Evaluation of Panoramic Radiographic Measurements in Subadults Aged According to Age and Sex

Evaluation of Panoramic Radiographic Measurements in Subadults Aged According to Age and Sex | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of Panoramic Radiographic Measurements in Subadults Aged According to Age and Sex Alime Okkesim, Turkan Sezen Erhamza This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5125881/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The study utilized panoramic radiography measurements to evaluate age and sex in individuals aged 9–17 within the Turkish population. The study aimed to address the gaps in the literature by focusing on adolescence and pre-adolescence and investigating the impact of puberty on mandibular parameters in both sexes. Through this inquiry, this study sought to contribute to the refinement of forensic anthropological methodologies, particularly in cases involving subadult mandibular remains of unknown age or sex. Methods The sample comprised 631 patients, including 326 females and 305 males. Panoramic radiographs were obtained using a specific model with standardized exposure parameters. Participants were 9–17 years of age. Various mandibular parameters were measured, including the bigonial width, condylar height, ramus breadth, coronoid height, projective ramus height, mandibular cortical index, gonial angle, antegonial angle, and antegonial height. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, and Univariate Linear Regression Analysis. Results There were significant differences in several mandibular parameters between males and females across different age groups. For instance, females generally exhibited higher values in condylar height, coronoid height, projective height of ramus, mental index, and mandibular cortical index, while males showed higher values in min ramus breadth, antegonial measurements, and bigonial width. However, the gonial angle did not show significant differences between sexes. The regression analysis showed that condylar height and coronoid height were significant predictors of age in both males and females. Conclusions Panoramic radiography measurements are reliable tools for age and sex determination in subadult individuals within the Turkish population. The findings underscore the importance of mandibular parameters in forensic anthropology and suggest the potential of panoramic radiography in aiding forensic investigations and identification processes. Further large-scale and multicenter studies are recommended to validate the applicability and accuracy of these parameters across diverse populations. Panoramic radiography Sex estimation Age determination Forensic dentistry Figures Figure 1 Introduction Forensic anthropologists confront the enduring challenge of identifying skeletal remains, a task compounded by the frequent discovery of unidentified bodies globally. This issue is exacerbated by escalating instances of violence, air disasters, explosions, mutilations, and natural catastrophes, necessitating a nuanced understanding of various disciplines within forensic medicine, including anatomy, radiology, archaeology, dentistry, and related fields (Meleveetil et al. 2020)). Sex differentiation in skeletal remains is often facilitated by sexual dimorphism present in most bones of the adult human skeleton. However, predicting sex in subadult individuals poses unique challenges, particularly when faced with incomplete remains or limited skeletal elements, such as only the mandible. The mandibular symphysis is a temporary joint in which the left and right halves of the mandible unite in the medial plane. It disappears at the end of the first year of life. The mandible is the strongest structure in the cranium, due to its dense layer of compact bone. Characterized by its robust structure and significance in dental anatomy, the mandible presents a focal point for age and sex estimation. Sexual dimorphism in the mandible stems from differences in musculoskeletal development and growth trajectories between males and females. Mandibular size and shape, influenced by occlusal forces and growth patterns, manifest distinct variations between sexes, with males typically exhibiting larger and stronger mandibles than females (Deana et al. 2023, Ojha et al. 2021) Despite the utility of anthropological techniques, their reliability in estimating age and sex in subadults may be compromised by the absence of population-specific standards and potential systematic errors. More and more scholars explore morphological, measured, and molecular parameters to enhance accuracy in sex and age determination. Research shows that morphometric measurements are valuable in age and sex determination (M y de la et al. 2022). While studies have extensively examined differences between males and females by comparing various mandibular parameters during the postpubertal period, there is a noticeable scarcity of research focused on adolescence and pre-adolescence. Moreover, investigations into the effect of puberty on mandibular parameters in both sexes are notably lacking (Franklin et al. 2007). Therefore, our study seeks to fill these gaps by exploring alternative perspectives to identify essential parameters for age and sex determination within the Turkish population. Panoramic radiographs, commonly employed for such measurements, offer a non-invasive and highly reliable means of assessment. Panoramic radiographs are also utilized in routine dental practices to assess mandibular and maxillary vital structures and offer information about various aspects of dentistry using a single film. The widespread use of panoramic radiographs makes them a useful tool to study morphological changes with age and any differences or correlations between sexes. Numerous studies in the past decade have proven the efficacy of Orthopantomograms for determining morphological dimensions of the mandible (Ojha et al. 2021). We aim to address these lacunae by evaluating panoramic radiographic measurements in individuals aged 9–17 within the Turkish population. Through this examination, we aim to investigate the potential of these measurements as indicators for estimating age at death and determining sex in subadult skeletons utilizing panoramic radiography. In doing so, we aspire to contribute to the refinement of forensic anthropological methodologies, particularly in cases involving subadult mandibular remains of unknown age or sex. Through this comprehensive inquiry, we aim to delineate critical parameters that reliably differentiate between males and females across various developmental stages. By doing so, we aspire to enhance our ability to interpret skeletal remains accurately for forensic purposes, thereby contributing to the advancement of forensic anthropology. Material and methods The patient sample was selected from the archives of the Orthodontic Departments School of Dentistry of the University of xxxxxx. The sample consisted of males and females who had undergone a dental panoramic radiographic examination between 2017 and 2019 as part of their dental treatment. The study was approved by the xxxxx University Clinical Research Ethics Committee. All radiographs were obtained using a panoramic machine (Kodak digital 9000 machine Caresteam Health, Rochester, NY, USA) with a fixed magnification rate of 1.2 and exposure parameters of 60 kVp, 5 mA, 14.1 s according to patient age. A power analysis (GPower 3.1.9.2) was performed to calculate the sample size. The calculation assumed that a difference of 3 mm between men and women was statistically significant. The results showed that a sample of 570 (190x3) would be large enough to detect significant differences (effect size = 0.41, power = 80%, and a margin of error = 0.05) The study included 631 patients (326 females and 305 males) between 9 and 17 years of age. The exclusion criteria were: • Having chronic diseases/conditions/treatments affecting bone, e.g., eating disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, etc. • Being born prematurely or during early puberty • Undergoing/having undergone orthodontic treatment • Poor quality Radiographic assessments: Unilateral measurements: Bigonial width (BW): the distance between the extreme points of the gonions. Bilateral measurements: Condylar height (CH): The distance between the lower edge of the ramus and the highest point of the condyle. Maximum ramus breath (MaxRB): The distance between the most anterior part of the mandibular ramus and the line drawn from the most posterior part of the condyle. Minimum Ramus Breath (MinRB): The smallest diameter of the ramus in the anterior-posterior direction. Projective Ramus Height (PRH): The projective height between the highest point of the mandibular condyle and the lowest border of the ramus. Coronoid height CorH): The projective distance between the coronoid process and the lower border of the ramus. Mandibular cortical index (MCI): The distance between the lower edge of the mandible and the alveolar bone from the mental foramen. Mental index (MI): The distance between the mental foramen and the mandibular lower edge. Gonial angle (GA): The angle between the tangent passing inferior to the mandible and the tangent passing posterior to the ramus. Antegonial angle (AnGA): The angle found by drawing two lines parallel to the antegonial region and intersecting them at the deepest point of the antegonial notch. Antegonial height (AnGH): The distance along a perpendicular line drawn from the deepest point of the mandibular notch to a tangent drawn to the lower border of the mandible (Fig. 1). Radiographs were transferred to the Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) program in JPEG format. All images were analyzed at a resolution of 300 dpi. Index values were calculated by applying linear measurements on the panoramic radiographs. The measurements were performed in a dimly lit room. The data were recorded in an Excel spreadsheet. One week after the measurements, ten percent of the randomly selected patients were measured again to assess intraobservational agreement. Descriptive statistics [Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, (min-max)] were used for continuous variables. Frequency and percentage were used for categorical variables. Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiography based on sex. The univariate linear regression analysis was conducted to determine which variables influenced age values. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS version 20, Chicago, IL, USA) at a significance level of p<0.05. Results Participants were divided into age groups ( 9 – 11 , 12 – 14 , and 15 – 17 ). The groups included 131 (65 F-66 M), 219 (117 F-102 M), and 281 (144 F-137 M) individuals, respectively (Table 1 ). Table 1 Gender distribution of participants according to age groups Total Female Male n (%) n (%) n (%) Age 9–11 131 (20.8) 65 (49.6) 66 (50.4) 12–14 219 (34.7) 117 (53.4) 102 (46.6) 15–17 281 (44.5) 144 (51.2) 137 (48.8) Sex Findings: The female participants aged 9–11 years had significantly higher MinRB and MCI values than their male counterparts aged 9–11 years (p < 0.05). The female participants aged 12–14 years had significantly higher CorH, PRH, MI, and MCI values than their male counterparts aged 12–14 years (p < 0.05). The female participants aged 15–17 years had significantly higher MaxRB, CH, CorH, PRH, MI, and MCI values than their male counterparts aged 15–17 years (p < 0.05) The male participants had significantly higher MinRB, AnGH, and BW values than their female counterparts. There was no significant difference in GA values between male and female participants (Table 2 ). Table 2 Comparison of radiological measurements of individuals according to age groups and gender Age ( 9 – 11 ) Mean ± SD (Min-Max) P Female Male MaxRB 20.98 ± 7.94 (13.1–49.1) 18.83 ± 4.82 (12.8–32.0) 0.266 MinRB 17.14 ± 6.86 (9.9–40.5) 14.14 ± 3.34 8.9 (22.8) 0.010 CH 40.83 ± 15.40 (25.5–92.0) 36.42 ± 8.79 (24.4–62.5) 0.107 CorH 34.64 ± 13.18 (22.1–80.7) 31.25 ± 7.78 (19.9–54.0) 0.212 PRH 36.98 ± 14.39 (20.6–85.5) 33.14 ± 7.91 (22.3–55.1) 0.160 GA 126.82 ± 6.05 (114–142) 128.91 ± 6.00 (114.3-140.7) 0.059 AnGA 166.56 ± 5.40 (150.1-177.7) 166.08 ± 6.53 (146.1-178.4) 0.632 AnGH 1.06 ± 0.65 (0.1–3.3) 0.88 ± 0.45 (0.1-2.0) 0.163 MI 6.69 ± 2.69 (4.1–16.4) 6.02 ± 1.62 (3.4–12.0) 0.643 MCI 1.87 ± 0.67 (1.0-4.3) 1.59 ± 0.42 (1.1-3.0) 0.008 BW 92.89 ± 35.16 (62.9-209.3) 83.74 ± 19.58 (57.5-139.7) 0.362 Yaş ( 12 – 14 ) Mean ± SD (Min-Max) P KIZ ERKEK MaxRB 32.39 ± 13.10 (10.8–52.8) 30.13 ± 11.34 (11.2–50.0) 0.131 MinRB 25.80 ± 9.62 (9.2–10.0) 25.45 ± 11.04 (9.8–46.4) 0.968 CH 70.68 ± 27.99 (29.6-110.1) 61.22 ± 22.90 (29.9-106.8) 0.001 CorH 61.22 ± 24.57 (23.7–100) 54.29 ± 21.38 (24.5-105.2) 0.006 PRH 65.73 ± 26.58 (27.0-101.0) 57.99 ± 23.00 (26.3-105.4) 0.004 GA 125.45 ± 6.40 (108.0-142.9) 125.78 ± 6.01 (106.0-140.0) 0.894 AnGA 166.96 ± 6.64 (149.0-179.6) 165.49 ± 5.91 (150.0-178.0) 0.083 AnGH 1.68 ± 1.16 0.1–5.1) 1.73 ± 1.19 0.1–5.2) 0.773 MI 11.04 ± 4.39 (3.7–20.8) 9.37 ± 3.51 (3.3–20.8) 0.004 MCI 3.97 ± 1.91 (1.0-7.7) 3.09 ± 1.62 (1.0-9.3) < 0.001 BW 153.85 ± 60.47 (59.7-229.8) 147.65 ± 60.14 (65.7-234.5) 0.757 Age ( 15 – 17 ) Mean ± SD (Min-Max) P Female Male MaxRB 45.30 ± 5.76 (21.5–58.1) 42.77 ± 4.50 32.5 (56.5) < 0.001 MinRB 33.66 ± 4.48 (17.7–44.8) 36.36 ± 4.12 (25.9–50.9) < 0.001 CH 95.93 ± 9.79 (49.9-118.3) 88.63 ± 8.94 (66.5-109.3) < 0.001 CorH 81.62 ± 8.82 (40.9-104.9) 79.26 ± 8.45 (51.3–95.9) 0.030 PRH 88.48 ± 10.13 (44.2–111.0) 85.80 ± 9.13 (63.7-105.9) 0.009 GA 126.36 ± 7.09 105.0-145.0) 125.84 ± 7.73 (106.0-141.0) 0644 AnGA 166.39 ± 7.56 (140.0-179.0) 163.54 ± 6.40 (150.0-179.0) < 0.001 AnGH 2.16 ± 1.24 (0.1–7.2) 2.84 ± 1.15 (0.5–5.9) < 0.001 MI 14.51 ± 2.45 (7.6–21.5) 13.12 ± 2.16 (8.4–20.9) < 0.001 MCI 5.29 ± 0.99 (2.7–8.1) 4.59 ± 0.89 (2.2–6.8) < 0.001 BW 206.07 ± 18.73 (101.4-241.6) 210.17 ± 17.07 (162.2-244.8) 0.024 Mann Whitney U test ESTIMATE AGE AS A RESULT OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS The right and left GA and right AnGA values were not significant in female participants. Although the left AnGA values were significant, the percentage of the change in age explained by the left AnGA (R² = 0.012) was very low. Therefore, these parameters are not important in age estimation. The other parameters were significant in female participants. The R² values calculated for right and left CH and right and left CorH values were high. The right/left GA and right/left AnGA values were significant in male participants. However, their percentages explaining the change in age were low. The R² values calculated for right and left PRH values were high in male participants (Table 3 – 4 ). Table 3 Univariate Linear Regression Analysis results of measurements for age values ​​in female individuals Female B Std.Error 95% CI p value R² Constant 8.918 0.245 8.436 9.399 < 0.001 0.585 Right MaxRB 0.136 0.006 0.123 0.148 < 0.001 Constant 9.139 0.231 8.685 9.593 < 0.001 0.595 Left MaxRB 0.135 0.006 0.123 0.147 < 0.001 Constant 9.023 0.274 8.485 9.561 < 0.001 0.517 Right MinRB 0.175 0.009 0.156 0.193 < 0.001 Constant 9.251 0.249 8.760 9.741 < 0.001 0.544 Left MinRB 0.175 0.009 0.157 0.192 < 0.001 Constant 8.934 0.225 8.492 9.376 < 0.001 0.627 Right CH 0.065 0.003 0.059 0.070 < 0.001 Constant 8.916 0.226 8.471 9.361 < 0.001 0.625 Left CH 0.066 0.003 0.060 0.071 < 0.001 Constant 9.013 0.227 8.568 9.454 < 0.001 0.616 Right CorH 0.074 0.003 0.068 0.081 < 0.001 Constant 8.965 0.225 8.522 9.409 < 0.001 0.622 Left CorH 0.076 0.003 0.070 0.083 < 0.001 Constant 9.094 0.224 8.652 9.535 < 0.001 0.613 Right PRH 0.068 0.003 0.062 0.074 < 0.001 Constant 9.006 0.227 8.559 9.453 < 0.001 0.615 Left PRH 0.069 0.003 0.063 0.075 < 0.001 Constant 15.315 2.437 10.520 20.111 < 0.001 0.001 Right GA -0.012 0.019 -0.050 0.026 0.546 Constant 14.106 1.818 10.529 17.682 < 0.001 0.000 Left GA -0.002 0.014 -0.030 0.026 0.885 Constant 17.872 3.128 11.719 24.026 < 0.001 0.005 Right AnGA -0.024 0.019 -0.061 0.013 0.198 Constant 20.845 3.463 14.033 27.657 < 0.001 0.012 Left AnGA -0.042 0.021 -0.082 -0.001 0.044 Constant 12.368 0.208 11.959 12.778 < 0.001 0.184 Right AnGH 0.833 0.098 0.641 1.025 < 0.001 Constant 12.349 0.212 11.932 12.765 < 0.001 0.180 Left AnGH 0.817 0.097 0.626 1.007 < 0.001 Constant 9.428 0.251 8.934 9.921 < 0.001 0.522 Right MI 0.377 0.020 0.338 0.417 < 0.001 Constant 9.463 0.240 8.922 9.934 < 0.001 0.543 Left MI 0.371 0.019 0.334 0.408 < 0.001 Constant 9.923 0.203 9.524 10.322 < 0.001 0.581 Right MCI 0.947 0.045 0.860 1.035 < 0.001 Constant 9.892 0.204 9.492 10.293 < 0.001 0.582 Left MCI 0.932 0.044 0.846 1.019 < 0.001 Constant 8.808 0.235 8.347 9.270 < 0.001 0.616 BW 0.031 0.001 0.028 0.033 < 0.001 CI:Confidence interval Table 4 Univariate Linear Regression Analysis results of measurement values ​​for age values ​​in male individuals Male B Std.Error 95% CI p value R² Constant 8.293 0.229 7.843 8.742 < 0.001 0.681 Right MaxRB 0.163 0.006 0.150 0.175 < 0.001 Constant 8.360 0.220 7.926 8.793 < 0.001 0.693 Left MaxRB 0.164 0.006 0.151 0.176 < 0.001 Constant 8.880 0.207 8.473 9.286 < 0.001 0.682 Right MinRB 0.175 0.007 0.161 0.189 < 0.001 Constant 8.930 0.194 8.549 9.312 < 0.001 0.706 Left Min RB 0.177 0.007 0.164 0.190 < 0.001 Constant 8.253 0.194 7.871 8.636 < 0.001 0.752 Right CH 0.081 0.003 0.076 0.086 < 0.001 Constant 8.231 0.198 7.842 8.620 < 0.001 0.746 Left CH 0.082 0.003 0.076 0.087 < 0.001 Constant 8.490 0.191 8.115 8.865 < 0.001 0.744 Right CorH 0.087 0.003 0.081 0.093 < 0.001 Constant 8.511 0.190 8.137 8.885 < 0.001 0.744 Left CorH 0.087 0.003 0.081 0.092 < 0.001 Constant 8.518 0.184 8.156 8.880 < 0.001 0.756 Right PRH 0.081 0.003 0.075 0.086 < 0.001 Constant 8.480 0.189 8.108 8.851 < 0.001 0.749 Left PRH 0.081 0.003 0.076 0.086 < 0.001 Constant 22.021 2.442 17.216 26.825 < 0.001 0.036 Right GA -0.065 0.019 -0.103 -0.027 0.001 Constant 21.666 2.457 16.832 26.500 < 0.001 0.033 Left GA -0.062 0.019 -0.101 -0.024 0.001 Constant 22.156 3.512 15.244 20.068 < 0.001 0.019 Right AnGA -0.051 0.021 -0.093 -0.009 0.017 Constant 33.361 3.477 26.518 40.204 < 0.001 0.095 Left AnGA -0.118 0.021 -0.160 -0.077 < 0.001 Constant 11.496 0.200 11.102 11.889 < 0.001 0.375 Right AnGH 1.107 0.082 0.945 1.262 < 0.001 Constant 11.337 0.199 10.944 11.729 < 0.001 0.404 Left AnGH 1.110 0.077 0.957 1.262 < 0.001 Constant 8.777 0.248 8.289 9.266 < 0.001 0.602 Right MI 0.482 0.023 0.438 0.527 < 0.001 Constant 8.923 0.258 8.415 9.430 < 0.001 0.569 Left MI 0.478 0.024 0.431 0.525 < 0.001 Constant 9.834 0.200 9.441 10.227 < 0.001 0.610 Right MCI 1.141 0.052 1.038 1.244 < 0.001 Constant 9.574 0.198 9.183 9.964 < 0.001 0.640 Left MCI 1.207 0.052 1.105 1.310 < 0.001 Constant 8.480 0.199 8.088 8.872 < 0.001 0.727 BW 0.033 0.001 0.030 0.035 < 0.001 When we put the Right CH values of female participants into the Y = bo + b1*x regression equation: A female patient with a right CH value of 31.2 has Y = bo + b1*x Y = 8.934 + 0.065*31.2 = 10,96. A male patient with a right condylar height value of 30.0 has Y = bo + b1*x Y = 8.253 + 0.081 *30.0 = 10,68. Intraobserver correlation was high in all linear and angle measurements, and there was no statistically significant difference between the measurements (p > 0.05). Discussion Growth changes in humans take place from the beginning of prenatal life to senility. Hard tissues (bones and teeth) also undergo changes with growth, which can be a change in shape or fusion of ossification centers or after death. These changes remain stable and help in estimation of age from hard tissue samples. Many of the visible sexual characteristics are absent during infancy and childhood and develop entirely during puberty, apparently due to endocrine stimulation. Other sex differences are related to the activity of the individual (M y de la et al. 2022). Muscle size and specific protrusions appear to be the most defining sexual characteristics (Rosas et al. 2002). The identification of sex from human remains is of fundamental importance in forensic medicine and anthropology, especially in crime investigations, identification of missing persons, in attempts at reconstructing the lives of ancient populations. Identification of sex and age based on measurements and morphometry can be used to determine sex and age from the skull. Through panoramic X-rays as part of routine dental examinations, dentists can identify pediatric patients at risk for bone disorders. Given that more than 1.5 billion dental X-rays are taken annually worldwide (Kotsanti et al. 2023), dentists have the opportunity to use them not only to detect caries, but also to observe and evaluate the angular bone in the eruption. The accuracy of panoramic radiography in providing anatomic measurements has been established. Although panoramic radiographs have some limitations, like difficulties in controlling the magnification and geometric distortion of the images, the interference of superimposed images are not encountered. It provides an accurate and reproducible method of measuring the chosen points with contrast, brightness enhancement, and enlargement (TA L et al. 1986). However, as suggested by some authors, distortion of measurements can be acceptable by positioning the patient’s head properly in the equipment (Kjellberg et al. 1994, Ulusoy et al. 2022). Thus, all radiographs in the present study were made by the same dental radiographer using the same apparatus. The selected radiographs were good enough to reduce possible errors. The accuracy of age and sex estimation based on panoramic radiographs has been frequently studied for various regions and ages (Leversha et al. 2016, Ghosh et al. 2009, Joo et al. 2013). However, no researcher has conducted such a comprehensive study in this age group in the Turkish population. Our sample consisted of adolescents. The present study evaluated the mandibular parameters, including both the linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiography. Our female participants had significantly higher MCI values than their male counterparts. However, the male participants aged 15–17 years had significantly higher minRB and BW values than their female counterparts. The results show that CH and CorH values can be used for age determination because R² values calculated for them were high. Many researchers state that GA is the most accurate measurement that can be obtained from orthopantomography (Meleveetil et al. 2020, Deana et al. 2023, M y de la et al. 2022, Rosas et al. 2002, Kotsanti et al.2023) probably because it is an angular measurement that is not affected by the magnification factor ( Meleveetil et al. 2020, Deana et al. 2023, Kotsanti et al. 2023). Our results showed no significant differences in GA values between male and female participants. However, research shows that women have higher GA values than men (Leversha et al. 2016, Ghosh et al. 2009, Joo et al. 2013). On the other hand, researchers who studied subadult groups also did not find a significant difference between sexes (Ulusoy et al. 2022, Dutra et al. 2004, Al-Shamout et al. 2012, Larrazabal-Maron et al. 2018). The difference is due to age differences between the samples. Our sample consisted of adolescents whose secondary sex characteristics may not yet be complete. In addition, studies that found significant differences in GA values between sexes recruited individuals older than 18 years of age. Gonial angle has been reported to increase with age (Leversha et al. 2016, Ghosh et al. 2009, Joo et al. 2013). In recent years, many researchers have investigated the relationship between MCI and various factors (systemic and local), such as age, sex, number of teeth, hormonal status (menopause), etc. Researchers who examined the cortical thickness in different regions of the mandible and the cortical thickness below the mental foramen obtained the same results (Mostafa et al. 2011). Researchers focusing on sex determination have shown that this parameter has a high dimorphism ability (Sandeepa et al. 2017, Dayal et al. 2008). Our female participants had significantly higher MCI values in all age groups than their male counterparts. However, some researchers have found the opposite (Mostafa et al. 2011, Zlataric et al. 2002). This difference is due to age and social-genetic differences Most previous studies with panoramic radiography focused on the ramus (CH, CorH, and PRH) (Al-Shamout et al. 2012, Sandeepa et al. 2017, Divakar et al. 2016, Damera et al. 2016). They determined that men had higher CH, CorH, and PRH values than women. Damera et al (Damera et al. 2016) reported that CH alone is the parameter that offers the best sex differentiation. Studies before puberty have shown that CH is not sufficient for sex prediction (Ulusoy et al. 2022). Kotsanti et al. showed a statistically significant difference in their measurements on mandibular bone in patients aged 14 years and older and reported that this was probably because puberty in males starts later and hormonal changes occur at an older age (Kotsanti et al. 2023). Mellion et al. reported that girls reach the peak of development in the mandibular bone around the age of 12 years, whereas boys usually reach this peak around the age of 14 years (Mellion et al. 2013). Franklin et al. reported that differentiation in the mandible started at the age of 8 years and that a mandible close to the adult mandible was reached at approximately 15 years of age ( 5 ). Our results showed that participants aged 12–17 years had significantly high CH, CorH, PRH, and MI values. Before the age of 12, there was no statistically significant difference because this period coincides with the peak of adolescence. Female participants had higher values than their male counterparts for three reasons. First, women enter puberty earlier than men. Second, the sample comprised adolescents. Third, there are genetic differences across societies Many researchers have reported that MinRB and BW have dimorphism (Al-Shamout et al. 2012, Sandeepa et al. 2017, Divakar et al. 2016). Researchers focusing on the pre-adolescent period found that men had significantly higher MinRB and BW values than women (Ulusoy et al. 2022). Al-Shamout et al. also found a statistically significant difference in MinRB and BW values (Al-Shamout et al. 2012). Our results showed that male participants aged 15–17 years had higher MinRB and BW values than females aged 15–17 years. This has probably two reasons. First, men have larger mandibular than women. second, men have higher masticatory force. Many researchers have found that GA is the most accurate measurement that can be obtained by panoramic radiography. This is probably because it is an angular measurement that is not affected by the magnification factor. Our results showed no significant difference between left and right GAs, regardless of sex. Therefore, GA and ANGA are not sufficiently reliable in predicting age in women and men. Many studies have not found a significant association with GA (Ulusoy et al. 2022, Oksayan et al. 2014). In terms of age estimation, our results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between age and mandibular ramus length. The results of the regression analysis showed that CH and CorH values were statistically significant in age estimation in men and women. Using these variables, prediction equations were created for men and women. According to the prediction equations, the comparison between actual age and estimated age showed a non-significant difference. Regarding the correlation between age and ramus height, the current results are similar to those of Ulusoy et al. and Taleb et al. (Ulusoy et al. 2022, Taleb et al. 2015). Ulusoy stated that CH and CorH are the best variables for age estimation in individuals aged 3–13 years. Taleb et al. found CH and CorH significant in individuals with a wide age range (6–70 years). Oksayan et al. reported that ramus height increased with age but decreased in edentulous cases in their study groups consisting of edentulous and edentulous patients as well as young and elderly patients (Oksayan et al. 2014). Our equations allowed us to estimate the age of subadult individuals in the Turkish population. We think that these equations will contribute to forensic detection in the subadult age group with uncertainties in age estimation and for age estimation in orthodontic patients. This study is important because it is easy to perform and non-invasive. Conclusion Determining age and sex is of paramount importance for anthropological and forensic purposes. Mandibular parameters should be considered for anthropological and forensic purposes because they are resistant to degradation. Our results show that the use of panoramic radiography in subadult individuals with age- and sex-specific assessment of measurements is a useful tool and may be helpful for forensic sciences. Researchers should conduct larger and multicenter studies to evaluate these parameters. Abbreviations Unilateral Measurements: BW: Bigonial width Bilateral measurements: CH : Condylar height MaxRB : Maximum ramus breath MinRB : Minimum Ramus Breath PRH : Projective Ramus Height CorH : Coronoid height MCI : Mandibular cortical index MI : Mental index GA : Gonial angle AnGA : Antegonial angle AnGH : Antegonial height Declarations Author Contribution Author Contribution Alime Okkesim Turkan Sezen ErhamzaFormulation of the research project X XLiterature review X Conducting the study X XData interpretation X XManuscript writing X Manuscript editing X References Al-Shamout R, Ammoush M, Alrbata R, Al-Habahbah A (2012) Age and gender differences in gonial angle ramus height and bigonial width in dentate subjects. Pakistan Oral Dent J 32(1) Dayal MR, Spocter MA, Bidmos MA (2008) An assessment of sex using the skull of black South Africans by discriminant function analysis. Homo 59(3):209–221 Damera A, Mohanalakhsmi J, Yellarthi PK, Rezwana BM (2016) Radiographic evaluation of mandibular ramus for gender estimation: Retrospective study. J forensic Dent Sci 8(2):74 Deana NF, Labarca I, Torres H, Garay I, Alves N (2023) Estimación Sexual de la Población Chilena Contemporánea Mediante Análisis de la Mandíbula en Radiografías Panorámicas. Int J Morphology 41(6):1660–1665 Divakar DD, John J, Al Kheraif AA, Mavinapalla S, Ramakrishnaiah R, Vellappally S et al (2016) Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kurubas) children and adolescents of Coorg Karnataka India: A lateral cephalometric study. Saudi J Biol Sci 23(6):782–788 Dutra V, Yang J, Devlin H, Susin C (2004) Mandibular bone remodelling in adults: evaluation of panoramic radiographs. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 33(5):323–328 Franklin D, Cardini A (2007) Mandibular morphology as an indicator of human subadult age: interlandmark approaches. J Forensic Sci 52(5):1015–1019 Ghosh S, Vengal M, Pai KM (2009) Remodeling of the human mandible in the gonial angle region: a panoramic radiographic cross-sectional study. Oral Radiol 25:2–5 Joo J-K, Lim Y-J, Kwon H-B, Ahn S-J (2013) Panoramic radiographic evaluation of the mandibular morphological changes in elderly dentate and edentulous subjects. Acta Odontol Scand 71(2):357–362 Kjellberg H, Ekestubbe A, Kiliaridis S, Thilander B (1994) Condylar height on panoramic radiographs: a methodologic study with a clinical application. Acta Odontol Scand 52(1):43–50 Kotsanti M, Mitsea A, Christoloukas N, Seremidi K (2023) Mandibular Cortical Bone Evaluation in a Healthy Paediatric Population. Healthcare MDPI Larrazabal-Moron C, Sanchis-Gimeno JA (2018) Gonial angle growth patterns according to age and gender. Annals Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger 215:93–96 Leversha J, McKeough G, Myrteza A, Skjellrup-Wakefiled H, Welsh J, Sholapurkar A (2016) Age and gender correlation of gonial angle ramus height and bigonial width in dentate subjects in a dental school in Far North Queensland. J Clin experimental dentistry 8(1) y de la Rama Mandibular, M (2022) Sex estimation by metric analysis of the angle of mandible and the mandibular ramus: a systematic review. Int j morphol 40(4):883–894 Mellion ZJ, Behrents RG, Johnston LE Jr (2013) The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 143(6):845–854 Meleveetil D, Beena V, Cheriyan LM, Angamuthu K, Charapparambath B (2020) Mandibular Ramus: An Indicator of Gender and Chronological Age-A Digital Radiographic Study. J Forensic Dent Sci 12(2):158–164 Mostafa RA, El-Ashiry MK, Farid MM (2011) Effect of age sex and dental status on mental and panoramic mandibular indices of the mandible: a retrospective study. Egypt J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2(1):22–26 Ojha B, Bajracharya D, Koju S, Maharja N, Saha A, Baral R (2021) Mandibular parameters as a predictor of sex: A digital orthopantomogram study. J Kathmandu Med Coll 10(4):218–223 Okşayan R, Asarkaya B, Palta N, Şimşek İ, Sökücü O, İşman E (2014) Effects of edentulism on mandibular morphology: evaluation of panoramic radiographs. The Scientific World Journal 2014 Rosas A, Bastir M, Martínez-Maza C, de Castro JMB (2002) Sexual dimorphism in the Atapuerca-SH hominids: the evidence from the mandibles. J Hum Evol 42(4):451–474 Sandeepa N, Ganem AA, Alqhtani WA (2017) Mandibular indices for gender prediction: A retrospective radiographic study in Saudi population. Journal of Dental and Oral Health 7(2) TA L (1986) Reproducibility of rotational panoramic radiography: mandibular linear dimensions and angles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1986;90:45–51 Taleb N, Beshlawy M (2015) Mandibular ramus and gonial angle measurements as predictors of sex and age in an Egyptian population sample: A digital panoramic study. J Forensic Res 6(5):1–7 Ulusoy AT, Ozkara E (2022) Radiographic evaluation of the mandible to predict age and sex in subadults. Acta Odontol Scand 80(6):419–426 Zlatarić DK, Čelebić A, Kobler P (2002) Relationship between body mass index and local quality of mandibular bone structure in elderly individuals. Journals Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci 57(9) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Oct, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 25 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 20 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5125881","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":361829211,"identity":"732ec874-e41a-4515-90f5-fa8e36d05935","order_by":0,"name":"Alime Okkesim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0D8wADKecDAIAcWfIBPyzEgToBpSWBgMAZrSSCoBcYBMhIbGJBFsAC++w2MHxIKtsnxSx9+/CGh5k76/LDDD4G22MnpNmDXInmMgVkiweC2sWRfmplEwrFnuRtvpxkAtSQbmx3ArsUA6DCQlsQNZxjMGBLYDudunJ0A0nIgcRtuLcw/gFrq959h//wh4d/hdMPZ6R8IaWED2ZJgwMNjIJHYdjhBXjoHvy2SxxLbLIBaDGec4SmTSOw7bLhBOqfgQIIBbr/wHT58+MaHP7fl+XvYN3/48O2wvPzsdCCjwk4OlxYGBsYGNKeCVRpgKsQN5BsIKhkFo2AUjIIRBgAAd2dnLLzWfAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alime","middleName":"","lastName":"Okkesim","suffix":""},{"id":361829212,"identity":"c3241022-eb09-4844-913d-8d481e5ae277","order_by":1,"name":"Turkan Sezen Erhamza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kırıkkale University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Turkan","middleName":"Sezen","lastName":"Erhamza","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-20 22:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5125881/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5125881/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-025-00500-x","type":"published","date":"2025-12-09T15:57:06+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71488947,"identity":"f949b237-e8e9-4bb1-87be-38dcad9a1d72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-16 07:13:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":217978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA schematic representation of the angular and length parameters to be measured on a panoramic radiograph.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"picture.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5125881/v1/61f74f38f64ca7e8541b5149.jpg"},{"id":98244770,"identity":"16c16bd6-2b1f-49fc-b3dc-67fbeb0b9415","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 16:14:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1219587,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5125881/v1/6664b3c1-3bc1-4f3b-b840-1317d3579905.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of Panoramic Radiographic Measurements in Subadults Aged According to Age and Sex","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eForensic anthropologists confront the enduring challenge of identifying skeletal remains, a task compounded by the frequent discovery of unidentified bodies globally. This issue is exacerbated by escalating instances of violence, air disasters, explosions, mutilations, and natural catastrophes, necessitating a nuanced understanding of various disciplines within forensic medicine, including anatomy, radiology, archaeology, dentistry, and related fields (Meleveetil et al. 2020)).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex differentiation in skeletal remains is often facilitated by sexual dimorphism present in most bones of the adult human skeleton. However, predicting sex in subadult individuals poses unique challenges, particularly when faced with incomplete remains or limited skeletal elements, such as only the mandible. The mandibular symphysis is a temporary joint in which the left and right halves of the mandible unite in the medial plane. It disappears at the end of the first year of life. The mandible is the strongest structure in the cranium, due to its dense layer of compact bone. Characterized by its robust structure and significance in dental anatomy, the mandible presents a focal point for age and sex estimation. Sexual dimorphism in the mandible stems from differences in musculoskeletal development and growth trajectories between males and females. Mandibular size and shape, influenced by occlusal forces and growth patterns, manifest distinct variations between sexes, with males typically exhibiting larger and stronger mandibles than females (Deana et al. 2023, Ojha et al. 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the utility of anthropological techniques, their reliability in estimating age and sex in subadults may be compromised by the absence of population-specific standards and potential systematic errors. More and more scholars explore morphological, measured, and molecular parameters to enhance accuracy in sex and age determination. Research shows that morphometric measurements are valuable in age and sex determination (M y de la et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile studies have extensively examined differences between males and females by comparing various mandibular parameters during the postpubertal period, there is a noticeable scarcity of research focused on adolescence and pre-adolescence. Moreover, investigations into the effect of puberty on mandibular parameters in both sexes are notably lacking (Franklin et al. 2007). Therefore, our study seeks to fill these gaps by exploring alternative perspectives to identify essential parameters for age and sex determination within the Turkish population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanoramic radiographs, commonly employed for such measurements, offer a non-invasive and highly reliable means of assessment. Panoramic radiographs are also utilized in routine dental practices to assess mandibular and maxillary vital structures and offer information about various aspects of dentistry using a single film. The widespread use of panoramic radiographs makes them a useful tool to study morphological changes with age and any differences or correlations between sexes. Numerous studies in the past decade have proven the efficacy of Orthopantomograms for determining morphological dimensions of the mandible (Ojha et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe aim to address these lacunae by evaluating panoramic radiographic measurements in individuals aged 9\u0026ndash;17 within the Turkish population. Through this examination, we aim to investigate the potential of these measurements as indicators for estimating age at death and determining sex in subadult skeletons utilizing panoramic radiography. In doing so, we aspire to contribute to the refinement of forensic anthropological methodologies, particularly in cases involving subadult mandibular remains of unknown age or sex. Through this comprehensive inquiry, we aim to delineate critical parameters that reliably differentiate between males and females across various developmental stages. By doing so, we aspire to enhance our ability to interpret skeletal remains accurately for forensic purposes, thereby contributing to the advancement of forensic anthropology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe patient sample was selected from the archives of the Orthodontic Departments School of Dentistry of the University of xxxxxx. The sample consisted of males and females who had undergone a dental panoramic radiographic examination between 2017 and 2019 as part of their dental treatment. The study was approved by the xxxxx University Clinical Research Ethics Committee. All radiographs were obtained using a panoramic machine (Kodak digital 9000 machine Caresteam Health, Rochester, NY, USA) with a fixed magnification rate of 1.2 and exposure parameters of 60 kVp, 5 mA, 14.1 s according to patient age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA power analysis (GPower 3.1.9.2) was performed to calculate the sample size. The calculation assumed that a difference of 3 mm between men and women was statistically significant. The results showed that a sample of 570 (190x3) would be large enough to detect significant differences (effect size = 0.41, power = 80%, and a margin of error = 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study included 631 patients (326 females and 305 males) between 9 and 17 years of age. The exclusion criteria were:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Having chronic diseases/conditions/treatments affecting bone, e.g., eating disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Being born prematurely or during early puberty\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Undergoing/having undergone orthodontic treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Poor quality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRadiographic assessments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnilateral measurements:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBigonial width (BW): the distance between the extreme points of the gonions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBilateral measurements:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondylar height (CH): The distance between the lower edge of the ramus and the highest point of the condyle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaximum ramus breath (MaxRB): The distance between the most anterior part of the mandibular ramus and the line drawn from the most posterior part of the condyle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMinimum Ramus Breath (MinRB): The smallest diameter of the ramus in the anterior-posterior direction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProjective Ramus Height (PRH): The projective height between the highest point of the mandibular condyle and the lowest border of the ramus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoronoid height CorH): The projective distance between the coronoid process and the lower border of the ramus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandibular cortical index (MCI): The distance between the lower edge of the mandible and the alveolar bone from the mental foramen.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMental index (MI): The distance between the mental foramen and the mandibular lower edge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGonial angle (GA): The angle between the tangent passing inferior to the mandible and the tangent passing posterior to the ramus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntegonial angle (AnGA): The angle found by drawing two lines parallel to the antegonial region and intersecting them at the deepest point of the antegonial notch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntegonial height (AnGH): The distance along a perpendicular line drawn from the deepest point of the mandibular notch to a tangent drawn to the lower border of the mandible (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRadiographs were transferred to the Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) program in JPEG format. All images were analyzed at a resolution of 300 dpi. Index values were calculated by applying linear measurements on the panoramic radiographs. The measurements were performed in a dimly lit room. The data were recorded in an Excel spreadsheet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne week after the measurements, ten percent of the randomly selected patients were measured again to assess intraobservational agreement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics [Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, (min-max)] were used for continuous variables. Frequency and percentage were used for categorical variables. Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiography based on sex.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe univariate linear regression analysis was conducted to determine which variables influenced age values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS version 20, Chicago, IL, USA) at a significance level of p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eParticipants were divided into age groups (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The groups included 131 (65 F-66 M), 219 (117 F-102 M), and 281 (144 F-137 M) individuals, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender distribution of participants according to age groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (49.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (50.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (53.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (46.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Findings:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe female participants aged 9\u0026ndash;11 years had significantly higher MinRB and MCI values than their male counterparts aged 9\u0026ndash;11 years (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The female participants aged 12\u0026ndash;14 years had significantly higher CorH, PRH, MI, and MCI values than their male counterparts aged 12\u0026ndash;14 years (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The female participants aged 15\u0026ndash;17 years had significantly higher MaxRB, CH, CorH, PRH, MI, and MCI values than their male counterparts aged 15\u0026ndash;17 years (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe male participants had significantly higher MinRB, AnGH, and BW values than their female counterparts. There was no significant difference in GA values between male and female participants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of radiological measurements of individuals according to age groups and gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (Min-Max)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(13.1\u0026ndash;49.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(12.8\u0026ndash;32.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9.9\u0026ndash;40.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 (22.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.5\u0026ndash;92.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(24.4\u0026ndash;62.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(22.1\u0026ndash;80.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(19.9\u0026ndash;54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(20.6\u0026ndash;85.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(22.3\u0026ndash;55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(114\u0026ndash;142)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(114.3-140.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(150.1-177.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(146.1-178.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.1\u0026ndash;3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.1-2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.1\u0026ndash;16.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.4\u0026ndash;12.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.0-4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.1-3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(62.9-209.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(57.5-139.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYaş (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (Min-Max) P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKIZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eERKEK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(10.8\u0026ndash;52.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(11.2\u0026ndash;50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9.2\u0026ndash;10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9.8\u0026ndash;46.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(29.6-110.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(29.9-106.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(23.7\u0026ndash;100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(24.5-105.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(27.0-101.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(26.3-105.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(108.0-142.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(106.0-140.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(149.0-179.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(150.0-178.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.7\u0026ndash;20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.3\u0026ndash;20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.0-7.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.0-9.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(59.7-229.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(65.7-234.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (Min-Max) P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(21.5\u0026ndash;58.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5 (56.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(17.7\u0026ndash;44.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.9\u0026ndash;50.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(49.9-118.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(66.5-109.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(40.9-104.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(51.3\u0026ndash;95.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.030\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(44.2\u0026ndash;111.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(63.7-105.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.0-145.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(106.0-141.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(140.0-179.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(150.0-179.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.1\u0026ndash;7.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.5\u0026ndash;5.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(7.6\u0026ndash;21.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(8.4\u0026ndash;20.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.7\u0026ndash;8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.2\u0026ndash;6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(101.4-241.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(162.2-244.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.024\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eMann Whitney U test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eESTIMATE AGE AS A RESULT OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe right and left GA and right AnGA values were not significant in female participants. Although the left AnGA values were significant, the percentage of the change in age explained by the left AnGA (R\u0026sup2; = 0.012) was very low. Therefore, these parameters are not important in age estimation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe other parameters were significant in female participants. The R\u0026sup2; values calculated for right and left CH and right and left CorH values were high. The right/left GA and right/left AnGA values were significant in male participants. However, their percentages explaining the change in age were low. The R\u0026sup2; values calculated for right and left PRH values were high in male participants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Linear Regression Analysis results of measurements for age values ​​in female individuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd.Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MaxRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft MaxRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MinRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft MinRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight CH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft CH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight CorH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.622\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft CorH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight PRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft PRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight GA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.546\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft GA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.885\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight AnGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.198\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.845\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft AnGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.044\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight AnGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft AnGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.921\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft MI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft MCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eCI:Confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Linear Regression Analysis results of measurement values ​​for age values ​​in male individuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd.Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MaxRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft MaxRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MinRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft Min RB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight CH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft CH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight CorH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft CorH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight PRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft PRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight GA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft GA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight AnGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft AnGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight AnGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.729\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft AnGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft MI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.834\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight MCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft MCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen we put the Right CH values of female participants into the \u003cb\u003eY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bo\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b1*x\u003c/b\u003e regression equation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA female patient with a right CH value of 31.2 has\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bo\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b1*x Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.934\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.065*31.2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10,96.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA male patient with a right condylar height value of 30.0 has\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bo\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b1*x Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.253\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.081 *30.0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10,68.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraobserver correlation was high in all linear and angle measurements, and there was no statistically significant difference between the measurements (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGrowth changes in humans take place from the beginning of prenatal life to senility. Hard tissues (bones and teeth) also undergo changes with growth, which can be a change in shape or fusion of ossification centers or after death. These changes remain stable and help in estimation of age from hard tissue samples. Many of the visible sexual characteristics are absent during infancy and childhood and develop entirely during puberty, apparently due to endocrine stimulation. Other sex differences are related to the activity of the individual (M y de la et al. 2022). Muscle size and specific protrusions appear to be the most defining sexual characteristics (Rosas et al. 2002). The identification of sex from human remains is of fundamental importance in forensic medicine and anthropology, especially in crime investigations, identification of missing persons, in attempts at reconstructing the lives of ancient populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification of sex and age based on measurements and morphometry can be used to determine sex and age from the skull. Through panoramic X-rays as part of routine dental examinations, dentists can identify pediatric patients at risk for bone disorders. Given that more than 1.5\u0026nbsp;billion dental X-rays are taken annually worldwide (Kotsanti et al. 2023), dentists have the opportunity to use them not only to detect caries, but also to observe and evaluate the angular bone in the eruption. The accuracy of panoramic radiography in providing anatomic measurements has been established.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough panoramic radiographs have some limitations, like difficulties in controlling the magnification and geometric distortion of the images, the interference of superimposed images are not encountered. It provides an accurate and reproducible method of measuring the chosen points with contrast, brightness enhancement, and enlargement (TA L et al. 1986). However, as suggested by some authors, distortion of measurements can be acceptable by positioning the patient\u0026rsquo;s head properly in the equipment (Kjellberg et al. 1994, Ulusoy et al. 2022). Thus, all radiographs in the present study were made by the same dental radiographer using the same apparatus. The selected radiographs were good enough to reduce possible errors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe accuracy of age and sex estimation based on panoramic radiographs has been frequently studied for various regions and ages (Leversha et al. 2016, Ghosh et al. 2009, Joo et al. 2013). However, no researcher has conducted such a comprehensive study in this age group in the Turkish population. Our sample consisted of adolescents. The present study evaluated the mandibular parameters, including both the linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiography.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Our female participants had significantly higher MCI values than their male counterparts. However, the male participants aged 15\u0026ndash;17 years had significantly higher minRB and BW values than their female counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results show that CH and CorH values can be used for age determination because R\u0026sup2; values calculated for them were high.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany researchers state that GA is the most accurate measurement that can be obtained from orthopantomography (Meleveetil et al. 2020, Deana et al. 2023, M y de la et al. 2022, Rosas et al. 2002, Kotsanti et al.2023) probably because it is an angular measurement that is not affected by the magnification factor ( Meleveetil et al. 2020, Deana et al. 2023, Kotsanti et al. 2023). Our results showed no significant differences in GA values between male and female participants. However, research shows that women have higher GA values than men (Leversha et al. 2016, Ghosh et al. 2009, Joo et al. 2013). On the other hand, researchers who studied subadult groups also did not find a significant difference between sexes (Ulusoy et al. 2022, Dutra et al. 2004, Al-Shamout et al. 2012, Larrazabal-Maron et al. 2018). The difference is due to age differences between the samples. Our sample consisted of adolescents whose secondary sex characteristics may not yet be complete. In addition, studies that found significant differences in GA values between sexes recruited individuals older than 18 years of age. Gonial angle has been reported to increase with age (Leversha et al. 2016, Ghosh et al. 2009, Joo et al. 2013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, many researchers have investigated the relationship between MCI and various factors (systemic and local), such as age, sex, number of teeth, hormonal status (menopause), etc. Researchers who examined the cortical thickness in different regions of the mandible and the cortical thickness below the mental foramen obtained the same results (Mostafa et al. 2011). Researchers focusing on sex determination have shown that this parameter has a high dimorphism ability (Sandeepa et al. 2017, Dayal et al. 2008). Our female participants had significantly higher MCI values in all age groups than their male counterparts. However, some researchers have found the opposite (Mostafa et al. 2011, Zlataric et al. 2002). This difference is due to age and social-genetic differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost previous studies with panoramic radiography focused on the ramus (CH, CorH, and PRH) (Al-Shamout et al. 2012, Sandeepa et al. 2017, Divakar et al. 2016, Damera et al. 2016). They determined that men had higher CH, CorH, and PRH values than women. Damera et al (Damera et al. 2016) reported that CH alone is the parameter that offers the best sex differentiation. Studies before puberty have shown that CH is not sufficient for sex prediction (Ulusoy et al. 2022). Kotsanti et al. showed a statistically significant difference in their measurements on mandibular bone in patients aged 14 years and older and reported that this was probably because puberty in males starts later and hormonal changes occur at an older age (Kotsanti et al. 2023). Mellion et al. reported that girls reach the peak of development in the mandibular bone around the age of 12 years, whereas boys usually reach this peak around the age of 14 years (Mellion et al. 2013). Franklin et al. reported that differentiation in the mandible started at the age of 8 years and that a mandible close to the adult mandible was reached at approximately 15 years of age (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Our results showed that participants aged 12\u0026ndash;17 years had significantly high CH, CorH, PRH, and MI values. Before the age of 12, there was no statistically significant difference because this period coincides with the peak of adolescence. Female participants had higher values than their male counterparts for three reasons. First, women enter puberty earlier than men. Second, the sample comprised adolescents. Third, there are genetic differences across societies\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany researchers have reported that MinRB and BW have dimorphism (Al-Shamout et al. 2012, Sandeepa et al. 2017, Divakar et al. 2016). Researchers focusing on the pre-adolescent period found that men had significantly higher MinRB and BW values than women (Ulusoy et al. 2022). Al-Shamout et al. also found a statistically significant difference in MinRB and BW values (Al-Shamout et al. 2012). Our results showed that male participants aged 15\u0026ndash;17 years had higher MinRB and BW values than females aged 15\u0026ndash;17 years. This has probably two reasons. First, men have larger mandibular than women. second, men have higher masticatory force.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany researchers have found that GA is the most accurate measurement that can be obtained by panoramic radiography. This is probably because it is an angular measurement that is not affected by the magnification factor. Our results showed no significant difference between left and right GAs, regardless of sex. Therefore, GA and ANGA are not sufficiently reliable in predicting age in women and men. Many studies have not found a significant association with GA (Ulusoy et al. 2022, Oksayan et al. 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of age estimation, our results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between age and mandibular ramus length. The results of the regression analysis showed that CH and CorH values were statistically significant in age estimation in men and women. Using these variables, prediction equations were created for men and women. According to the prediction equations, the comparison between actual age and estimated age showed a non-significant difference. Regarding the correlation between age and ramus height, the current results are similar to those of Ulusoy et al. and Taleb et al. (Ulusoy et al. 2022, Taleb et al. 2015). Ulusoy stated that CH and CorH are the best variables for age estimation in individuals aged 3\u0026ndash;13 years. Taleb et al. found CH and CorH significant in individuals with a wide age range (6\u0026ndash;70 years). Oksayan et al. reported that ramus height increased with age but decreased in edentulous cases in their study groups consisting of edentulous and edentulous patients as well as young and elderly patients (Oksayan et al. 2014). Our equations allowed us to estimate the age of subadult individuals in the Turkish population. We think that these equations will contribute to forensic detection in the subadult age group with uncertainties in age estimation and for age estimation in orthodontic patients. This study is important because it is easy to perform and non-invasive.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDetermining age and sex is of paramount importance for anthropological and forensic purposes. Mandibular parameters should be considered for anthropological and forensic purposes because they are resistant to degradation. Our results show that the use of panoramic radiography in subadult individuals with age- and sex-specific assessment of measurements is a useful tool and may be helpful for forensic sciences. Researchers should conduct larger and multicenter studies to evaluate these parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnilateral Measurements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBW: Bigonial width\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBilateral measurements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCH : Condylar height\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaxRB : Maximum ramus breath\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMinRB : Minimum Ramus Breath\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRH : Projective Ramus Height\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorH : Coronoid height\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCI : Mandibular cortical index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMI : Mental index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGA : Gonial angle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnGA : Antegonial angle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnGH : Antegonial height\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contribution Alime Okkesim Turkan Sezen ErhamzaFormulation of the research project X XLiterature review X Conducting the study X XData interpretation X XManuscript writing X Manuscript editing X\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Shamout R, Ammoush M, Alrbata R, Al-Habahbah A (2012) Age and gender differences in gonial angle ramus height and bigonial width in dentate subjects. Pakistan Oral Dent J 32(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDayal MR, Spocter MA, Bidmos MA (2008) An assessment of sex using the skull of black South Africans by discriminant function analysis. Homo 59(3):209\u0026ndash;221\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDamera A, Mohanalakhsmi J, Yellarthi PK, Rezwana BM (2016) Radiographic evaluation of mandibular ramus for gender estimation: Retrospective study. J forensic Dent Sci 8(2):74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeana NF, Labarca I, Torres H, Garay I, Alves N (2023) Estimaci\u0026oacute;n Sexual de la Poblaci\u0026oacute;n Chilena Contempor\u0026aacute;nea Mediante An\u0026aacute;lisis de la Mand\u0026iacute;bula en Radiograf\u0026iacute;as Panor\u0026aacute;micas. Int J Morphology 41(6):1660\u0026ndash;1665\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDivakar DD, John J, Al Kheraif AA, Mavinapalla S, Ramakrishnaiah R, Vellappally S et al (2016) Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kurubas) children and adolescents of Coorg Karnataka India: A lateral cephalometric study. Saudi J Biol Sci 23(6):782\u0026ndash;788\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDutra V, Yang J, Devlin H, Susin C (2004) Mandibular bone remodelling in adults: evaluation of panoramic radiographs. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 33(5):323\u0026ndash;328\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFranklin D, Cardini A (2007) Mandibular morphology as an indicator of human subadult age: interlandmark approaches. J Forensic Sci 52(5):1015\u0026ndash;1019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhosh S, Vengal M, Pai KM (2009) Remodeling of the human mandible in the gonial angle region: a panoramic radiographic cross-sectional study. Oral Radiol 25:2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJoo J-K, Lim Y-J, Kwon H-B, Ahn S-J (2013) Panoramic radiographic evaluation of the mandibular morphological changes in elderly dentate and edentulous subjects. Acta Odontol Scand 71(2):357\u0026ndash;362\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKjellberg H, Ekestubbe A, Kiliaridis S, Thilander B (1994) Condylar height on panoramic radiographs: a methodologic study with a clinical application. Acta Odontol Scand 52(1):43\u0026ndash;50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKotsanti M, Mitsea A, Christoloukas N, Seremidi K (2023) Mandibular Cortical Bone Evaluation in a Healthy Paediatric Population. Healthcare MDPI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLarrazabal-Moron C, Sanchis-Gimeno JA (2018) Gonial angle growth patterns according to age and gender. Annals Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger 215:93\u0026ndash;96\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeversha J, McKeough G, Myrteza A, Skjellrup-Wakefiled H, Welsh J, Sholapurkar A (2016) Age and gender correlation of gonial angle ramus height and bigonial width in dentate subjects in a dental school in Far North Queensland. J Clin experimental dentistry 8(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ey de la Rama Mandibular, M (2022) Sex estimation by metric analysis of the angle of mandible and the mandibular ramus: a systematic review. Int j morphol 40(4):883\u0026ndash;894\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMellion ZJ, Behrents RG, Johnston LE Jr (2013) The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 143(6):845\u0026ndash;854\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeleveetil D, Beena V, Cheriyan LM, Angamuthu K, Charapparambath B (2020) Mandibular Ramus: An Indicator of Gender and Chronological Age-A Digital Radiographic Study. J Forensic Dent Sci 12(2):158\u0026ndash;164\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMostafa RA, El-Ashiry MK, Farid MM (2011) Effect of age sex and dental status on mental and panoramic mandibular indices of the mandible: a retrospective study. Egypt J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2(1):22\u0026ndash;26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOjha B, Bajracharya D, Koju S, Maharja N, Saha A, Baral R (2021) Mandibular parameters as a predictor of sex: A digital orthopantomogram study. J Kathmandu Med Coll 10(4):218\u0026ndash;223\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkşayan R, Asarkaya B, Palta N, Şimşek İ, S\u0026ouml;k\u0026uuml;c\u0026uuml; O, İşman E (2014) Effects of edentulism on mandibular morphology: evaluation of panoramic radiographs. The Scientific World Journal 2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRosas A, Bastir M, Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Maza C, de Castro JMB (2002) Sexual dimorphism in the Atapuerca-SH hominids: the evidence from the mandibles. J Hum Evol 42(4):451\u0026ndash;474\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSandeepa N, Ganem AA, Alqhtani WA (2017) Mandibular indices for gender prediction: A retrospective radiographic study in Saudi population. Journal of Dental and Oral Health 7(2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTA L (1986) Reproducibility of rotational panoramic radiography: mandibular linear dimensions and angles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1986;90:45\u0026ndash;51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaleb N, Beshlawy M (2015) Mandibular ramus and gonial angle measurements as predictors of sex and age in an Egyptian population sample: A digital panoramic study. J Forensic Res 6(5):1\u0026ndash;7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUlusoy AT, Ozkara E (2022) Radiographic evaluation of the mandible to predict age and sex in subadults. Acta Odontol Scand 80(6):419\u0026ndash;426\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZlatarić DK, Čelebić A, Kobler P (2002) Relationship between body mass index and local quality of mandibular bone structure in elderly individuals. Journals Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci 57(9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"egyptian-journal-of-forensic-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejfs","sideBox":"Learn more about [Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences](http://ejfs.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"41935","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41935/3?","title":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Panoramic radiography, Sex estimation, Age determination, Forensic dentistry","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5125881/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5125881/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study utilized panoramic radiography measurements to evaluate age and sex in individuals aged 9\u0026ndash;17 within the Turkish population. The study aimed to address the gaps in the literature by focusing on adolescence and pre-adolescence and investigating the impact of puberty on mandibular parameters in both sexes. Through this inquiry, this study sought to contribute to the refinement of forensic anthropological methodologies, particularly in cases involving subadult mandibular remains of unknown age or sex.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample comprised 631 patients, including 326 females and 305 males. Panoramic radiographs were obtained using a specific model with standardized exposure parameters. Participants were 9\u0026ndash;17 years of age. Various mandibular parameters were measured, including the bigonial width, condylar height, ramus breadth, coronoid height, projective ramus height, mandibular cortical index, gonial angle, antegonial angle, and antegonial height. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, and Univariate Linear Regression Analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were significant differences in several mandibular parameters between males and females across different age groups. For instance, females generally exhibited higher values in condylar height, coronoid height, projective height of ramus, mental index, and mandibular cortical index, while males showed higher values in min ramus breadth, antegonial measurements, and bigonial width. However, the gonial angle did not show significant differences between sexes. The regression analysis showed that condylar height and coronoid height were significant predictors of age in both males and females.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanoramic radiography measurements are reliable tools for age and sex determination in subadult individuals within the Turkish population. The findings underscore the importance of mandibular parameters in forensic anthropology and suggest the potential of panoramic radiography in aiding forensic investigations and identification processes. Further large-scale and multicenter studies are recommended to validate the applicability and accuracy of these parameters across diverse populations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of Panoramic Radiographic Measurements in Subadults Aged According to Age and Sex","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-16 07:13:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5125881/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-03T10:07:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-26T00:07:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-26T00:07:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","date":"2024-09-20T22:13:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"egyptian-journal-of-forensic-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejfs","sideBox":"Learn more about [Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences](http://ejfs.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"41935","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41935/3?","title":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"aab94bbb-0eda-4688-9136-c3fb7ecf3a90","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-15T16:08:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5125881","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-025-00500-x","journal":{"identity":"egyptian-journal-of-forensic-sciences","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-09 15:57:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 9th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-16 07:13:14","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s41935-025-00500-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-025-00500-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5125881","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5125881","identity":"rs-5125881","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"CiT4i_kKBbxQbnFL0ufpk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}