Multi-objective approach for optimizing throughput, coverage, and energy endurance of clusters in D2D communications

Multi-objective approach for optimizing throughput, coverage, and energy endurance of clusters in D2D communications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Multi-objective approach for optimizing throughput, coverage, and energy endurance of clusters in D2D communications NGIMBOG MBOGUE Joseph, KONLACK TALLA Belmien Carlos, VIDEME BOSSOU Olivier, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9032690/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Device-to-device (D2D) communications play a key role in today's communication infrastructures. They help optimise network capacity, reduce latency and enhance quality of service. The main difficulty in establishing clusters lies in the ability to optimally designate a CH (cluster head) for each group. In this study, we present a method for selecting cluster heads (CHs) and forming clusters for device-to-device exchanges. Unlike methods that focus primarily on geographical proximity or data similarity, our proposal incorporates both the geographical position of users (smartphones) and their residual energy, thus offering a content-free structure that is more appropriate for dense and varied networks. The strategy begins with a preliminary classification using the K-means algorithm, followed by an optimised CH selection process within each cluster. Observations from multiple simulations show that the suggested method provides satisfactory results with a substantial 39.15% increase in throughput. Furthermore, taking energy into account when selecting CHs extends the longevity of the devices and the stability of the network. D2D D2D communications 5G Clustering Cluster-head Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 18 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 30 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9032690","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":626391847,"identity":"4ef9951c-3ec1-4020-a176-a25ed66c9c0d","order_by":0,"name":"NGIMBOG MBOGUE Joseph","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYYwczABiRtGBgkGCA0sVrSoFrSiLGKAazlMGEtzO3tDx8X7mDIk3fnTnvw4df5xP7ZzQcfMCTcw21Bzxlj45lnGIoND/NuN5zZdztxxp1jyQYMCcW4tczIYZPmbWNI3NjMu02at+d2YsONHDMJxh8JeLSkP/+NpOVc4nyQFoYEfFoSzJhBWuYzA7Xw/DiQuIGgFqBfpGcCtWxgBvmlIdl44420ZIMEPFoMgSH2uRBkS//ZbQ8+/LGTnXcj+eCDD/i0NIAikeE/g8EBkJ1tDI4NIGHcGhgY5BnAWoAMsNI/DPZ4FI+CUTAKRsEIBQBCoVtNkrtT7AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Yaoundé I","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"NGIMBOG","middleName":"MBOGUE","lastName":"Joseph","suffix":""},{"id":626391848,"identity":"92a0b9d7-3e89-451e-8b10-dd588d758b00","order_by":1,"name":"KONLACK TALLA Belmien Carlos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Yaoundé I","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"KONLACK","middleName":"TALLA Belmien","lastName":"Carlos","suffix":""},{"id":626391849,"identity":"74c53fec-548c-4b6a-ae6e-c592132d02eb","order_by":2,"name":"VIDEME BOSSOU Olivier","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Yaoundé I","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"VIDEME","middleName":"BOSSOU","lastName":"Olivier","suffix":""},{"id":626391850,"identity":"601e5feb-6546-48be-bde0-703d83bd76c0","order_by":3,"name":"TCHUIDJAN Roger","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Yaoundé I","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"TCHUIDJAN","middleName":"","lastName":"Roger","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-04 17:09:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9032690/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9032690/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107707320,"identity":"9e84a1c0-70f8-48fd-b144-fb54d069f619","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 09:20:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1225099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Approchemultiobjectifpouroptimisationdudebit04032026a1739.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9032690/v1_covered_34e4e53f-6f76-4410-aed5-e747b62733a3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Multi-objective approach for optimizing throughput, coverage, and energy endurance of clusters in D2D communications","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wireless-personal-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wireless Personal Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11277)","snPcode":"11277","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11277/3","title":"Wireless Personal Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"D2D; D2D communications, 5G, Clustering, Cluster-head","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9032690/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9032690/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDevice-to-device (D2D) communications play a key role in today's communication infrastructures. 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