Strategy for Yeast Genetic Improvement 3.0

This work explores the application of yeast in beer brewing and winemaking, comparing traditional genetic manipulation methods with innovative techniques, both GMO-free and GMO-based. Traditional approaches, such as sexual breeding and random mutagenesis, are contrasted with modern methods like Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE), the integration of big data, AI, and omics technologies, and synthetic microbial communities, which do not involve genetic modification. GMO-based techniques, including synthetic biology and CRISPR/Cas9, enable more precise and efficient genome modifications, making multiplex genome engineering scalable, thanks to the efficient recombination machinery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite the promise of these advanced techniques, the commercialization of GMO-based methods faces significant challenges.