0.7, 2 1.5 ± 0.7 0.5, 3.8 0.429 RV sys vel (cm/s) 12.9 ± 1.8 10, 19 12.2 ± 2.0 8, 17 0.134 11.9 ± 1.1 10, 14 11.6 ± 1.5 9, 16 0.399 GLS (%) -19.2 ± 1.7 -15.9, -22.3 -18.4 ± 2.0 -13.2, -23 0.063 -19.6 ± 1.9 -16, -22.5 -20.9 ± 2.0 -16.5, -25.9 0.011 *For difference in means. Comparing total cohort of EA vs controls Comprehensive structural and functional echocardiographic parameters of EA and controls are presented in Table 2 . Endurance athletes had larger LV wall thickness (9.2 ± 1.5 vs. 8.0 ± 1.5 mm, p < 0.001), LVIDd (50.7 ± 3.4 vs. 48.2 ± 4.0 mm, p < 0.001), larger mean LV mass (168.8 ± 47.1 vs. 130.4 ± 39.0 g, p < 0.001) and RV dimensions compared to controls. These biventricular differences persisted after indexing for BSA. EA also had larger atria compared to controls, with left atrial volume index of 38.2 ± 9.4 vs. 24.2 ± 6.8 ml/m 2 , p < 0.001 and right atrial volume index of 36.4 ± 11.9 vs. 17.5 ± 4.9 ml/m 2 , p < 0.001. After adjusting for baseline age and ethnicity, multivariable linear regression (Table 3 ) showed that compared to male controls, male EA had a higher mean indexed right atrial volume (RAVi) (1.85 SDs higher), RAV (1.82 SDs), right ventricular diameter 1 (RVD1) (1.57 SDs), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (1.56 SDs), indexed left atrial volume (LAVi) (1.55 SDs), RVD2 (1.38 SDs), LAV (1.33 SDs), and LV mass index (LVMI) (1.27 SDs). Table 3 Multivariable linear regression of echocardiographic parameter on endurance training, adjusted for age and ethnicity. Echocardiographic parameter Male participants (n = 93) Female participants (n = 70) Adjusted B coefficient of endurance training (95% CI) Adjusted standardized* coefficient of endurance training (95% CI) P value Adjusted B coefficient of endurance training (95% CI) Adjusted standardized* coefficient of endurance training (95% CI) P value IVSd (mm) 1.37 (0.66 to 2.08) 0.85 (0.41 to 1.29) < 0.001 1.12 (0.59 to 1.64) 0.69 (0.37 to 1.02) < 0.001 LVIDd (mm) 2.17 (0.50 to 3.85) 0.55 (0.13 to 0.97) 0.012 3.16 (1.46 to 4.87) 0.80 (0.37 to 1.23) < 0.001 LVIDd/BSA (mm/m 2 ) 2.47 (1.23 to 3.72) 0.79 (0.39 to 1.19) < 0.001 2.01 (0.74 to 3.28) 0.64 (0.24 to 1.05) 0.002 LVPWd (mm) 1.32 (0.71 to 1.92) 0.86 (0.46 to 1.25) < 0.001 1.09 (0.56 to 1.62) 0.70 (0.36 to 1.05) < 0.001 RWT 0.04 (0.01 to 0.06) 0.59 (0.18 to 1.01) 0.006 0.02 (-0.00 to 0.05) 0.38 (-0.03 to 0.78) 0.067 EDV (ml) 12.11 (2.70 to 21.52) 0.57 (0.13 to 1.01) 0.012 16.18 (7.13 to 25.23) 0.76 (0.33 to 1.18) 0.001 EDVi (ml/m 2 ) 9.96 (4.83 to 15.08) 0.88 (0.43 to 1.34) < 0.001 10.40 (5.35 to 15.46) 0.92 (0.48 to 1.37) < 0.001 LVEF M-mode (%) -3.85 (-6.25 to -1.44) -0.60 (-0.97 to -0.22) 0.002 -4.90 (-8.35 to -1.45) -0.76 (-1.30 to -0.23) 0.006 SV (ml) 3.39 (-3.37 to 10.15) 0.25 (-0.25 to 0.76) 0.322 5.51 (-0.23 to 11.25) 0.41 (-0.02 to 0.84) 0.060 SVi (ml/m 2 ) 3.94 (0.34 to 7.54) 0.54 (0.05 to 1.04) 0.033 3.44 (-0.41 to 7.30) 0.48 (-0.06 to 1.01) 0.079 LV mass (g) 43.83 (23.41 to 64.25) 0.96 (0.51 to 1.41) < 0.001 35.37 (21.95 to 48.79) 0.78 (0.48 to 1.07) < 0.001 LVMI (g/m 2 ) 28.81 (18.25 to 39.36) 1.27 (0.81 to 1.74) < 0.001 22.29 (14.64 to 29.95) 0.98 (0.65 to 1.32) < 0.001 LVOT SV (ml) 14.53 (7.87 to 21.19) 0.93 (0.50 to 1.36) < 0.001 7.03 (1.22 to 12.83) 0.45 (0.08 to 0.82) 0.018 SoV (mm) 1.63 (0.03 to 3.24) 0.42 (0.01 to 0.82) 0.046 1.78 (0.28 to 3.28) 0.45 (0.07 to 0.83) 0.020 SoV index (mm/m 2 ) 1.69 (0.83 to 2.55) 0.79 (0.39 to 1.19) < 0.001 1.16 (0.22 to 2.11) 0.54 (0.10 to 0.99) 0.017 BPLVEDV (mmHg) 16.68 (6.70 to 26.66) 0.58 (0.23 to 0.93) 0.001 21.57 (12.30 to 30.84) 0.75 (0.43 to 1.08) < 0.001 LVEDVi (ml/m 2 ) 12.31 (7.16 to 17.45) 0.88 (0.51 to 1.25) < 0.001 13.83 (8.61 to 19.05) 0.99 (0.61 to 1.36) < 0.001 BPSV (mmHg) 5.10 (-1.10 to 11.31) 0.30 (-0.06 to 0.66) 0.106 7.76 (1.44 to 14.08) 0.46 (0.08 to 0.83) 0.017 BPLVEF (mmHg) -3.36 (-5.18 to -1.53) -0.76 (-1.17 to -0.35) < 0.001 -4.38 (-6.70 to -2.05) -0.99 (-1.51 to -0.46) < 0.001 LA (mm) 2.04 (-0.10 to 4.17) 0.45 (-0.02 to 0.93) 0.061 2.69 (0.98 to 4.40) 0.60 (0.22 to 0.98) 0.003 LAi (ml/m 2 ) 2.14 (1.00 to 3.27) 0.86 (0.40 to 1.32) < 0.001 1.76 (0.55 to 2.98) 0.71 (0.22 to 1.20) 0.005 LAV (mm) 24.91 (16.13 to 33.69) 1.33 (0.86 to 1.80) < 0.001 18.96 (12.71 to 25.22) 1.01 (0.68 to 1.34) < 0.001 LAVi (ml/m 2 ) 15.80 (11.59 to 20.02) 1.55 (1.14 to 1.97) < 0.001 11.93 (8.20 to 15.67) 1.17 (0.81 to 1.54) < 0.001 RAV (mm) 39.00 (29.19 to 48.81) 1.82 (1.36 to 2.28) < 0.001 22.96 (16.85 to 29.06) 1.07 (0.79 to 1.36) < 0.001 RAVi (ml/m 2 ) 22.21 (17.18 to 27.25) 1.85 (1.43 to 2.27) < 0.001 14.49 (10.73 to 18.25) 1.21 (0.90 to 1.52) < 0.001 RVOTpl (mm) 2.00 (0.36 to 3.64) 0.53 (0.10 to 0.96) 0.017 2.70 (1.01 to 4.39) 0.71 (0.27 to 1.16) 0.002 RVOTp (mm) 5.72 (3.58 to 7.86) 1.15 (0.72 to 1.58) < 0.001 4.40 (2.09 to 6.71) 0.89 (0.42 to 1.35) < 0.001 RVOTd (mm) 4.32 (2.80 to 5.85) 1.18 (0.76 to 1.60) < 0.001 2.81 (1.22 to 4.39) 0.77 (0.33 to 1.20) 0.001 RVD1 (mm) 12.36 (9.48 to 15.23) 1.57 (1.21 to 1.94) < 0.001 7.80 (5.19 to 10.40) 0.99 (0.66 to 1.32) < 0.001 RVD2 (mm) 10.29 (7.24 to 13.33) 1.38 (0.97 to 1.79) < 0.001 5.38 (2.51 to 8.24) 0.72 (0.34 to 1.11) < 0.001 RVD3 (mm) 13.08 (7.09 to 19.08) 0.78 (0.42 to 1.14) < 0.001 6.85 (1.03 to 12.67) 0.41 (0.06 to 0.76) 0.022 E vel (cm/s) 1.39 (-4.31 to 7.10) 0.10 (-0.32 to 0.52) 0.628 -2.99 (-10.01 to 4.02) -0.22 (-0.74 to 0.30) 0.397 DT (ms) -21.57 (-35.40 to -7.74) -0.63 (-1.04 to -0.23) 0.003 -14.81 (-30.70 to 1.09) -0.43 (-0.90 to 0.03) 0.067 A vel (cm/s) -3.64 (-7.75 to 0.47) -0.37 (-0.78 to 0.05) 0.082 -4.52 (-9.46 to 0.42) -0.46 (-0.95 to 0.04) 0.072 E/A 0.14 (-0.07 to 0.35) 0.29 (-0.16 to 0.73) 0.201 0.11 (-0.10 to 0.32) 0.24 (-0.20 to 0.68) 0.283 TAPSE (mm) 5.54 (4.17 to 6.92) 1.56 (1.17 to 1.95) < 0.001 2.31 (0.72 to 3.91) 0.65 (0.20 to 1.10) 0.005 Sep E’ (cm/s) 0.46 (-0.38 to 1.31) 0.22 (-0.18 to 0.62) 0.282 -0.92 (-1.76 to -0.08) -0.44 (-0.84 to -0.04) 0.033 Sep A’ (cm/s) -0.84 (-1.51 to -0.16) -0.52 (-0.94 to -0.10) 0.016 -0.47 (-1.13 to 0.20) -0.29 (-0.71 to 0.12) 0.166 Sep E’/A’ 0.21 (0.05 to 0.37) 0.43 (0.11 to 0.75) 0.010 -0.06 (-0.31 to 0.19) -0.12 (-0.64 to 0.39) 0.630 Sep E’/E’ -0.19 (-0.85 to 0.47) -0.13 (-0.59 to 0.33) 0.569 0.26 (-0.36 to 0.88) 0.18 (-0.25 to 0.61) 0.402 Sep sys vel. (cm/s) 0.29 (-0.31 to 0.89) 0.22 (-0.23 to 0.68) 0.337 -0.05 (-0.60 to 0.49) -0.04 (-0.46 to 0.38) 0.847 Lat E’ (cm/s) 0.13 (-0.82 to 1.09) 0.05 (-0.34 to 0.45) 0.782 -0.73 (-2.05 to 0.58) -0.30 (-0.84 to 0.24) 0.270 Lat A’ (cm/s) -0.27 (-1.04 to 0.51) -0.16 (-0.62 to 0.30) 0.496 -0.20 (-0.81 to 0.41) -0.12 (-0.48 to 0.24) 0.508 Lat E’/A’ -0.07 (-0.38 to 0.24) -0.11 (-0.56 to 0.34) 0.637 -0.05 (-0.32 to 0.22) -0.08 (-0.47 to 0.31) 0.693 Lat E’/E’ -0.03 (-0.55 to 0.48) -0.03 (-0.45 to 0.40) 0.897 0.11 (-0.48 to 0.71) 0.09 (-0.39 to 0.58) 0.702 Lat sys vel (cm/s) 0.11 (-0.93 to 1.14) 0.05 (-0.44 to 0.55) 0.835 -0.80 (-1.70 to 0.10) -0.38 (-0.81 to 0.05) 0.080 RV E’ (cm/s) 0.64 (-0.64 to 1.92) 0.24 (-0.24 to 0.71) 0.323 -0.77 (-1.88 to 0.34) -0.29 (-0.70 to 0.13) 0.170 RV A’ (cm/s) 0.58 (-0.60 to 1.76) 0.20 (-0.20 to 0.60) 0.329 -0.01 (-1.39 to 1.38) -0.00 (-0.47 to 0.47) 0.993 RV E’/A’ -0.00 (-0.22 to 0.22) -0.00 (-0.38 to 0.38) 0.997 -0.18 (-0.45 to 0.08) -0.32 (-0.78 to 0.14) 0.173 RV sys vel (cm/s) 0.64 (-0.27 to 1.54) 0.36 (-0.15 to 0.86) 0.165 0.45 (-0.22 to 1.12) 0.25 (-0.13 to 0.63) 0.187 GLS (%) -0.69 (-1.55 to 0.17) -0.32 (-0.71 to 0.08) 0.112 1.46 (0.42 to 2.51) 0.67 (0.19 to 1.16) 0.007 All multivariable linear regression models adjusted for continuous age at baseline and ethnicity. *Echocardiographic parameters were transformed into a Z-score before performing multivariable linear regression. The adjusted standardized coefficient was the difference in means between endurance athletes versus controls, expressed in standard deviations of the echocardiographic parameter, after adjusting for age and ethnicity. IVSd: interventricular septum thickness in diastole; LVIDd: left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; BSA: body surface area; LVPWd: left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole; RWT: relative wall thickness; LVEF: left ventricular wall thickness; FS: fractional shortening; SV: stroke volume; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; SoV: sinus of Valsalva; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume; LA: left atrium; LAV: left atrial volume; RAV: right atrial volume; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; RVD: right ventricular dimension Functional parameters There were no significant differences between EA and controls for E/A ratio and tissue doppler indices; However, EA were found to have higher TAPSE compared to controls (25.9 ± 2.9 vs. 21.7 ± 3.0 mm, p < 0.001). Figure 1 illustrates the differences in left ventricular geometry between EA and controls. More of the EA demonstrated eccentric hypertrophy (13 (23.6%) EA vs 3 (2.8%) controls) and concentric hypertrophy (4 (7.3%) EA vs 0 (0%) controls), while more controls demonstrated concentric remodelling (4 (7.3%) EA vs 10 (9.3%) controls), p value < 0.001. Higher proportion of the controls had normal geometry than the EA (34 (61.8%) EA vs 95 (88.0%)). DISCUSSION Our study compared common structural echocardiographic parameters in elite Asian EA with healthy Asian controls and outlined significant differences between these 2 groups such as LV wall thickness, LV mass and LV cavity size regardless of gender. Additionally, our study also quantified the effect of endurance exercise on various echocardiographic parameters. Data from this study adds to the current evidence base for reference ranges in Asian athletes and facilitates improved definition of the grey zone in this population. A study by Basavarajaiah et al in highly trained athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean (black) and Caucasian (white) athletes, matched for age, size, and sport revealed that black athletes had greater LV wall thickness compared with white athletes (11.3 +/- 1.6 mm vs. 10 +/- 1.5 mm; p 12 mm compared with 12 white athletes (4%), and 3% of black athletes exhibited LV wall thickness ≥ 15 mm compared with none of the white athletes. [ 14 ] J Rawlins compared echocardiography findings between 240 nationally ranked black female athletes and 200 white female athletes of similar age and size participating in similar sports and found that black athletes demonstrated greater left ventricular wall thickness (9.2 ± 1.2 vs 8.6 ± 1.2 mm, p < 0.001) and left ventricular mass (187.2 ± 42 vs 172.3 ± 42 g, p = 0.008) than white athletes. Eight black athletes (3%) had a left ventricular wall thickness greater than 11 mm (ranging from 12 to 13 mm), whereas none of the white athletes showed similar measurements. [ 15 ] This illustrates how ethnic background significantly influences exercise-related cardiac adaptations and should be accounted for during an athlete's cardiovascular assessment. Extrapolation of data derived from white athletes has the potential of generating false-positive diagnoses in athletes of other ethnicities. Similarly, “grey zones” should also be defined by comparing echocardiographic parameters between athletes and non-athletes of the same ethnicity. The data presented in this paper compared Asian EA against controls and described reference ranges for echocardiographic parameters in our population with the aim of contributing to the overall evidence base for Asian athletes. We compared the absolute and indexed values of Asian endurance EA in our study against the Italian Olympic endurance EA cohort by D’Ascenzi. [ 16 ] The mean absolute values of our male EA are substantially lower than that of the Italian Olympic male EA, whereas the magnitude of difference is lower when our female EA are compared with the Italian Olympic female EA. When comparing the mean absolute LV mass of our EA (male EA 193.0 ± 48.2 g, female EA 139.8 ± 24.1g,) and the Italian Olympic EA (male 249 ± 41.7 g, female EA 160.8 ± 25.0 g), the magnitude of difference is substantial. However, after indexing for BSA, this difference is reduced. This can possibly suggest that this may be due to the larger BSA for Caucasian athletes compared to Asian athletes, therefore reinforcing the importance of indexing such values to facilitate comparison of echocardiographic parameters. Despite indexing, the mean LVMI for Italian Olympic male EA still exceeds the cutoff for LV hypertrophy (> 115 g/ m 2 ) and the mean LVMI for our EA lies below this cutoff. This highlights the that Caucasian athletes’ normative echocardiographic values and reference ranges may not be applicable to SEA athletes. In the Riding et al study, west Asian athletes had LVIDd of 52.7 ± 4.2 mm and LVMI of 86.8 ± 14.3 g/m 2 , compared with our study of Southeast Asian athletes with LVIDd of 50.7 ± 3.4mm and LVMI of 98.4 ± 24.2 g/m 2 . [ 17 ] Even within the Asian population, there could be significant differences in echocardiographic parameters. Riding et al also demonstrated that considerable variability in the cardiac electrical and structural remodelling response to exercise exists among black athletes and appears to differ depending on geographic origin. [ 18 ] Just as there are many different geographic origins of black athletes, there are also different origins of Asian athletes. Henceforth, there needs to be more than a universal “one size fit all” reference range, even amongst Asian athletes. To date, one other study has compared Asian athletes with Asian non athlete controls. Roslan et al studied echocardiography and strain analysis in Malaysian elite athletes versus young healthy adults. The athletes in the study were predominantly EA, of whom majority participated in long distance, football, cycling and swimming. Their male athletes (MA) had LVMI of 93.53 ± 15.85 g/m 2 and LVIDd of 5.05 ± 0.39 cm, while the female athletes (FA) had LVMI of 71.57 ± 28.21 g/m 2 and LVIDd of 4.56 ± 0.32 cm. [ 19 ] On the other hand, our male EA had LVMI of 107.3 ± 26.5 g/m 2 and LVIDd of 51.9 ± 3.5 mm, while our female EA had LVMI 87.8 ± 16g/m 2 and LVIDd of 49.3 ± 2.8 mm. The ethnicities of athletes in the Malaysian study are predominantly Malays while our study involved predominantly Chinese. Out of the 99 Malaysian athletes, the majority were of Malay ethnicity (70/99). Both the absolute and indexed values in our athletes are higher compared to the Malay athletes, suggesting there are ethnic differences even between Southeast Asian ethnicities, albeit of smaller magnitudes. Therefore, in order to more accurately define the “grey zone”, it would be necessary to take into account ethnicity-related cardiac remodelling and to compare athletes with non-athletes of the same ethnicities rather than utilising a universal reference range. Current recommendations have stated that LV wall thickening, LV and RV dilatation are common findings among EA. In the same vein, our study also demonstrated that EA displayed mainly findings of eccentric hypertrophy, as compared to concentric hypertrophy. Our study performed a multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for age and ethnicity to provide a clearer idea as to how endurance training affects remodelling of the various cardiac chambers. It appears that based on our study, RAVi has the largest magnitude of change with endurance exercise followed by RVD and LAVi then LVMI. In fact, our study showed that the magnitude of change in LV wall thickness and LVIDd are substantially lower. This comes as an unexpected finding as LV wall thickness and LVIDd are common parameters used in various studies when comparing EA and controls. Given the larger magnitude of remodelling for RV, RVD and LAVi, these can potentially be utilised as additional variables for physiological remodelling in athletes’ heart. Our sample size is small and comprises entirely of athletes of Chinese ethnicity. While our data may be similar to east Asians, it still differ for Malaysians and other “Asian” athletes for example West Asian (which more commonly overlap with Black athletes). Thus, the reported findings may not be extrapolated to other Asian athletes of different ethnicities such as West Asian ethnicities, Filipino, Mongols, Japanese, Koreans, Indonesians, who are not represented in our data. The sample size of the EA vs control group is in 1:2 ratio. 14.8% (16/108) controls have baseline cardiovascular risk factors, mainly hypertension. Cardiac remodelling from hypertension may contribute to the abnormal LV geometry shown in the controls. We were unable to correct for baseline CV risk factors. However, despite so, there were still substantial differences between EA and control groups. One of our sources of the control groups are skill-based athletes from the SSCR. These sports include taekwondo, bowling, golf, archery, sailing, diving and Wushu which focus on technique rather than endurance or intensity. While there may still be structured and high volume training, these are of typically lower level than that of endurance sports. This group of controls may possibly be representative of the recreational athletes from the general population. CONCLUSION Endurance activity in elite Singaporean Chinese athletes was associated with significant structural and functional cardiac remodelling compared to controls. Reference ranges for echocardiographic parameters in this population were described, allowing for more accuracy when differentiating physiology from pathology in Asian athletes. The need for like-to-like comparison and indexing for BSA is vital in defining “grey zone” limits for athletes of different ethnicities and more studies comparing athletes with non-athletes of various Asian ethnicities are necessary. Declarations CONFLICT OF INTEREST None declared. FUNDING This study was supported by a National University Health System Clinician Scientist Program award (N-171-000-469-001), and a centre grant (CGAug16M008) from the National Medical Research Council. Author Contribution LH Ling and TJ Yeo conceived and planned the experiments. TJ Yeo carried out the experiments. XH Koh and TJ Yeo contributed to the interpretation of the results. MH Lee and AKV Tan drafted the manuscript. MH Lee, AKV Tan, XH Koh and TJ Yeo critically appraised and contributed to the final version of the manuscript. TJ Yeo supervised the project. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge all the Singapore national athletes who have contributed their time to participate in this Sports Cardiology registry, as well as colleagues who have contributed their valuable time and effort to assist with recruitment. Data Availability All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. References Corrado, D. et al. 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Impact of geographical origin upon the electrical and structural manifestations of the black athlete's heart. Eur. Heart J. 40 (1), 50–58 (2019). Roslan, A. et al. Echocardiography and strain analysis in Malaysian elite athletes versus young healthy adults. Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc . 47 , 101242 (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6881039","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484545997,"identity":"7d708b29-cbfa-4b13-bb38-8914c7777d4e","order_by":0,"name":"Michelle Huiye LEE","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgY2BoYCCwY+BhCjwkYOJHjgAUEtBhIgEojOpBmDtSTgtwdJC2PbocQGkBg+LbrtzM8efDCQkGNjbz72mLftQPr8sMMPgbbYyek2YNdidpjN3HCGgYQxG8+xdGOec3dyN95OMwBqSTY2O4BLCw+bNI+BRGKbRI6ZNE/Zs9yNsxNAWg4kbsOn5Y+BRH2b/Ptv0jxsh9MNZ6d/IKwF6P0ENgmQdW2HE+SlcwjZwmYm2WMgYdjGk2YmOedMmuEG6ZyCAwkGePxy/vAziR8VNvL87EDGGyBDfnb65g8fKuzkcGlBAUw8QMIArNKACOUgwPgDSMg3EKl6FIyCUTAKRgwAAJrxWocbhmF/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Health Holdings","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michelle","middleName":"Huiye","lastName":"LEE","suffix":""},{"id":484545999,"identity":"8ba5f4bb-2cba-4a55-9990-d15c7adcc07d","order_by":1,"name":"Aik Khien Victor Tan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changi General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aik","middleName":"Khien Victor","lastName":"Tan","suffix":""},{"id":484546001,"identity":"d0c2e8ed-e4a8-456d-a5a0-5fded21d470e","order_by":2,"name":"Xuan Han KOH","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changi General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuan","middleName":"Han","lastName":"KOH","suffix":""},{"id":484546003,"identity":"cb427d83-d89e-4a00-a812-be69c4ce78f5","order_by":3,"name":"Lieng Hsi LING","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University Heart Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lieng","middleName":"Hsi","lastName":"LING","suffix":""},{"id":484546005,"identity":"45a32814-f139-4334-ac14-8f929c8908c7","order_by":4,"name":"Tee Joo YEO","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University Heart Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tee","middleName":"Joo","lastName":"YEO","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-12 13:53:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6881039/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6881039/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86761241,"identity":"86f746a8-033e-4f2f-adc7-13d0b0b2c074","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 10:24:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":451030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifferences in the left ventricular geometry between endurance athletes and controls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are represented as number and percentage. Fisher’s exact test assessed if there were differences between endurance athletes and controls\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSSCR= Singapore Sports Cardiology Registry\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEA= Endurance athletes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAF= Atrial fibrillation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHF= Heart failure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBSA=Body surface area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLA= Left atrial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRA= Right atrial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLV= Left ventricle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLVIDd= Left ventricular internal diameter in diastole;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6881039/v1/7d5f3d01e9c892460013d288.jpeg"},{"id":96708881,"identity":"4d08bb65-4aec-4ec6-a2a7-1b9a94d2e50c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:05:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2241611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6881039/v1/d1e3a61d-4d3d-4a54-bcb6-d98923c628c9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Impact of Elite Endurance Activity on Cardiac Remodelling in Asians - an Echocardiographic Case Control Study","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eRegular physical training induces physiological changes in the heart's structure, function, and electrical activity, a phenomenon termed exercise-induced cardiac remodelling (EICR). EICR may overlap with pathological cardiac conditions associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). Amongst young athletes, HCM and AC have been reported as the most common causes of sports-related SCD in the United States and Italy respectively. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] The term \u0026ldquo;grey zone\u0026rdquo; has been used to describe the clinical overlap between EICR and pathology, comprising four main variants: 1) Left ventricular (LV) wall thickening; 2) LV chamber dilation; 3) Right ventricular dilation; and 4) LV hypertrabeculation. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] This \u0026ldquo;grey zone\u0026rdquo; poses challenges in pre-participation screening of athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver the past decades, there is growing interest in improving our understanding of imaging criteria for EICR in athletes. Data on athletes\u0026rsquo; echocardiographic parameters is now available, largely derived from European and American registries of white and black athletes. The American Society of Echocardiography [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] and the European Association of Preventive Cardiology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] published recommendations on interpretations of cardiovascular imaging in the evaluation of athletes\u0026rsquo; heart. This enables comparison with the general non-athletic population, facilitating improved definition of the \u0026ldquo;grey zone\u0026rdquo;. Nonetheless, data on Asian athletes remains scarce; with limited comparisons between athletic and non-athletic populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e In lieu of available data in Asian athletes, the British Society of Echocardiography guideline for echocardiographic screening of sports participants recommended utilising Caucasian athletes\u0026rsquo; norms when evaluating Asian athletes. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] However, clear differences in common echocardiographic parameters exist between athletes of Asian compared to Caucasian descent. For instance, early descriptive studies in Southeast Asian (SEA) athletes reported an upper physiological limit in septal wall thickness as 12 mm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], whereas the corresponding limit in Italian athletes was 16 mm. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] Likewise, the maximum measured LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) in SEA athletes was 57 mm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] whereas 14% of Italian athletes were found to have LVIDd exceeding 60 mm. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] These differences reinforce that Caucasian athletes\u0026rsquo; normative echocardiographic values may not apply to SEA athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to improve the definition of \u0026ldquo;grey zones\u0026rdquo; in Asian athletes, we aimed to compare echocardiographic parameters in Asian elite endurance athletes with Asian non-athletes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eElite athletes engaging in endurance sport were studied as EICR in this group is most pronounced compared to other categories of sport. Endurance athletes (EA) were identified from the Singapore Sports Cardiology Registry (SSCR) from January to October 2018. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] Endurance sports involve prolonged, high-intensity physical activities characterized by significant dynamic exertion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], such as marathon running, cycling, rowing, and swimming. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] The Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology (APSC) working group established a sports classification system based on dynamic and static components, adapting the 2015 ACC framework while incorporating sports more commonly practiced in Asia. This classification categorizes athletic disciplines according to their intensity levels. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eControls were obtained from 3 sources: (a) skill-based athletes from the SSCR, (b) healthy non-athlete controls from a national atrial fibrillation registry (AF registry), and (c) healthy non-athlete controls from a national heart failure registry (HF registry). [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEchocardiography\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransthoracic echocardiography was performed at rest for all participants, incorporating M-mode, two-dimensional (2D), and Doppler imaging techniques, using the Vivid S6 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). The imaging protocol followed established standards outlined by the American and British Societies of Echocardiography. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] Left ventricular (LV) systolic function was assessed by calculating the ejection fraction using the biplane Simpson\u0026rsquo;s method. Comprehensive diastolic function evaluation incorporated pulsed-wave tissue Doppler measurements at both septal and lateral mitral annular sites, as well as the tricuspid annulus, acquired from standardized apical four-chamber views. These measurements included peak early diastolic myocardial velocity (e'), late diastolic myocardial velocity (a') and the derived E/e' ratio (calculated from the transmitral E-wave velocity to tissue Doppler e' ratio). This standardized protocol ensured comprehensive evaluation of both systolic and diastolic ventricular function in all study participants. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyocardial deformation parameters were assessed using speckle-tracking echocardiography on radiofrequency data collected over three sequential cardiac cycles. Analysis was carried out with EchoPac software (version 11.1.8, GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway). Peak systolic strain was evaluated through automated functional imaging with a tri-plane transducer. For all subjects, mean global longitudinal strain was computed. Right ventricular systolic performance was additionally quantified using two-dimensional fractional area change and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Left ventricular (LV) geometry was categorized into four groups according to the guidelines established by the American and European Society of Echocardiography: normal geometry, concentric remodelling, eccentric hypertrophy and concentric hypertrophy. The classification was determined using predefined thresholds for relative wall thickness (RWT) (abnormal if\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.42) and LV mass index (LVMI) (with LV hypertrophy defined as LVMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;95 g/m\u0026sup2; in women and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;115 g/m\u0026sup2; in men). [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll echocardiographic images were independently assessed by two cardiologists who were blinded to the participants' ethnicity, age, and athletic status. Quantitative discrepancies between their measurements were resolved by averaging the values, while qualitative differences were addressed through mutual discussion to reach a consensus. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of participants\u0026rsquo; demographic and clinical characteristics were reported as number and percentage for categorical data, mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data, and median and interquartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed data. An independent samples t-test was used to identify differences in echocardiographic parameters between EA and controls overall, and by gender. To examine if the associations were independent of age and ethnicity, we performed multivariable linear regression with robust standard errors of each echocardiographic parameter on endurance training, adjusting for baseline age and ethnicity. The unstandardized B coefficients and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. To compare the effect of endurance training across echocardiographic parameters measured on different scales, we standardized each parameter by transforming it into a Z-score before performing multivariable linear regression. The adjusted standardized coefficient represents the difference in mean outcome between EA and controls, expressed in standard deviations of the echocardiographic parameter, after adjusting for age and ethnicity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test assessed if there were differences in the left ventricular geometry, while quantile regression assessed if there were differences in the upper limits of common echocardiographic parameters between EA and controls. Differences in the 95th and 90th percentiles, and corresponding 95% CIs were reported. As this was an exploratory study, we did not adopt the conventional 0.05 two-sided significance level. A p-value below the two-sided significance level of 0.001 was taken to suggest the possibility of an association. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 18 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was reviewed and approved by National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board Singapore (2017/00319) and Singapore Sports Institute Institutional Review Board (PH/EXP/018). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All study procedures conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBaseline characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach endurance athlete (EA) was compared with 2 controls, giving a total of 163 participants comprising 55 EA and 108 controls. Of the 108 controls, 35 (32.4%) were from SSCR, 34 (31.5%) were from Atrial Fibrillation (AF) registry and 39 (36.1%) were from Heart failure (HF) registry. Amongst the 55 EA included in our study were 12 cyclists, 12 kayakers, 11 marathon runners, 6 dragon-boaters, 5 triathlon runners,, 3 rowers, 2 swimmers, 2 canoeists and 2 canoe poloists. Baseline characteristics of EA and controls were similar (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The mean age for EA and controls was 28.9 years old and 30 years old respectively, 54.6% of EA and 59.1% of controls were male, and 100% of EA and 74.6% of controls were of Chinese ethnicity. 16 of 108 (14.8%) controls presented with underlying cardiovascular risk factors \u0026ndash; 11 had hypertension, 1 had diabetes, 3 had hyperlipidemia and 1 had both hypertension and diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaseline characteristics of participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;163)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndurance athletes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControls (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;108)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63 (58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChinese\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136 (83.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81 (75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalay\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart rate (beats/min)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBSA (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic condition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperlipidemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation or number and percentage.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eBMI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Body mass index. BSA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Body surface area. DBP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Diastolic blood pressure. SBP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Systolic blood pressure. SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEndurance training on echocardiographic parameters, by gender\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe differences in echocardiographic parameters by gender between EA and controls are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Male EA had larger LV mass (193.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48.2 vs. 148.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.9 g, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) when compared to male controls. Female EA also demonstrated the same differences albeit of a lower magnitude, having larger LV mass (139.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.1 vs 104.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.1 g, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and larger LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) (49.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8 vs. 46.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3 mm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) compared to female controls. The results persisted after indexing for body surface area (BSA). The differences between male and female EA and their non athlete counterparts also persisted after adjusting for age and ethnicity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferences in echocardiographic parameters between endurance athletes and controls, by gender.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEchocardiographic parameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEndurance athletes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControls (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP value\u003c/b\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEndurance athletes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControls (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP valu\u003c/b\u003ee*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMin, max\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMin, max\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMin, max\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMin, max\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIVSd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVIDd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45, 60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41, 58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46, 57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39, 54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVIDd/BSA (mm/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3, 35.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.0, 35.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.7, 34.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1, 36.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVPWd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6, 12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRWT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30, 0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23, 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29, 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20, 0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEDV (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92, 177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74, 167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95, 160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66, 139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEDVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.2, 98.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37, 90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.9, 91.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42, 80.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVEF M-mode (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54, 74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56, 81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49, 75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56, 86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSV (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54, 112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49, 110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55, 93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39, 83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.7, 59.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28, 60.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.6, 58.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27, 63.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLV mass (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.9, 295.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71, 227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.7, 199.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.5, 174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVMI (g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62, 160.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44, 116.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.1, 129.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.6, 98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVOT SV (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53, 123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43, 105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50, 92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40, 88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoV (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26, 40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20, 40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22, 35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22, 33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoV index (mm/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.6, 21.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9, 20.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5, 21.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1, 21.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTJ (mm/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22, 31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19, 36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16, 28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17, 25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPLVEDV (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96, 175.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.2, 213.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75, 147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23, 118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVEDVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.5, 97.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.5, 98.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.3, 83.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6, 76.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPLVESV (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38, 76.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20, 85.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32, 73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4, 45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPSV (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58, 102.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44, 128.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33, 80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30, 83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPLVEF (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53, 67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.7, 73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46, 67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57, 73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPCO (L/min)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9, 5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3, 10.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2, 4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2, 6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPCI (L/min/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8, 3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3, 4.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5, 2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3, 3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLA (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25, 46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25, 45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30, 39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24, 41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLAi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.4, 27.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15, 23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9, 26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16, 28.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLAV (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34, 134.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17, 89.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32, 78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18, 64.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLAVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.8, 70.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6, 45.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4, 47.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3, 44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAV (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24, 155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11, 52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30, 84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11, 49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7, 84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6, 28.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6, 52.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0, 31.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVOTpl (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22, 36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19, 35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23, 36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16, 34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVOTp (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28, 46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20, 36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26, 43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20, 37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVOTd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17, 28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13, 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14, 27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15, 25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVD1 (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26, 54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7, 48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29, 44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17, 40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVD2 (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18, 50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8, 39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21, 42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12, 37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVD3 (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59, 94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6, 86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53, 84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8, 83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58, 103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46, 109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55, 101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53, 112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDT (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118, 208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102, 287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110, 186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128, 335\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22, 54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24, 87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28, 69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32, 73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE/A\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4, 3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9, 3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4, 2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9, 3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTAPSE (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21, 33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12, 28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19, 32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16, 29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep E\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9, 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6, 18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep A\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4, 8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4, 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep E\u0026rsquo;/A\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1, 2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6, 2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1, 2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8, 3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep E\u0026rsquo;/E\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 8.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1, 11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep sys vel. (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6, 16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6, 11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6, 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat E\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10, 20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9, 20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat A\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3, 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4, 9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat E\u0026rsquo;/A\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3, 3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9, 6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3, 3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2, 3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat E\u0026rsquo;/E\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1, 7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7, 9.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2, 8.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8, 9.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat sys vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6, 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV E\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2, 21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10, 16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV A\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6, 16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV E\u0026rsquo;/A\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8, 2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7, 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5, 3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV sys vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10, 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9, 16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGLS (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-19.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-15.9, -22.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-13.2, -23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-19.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-16, -22.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-20.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-16.5, -25.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e*For difference in means.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComparing total cohort of EA vs controls\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eComprehensive structural and functional echocardiographic parameters of EA and controls are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Endurance athletes had larger LV wall thickness (9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 vs. 8.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 mm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), LVIDd (50.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4 vs. 48.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0 mm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), larger mean LV mass (168.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.1 vs. 130.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.0 g, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and RV dimensions compared to controls. These biventricular differences persisted after indexing for BSA. EA also had larger atria compared to controls, with left atrial volume index of 38.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4 vs. 24.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.8 ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 and right atrial volume index of 36.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.9 vs. 17.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9 ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter adjusting for baseline age and ethnicity, multivariable linear regression (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) showed that compared to male controls, male EA had a higher mean indexed right atrial volume (RAVi) (1.85 SDs higher), RAV (1.82 SDs), right ventricular diameter 1 (RVD1) (1.57 SDs), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (1.56 SDs), indexed left atrial volume (LAVi) (1.55 SDs), RVD2 (1.38 SDs), LAV (1.33 SDs), and LV mass index (LVMI) (1.27 SDs).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable linear regression of echocardiographic parameter on endurance training, adjusted for age and ethnicity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEchocardiographic parameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted B coefficient of endurance training (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted standardized* coefficient of endurance training (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted B coefficient of endurance training (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted standardized* coefficient of endurance training (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIVSd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37 (0.66 to 2.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85 (0.41 to 1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12 (0.59 to 1.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.37 to 1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVIDd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17 (0.50 to 3.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.13 to 0.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.16 (1.46 to 4.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80 (0.37 to 1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVIDd/BSA (mm/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.47 (1.23 to 3.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.39 to 1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01 (0.74 to 3.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64 (0.24 to 1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVPWd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32 (0.71 to 1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.46 to 1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09 (0.56 to 1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.36 to 1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRWT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04 (0.01 to 0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59 (0.18 to 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02 (-0.00 to 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38 (-0.03 to 0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEDV (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.11 (2.70 to 21.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.13 to 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.18 (7.13 to 25.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.33 to 1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEDVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.96 (4.83 to 15.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88 (0.43 to 1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.40 (5.35 to 15.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.48 to 1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVEF M-mode (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.85 (-6.25 to -1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.60 (-0.97 to -0.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.90 (-8.35 to -1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.76 (-1.30 to -0.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSV (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39 (-3.37 to 10.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25 (-0.25 to 0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.51 (-0.23 to 11.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41 (-0.02 to 0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.94 (0.34 to 7.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.05 to 1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.44 (-0.41 to 7.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48 (-0.06 to 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLV mass (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.83 (23.41 to 64.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.51 to 1.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.37 (21.95 to 48.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.48 to 1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVMI (g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.81 (18.25 to 39.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27 (0.81 to 1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.29 (14.64 to 29.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.65 to 1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVOT SV (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.53 (7.87 to 21.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93 (0.50 to 1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.03 (1.22 to 12.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45 (0.08 to 0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoV (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63 (0.03 to 3.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42 (0.01 to 0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78 (0.28 to 3.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45 (0.07 to 0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoV index (mm/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69 (0.83 to 2.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.39 to 1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16 (0.22 to 2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.10 to 0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPLVEDV (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.68 (6.70 to 26.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.23 to 0.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.57 (12.30 to 30.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75 (0.43 to 1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLVEDVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.31 (7.16 to 17.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88 (0.51 to 1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.83 (8.61 to 19.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.61 to 1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPSV (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.10 (-1.10 to 11.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30 (-0.06 to 0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.76 (1.44 to 14.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46 (0.08 to 0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPLVEF (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.36 (-5.18 to -1.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.76 (-1.17 to -0.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.38 (-6.70 to -2.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.99 (-1.51 to -0.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLA (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04 (-0.10 to 4.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45 (-0.02 to 0.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69 (0.98 to 4.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60 (0.22 to 0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLAi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14 (1.00 to 3.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.40 to 1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76 (0.55 to 2.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.22 to 1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLAV (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.91 (16.13 to 33.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33 (0.86 to 1.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.96 (12.71 to 25.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.68 to 1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLAVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.80 (11.59 to 20.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55 (1.14 to 1.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.93 (8.20 to 15.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17 (0.81 to 1.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAV (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.00 (29.19 to 48.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82 (1.36 to 2.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.96 (16.85 to 29.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.79 to 1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAVi (ml/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.21 (17.18 to 27.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85 (1.43 to 2.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.49 (10.73 to 18.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21 (0.90 to 1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVOTpl (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00 (0.36 to 3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.10 to 0.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.70 (1.01 to 4.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.27 to 1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVOTp (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.72 (3.58 to 7.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15 (0.72 to 1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.40 (2.09 to 6.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89 (0.42 to 1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVOTd (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.32 (2.80 to 5.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18 (0.76 to 1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81 (1.22 to 4.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.33 to 1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVD1 (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.36 (9.48 to 15.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57 (1.21 to 1.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.80 (5.19 to 10.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.66 to 1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVD2 (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.29 (7.24 to 13.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38 (0.97 to 1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.38 (2.51 to 8.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.34 to 1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRVD3 (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.08 (7.09 to 19.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.42 to 1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.85 (1.03 to 12.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41 (0.06 to 0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39 (-4.31 to 7.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10 (-0.32 to 0.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.628\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.99 (-10.01 to 4.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.22 (-0.74 to 0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDT (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-21.57 (-35.40 to -7.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.63 (-1.04 to -0.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-14.81 (-30.70 to 1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.43 (-0.90 to 0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.64 (-7.75 to 0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.37 (-0.78 to 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.52 (-9.46 to 0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.46 (-0.95 to 0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE/A\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14 (-0.07 to 0.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29 (-0.16 to 0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11 (-0.10 to 0.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24 (-0.20 to 0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTAPSE (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.54 (4.17 to 6.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56 (1.17 to 1.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31 (0.72 to 3.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65 (0.20 to 1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep E\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46 (-0.38 to 1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22 (-0.18 to 0.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.92 (-1.76 to -0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.44 (-0.84 to -0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep A\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.84 (-1.51 to -0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.52 (-0.94 to -0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.47 (-1.13 to 0.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-0.71 to 0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep E\u0026rsquo;/A\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21 (0.05 to 0.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43 (0.11 to 0.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.06 (-0.31 to 0.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12 (-0.64 to 0.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.630\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep E\u0026rsquo;/E\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.19 (-0.85 to 0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.13 (-0.59 to 0.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.569\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26 (-0.36 to 0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18 (-0.25 to 0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep sys vel. (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29 (-0.31 to 0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22 (-0.23 to 0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05 (-0.60 to 0.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04 (-0.46 to 0.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat E\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13 (-0.82 to 1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05 (-0.34 to 0.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.73 (-2.05 to 0.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.30 (-0.84 to 0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat A\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.27 (-1.04 to 0.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16 (-0.62 to 0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.20 (-0.81 to 0.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12 (-0.48 to 0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat E\u0026rsquo;/A\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.07 (-0.38 to 0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11 (-0.56 to 0.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05 (-0.32 to 0.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.08 (-0.47 to 0.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat E\u0026rsquo;/E\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.55 to 0.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.45 to 0.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11 (-0.48 to 0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09 (-0.39 to 0.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLat sys vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11 (-0.93 to 1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05 (-0.44 to 0.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.80 (-1.70 to 0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.38 (-0.81 to 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV E\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64 (-0.64 to 1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24 (-0.24 to 0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.77 (-1.88 to 0.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-0.70 to 0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV A\u0026rsquo; (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58 (-0.60 to 1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20 (-0.20 to 0.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-1.39 to 1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.00 (-0.47 to 0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV E\u0026rsquo;/A\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.00 (-0.22 to 0.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.00 (-0.38 to 0.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.18 (-0.45 to 0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.32 (-0.78 to 0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV sys vel (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64 (-0.27 to 1.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36 (-0.15 to 0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45 (-0.22 to 1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25 (-0.13 to 0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGLS (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.69 (-1.55 to 0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.32 (-0.71 to 0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46 (0.42 to 2.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.19 to 1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eAll multivariable linear regression models adjusted for continuous age at baseline and ethnicity.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e*Echocardiographic parameters were transformed into a Z-score before performing multivariable linear regression. The adjusted standardized coefficient was the difference in means between endurance athletes versus controls, expressed in standard deviations of the echocardiographic parameter, after adjusting for age and ethnicity.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eIVSd: interventricular septum thickness in diastole; LVIDd: left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; BSA: body surface area; LVPWd: left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole; RWT: relative wall thickness; LVEF: left ventricular wall thickness; FS: fractional shortening; SV: stroke volume; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; SoV: sinus of Valsalva; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume; LA: left atrium; LAV: left atrial volume; RAV: right atrial volume; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; RVD: right ventricular dimension\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFunctional parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were no significant differences between EA and controls for E/A ratio and tissue doppler indices; However, EA were found to have higher TAPSE compared to controls (25.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9 vs. 21.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0 mm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the differences in left ventricular geometry between EA and controls. More of the EA demonstrated eccentric hypertrophy (13 (23.6%) EA vs 3 (2.8%) controls) and concentric hypertrophy (4 (7.3%) EA vs 0 (0%) controls), while more controls demonstrated concentric remodelling (4 (7.3%) EA vs 10 (9.3%) controls), p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. Higher proportion of the controls had normal geometry than the EA (34 (61.8%) EA vs 95 (88.0%)).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study compared common structural echocardiographic parameters in elite Asian EA with healthy Asian controls and outlined significant differences between these 2 groups such as LV wall thickness, LV mass and LV cavity size regardless of gender. Additionally, our study also quantified the effect of endurance exercise on various echocardiographic parameters. Data from this study adds to the current evidence base for reference ranges in Asian athletes and facilitates improved definition of the grey zone in this population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA study by Basavarajaiah et al in highly trained athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean (black) and Caucasian (white) athletes, matched for age, size, and sport revealed that black athletes had greater LV wall thickness compared with white athletes (11.3 +/- 1.6 mm vs. 10 +/- 1.5 mm; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In absolute terms, 54 black athletes (18%) had LV wall thickness\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;12 mm compared with 12 white athletes (4%), and 3% of black athletes exhibited LV wall thickness\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;15 mm compared with none of the white athletes. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] J Rawlins compared echocardiography findings between 240 nationally ranked black female athletes and 200 white female athletes of similar age and size participating in similar sports and found that black athletes demonstrated greater left ventricular wall thickness (9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 vs 8.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 mm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and left ventricular mass (187.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42 vs 172.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42 g, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008) than white athletes. Eight black athletes (3%) had a left ventricular wall thickness greater than 11 mm (ranging from 12 to 13 mm), whereas none of the white athletes showed similar measurements. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] This illustrates how ethnic background significantly influences exercise-related cardiac adaptations and should be accounted for during an athlete's cardiovascular assessment. Extrapolation of data derived from white athletes has the potential of generating false-positive diagnoses in athletes of other ethnicities. Similarly, \u0026ldquo;grey zones\u0026rdquo; should also be defined by comparing echocardiographic parameters between athletes and non-athletes of the same ethnicity. The data presented in this paper compared Asian EA against controls and described reference ranges for echocardiographic parameters in our population with the aim of contributing to the overall evidence base for Asian athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe compared the absolute and indexed values of Asian endurance EA in our study against the Italian Olympic endurance EA cohort by D\u0026rsquo;Ascenzi. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] The mean absolute values of our male EA are substantially lower than that of the Italian Olympic male EA, whereas the magnitude of difference is lower when our female EA are compared with the Italian Olympic female EA. When comparing the mean absolute LV mass of our EA (male EA 193.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48.2 g, female EA 139.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.1g,) and the Italian Olympic EA (male 249\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.7 g, female EA 160.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.0 g), the magnitude of difference is substantial. However, after indexing for BSA, this difference is reduced. This can possibly suggest that this may be due to the larger BSA for Caucasian athletes compared to Asian athletes, therefore reinforcing the importance of indexing such values to facilitate comparison of echocardiographic parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite indexing, the mean LVMI for Italian Olympic male EA still exceeds the cutoff for LV hypertrophy (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;115 g/ m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and the mean LVMI for our EA lies below this cutoff. This highlights the that Caucasian athletes\u0026rsquo; normative echocardiographic values and reference ranges may not be applicable to SEA athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the Riding et al study, west Asian athletes had LVIDd of 52.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2 mm and LVMI of 86.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.3 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, compared with our study of Southeast Asian athletes with LVIDd of 50.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4mm and LVMI of 98.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.2 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] Even within the Asian population, there could be significant differences in echocardiographic parameters. Riding et al also demonstrated that considerable variability in the cardiac electrical and structural remodelling response to exercise exists among black athletes and appears to differ depending on geographic origin. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] Just as there are many different geographic origins of black athletes, there are also different origins of Asian athletes. Henceforth, there needs to be more than a universal \u0026ldquo;one size fit all\u0026rdquo; reference range, even amongst Asian athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo date, one other study has compared Asian athletes with Asian non athlete controls. Roslan et al studied echocardiography and strain analysis in Malaysian elite athletes versus young healthy adults. The athletes in the study were predominantly EA, of whom majority participated in long distance, football, cycling and swimming. Their male athletes (MA) had LVMI of 93.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.85 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and LVIDd of 5.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39 cm, while the female athletes (FA) had LVMI of 71.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.21 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and LVIDd of 4.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32 cm. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] On the other hand, our male EA had LVMI of 107.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.5 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and LVIDd of 51.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5 mm, while our female EA had LVMI 87.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eand LVIDd of 49.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8 mm. The ethnicities of athletes in the Malaysian study are predominantly Malays while our study involved predominantly Chinese. Out of the 99 Malaysian athletes, the majority were of Malay ethnicity (70/99). Both the absolute and indexed values in our athletes are higher compared to the Malay athletes, suggesting there are ethnic differences even between Southeast Asian ethnicities, albeit of smaller magnitudes. Therefore, in order to more accurately define the \u0026ldquo;grey zone\u0026rdquo;, it would be necessary to take into account ethnicity-related cardiac remodelling and to compare athletes with non-athletes of the same ethnicities rather than utilising a universal reference range.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent recommendations have stated that LV wall thickening, LV and RV dilatation are common findings among EA. In the same vein, our study also demonstrated that EA displayed mainly findings of eccentric hypertrophy, as compared to concentric hypertrophy. Our study performed a multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for age and ethnicity to provide a clearer idea as to how endurance training affects remodelling of the various cardiac chambers. It appears that based on our study, RAVi has the largest magnitude of change with endurance exercise followed by RVD and LAVi then LVMI. In fact, our study showed that the magnitude of change in LV wall thickness and LVIDd are substantially lower. This comes as an unexpected finding as LV wall thickness and LVIDd are common parameters used in various studies when comparing EA and controls. Given the larger magnitude of remodelling for RV, RVD and LAVi, these can potentially be utilised as additional variables for physiological remodelling in athletes\u0026rsquo; heart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur sample size is small and comprises entirely of athletes of Chinese ethnicity. While our data may be similar to east Asians, it still differ for Malaysians and other \u0026ldquo;Asian\u0026rdquo; athletes for example West Asian (which more commonly overlap with Black athletes). Thus, the reported findings may not be extrapolated to other Asian athletes of different ethnicities such as West Asian ethnicities, Filipino, Mongols, Japanese, Koreans, Indonesians, who are not represented in our data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample size of the EA vs control group is in 1:2 ratio. 14.8% (16/108) controls have baseline cardiovascular risk factors, mainly hypertension. Cardiac remodelling from hypertension may contribute to the abnormal LV geometry shown in the controls. We were unable to correct for baseline CV risk factors. However, despite so, there were still substantial differences between EA and control groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of our sources of the control groups are skill-based athletes from the SSCR. These sports include taekwondo, bowling, golf, archery, sailing, diving and Wushu which focus on technique rather than endurance or intensity. While there may still be structured and high volume training, these are of typically lower level than that of endurance sports. This group of controls may possibly be representative of the recreational athletes from the general population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eEndurance activity in elite Singaporean Chinese athletes was associated with significant structural and functional cardiac remodelling compared to controls. Reference ranges for echocardiographic parameters in this population were described, allowing for more accuracy when differentiating physiology from pathology in Asian athletes. The need for like-to-like comparison and indexing for BSA is vital in defining \u0026ldquo;grey zone\u0026rdquo; limits for athletes of different ethnicities and more studies comparing athletes with non-athletes of various Asian ethnicities are necessary.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone declared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFUNDING\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by a National University Health System Clinician Scientist Program award (N-171-000-469-001), and a centre grant (CGAug16M008) from the National Medical Research Council.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLH Ling and TJ Yeo conceived and planned the experiments. TJ Yeo carried out the experiments. XH Koh and TJ Yeo contributed to the interpretation of the results. MH Lee and AKV Tan drafted the manuscript. MH Lee, AKV Tan, XH Koh and TJ Yeo critically appraised and contributed to the final version of the manuscript. TJ Yeo supervised the project. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge all the Singapore national athletes who have contributed their time to participate in this Sports Cardiology registry, as well as colleagues who have contributed their valuable time and effort to assist with recruitment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCorrado, D. et al. 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Heart J.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e (1), 50\u0026ndash;58 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoslan, A. et al. Echocardiography and strain analysis in Malaysian elite athletes versus young healthy adults. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e47\u003c/b\u003e, 101242 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Endurance athletes, Echocardiography, Cardiac remodelling, Asian population, Echocardiographic Index, Physiological adaptations","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6881039/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6881039/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eProlonged endurance training causes significant cardiac adaptations like thickened left ventricular (LV) walls and dilated ventricles, which may mimic cardiomyopathies. While reference ranges for elite black and white athletes exist, Asian athletes\u0026rsquo; data remains scarce. This study aimed to compare echocardiographic parameters between elite endurance athletes (EAs) and non-endurance controls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElite athletes in endurance sport were identified from the Singapore Sports cardiology Registry (SSCR) from January to October 2018. Controls were (a) skill-based athletes from the SSCR, healthy non-athletic volunteers from (b) a national atrial fibrillation registry, and (c) a national heart failure registry. All underwent resting two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler transthoracic echocardiography.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e163 participants (55 EAs, 108 controls) were analysed (mean age 28.9 years, male 54.6%; Chinese 100% among EAs). Baseline characteristics were similar. EAs had larger LV wall thickness (9.2 vs. 8.0 mm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), LVIDd (50.7 vs. 48.2 mm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), larger LV mass (168.8 vs. 130.4g, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), larger right ventricular dimensions and biatrial volumes, even after indexing for body surface area, age and ethnicity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndurance activity in elite Singaporean Chinese athletes was associated with significant cardiac remodelling. This study described echocardiographic reference ranges to better distinguish physiology from pathology in Asian athletes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of Elite Endurance Activity on Cardiac Remodelling in Asians - an Echocardiographic Case Control Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-15 10:24:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6881039/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b5bd9b93-f55d-4892-a935-210cc9940c1f","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":51444061,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology/Cardiovascular biology/Cardiac hypertrophy"},{"id":51444062,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology/Cardiovascular biology/Cardiovascular diseases/Cardiomyopathies"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-24T13:24:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-15 10:24:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6881039","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6881039","identity":"rs-6881039","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}