Multi-criteria Decision Making Models in assessment of heavy metals leaching from waste

Multi-criteria Decision Making Models in assessment of heavy metals leaching from waste | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Multi-criteria Decision Making Models in assessment of heavy metals leaching from waste Anna Król, Magdalena Jurczyk-Bunkowska, Kamila Mizerna This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2701619/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The paper presents a specific model used for the assessment and selection of the method of heavy metals leaching from waste materials. A recommendation for the rational selection of leachability method was made, taking into account the crucial parameters affecting the leaching process derived from the authors' research experience. The assessment models were supplemented with characteristics relating to the cost and time required to perform the tests. An approach was developed that makes the weights of the assessment criteria dependent on the degree of environmental risk from particular heavy metals and waste types. Using multiple-criteria decision analysis four models were developed for the assessment and selection of a test method for the leaching of heavy metals from waste, differing in the way in which the weights of the assessment criteria depend on the potential threat the waste poses to the environment. A key element of the proposed approach is assigning the weights of the criterion to the toxicity of the heavy metal and the kind of wastes and their management scenario. The results obtained indicate that the current practice of only imposing a batch leaching test is inappropriate. The choice of method should be justified in terms of environmental safety and reasonable in terms of time and costs. The results of the paper indicate the possibility of using the proposed model in practice as a recommendation for the method for heavy metals leaching from waste materials and their further treatment in accordance with the principles of sustainable waste management. environmental impact assessment heavy metals leaching multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) 1. Introduction With the development of the economy, the mass of post-manufacturing waste generated is increasing. This involves the search for new ways to manage them. As the priority in the activities of companies is now to apply the principles of circular economy, new technological solutions are constantly being sought to increase environmental protection while increasing the reuse of waste (Pawlita-Posmyk and Wzorek, 2017 ; Wzorek and Troniewski, 2007 ). Unfortunately, it is not possible to use all waste economically. This is influenced, among other things, by the degree of their contamination and the risk of environmental contamination through inadequate waste disposal. In order to increase the protection of the environment from the uncontrolled impact of waste, among other things, heavy metal leachability tests are performed. This practice is undertaken by any enterprise generating waste that may have a negative impact on the soil and water environment, following directly from legislation. Environmental decisions usually involve multiple stakeholders with widely divergent goals. This is also the case with the selection of the method of heavy metals leaching from waste. The development of a sustainable concept of managing waste needs multi-criteria analysis to allow for the quality of the living environment and the socio-economic aspects of development at the same time. In Poland, the document regulating how to perform leachability testing is the procedure introduced on the basis of the standard EN 12457:2002, part 1–4(CEN, 2002) relating to leaching of contaminants from granular waste materials and sludge. Meeting the relevant criteria for the leachability of contaminants is a prerequisite for allowing waste to be disposed of in a landfill of a given type: inert waste, hazardous waste, and other than inert and hazardous waste. The basic indicators, determining the possibility of storing a given waste type, are the permissible limits for leaching of contaminants, including heavy metals. These indicators were introduced in the European Union by Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills being the implementing document of Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (European Commission, 2003 ). The limit values were set at liquid/solid (L/S) ratios of 10 dm 3 /kg and 2 dm 3 /kg. The document (European Commission, 2003 ) also gives limit values for contaminants measured in the first leachate in the percolation test at L/S = 0.1 dm 3 /kg. The EU Council left it up to the member states to decide on the choice of the test method and thus the application of appropriate leaching limit values. On this basis, in Poland, criteria have been established for allowing waste to be landfilled only at L/S = 10 dm 3 /kg (the so-called batch test) and L/S = 2 dm 3 /kg (auxiliary test) (Regulation, 2015). However, the auxiliary test is carried out in cases when the batch test cannot be performed. In the case of monolithic waste of large dimensions, the permissible leaching limits are determined according to the batch test after fragmenting the waste. The batch test requires the least expenditure in economic terms, however, the results obtained by this test are incomplete and insufficient, as they do not allow determining the actual rate of leaching of heavy metals with the consideration of the influence of various external conditions and factors on the level of release of contaminants. Based on the authors' previous studies (Bożym et al., 2021 ; Król and Mizerna, 2015 ; Mizerna et al., 2017 ; Mizerna and Król, 2018 ), it was found that even a small change in the conditions of the leaching process, such as a change in the pH of the leachant or the contact time of the material with the liquid, can cause the release of heavy metals into the aqueous phase at different levels. Therefore, efforts should be made to characterize the leachability of contaminants using a variety of comprehensive methods, as has been advocated since the 1990s (Hage and Mulder, 2004 ). Previous studies(Bożym et al., 2021 ; Król and Mizerna, 2015 , 2016 ; Mizerna et al., 2017 ; Mizerna and Król, 2018 ) and scientific reports on various materials, both construction materials and waste materials, show a variety of trends in the release of individual heavy metals depending on changes in a given factor using a given test method (Engelsen et al., 2017 ; Loncnar et al., 2022 ; Sun et al., 2019 ; van der Sloot et al., 2018 ). Consequently, there are difficulties in unambiguous assessment of the leaching behaviour of heavy metals. This creates a need to develop a tool for the rational selection of a method for testing the leachability of heavy metals from waste materials deposited in the environment, which was adopted as the purpose of the paper. Rationality in this case is understood as the simultaneous combination, to the greatest degree, the requirements of the community using the surroundings of waste deposition areas (heaps, landfills), as well as the producers, who are obliged to dispose of the residues of their business activity. It is in the interest of the former to guarantee precise information about the risks of the landfill, or the impact of waste. The producer, on the other hand, will aim at doing the low-cost tests. Changing the approach used to the model proposed in the paper is a step toward eco-efficiency, which is defined as economic and environmental efficiency achieved at the same time (Camarero et al., 2013 ). The objective of the diverse measurement methods of eco-efficiency is to provide decision-makers with indicators of the relationships between social, environmental and economic goals (Czyżewski et al., 2020 ). The application of an approach that simultaneously takes into account environmental and economic criteria requires MCDA. The key elements in solving this category of problems are the selection of criteria and the proper assignment of weights to them. The authors discuss the adopted set of criteria and explain the concept of making the criterion weights dependent on the so-called "degree of hazard," which ties the toxicity of the identified metal and the type of waste (inert, hazardous, other than inert and hazardous) together with the method of its management (landfill, heap storage, non-agricultural land reclamation). The research question is concerned with how to represent the relevance of the criteria in the model, on which the choice of the test method used to assess the leachability of heavy metals depends. 2. Materials And Methods To achieve the purpose of the paper, it was proposed to use one of the most popular methods for solving multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) issues, which is TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) (Hwang and Yoon, 1981 ; Yoon, 1987 ). TOPSIS takes into account a set of weights for the desired criteria, so the assessment depends on the weighting scheme that is given by the decision-maker. Thus, it allows criteria of different types to be related and allows the criterion weights to depend on the conditions under which the method is to be applied. The basis for verifying the model assumptions were results published in (Bożym et al., 2021 ; Król and Mizerna, 2015 ; Mizerna et al., 2017 ; Mizerna and Król, 2018 ) on the leachability of heavy metals Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd and Cr from metallurgical slags and mineral-organic composites. 2.1. Defining the problem and identifying alternatives In order to develop a model for selecting a method of heavy metals leaching from waste, the factors that affect that were carefully analyzed. The main factors affecting the leaching rate of heavy metals include the pH of the surrounding environment, the liquid to solid ratio (L/S), and the duration of the leaching process (the time the material is in contact with the leachant, such as rainwater) (Astrup et al., 2006 ; Saveyn et al., 2014 ; Sun et al., 2019 ; van der Sloot and Kosson, 2010 ). Therefore, based on a review of the literature and authors’ previous research(Bożym et al., 2021 ; Król and Mizerna, 2015 ; Mizerna et al., 2017 ; Mizerna and Król, 2018 ) these parameters were identified and considered decisive in the selection of the method of heavy metals leaching from waste. They were introduced into the model as stimulant criteria, a higher value of which means greater benefits understood as the effectiveness of the method in detecting heavy metal content in water extracts. On the basis of contacts with entrepreneurs, it was found that the cost and time of implementation of the test are the most important for them when choosing a test method. In the developed model, they are destimulant criteria, since the higher their value, the worse such an option is from the waste producer's point of view. The description of used criteria are presented in Tables 1 and 2 . Table 1 Used criteria with description Criterion name Criterion characterization Criterion type Value type Cost of test Cost of research of heavy metals leaching destimulant European currency unit: Euro Influence of pH Influence of pH of leachant on the level of released concentrations of heavy metals taking into account the number of repetitions stimulant Parameter (see Table 2 ) Influence of L/S Influence of liquid to solid ratio (L/S) on the leachability of heavy metals taking into account the number of repetitions stimulant Parameter (see Table 2 ) Leaching time Duration of leaching process (contact time of sample with leachant) destimulant Number of days The selection of methods of heavy metals leaching from waste were carried out considering eight alternatives. These are represented by five different leaching tests used in Europe and three author's modifications of the selected methods. Table 2 characterizes the main parameters of the leachability test methods with which the authors have so far conducted the evaluation of heavy metal release from various waste materials. Descriptions of the procedures are presented based on the guidelines in the standards EN 12457-2:2002 (CEN, 2002) (batch test), EN 14405:2017 (CEN, 2017) (column test), EN 14997:2015 (CEN, 2015) (pH stat leaching test), EA NEN 7371:2004 (CEN, 2004) (maximum availability leaching test) and EA NEN 7375:2004 (CEN, 2004) (tank test). The batch test is used for basic leaching assessment of heavy metals released from granulated waste materials. The procedure was performed according to the standard EN 12457-2:2002 (CEN, 2002). In order to determine the effect of pH changes on leachability, an own modification of the method was additionally used to decrease and increase the pH of the leaching liquid (Table 2 ). Evaluation of heavy metal leaching during percolation conditions was carried out using a column test according to EN 14405:2017 (CEN, 2017). The column test was chosen because the waste may contain unstable substances that decompose due to exposure to weather conditions, causing the release of additional pollutant loads. This type of test simulates real conditions of contaminant leaching in the aeration zone of landfills. The percolation method made it possible to observe the effect of changing the liquid/solid (L/S) ratio on the resulting concentrations of individual elements. Another method used in the study of granular materials is the pH stat leaching test, which makes it possible to evaluate the effect of a wide range of pH on the release of heavy metals. With this method, it is possible to observe the material's response to preset changes in pH and the acid or base reactions that occur (buffer capacity) during a variety of environmental scenarios (carbonization, infiltration, oxidation) (Tiwari et al., 2015 ; van der Sloot and Kosson, 2010 ). The analysis of the leaching process from fine-grained waste materials exposed to extreme conditions in an aerobic environment, for example, conditions in a landfill, after decomposition of the material, or in case of loss of acid neutralizing capacity was possible through the use of a maximum availability leaching test (CEN, 2004). A leaching test was also conducted for monolithic waste in a tank test based on the procedure in EA NEN 7374:2004 (EA NEN 7374, 2004 ). The purpose of the test was to simulate leaching of heavy metals from materials as a function of time. Also in this case, a modification of the pH of the leachant was used to observe changes in the leaching level of heavy metals under the influence of a reduced liquid reaction (pH 4). Table 2 Characterization and parameterization of methods of heavy metals leaching from waste materials Method Criterion name Short description of leaching method Cost of test* (Euro) Influence of pH Influence of L/S ratio Leaching time (day) Batch test (EN 12457-2, 2002 ) 44 1 1 1 type of material: granulated leachant: deionized water (pH of 7) L/S: 10 dm 3 /kg Column test (EN 14405, 2017 ) 281 1 7 18/35/53 type of material: granulated leachant: deionized water (pH of 7) L/S: 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 2; 5; 10 dm 3 /kg pH stat leaching test (EN 14997, 2015 ) 445 15 1 8 type of material: granulated leachant: deionized water with HNO 3 /NaOH (constantly 8 pH values in the range of 3 ÷ 12) L/S: 10 dm 3 /kg Maximum availability leaching test (EA NEN 7371, 2004 ) 119 3 2 0.25 type of material: granulated leachant: stage 1: deionized water (constantly pH of 7), stage 2: deionized water with HNO 3 (constantly pH of 4) L/S: 50 dm 3 /kg Tank test (EA NEN 7374, 2004 ) 261 8 8 64 type of material: monolithic leachant: deionized water (pH of 7) L/S: undefinded Modified: Batch test (pH 4) 51 2 1 1 type of material: granulated leachant: deionized water with HNO 3 (pH reduction to 4) L/S: 10 dm 3 /kg Modified: Batch test (pH 12) 51 2 1 1 type of material: granulated leachant: deionized water with NaOH (pH increase to 12) L/S: 10 dm 3 /kg Modified: Tank test (pH 4) 267 16 8 64 type of material: monolithic leachant: deionized water with HNO 3 (pH reduction to 4) L/S: undefinded *average test prices in Poland in 2023 It was considered that cost is an important parameter for the entrepreneur, who is obliged to properly manage the post-production waste, and thus classify it in terms of the potential hazard it may pose to the environment. When estimating the cost of performing a given leachability test for a single sample and analysis for a single element, the following component costs were taken into account: the cost associated with preparing the sample for testing, conducting preliminary tests, preparing leachates for analysis, the cost of reagents and materials, water, wastewater, and the cost of laboratory equipment operation. It was also based on the market price for the service of performing the analysis of one element for one sample prepared by batch test. The next three criteria are key factors influencing the level of heavy metal release into the aquatic environment. In assessing the effect of pH on leachability, the tests were assigned the values indicated below to characterize the methods of heavy metals leaching from waste. 1 - test is carried out with neutral reaction water, with no change in pH; one leachate is obtained for analysis. 2 - there is a change in the pH of the leachant (decrease to pH 4 or increase to pH 12), which may result in a change in the rate of metal leaching; one leachate is obtained for analysis. 3 - the test is carried out first with a neutral reaction leachant, and then in the second stage, it is conducted at a reduced pH; one leachate is obtained for analysis. 8 - the test is carried out with neutral reaction water, but 8 leachates are obtained for analysis; the effect of pH solution on leachability is observed eight times. 15 - the test is conducted with a neutral reaction leachant and for seven environments with reduced or increased pH (leachant pH ranging from 3 to 12), while pH level is continuously maintained during leaching; 8 leachates are obtained for analysis. 16 - the test is conducted at reduced pH of leachant, with 8 leachates obtained for analysis. In evaluating the dependence of heavy metal leaching on the liquid-to-solid ratio used in the L/S test, the following values were established for the tests: 1 - test materials are subjected to leaching at a constant L/S ratio ≤ 10 dm 3 /kg throughout the procedure; there is no change in the value of the L/S ratio, 2 - the effect of the L/S ratio on the leachability of metals in the long-term leaching process in the environment is analyzed (L/S > 10 dm 3 /kg), 7 - the effect of the L/S ratio (L/S ≤ 10 dm 3 /kg) on the resulting heavy metal concentrations is analyzed seven times, 8 - the effect of the L/S ratio (L/S ≤ 10 dm 3 /kg) on the resulting heavy metal concentrations is analyzed eight times. The third factor affecting the release of heavy metals is the duration of the leaching process. In this case, the values represent the period of time the materials were subjected to leaching, expressed in the number of days. For the column test, the duration varies depending on the physical and chemical properties of the test materials. Therefore, in the following analysis, one of 3 values were adopted depending on the type of waste (see Section 2.3 ). 2.2. Construction of a decision-making matrix in accordance with TOPSIS TOPSIS is used in many decisions problems for example in medicine (Mustapha et al., 2021 ), engineering (Oluah et al., 2020 ; Shukla et al., 2017 ), management (Shamsuzzoha et al., 2021 ; Wielki et al., 2019 ) and also in environmental issue (Lin et al., 2022 ). The basic concept of TOPSIS method is that the selected alternative should have the shortest distance from the ideal solution and the farthest distance from the negative-ideal solution in a geometrical sense (Triantaphyllou, 2000 ). TOPSIS is one of the most effective methods for ranking alternatives (Sałabun et al., 2020 ). TOPSIS takes into account a set of weights for the desired criteria, so the assessment depends on the weighting scheme that is given by the decision-maker. There are three steps in utilizing any decision-making technique involving numerical analysis of alternatives (Triantaphyllou, 2000 ): determine the relevant criteria and alternatives, attach numerical measures to the relative importance of the criteria and to the impacts of the alternatives on these criteria, process the numerical values to determine the ranking of each alternative. The TOPSIS method in the developed model evaluates the following decision matrix which refers to 8 alternatives (in columns) which are evaluated in terms of 4 criteria (in rows), where r ij denotes the performance measure of the j-th method of heavy metals leaching from waste in terms of the i-th criterion. For example r 3,5 is the value of L/S for the tank test method. $$D=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\text{1,1}}& {r}_{\text{1,2}}\\ {r}_{\text{2,1}}& {r}_{\text{2,2}}\end{array}& \begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\text{1,3}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{1,4}}& {r}_{\text{1,5}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{1,6}}& {r}_{\text{1,7}}& {r}_{\text{1,8}}\end{array}\end{array}\\ {r}_{\text{2,3}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{2,4}}& {r}_{\text{2,5}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{2,6}}& {r}_{\text{2,7}}& {r}_{\text{2,8}}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\text{3,1}}& {r}_{\text{3,2}}\\ {r}_{\text{4,1}}& {r}_{\text{4,2}}\end{array}& \begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\text{3,3}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{3,4}}& {r}_{\text{3,5}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{3,6}}& {r}_{\text{3,7}}& {r}_{\text{3,8}}\end{array}\end{array}\\ {r}_{\text{4,3}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{4,4}}& {r}_{\text{4,5}}& \begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\text{4,6}}& {r}_{\text{4,7}}& {r}_{\text{4,8}}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\right]$$ 2.3. Determining the significance of criteria and normalization of values Generally, multi-criteria decision problems of this sort call for evaluating alternatives with respect to each criterion involved, the criteria being weighted by a vector that expresses the relative importance among them(Wang et al., 2009 ). The essence of the developed model is that it should be universal, i.e., it should be possible to indicate the recommended method of performing leachability tests for each heavy metal and waste management method. When considering the willingness to compromise between environmental and economic criteria, it is noted that it depends on risk factors. The higher the risk of serious environmental contamination, the higher the importance of criteria related to the effectiveness of testing the rate of heavy metal leaching, and the lower the importance of the criteria related to the cost and time of conducting the test. This dependence was taken into account by introducing a parameter in the multi-criteria evaluation model called the degree of risk, which links three elements: the method of waste management (1), the type of waste (2) and the toxicity of the metal (3). Wastes from various industries differ in their physical and chemical composition, and consequently differ in their content and mobility of toxic elements. Therefore, due to the authors' research experience in the leachability of heavy metals, among others, from wastes such as inert and hazardous metallurgical slags, stabilized hazardous waste in mineral matrices, as well as mineral-organic composite (Bożym et al., 2021 ; Król and Mizerna, 2015 ; Król and Jagoda, 2012 ; Mizerna et al., 2017 ; Mizerna and Król, 2018 ) in the model for rational choice of leaching method the focus was placed on three different types of waste (ways of classification) (Regulation, 2015) and three selected viable scenarios of their management (Table 3 ). Six heavy metals were analyzed: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr). Heavy metals are characterized by varying toxicity, understood as the metal harmfulness to human and animal health and life, as well as harm to plant growth and development. In the literature (Monged et al., 2020 ; Radomirović et al., 2020 ) the following toxicity coefficient values are given for individual metals: Zn: 1; Cr: 2; Ni, Pb, Cu: 5; Cd: 30, with 1 being the least toxic and 30 being the most toxic. These values were adopted in the analysis, while the association of waste type and waste management is represented by the product of the values in the interval [0,1]. In the calculation experiment carried out, the values of the elements that make up the degrees of hazard were adopted, as shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Factors affecting the value of the degree of hazard parameter Factor Toxicity of heavy metal (t m ) (Monged et al., 2020 ; Radomirović et al., 2020 ) Type of waste (w k ) Waste management method (w e ) Adopted values and their measures Zn – 1; Cr – 2; Pb – 5; Ni – 5; Cu – 5; Cd – 30 inert waste (I) – 0.4; other than inert and hazardous waste (O) – 0.75; Hazardous waste (H) − 1 depositing at a hazardous waste landfill (L) – 0.4 temporary storage on a heap before further use (S) – 0.75 use in the reclamation of land for non-agricultural purposes (R) – 1 The value (w k ) of 0.4 for inert waste indicates that such waste does not pose a major threat to the surrounding environment and human health and life. The value (w k ) of 0.75 for other than inert and hazardous waste was adopted due to the fact that these wastes have higher levels of leaching of contaminants than inert wastes, hence their impact on the environment may be significant. In addition, such waste can be used, for example, in the reclamation of landfills. Then they are introduced into the topsoil and mixed with it. A number of soil processes and soil conditions can accelerate the mobility of heavy metals and contribute to a change in the chemical form of the metal, which in turn can increase the heavy metal content in the soil, but also in the aquatic environment. The highest value for type from waste, equal to 1.0, was assigned to hazardous waste. This waste has a high content of mobile forms of toxic elements. It is problematic for industrial reuse and potentially the greatest threat to the environment. The assigning of the waste management method of landfilling hazardous waste to the value w e = 0.4 results from the fact that landfilling is carried out in a properly prepared, secured and monitored landfill. Therefore, this method of waste disposal should not potentially pose a threat to the environment. However, it should be kept in mind that in the event of uncontrolled point emissions, pollution may occur. The value w e = 0.75 was assumed for heap storage, as this method of management may involve the blowing away of material particles over further distances. Leaching of waste components into the soil and water environment may also occur. The method of management for reclamation purposes was assigned the highest value w e = 1.0, since waste going into the soil is most exposed to a number of soil factors and processes that can contribute to the mobility of heavy metals. The introduction of a parameter such as the degree of hazard into the multi-criteria evaluation model reflects a pragmatic point of view, in which the higher the degree of hazard, the lower the acceptance of ecological risk. Then the criteria determining the effectiveness of the method (environmental-wise) become more important, while the importance of economic criteria decreases. A high degree of hazard also justifies, in the eyes of the producer, incurring higher expenses for tests that give a picture of the level of metal leaching from waste. In contrast, with a low degree of hazard, the producer's acceptance of incurring economic expenditures decreases. In other words, entrepreneurs are able to accept higher testing costs if the degree of hazard is high. In contrast, a community developing land in the vicinity of a landfill/heap has a higher inclination to accept environmental risks when the degree of hazard is low. The values of the degree of hazard parameter were made conditional on the parameters in Table 3 according to Eq. ( 1 ). $${d}_{\left(m,w\right)}={\left({w}_{k}*{w}_{e }\right)}^{1-{t}_{m}/\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}\left({t}_{m}\right)}$$ 1 where: d (m,w) - the degree of hazard of a given metal with a specific method of waste management, w k - type of waste, w e - waste management, t m - metal toxicity. The maximum value of the hazard degree parameter will be 1, while the minimum value in the conducted research according to the data in Table 3 is 0.17. For example, for non-hazardous waste that can be used for land reclamation, the hazard degree is 0.79. $${d}_{\left(Pb,KMO\right)}={\left(\text{0,75}*1\right)}^{1-5/30}={\text{0,75}}^{\text{0,83}}\approx 0.79$$ 2 The weights of the criteria depend on the degree of hazard parameter described by correlation 3. $${w}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{0.5*d}_{(m,w)}, for stimulants\\ 0.5*(1-{d}_{\left(m,w\right)}), for destimulants\end{array}\right.$$ 3 , where: w i - weight of i-th criterion. For example, for d (Pb,KMO) the pH and L/S criteria will assume a weight of 0.395 ( \(\frac{0.79}{2})\) , and the cost and time criteria will take a weight of 0.105 ( \(\frac{1-0.79}{2})\) . The values describing the different alternatives for conducting the tests are of different types, so they must be normalized in order to perform the calculations. In general, data normalization and data standardization means mapping the data values to a common scale, usually within the unity interval [0, 1]. Among many normalization techniques (Vafaei et al., 2018 ) vector normalization was chosen, which is symmetric and computationally efficient (Jahan & Edwards, 2015 ), where normalization takes the following form: \({n}_{ij}=\frac{{r}_{ij}}{\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{m}{{r}_{ij}}^{2}}}\) , where j is stimulant (benefit criterion) (4) \({n}_{ij}=1- \frac{{r}_{ij}}{\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{m}{{r}_{ij}}^{2}}}\) , where j is destimulant (cost criterion) (5) where: n ij is the normalized value of r ij , r ij is the rating of alternative j with respect to criterion i. 2.4. Calculation in the proposed model This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision model for the selection of suitable alternatives of methods of heavy metals leaching from waste. In the previous sections, the criteria and alternatives for the computational experiment were defined. To illustrate the application of the model, its implementation is presented in the problem of selecting a method for testing six metals with three different methods of waste management. The calculations were carried out thanks to a specially prepared application in MS Excel, in which the user makes a selection from a list of the following input data: the name of the metal, the type of waste and the waste management method (as given in Table 3 ). The focus was on calculations for selected waste management scenarios, consistent with the methods of recovery and disposal indicated in the Act of Waste of 14 December 2012 (Act, 2022). Example calculations will be presented for lead Pb with toxicity factor t m = 5 from hazardous waste (H) stored in a hazardous waste landfill (L). Table 4 shows the input data for the calculations and the calculated criterion weights according to Eq. 3 . Table 4 Input data for indicating a rational method for leaching lead (Pb) from hazardous waste (H) stored in a landfill (L) Criterion Weights Batch test Column test pH stat leaching test Maximum availability leaching test Tank test Modified tests Batch test (pH 4) Batch test (pH 12) Tank test (pH 4) Cost of test 0.27 44 281 445 119 261 51 51 267 Influence of pH 0.23 1 1 15 3 8 2 2 16 Influence of L/S 0.23 1 7 1 2 8 1 1 8 Leaching time 0.27 1 35 1 0.25 64 1 1 64 Table 5 shows the values normalized according to Equations 4 and 5 with the weighting values determined according to Eq. 6. \({v}_{i,j}={n}_{i,j}\bullet {w}_{i}\) (6), where: v i,j - weighted value of n i,j , w i - weight of criterion i. In addition, Table 5 introduces positive ideal solution (PIS) and negative ideal solution (NIS) values, which are defined in terms of the weighted normalized values according to Equations 7 and 8 . $${v}_{i}^{PIS}=\left\{\text{max}\left({v}_{i,j}\right)\right\}, i=1,..,4$$ 7 $${v}_{i}^{NIS}=\left\{\text{min}\left({v}_{i,j}\right)\right\}, i=1,..,4$$ 8 The positive ideal solution (PIS) is defined as the sum of all the best values that can be achieved for each attribute, while the negative-ideal solution (NIS) consists of all the worst values achieved for each attribute. Table 5 Weighted normalized decision matrix and positive and negative ideal solutions for Pb metal from hazardous waste stored in a landfill. Criterion Batch test Column test pH stat leaching test Maximum availability leaching test Tank test Modified tests PIS NIS Batch test (pH 4) Batch test (pH 12) Tank test (pH 4) Cost of test 0.25 0.15 0.09 0.22 0.16 0.25 0.25 0.16 0.25 0.09 Influence of pH 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.16 0.16 0.01 Influence of L/S 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14 0.02 Leaching time 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.27 0.09 0.26 0.26 0.09 0.27 0.09 The next step is to calculate the distance (D PIS ) measures for each solution. The distance of each solution from the positive ideal alternative PIS is: \({D}_{j}^{PIS}=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{4}{({v}_{i,j}-{v}_{i}^{PIS})}^{2}}\) , i=1,…,4; j=1,...,8 (9) Similarly, the distance (D NIS ) of each solution from the negative ideal alternative (NIS) is: \({D}_{j}^{NIS}=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{4}{({v}_{i,j}-{v}_{i}^{NIS})}^{2}}\) , i=1,…,;4 j=1,...,8 (10) The last step of the model is to calculate for each alternative the similarity to the worst alternative according to the Eq. 12 i.e. relative closeness coefficients. $${R}_{j}=\frac{{D}_{j}^{NIS}}{({D}_{j}^{PIS}+{D}_{j}^{NIS})}, 0<{R}_{i}<1$$ 11 Table 6 presents the separation of each alternative from the positive ideal solution \({D}_{j}^{PIS}\) , the separation of each alternative from the negative ideal solution \({D}_{j}^{NIS}\) and the relative closeness for each alternative with respect to positive ideal solution \({R}_{j}\) . Table 6 The separation measures of each solution from the positive ideal solution and the negative ideal solution and the relative closeness to the positive ideal solution for Pb from hazardous waste deposited at hazardous waste landfill. Parameter symbol Batch test Column test pHstat leaching test Maximum availability leaching test Tank test Modified test Batch test (pH 4) Batch test (pH 12) Tank test (pH 4) \({D}_{j}^{PIS}\) 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.20 \({D}_{j}^{NIS}\) 0.24 0.15 0.22 0.22 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.20 \({R}_{j}\) 0.56 0.42 0.52 0.57 0.43 0.56 0.56 0.51 A set of alternatives now can be ranked by the descending order of relative closeness coefficients, given in Table 6 . In the analyzed case, the authors should recommend a maximum availability content test for studying the leachability of heavy metals from hazardous waste stored in a landfill. 3. Results And Discussion This Section presents the results of a study of four models for selecting a method of heavy metals leaching from waste. They show the values of Rj (the relative closeness of each alternative with respect to positive ideal solution), the highest of which indicates a recommendation for the use of a particular method of heavy metals leaching from waste in the situation indicated in the row description (type of metal and method of waste management). The differences between the studied models are summarized in Table 7 . Table 7 Summary of differences between the studied models of selection of method of heavy metals leaching from waste. Model name Model description Used equations Model 1 The size of the weights depends on the degree of hazard posed by each type of waste and the toxicity of heavy metals. Equations 1 and 3 (see Section 2.3 ) Model 2 The size of the weights depends on the parameter of the degree of hazard, with the "influence of pH" criterion taking a weight of twice the value of the "influence of L/S" criterion. \({w}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}2*\left(\frac{{d}_{\left(m,w\right)}}{3}\right), for influence of pH\\ \left(\frac{{d}_{\left(m,w\right)}}{3}\right), for influence of L/S\\ 0.5*\left(1-{d}_{\left(m,w\right)}\right), for cost and time\end{array}\right.\) where: d (m,w) - the degree of hazard of a given metal with a specific method of waste management, w i - weight of criterion i. Model 3 The weights for the given criteria are preset based on the experience of the researchers and do not depend on the parameter of the degree of hazard. The following weights were introduced for the criteria: 0.3 - cost of test, 0.3 - influence of pH, 0.2 - influence of L/S, 0.2 - leaching time. Model 4 It does not include heavy metal toxicity criteria in the selection of weights, and the degree of hazard is determined according to modified Eq. 1 (see Section 2.3 ). \({d}_{\left(m,w\right)}={w}_{k}*{w}_{e }\) , where: d (m,w) - the degree of hazard with a certain method of waste management, in w k - the type of waste, w e - waste management. 3.1. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 1 Correlating the weights of the criteria with the degree of hazard, different indications of the recommendation of methods for leaching heavy metals from waste were obtained, as shown in Table 8 . Cells with maximum values of the R j parameter, indicating a recommendation for a particular method, are highlighted with a background. For the H/L (hazardous materials/landfilling) scenario, the highest R j value for the maximum availability leaching test was obtained for most of the elements, indicating that this method is the most suitable for metal leachability testing for this type of waste. In the case of cadmium (Cd), which is the most toxic of the elements analyzed, for the H/L scenario, but also for I/S (inert waste/heap storage), a modified tank test is recommended, in which samples are leached in a liquid with an initial pH of 4. For all heavy metals in the O/R (other than inert and hazardous waste/land reclamation) scenario, the highest R j values were obtained for the pH stat leaching test. Slightly different R j values characterized the leaching tests in the I/S scenario depending on metal toxicity. For Pb, Ni and Cu (toxicity factor: 5) the ideal solution is the maximum availability leaching test, and for Cr (toxicity factor: 2) and Zn (toxicity factor: 1) it is the modified batch test, in which, due to the low degree of hazard, it is sufficient to use a leachant with an acidic (pH 4) or alkaline (pH 12) reaction. Then, with only slightly higher test costs than for the batch test (without modification), the dependence of leaching on changes in pH, which is one of the criteria, is obtained. Table 8 The value of \({R}_{j}\) in model 1 Chosen scenario: Element / Waste type/ Management Batch test Column test pH stat leaching test Maximum availability leaching test Tank test Modified test Batch test (pH 4) Batch test (pH 12) Tank test (pH 4) Cd/H/L 0.00 0.41 0.53 0.14 0.64 0.05 0.05 1.00 Cd/I/S 0.00 0.41 0.53 0.14 0.64 0.05 0.05 1.00 Cd/O/R 0.00 0.47 0.53 0.15 n.a. 0.05 0.05 n.a. Pb/H/L 0.55 0.42 0.50 0.57 0.43 0.56 0.56 0.51 Pb/ I/S 0.28 0.43 0.50 0.66 0.37 0.66 0.66 0.42 Pb/O/R 0.20 0.46 0.52 0.25 n.a. 0.21 0.21 n.a. Ni/H/L 0.55 0.42 0.50 0.57 0.43 0.56 0.56 0.51 Ni/I/S 0.65 0.43 0.50 0.66 0.37 0.66 0.66 0.42 Ni/O/R 0.20 0.46 0.52 0.25 n.a. 0.21 0.21 n.a. Cu/H/L 0.55 0.42 0.50 0.57 0.43 0.56 0.56 0.51 Cu/I/S 0.65 0.43 0.50 0.66 0.37 0.66 0.66 0.42 Cu/O/R 0.20 0.46 0.52 0.25 n.a. 0.21 0.21 n.a. Cr/H/L 0.60 0.42 0.50 0.61 0.40 0.60 0.60 0.47 Cr/I/S 0.69 0.43 0.49 0.70 0.35 0.70 0.70 0.39 Cr/O/R 0.23 0.46 0.52 0.27 n.a. 0.23 0.23 n.a. Zn/H/L 0.61 0.42 0.50 0.62 0.39 0.62 0.62 0.46 Zn/I/S 0.71 0.43 0.49 0.71 0.34 0.71 0.71 0.38 Zn/O/R 0.23 0.46 0.52 0.28 n.a. 0.24 0.24 n.a. H - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste L - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes n.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations The pH stat leaching test is recommended for all wastes that were R-marked. About 11% lower R j was obtained by the column test, while the evaluation of the other methods was much lower. For wastes labelled L and S, Model 1 shows recommendation for the maximum availability leaching test, although similar results were also obtained for the modified pH 12 batch test. In several cases, R j values equal to zero were obtained for batch test. Such a situation occurred for Cd in 3 scenarios, as the highest hazard level of 1.00 was obtained here. According to the model assumptions, "cost of test" and "leaching time" are not relevant in such cases and the weights of these criteria take the value of 0. Then the method that has the lowest possible values for the criteria "influence of pH" and "influence of L/S" becomes the negative ideal solution (NIS). Tank test and modified tank test for all O/R scenarios were not included in the calculations. In such leaching procedure, monolithic/integrated waste in the form of a lump/chunk is required for testing. Hence, the tank test is not recommended by the authors for testing the leaching of heavy metals from waste materials used for reclamation. If monolithic waste is used, land reclamation would be difficult and inappropriate, and any fragmentation of such waste would be uneconomic, so such a scenario applies only to fragmented waste. Heavy metals react strongly to changes in the pH of the environment, so the purpose of creating such a model was to show changes in the choice of leaching method when the pH factor has a greater influence on leaching. 3.2. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 2 In Model 2, the results of which are included in Table 9 , the pH stat leaching test achieved the highest R j value for all elements in the O/R scenario and for Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu for the H/L scenario. For most other cases, the recommended method is a batch test with modification of the leachant to pH 4 or 12. The results for Model 2 show that in order to include in the study a high "influence of pH with a low degree of hazard" ( \({d}_{\left(m,w\right)}\) ≤ 0.41), it would suffice to change only the pH of the leachant and at a low cost of the test to include the influence of pH on heavy metal leachability. In contrast, in scenarios with a high "degree of hazard" ( \({0.47\le d}_{\left(m,w\right)}\ge 1.0\) ) it is necessary to perform a test that analyzes the effect of a wide range of pH on leachability and in which the pH is kept constant throughout the study (pH stat leaching test). The recommendations of Model 2 are very similar to Model 1. The main difference is that in Model 2 the pH stat test is recommended not only for the scenario in which the waste is used for reclamation purposes (R), but also for final landfilling (L). For the other scenarios, in addition to the maximum availability test, modified batch tests pH 4 and pH 12 are indicated with the same values of R j . In both Model 1 and Model 2, the modified tank test was recommended twice for the metal with the highest toxicity. Table 9 The value of R j in model 2 Chosen scenario: Element / Waste type/ Management Batch test Column test pH stat leaching test Maximum availability leaching test Tank test Modified test Batch test (pH 4) Batch test (pH 12) Tank test (pH 4) Cd/H/L 0.00 0.26 0.69 0.13 0.54 0.06 0.06 1.00 Cd/I/S 0.00 0.26 0.69 0.13 0.54 0.06 0.06 1.00 Cd/O/R 0.00 0.31 0.69 0.15 n.a. 0.06 0.06 n.a. Pb/H/L 0.53 0.34 0.57 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.54 0.53 Pb/ I/S 0.28 0.38 0.53 0.64 0.35 0.64 0.64 0.45 Pb/O/R 0.19 0.30 0.68 0.24 n.a. 0.20 0.20 n.a. Ni/H/L 0.53 0.34 0.57 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.54 0.53 Ni/I/S 0.63 0.38 0.53 0.64 0.35 0.64 0.64 0.45 Ni/O/R 0.19 0.30 0.68 0.24 n.a. 0.20 0.20 n.a. Cu/H/L 0.53 0.34 0.57 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.54 0.53 Cu/I/S 0.63 0.38 0.53 0.64 0.35 0.64 0.64 0.45 Cu/O/R 0.19 0.30 0.68 0.24 n.a. 0.20 0.20 n.a. Cr/H/L 0.57 0.36 0.55 0.58 0.37 0.58 0.58 0.50 Cr/I/S 0.67 0.39 0.52 0.68 0.33 0.68 0.68 0.41 Cr/O/R 0.21 0.30 0.67 0.26 n.a. 0.22 0.22 n.a. Zn/H/L 0.58 0.36 0.55 0.59 0.37 0.59 0.59 0.48 Zn/ I/S 0.68 0.39 0.52 0.69 0.32 0.69 0.69 0.40 Zn/O/R 0.22 0.30 0.67 0.26 n.a. 0.23 0.23 n.a. H - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste L - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes n.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations 3.3. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 3 Model 3 (Table 10 ) shows that when the criterion weights are independent of the degree of hazard posed by the given elements and the waste and its management, considerable differences in the R j results relative to the previous two models can be seen. First of all, the differences between the R j values have decreased. The highest recommendation values for the H/L and I/S scenarios were obtained by the modified tank test (with a leachant pH of 4), and the lowest, for all the scenarios, were obtained by the column test, although it should be noted that the difference between them is about 40%. For other than inert and hazardous waste used for reclamation (O/R), the pH stat leaching test would be recommended. Table 10 The value of R j in model 3 Chosen scenario: Element / Waste type/ Management Batch test Column test pH stat leaching test Maximum availability leaching test Tank test Modified test Batch test (pH 4) Batch test (pH 12) Tank test (pH 4) Cd/H/L 0.50 0.33 0.50 0.51 0.46 0.51 0.51 0.59 Cd/I/S 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Cd/O/R 0.47 0.34 0.50 0.49 n.a. 0.48 0.48 n.a. Pb/H/L 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Pb/I/S 0.22 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Pb/O/R 0.47 0.34 0.50 0.49 n.a. 0.48 0.48 n.a. Ni/H/L 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Ni/I/S 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Ni/O/R 0.47 0.34 0.50 0.49 n.a. 0.48 0.48 n.a. Cu/H/L 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Cu/I/S 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Cu/O/R 0.47 0.34 0.50 0.49 n.a. 0.48 0.48 n.a. Cr/H/L 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Cr/I/S 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Cr/O/R 0.47 0.34 0.50 0.49 n.a. 0.48 0.48 n.a. Zn/H/L 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Zn/ I/S 0.51 0.36 0.50 0.51 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.58 Zn/O/R 0.47 0.34 0.50 0.49 n.a. 0.48 0.48 n.a. H - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste L - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes n.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations The results of Model 3 show that it does not seem quite right to use a model in which the weights of the criteria do not depend on the degree of hazard that the elements and the various types of waste may pose. This model is very discretionary and depends on the individual approach of the user who must apply the weights of the various criteria. In addition, very similar results are obtained for most leaching methods, while it seems unreasonable to choose a tank test. Of course, it is not a complicated research method, but it is time-consuming. 3.4. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 4 In the last of the models considered, it was decided to make the criterion weights dependent on the degree of hazard, tying it exclusively to the method of waste management and not to metal toxicity. The results of the evaluation of metal leaching methods in this model are presented in Table 11 . Guided by the values of the relative closeness (R j ), in Model 4, the use of the batch test for I/S scenarios, the maximum availability test for H/L scenarios and the pH stat for O/R scenarios can be recommended. By not considering the toxicity of the metal as in Model 4, the environmental aspects of the choice of leaching method cease to matter, and only the cost- and time-consuming nature of the methods become relevant. The authors of the article believe that adopting such a model is not acceptable from the point of view of protecting the soil and water environment. Table 11 The value of R j in model 4 Chosen scenario: Element / Waste type/ Management Batch test Column test pH stat leaching test Maximum availability leaching test Tank test Modified test Batch test (pH 4) Batch test (pH 12) Tank test (pH 4) Cd/H/L 0.61 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.40 0.62 0.62 0.47 Cd/I/S 0.72 0.43 0.49 0.72 0.34 0.72 0.72 0.37 Cd/O/R 0.24 0.46 0.52 0.28 n.a. 0.25 0.25 n.a. Pb/H/L 0.61 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.40 0.62 0.62 0.47 Pb/ I/S 0.72 0.43 0.49 0.72 0.34 0.72 0.72 0.37 Pb/O/R 0.24 0.46 0.52 0.28 n.a. 0.25 0.25 n.a. Ni/H/L 0.61 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.40 0.62 0.62 0.47 Ni/I/S 0.72 0.43 0.49 0.72 0.34 0.72 0.72 0.37 Ni/O/R 0.24 0.46 0.52 0.28 n.a. 0.25 0.25 n.a. Cu/H/L 0.61 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.40 0.62 0.62 0.47 Cu/I/S 0.72 0.43 0.49 0.72 0.34 0.72 0.72 0.37 Cu/O/R 0.24 0.46 0.52 0.28 n.a. 0.25 0.25 n.a. Cr/H/L 0.61 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.40 0.62 0.62 0.47 Cr/I/S 0.72 0.43 0.49 0.72 0.34 0.72 0.72 0.37 Cr/O/R 0.24 0.46 0.52 0.28 n.a. 0.25 0.25 n.a. Zn/H/L 0.61 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.40 0.62 0.62 0.47 Zn/ I/S 0.72 0.43 0.49 0.72 0.34 0.72 0.72 0.37 Zn/O/R 0.24 0.46 0.52 0.28 n.a. 0.25 0.25 n.a. H - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste L - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes n.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations To summarize the previous considerations, the batch test is a relatively easy test to perform, low in labour and requiring the least expense. However, it does not provide an opportunity to observe the leaching process under the influence of changes in various factors, such as pH and L/S ratio. On the other hand, by using only a slight modification involving passing acidic or alkaline liquid through waste samples, the method still requires little investment in economic terms, and already offers the possibility of changing the processes involved in the leaching of heavy metals. With the maximum availability leaching test, we can observe the influence of a wide range of factors on the level of heavy metal leaching, however, the method is labor-intensive in the case of a non-automated test stand. The advantage, on the other hand, is that the test is short and relatively inexpensive, and provides an opportunity to determine the maximum available leaching concentrations from a given type of waste. It is worth noting that in none of the models presented in the article, the column test was chosen. This test, in addition to being long-lasting, is also labor-intensive. It only provides an opportunity to observe changes in heavy metal concentrations over a wide L/S range and allows comparison of results with other methods for the same L/S ratio. The pH stat leaching test requires predetermining the concentration and volume of the acid or base to be added in order to obtain a specific pH of the liquid in which the waste is leached. It is also a time-consuming test. In contrast, it provides opportunities to assess leachability over a wide range of pH and to identify potential processes that control leaching. The tank test is an easy test to perform but the whole process is long, as well as this test can only be performed for monolithic/integrated waste. On the other hand, it provides opportunities to estimate leaching mechanisms. Based on the presented limitations and advantages of the analyzed leachability tests, it can be seen that for the choice of a rational leaching method, it seems right to use Model 1, in which the weights of stimulants and destimulants depend on the degree of hazard taking into account the toxicity of the element, as well as the waste management method. 4. Conclusion When considering the issue of selecting an appropriate method for leaching heavy metals from waste, the relationship between the producer and the environment in which the waste will be deposited comes to the foreground. Wanting to rationally recommend an adequate test method, for example, in legislation or regulations, it is necessary to evaluate them from both perspectives. Making such an assumption in this article, the authors proposed using an approach based on multi-criteria evaluation. The developed evaluation models are based on TOPSIS, which allows capturing differences in method evaluation by relating it to the distance between the potentially best and worst solution. The results shown indicate that, taking into account environmental and economic aspects, it is not appropriate to recommend for testing only the batch test according to EN 12457:2002, as is currently used in Poland. Four different models were proposed based on the evaluation criteria indicated in the literature as the most relevant for environmental and economic reasons. The difference between the models lies in the way the weights for these criteria are selected. The research presented in the article on models for multi-criteria evaluation of methods for leaching heavy metals from waste shows that even with a low degree of hazard, as is the case with zinc or nickel for waste stored on a heap, it is worth using at least a modified batch test (changing the pH of the leachant) to influence the degree of metal leaching from the waste. Introducing the parameter of the degree of hazard, the results of the evaluation of test methods for a given type of waste and metal differ significantly from each other unlike when the weights are fixed. By making the weights of the criteria dependent on the parameter of hazard degree, the clearest recommendations were obtained. The differences between the available methods in cost and time lose their importance with increasing environmental risk. This is already indicated by a preliminary qualitative analysis of the problem of selecting a method for leaching heavy metals from waste. Heavy metal toxicity coefficients are widely used in the literature, so the authors advocate taking this parameter into account for describing the degree of hazard. This is in line with the direction of Eco-efficiency and should not raise objections from producers. Doubts could arise, however, if twice as much weight is given to the pH criterion as to L/S. For this reason, the authors recommend Model 1, in which environmental and economic criteria are given weight depending on the degree of hazard taking into account toxicity, and criteria on the environmental and cost side are given equal weight. To evaluate the leachability of heavy metals from waste materials, in Model 1, the authors recommend using the maximum availability leaching test or the pH stat leaching test depending on the degree of hazard the waste poses to the environment and the way it is managed. Evaluating the leaching of heavy metals using these two methods makes it possible to take into account changes in environmental factors affecting the level of contaminant release. This is important in order to correctly classify the waste in terms of the hazard it may pose to the environment (inert, hazardous or other than inert and hazardous waste), and then select an appropriate waste management method. The new approach presented by the authors, which goes beyond the use of only legally sanctioned leaching methods, allows a broader analysis of the issue of heavy metals’ impact on the environment. Declarations Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Financial interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author contributions statement: The experimental data were prepared by Kamila Mizerna. The first draft of manuscript was written by Magdalena Jurczyk – Bunkowska and Kamila Mizerna. 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Cem Wapno Beton 2:90–101. http://cementwapnobeton.pl/pdf/2012/2012_2/Krol-02-2012.pdf Lin R, Liu Y, Ren J, Lee CKM, Ji P, Zhang L, Man Y (2022) An innovative sustainability-oriented multi-criteria decision making framework for prioritization of industrial systems with interdependent factors: Method and a case study of electricity generation. Environ Impact Assess Rev 95:106776. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2022.106776 Loncnar M, Mladenovič A, Zalar Serjun V, Zupančič M, van der Sloot HA (2022) Leaching and Geochemical Modelling of an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) and Ladle Slag Heap. Toxics 10(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010010 Mizerna K, Król A (2018) Leaching of heavy metals from monolithic waste. Environ Prot Eng 44(4):143-158. https://doi.org/10.5277/epel80410 Mizerna K, Król A, Mróz A (2017) Environmental assessment of applicability of mineral-organic composite for landfill area rehabilitation. E3S Web Conf 19:02020. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20171902020 Monged MHE, Hassan HB, El-Sayed SA (2020) Spatial Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Natural Radionuclides and Trace Elements in Agricultural Soil of Northeastern Nile Valley, Egypt. Water Air Soil Pollut 231(7):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11270-020-04678-9/FIGURES/10 Mustapha MT, Ozsahin DU, Uzun B, Ozsahin I (2021) Application of fuzzy TOPSIS in the sterilization of medical devices. Applications of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Theories in Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824086-1.00013-X Oluah C, Akinlabi ET, Njoku HO (2020) Selection of phase change material for improved performance of Trombe wall systems using the entropy weight and TOPSIS methodology. Energy Build 217:109967. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2020.109967 Pawlita-Posmyk M., Wzorek M (2017) Assessment of application of selected waste for production of biogas. E3S Web Conf 19:02017. https://doi.org/10.1051/E3SCONF/20171902017 Radomirović M, Ćirović Ž, Maksin D, Bakić T, Lukić J, Stanković S, Onjia A (2020) Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil at a Former Painting Industry Facility. Front Environ Sci 8:560415. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENVS.2020.560415/FULL Regulation of the Ministry of Economy of 16 July 2015 on the acceptance of waste for landfill. (2015). In Poland’s Journal of Laws dated September 1, 2015, item 1277. Sałabun W, Watróbski J, Shekhovtsov A (2020) Are MCDA Methods Benchmarkable? A Comparative Study of TOPSIS, VIKOR, COPRAS, and PROMETHEE II Methods. Symmetry 12(9):1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/SYM12091549 Saveyn H, Eder P, Garbarino E, Muchova L, Hjelmar O, van der SH, Comans R, van ZA, Hyks J, Oberender A (2014) Study on methodological aspects regarding limit values for pollutants in aggregates in the context of the possible development of end-of-waste criteria under the EU Waste Framework Directive: final report, Publication Office. https://doi.org/10.2791/1125 Shamsuzzoha A, Piya S, Shamsuzzaman M (2021) Application of fuzzy TOPSIS framework for selecting complex project in a case company. J Glob Oper Strateg 14(3):528–566. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-07-2020-0040/FULL/PDF Shukla A, Agarwal P, Rana,RS, Purohit R (2017) Applications of TOPSIS Algorithm on various Manufacturing Processes: A Review. Mater Today: Proc 4(4):5320–5329. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2017.05.042 Sun Z, Vollpracht A., van der Sloot HA (2019) pH dependent leaching characterization of major and trace elements from fly ash and metakaolin geopolymers. Cem Concr Res, 125:105889. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2019.105889 Tiwari MK, Bajpai S, Dewangan UK, Tamrakar RK (2015) Suitability of leaching test methods for fly ash and slag: A review. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 8(4):523–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRRAS.2015.06.003 Triantaphyllou E (2000) Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods: A Comparative Study. Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3157-6_2 Vafaei N, Ribeiro RA, Camarinha-Matos LM (2018) Data normalisation techniques in decision making: Case study with TOPSIS method. Int J Inf Decis Sci 10(1):19–38. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIDS.2018.090667 van der Sloot HA, Kosson DS (2010) Leaching assessment methodologies for disposal and use of bauxite residues. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.738.5347&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed Jan 2023 van der Sloot HA, Kosson DS, van Zomeren A (2018) Landfilling of Different Kinds of Waste: Leaching Behavior. Solid Waste Landfilling, 1077–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407721-8.00052-8 Wang JJ, Jing YY, Zhang CF, Zhao JH (2009) Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 13(9):2263–2278. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2009.06.021 Wielki J, Jurczyk-Bunkowska M, Madera D (2019) Application of TOPSIS Method for Evaluation of IT Application in the Hospital. Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management, ECKM, 1096–1104, https://doi.org/10.34190/KM.19.134 Wzorek M, Troniewski L (2007) Application of sewage sludge as a component of alternative fuel. In Dudzińska MR, Pawłowski L. (Eds.), Environmental Engineering: Proceedings of the 2nd National Congress of Environmental Engineeringm 311–316. Taylor & Francis Yoon K (1987) A Reconciliation among Discrete Compromise Solutions. J Oper Res Soc, 38(3):277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2581948 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the development of the economy, the mass of post-manufacturing waste generated is increasing. This involves the search for new ways to manage them. As the priority in the activities of companies is now to apply the principles of circular economy, new technological solutions are constantly being sought to increase environmental protection while increasing the reuse of waste (Pawlita-Posmyk and Wzorek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Wzorek and Troniewski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Unfortunately, it is not possible to use all waste economically. This is influenced, among other things, by the degree of their contamination and the risk of environmental contamination through inadequate waste disposal. In order to increase the protection of the environment from the uncontrolled impact of waste, among other things, heavy metal leachability tests are performed. This practice is undertaken by any enterprise generating waste that may have a negative impact on the soil and water environment, following directly from legislation. Environmental decisions usually involve multiple stakeholders with widely divergent goals. This is also the case with the selection of the method of heavy metals leaching from waste. The development of a sustainable concept of managing waste needs multi-criteria analysis to allow for the quality of the living environment and the socio-economic aspects of development at the same time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Poland, the document regulating how to perform leachability testing is the procedure introduced on the basis of the standard EN 12457:2002, part 1\u0026ndash;4(CEN, 2002) relating to leaching of contaminants from granular waste materials and sludge. Meeting the relevant criteria for the leachability of contaminants is a prerequisite for allowing waste to be disposed of in a landfill of a given type: inert waste, hazardous waste, and other than inert and hazardous waste. The basic indicators, determining the possibility of storing a given waste type, are the permissible limits for leaching of contaminants, including heavy metals. These indicators were introduced in the European Union by Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills being the implementing document of Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (European Commission, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The limit values were set at liquid/solid (L/S) ratios of 10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg and 2 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg. The document (European Commission, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) also gives limit values for contaminants measured in the first leachate in the percolation test at L/S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e /kg. The EU Council left it up to the member states to decide on the choice of the test method and thus the application of appropriate leaching limit values. On this basis, in Poland, criteria have been established for allowing waste to be landfilled only at L/S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e /kg (the so-called batch test) and L/S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg (auxiliary test) (Regulation, 2015). However, the auxiliary test is carried out in cases when the batch test cannot be performed. In the case of monolithic waste of large dimensions, the permissible leaching limits are determined according to the batch test after fragmenting the waste. The batch test requires the least expenditure in economic terms, however, the results obtained by this test are incomplete and insufficient, as they do not allow determining the actual rate of leaching of heavy metals with the consideration of the influence of various external conditions and factors on the level of release of contaminants. Based on the authors' previous studies (Bożym et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kr\u0026oacute;l and Mizerna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna and Kr\u0026oacute;l, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), it was found that even a small change in the conditions of the leaching process, such as a change in the pH of the leachant or the contact time of the material with the liquid, can cause the release of heavy metals into the aqueous phase at different levels. Therefore, efforts should be made to characterize the leachability of contaminants using a variety of comprehensive methods, as has been advocated since the 1990s (Hage and Mulder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies(Bożym et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kr\u0026oacute;l and Mizerna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna and Kr\u0026oacute;l, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and scientific reports on various materials, both construction materials and waste materials, show a variety of trends in the release of individual heavy metals depending on changes in a given factor using a given test method (Engelsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Loncnar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; van der Sloot et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, there are difficulties in unambiguous assessment of the leaching behaviour of heavy metals. This creates a need to develop a tool for the rational selection of a method for testing the leachability of heavy metals from waste materials deposited in the environment, which was adopted as the purpose of the paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRationality in this case is understood as the simultaneous combination, to the greatest degree, the requirements of the community using the surroundings of waste deposition areas (heaps, landfills), as well as the producers, who are obliged to dispose of the residues of their business activity. It is in the interest of the former to guarantee precise information about the risks of the landfill, or the impact of waste. The producer, on the other hand, will aim at doing the low-cost tests. Changing the approach used to the model proposed in the paper is a step toward eco-efficiency, which is defined as economic and environmental efficiency achieved at the same time (Camarero et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The objective of the diverse measurement methods of eco-efficiency is to provide decision-makers with indicators of the relationships between social, environmental and economic goals (Czyżewski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of an approach that simultaneously takes into account environmental and economic criteria requires MCDA. The key elements in solving this category of problems are the selection of criteria and the proper assignment of weights to them. The authors discuss the adopted set of criteria and explain the concept of making the criterion weights dependent on the so-called \"degree of hazard,\" which ties the toxicity of the identified metal and the type of waste (inert, hazardous, other than inert and hazardous) together with the method of its management (landfill, heap storage, non-agricultural land reclamation). The research question is concerned with how to represent the relevance of the criteria in the model, on which the choice of the test method used to assess the leachability of heavy metals depends.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo achieve the purpose of the paper, it was proposed to use one of the most popular methods for solving multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) issues, which is TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) (Hwang and Yoon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Yoon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). TOPSIS takes into account a set of weights for the desired criteria, so the assessment depends on the weighting scheme that is given by the decision-maker. Thus, it allows criteria of different types to be related and allows the criterion weights to depend on the conditions under which the method is to be applied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe basis for verifying the model assumptions were results published in (Bożym et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kr\u0026oacute;l and Mizerna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna and Kr\u0026oacute;l, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) on the leachability of heavy metals Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd and Cr from metallurgical slags and mineral-organic composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Defining the problem and identifying alternatives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to develop a model for selecting a method of heavy metals leaching from waste, the factors that affect that were carefully analyzed. The main factors affecting the leaching rate of heavy metals include the pH of the surrounding environment, the liquid to solid ratio (L/S), and the duration of the leaching process (the time the material is in contact with the leachant, such as rainwater) (Astrup et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Saveyn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; van der Sloot and Kosson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, based on a review of the literature and authors\u0026rsquo; previous research(Bożym et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kr\u0026oacute;l and Mizerna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna and Kr\u0026oacute;l, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) these parameters were identified and considered decisive in the selection of the method of heavy metals leaching from waste. They were introduced into the model as stimulant criteria, a higher value of which means greater benefits understood as the effectiveness of the method in detecting heavy metal content in water extracts. On the basis of contacts with entrepreneurs, it was found that the cost and time of implementation of the test are the most important for them when choosing a test method. In the developed model, they are destimulant criteria, since the higher their value, the worse such an option is from the waste producer's point of view. The description of used criteria are presented in Tables \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed criteria with description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion characterization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of research of heavy metals leaching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edestimulant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean currency unit: Euro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of pH of leachant on the level of released concentrations of heavy metals taking into account the number of repetitions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estimulant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter (see Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of L/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of liquid to solid ratio (L/S) on the leachability of heavy metals taking into account the number of repetitions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estimulant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter (see Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaching time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of leaching process (contact time of sample with leachant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edestimulant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe selection of methods of heavy metals leaching from waste were carried out considering eight alternatives. These are represented by five different leaching tests used in Europe and three author's modifications of the selected methods. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e characterizes the main parameters of the leachability test methods with which the authors have so far conducted the evaluation of heavy metal release from various waste materials. Descriptions of the procedures are presented based on the guidelines in the standards EN 12457-2:2002 (CEN, 2002) (batch test), EN 14405:2017 (CEN, 2017) (column test), EN 14997:2015 (CEN, 2015) (pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test), EA NEN 7371:2004 (CEN, 2004) (maximum availability leaching test) and EA NEN 7375:2004 (CEN, 2004) (tank test).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe batch test is used for basic leaching assessment of heavy metals released from granulated waste materials. The procedure was performed according to the standard EN 12457-2:2002 (CEN, 2002). In order to determine the effect of pH changes on leachability, an own modification of the method was additionally used to decrease and increase the pH of the leaching liquid (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Evaluation of heavy metal leaching during percolation conditions was carried out using a column test according to EN 14405:2017 (CEN, 2017). The column test was chosen because the waste may contain unstable substances that decompose due to exposure to weather conditions, causing the release of additional pollutant loads. This type of test simulates real conditions of contaminant leaching in the aeration zone of landfills. The percolation method made it possible to observe the effect of changing the liquid/solid (L/S) ratio on the resulting concentrations of individual elements. Another method used in the study of granular materials is the pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test, which makes it possible to evaluate the effect of a wide range of pH on the release of heavy metals. With this method, it is possible to observe the material's response to preset changes in pH and the acid or base reactions that occur (buffer capacity) during a variety of environmental scenarios (carbonization, infiltration, oxidation) (Tiwari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; van der Sloot and Kosson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The analysis of the leaching process from fine-grained waste materials exposed to extreme conditions in an aerobic environment, for example, conditions in a landfill, after decomposition of the material, or in case of loss of acid neutralizing capacity was possible through the use of a maximum availability leaching test (CEN, 2004). A leaching test was also conducted for monolithic waste in a tank test based on the procedure in EA NEN 7374:2004 (EA NEN 7374, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The purpose of the test was to simulate leaching of heavy metals from materials as a function of time. Also in this case, a modification of the pH of the leachant was used to observe changes in the leaching level of heavy metals under the influence of a reduced liquid reaction (pH 4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacterization and parameterization of methods of heavy metals leaching from waste materials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort description of leaching method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of test* (Euro)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of L/S ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaching time (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (EN 12457-2, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: granulated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: deionized water (pH of 7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: 10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test (EN 14405, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18/35/53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: granulated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: deionized water (pH of 7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 2; 5; 10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test (EN 14997, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: granulated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: deionized water with HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/NaOH (constantly 8 pH values in the range of 3\u0026thinsp;\u0026divide;\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: 10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test (EA NEN 7371, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: granulated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: stage 1: deionized water (constantly pH of 7),\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estage 2: deionized water with HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (constantly pH of 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: 50 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (EA NEN 7374, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: monolithic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: deionized water (pH of 7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: undefinded\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified: Batch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: granulated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: deionized water with HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (pH reduction to 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: 10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified: Batch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: granulated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: deionized water with NaOH (pH increase to 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: 10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified: Tank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etype of material: monolithic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleachant: deionized water with HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (pH reduction to 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL/S: undefinded\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*average test prices in Poland in 2023\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was considered that cost is an important parameter for the entrepreneur, who is obliged to properly manage the post-production waste, and thus classify it in terms of the potential hazard it may pose to the environment. When estimating the cost of performing a given leachability test for a single sample and analysis for a single element, the following component costs were taken into account: the cost associated with preparing the sample for testing, conducting preliminary tests, preparing leachates for analysis, the cost of reagents and materials, water, wastewater, and the cost of laboratory equipment operation. It was also based on the market price for the service of performing the analysis of one element for one sample prepared by batch test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe next three criteria are key factors influencing the level of heavy metal release into the aquatic environment. In assessing the effect of pH on leachability, the tests were assigned the values indicated below to characterize the methods of heavy metals leaching from waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 - test is carried out with neutral reaction water, with no change in pH; one leachate is obtained for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 - there is a change in the pH of the leachant (decrease to pH 4 or increase to pH 12), which may result in a change in the rate of metal leaching; one leachate is obtained for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 - the test is carried out first with a neutral reaction leachant, and then in the second stage, it is conducted at a reduced pH; one leachate is obtained for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 - the test is carried out with neutral reaction water, but 8 leachates are obtained for analysis; the effect of pH solution on leachability is observed eight times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 - the test is conducted with a neutral reaction leachant and for seven environments with reduced or increased pH (leachant pH ranging from 3 to 12), while pH level is continuously maintained during leaching; 8 leachates are obtained for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 - the test is conducted at reduced pH of leachant, with 8 leachates obtained for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn evaluating the dependence of heavy metal leaching on the liquid-to-solid ratio used in the L/S test, the following values were established for the tests:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 - test materials are subjected to leaching at a constant L/S ratio\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg throughout the procedure; there is no change in the value of the L/S ratio,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 - the effect of the L/S ratio on the leachability of metals in the long-term leaching process in the environment is analyzed (L/S\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg),\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 - the effect of the L/S ratio (L/S\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg) on the resulting heavy metal concentrations is analyzed seven times,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 - the effect of the L/S ratio (L/S\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/kg) on the resulting heavy metal concentrations is analyzed eight times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third factor affecting the release of heavy metals is the duration of the leaching process. In this case, the values represent the period of time the materials were subjected to leaching, expressed in the number of days. For the column test, the duration varies depending on the physical and chemical properties of the test materials. Therefore, in the following analysis, one of 3 values were adopted depending on the type of waste (see Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2.3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Construction of a decision-making matrix in accordance with TOPSIS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTOPSIS is used in many decisions problems for example in medicine (Mustapha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), engineering (Oluah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Shukla et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), management (Shamsuzzoha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wielki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and also in environmental issue (Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe basic concept of TOPSIS method is that the selected alternative should have the shortest distance from the ideal solution and the farthest distance from the negative-ideal solution in a geometrical sense (Triantaphyllou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). TOPSIS is one of the most effective methods for ranking alternatives (Sałabun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTOPSIS takes into account a set of weights for the desired criteria, so the assessment depends on the weighting scheme that is given by the decision-maker. There are three steps in utilizing any decision-making technique involving numerical analysis of alternatives (Triantaphyllou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003edetermine the relevant criteria and alternatives,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eattach numerical measures to the relative importance of the criteria and to the impacts of the alternatives on these criteria,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eprocess the numerical values to determine the ranking of each alternative.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe TOPSIS method in the developed model evaluates the following decision matrix which refers to 8 alternatives (in columns) which are evaluated in terms of 4 criteria (in rows), where r\u003csub\u003eij\u003c/sub\u003e denotes the performance measure of the j-th method of heavy metals leaching from waste in terms of the i-th criterion. For example r\u003csub\u003e3,5\u003c/sub\u003e is the value of L/S for the tank test method.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$D=\\left[\\begin{array}{cc}\\begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\\text{1,1}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{1,2}}\\\\ {r}_{\\text{2,1}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{2,2}}\\end{array}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\\text{1,3}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{1,4}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{1,5}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{1,6}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{1,7}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{1,8}}\\end{array}\\end{array}\\\\ {r}_{\\text{2,3}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{2,4}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{2,5}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{2,6}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{2,7}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{2,8}}\\end{array}\\end{array}\\end{array}\\\\ \\begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\\text{3,1}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{3,2}}\\\\ {r}_{\\text{4,1}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{4,2}}\\end{array}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{cc}{r}_{\\text{3,3}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{3,4}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{3,5}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{3,6}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{3,7}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{3,8}}\\end{array}\\end{array}\\\\ {r}_{\\text{4,3}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{4,4}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{4,5}}\u0026amp; \\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{\\text{4,6}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{4,7}}\u0026amp; {r}_{\\text{4,8}}\\end{array}\\end{array}\\end{array}\\end{array}\\right]$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Determining the significance of criteria and normalization of values\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, multi-criteria decision problems of this sort call for evaluating alternatives with respect to each criterion involved, the criteria being weighted by a vector that expresses the relative importance among them(Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The essence of the developed model is that it should be universal, i.e., it should be possible to indicate the recommended method of performing leachability tests for each heavy metal and waste management method. When considering the willingness to compromise between environmental and economic criteria, it is noted that it depends on risk factors. The higher the risk of serious environmental contamination, the higher the importance of criteria related to the effectiveness of testing the rate of heavy metal leaching, and the lower the importance of the criteria related to the cost and time of conducting the test. This dependence was taken into account by introducing a parameter in the multi-criteria evaluation model called the degree of risk, which links three elements: the method of waste management (1), the type of waste (2) and the toxicity of the metal (3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWastes from various industries differ in their physical and chemical composition, and consequently differ in their content and mobility of toxic elements. Therefore, due to the authors' research experience in the leachability of heavy metals, among others, from wastes such as inert and hazardous metallurgical slags, stabilized hazardous waste in mineral matrices, as well as mineral-organic composite (Bożym et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kr\u0026oacute;l and Mizerna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kr\u0026oacute;l and Jagoda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mizerna and Kr\u0026oacute;l, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) in the model for rational choice of leaching method the focus was placed on three different types of waste (ways of classification) (Regulation, 2015) and three selected viable scenarios of their management (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Six heavy metals were analyzed: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr). Heavy metals are characterized by varying toxicity, understood as the metal harmfulness to human and animal health and life, as well as harm to plant growth and development. In the literature (Monged et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Radomirović et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) the following toxicity coefficient values are given for individual metals: Zn: 1; Cr: 2; Ni, Pb, Cu: 5; Cd: 30, with 1 being the least toxic and 30 being the most toxic. These values were adopted in the analysis, while the association of waste type and waste management is represented by the product of the values in the interval [0,1]. In the calculation experiment carried out, the values of the elements that make up the degrees of hazard were adopted, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors affecting the value of the degree of hazard parameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicity of heavy metal (t\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) (Monged et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Radomirović et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of waste (w\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste management method (w\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdopted values and their measures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn \u0026ndash; 1; Cr \u0026ndash; 2; Pb \u0026ndash; 5; Ni \u0026ndash; 5; Cu \u0026ndash; 5; Cd \u0026ndash; 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einert waste (I) \u0026ndash; 0.4;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eother than inert and hazardous waste (O) \u0026ndash; 0.75;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazardous waste (H) \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edepositing at a hazardous waste landfill (L) \u0026ndash; 0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etemporary storage on a heap before further use (S) \u0026ndash; 0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003euse in the reclamation of land for non-agricultural purposes (R) \u0026ndash; 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value (w\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e) of 0.4 for inert waste indicates that such waste does not pose a major threat to the surrounding environment and human health and life. The value (w\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e ) of 0.75 for other than inert and hazardous waste was adopted due to the fact that these wastes have higher levels of leaching of contaminants than inert wastes, hence their impact on the environment may be significant. In addition, such waste can be used, for example, in the reclamation of landfills. Then they are introduced into the topsoil and mixed with it. A number of soil processes and soil conditions can accelerate the mobility of heavy metals and contribute to a change in the chemical form of the metal, which in turn can increase the heavy metal content in the soil, but also in the aquatic environment. The highest value for type from waste, equal to 1.0, was assigned to hazardous waste. This waste has a high content of mobile forms of toxic elements. It is problematic for industrial reuse and potentially the greatest threat to the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe assigning of the waste management method of landfilling hazardous waste to the value w\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.4 results from the fact that landfilling is carried out in a properly prepared, secured and monitored landfill. Therefore, this method of waste disposal should not potentially pose a threat to the environment. However, it should be kept in mind that in the event of uncontrolled point emissions, pollution may occur. The value w\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.75 was assumed for heap storage, as this method of management may involve the blowing away of material particles over further distances. Leaching of waste components into the soil and water environment may also occur. The method of management for reclamation purposes was assigned the highest value w\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e = 1.0, since waste going into the soil is most exposed to a number of soil factors and processes that can contribute to the mobility of heavy metals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe introduction of a parameter such as the degree of hazard into the multi-criteria evaluation model reflects a pragmatic point of view, in which the higher the degree of hazard, the lower the acceptance of ecological risk. Then the criteria determining the effectiveness of the method (environmental-wise) become more important, while the importance of economic criteria decreases. A high degree of hazard also justifies, in the eyes of the producer, incurring higher expenses for tests that give a picture of the level of metal leaching from waste. In contrast, with a low degree of hazard, the producer's acceptance of incurring economic expenditures decreases. In other words, entrepreneurs are able to accept higher testing costs if the degree of hazard is high. In contrast, a community developing land in the vicinity of a landfill/heap has a higher inclination to accept environmental risks when the degree of hazard is low.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe values of the degree of hazard parameter were made conditional on the parameters in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e according to Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}={\\left({w}_{k}*{w}_{e }\\right)}^{1-{t}_{m}/\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{x}\\left({t}_{m}\\right)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003csub\u003e(m,w)\u003c/sub\u003e - the degree of hazard of a given metal with a specific method of waste management,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ew\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e - type of waste,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ew\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e - waste management,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e - metal toxicity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum value of the hazard degree parameter will be 1, while the minimum value in the conducted research according to the data in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e is 0.17. For example, for non-hazardous waste that can be used for land reclamation, the hazard degree is 0.79.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${d}_{\\left(Pb,KMO\\right)}={\\left(\\text{0,75}*1\\right)}^{1-5/30}={\\text{0,75}}^{\\text{0,83}}\\approx 0.79$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weights of the criteria depend on the degree of hazard parameter described by correlation 3.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${w}_{i}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{c}{0.5*d}_{(m,w)}, for stimulants\\\\ 0.5*(1-{d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}), for destimulants\\end{array}\\right.$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ew\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e- weight of i-th criterion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor example, for d\u003csub\u003e(Pb,KMO)\u003c/sub\u003e the pH and L/S criteria will assume a weight of 0.395 (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{0.79}{2})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and the cost and time criteria will take a weight of 0.105 (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{1-0.79}{2})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe values describing the different alternatives for conducting the tests are of different types, so they must be normalized in order to perform the calculations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, data normalization and data standardization means mapping the data values to a common scale, usually within the unity interval [0, 1]. Among many normalization techniques (Vafaei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) vector normalization was chosen, which is symmetric and computationally efficient (Jahan \u0026amp; Edwards, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), where normalization takes the following form:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({n}_{ij}=\\frac{{r}_{ij}}{\\sqrt{\\sum _{i=1}^{m}{{r}_{ij}}^{2}}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e, where j is stimulant (benefit criterion) (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({n}_{ij}=1- \\frac{{r}_{ij}}{\\sqrt{\\sum _{i=1}^{m}{{r}_{ij}}^{2}}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e, where j is destimulant (cost criterion) (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eij\u003c/sub\u003e is the normalized value of r\u003csub\u003eij\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003csub\u003eij\u003c/sub\u003e is the rating of alternative j with respect to criterion i.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Calculation in the proposed model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis paper proposes a multi-criteria decision model for the selection of suitable alternatives of methods of heavy metals leaching from waste. In the previous sections, the criteria and alternatives for the computational experiment were defined. To illustrate the application of the model, its implementation is presented in the problem of selecting a method for testing six metals with three different methods of waste management. The calculations were carried out thanks to a specially prepared application in MS Excel, in which the user makes a selection from a list of the following input data: the name of the metal, the type of waste and the waste management method (as given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The focus was on calculations for selected waste management scenarios, consistent with the methods of recovery and disposal indicated in the Act of Waste of 14 December \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e (Act, 2022). Example calculations will be presented for lead Pb with toxicity factor t\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e = 5 from hazardous waste (H) stored in a hazardous waste landfill (L). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the input data for the calculations and the calculated criterion weights according to Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput data for indicating a rational method for leaching lead (Pb) from hazardous waste (H) stored in a landfill (L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeights\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified tests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of L/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaching time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the values normalized according to Equations 4 and 5 with the weighting values determined according to Eq.\u0026nbsp;6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({v}_{i,j}={n}_{i,j}\\bullet {w}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e (6),\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ev\u003csub\u003ei,j\u003c/sub\u003e - weighted value of n\u003csub\u003ei,j\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ew\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e- weight of criterion i.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e introduces positive ideal solution (PIS) and negative ideal solution (NIS) values, which are defined in terms of the weighted normalized values according to Equations \u003cspan refid=\"Equ4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Equ5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${v}_{i}^{PIS}=\\left\\{\\text{max}\\left({v}_{i,j}\\right)\\right\\}, i=1,..,4$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${v}_{i}^{NIS}=\\left\\{\\text{min}\\left({v}_{i,j}\\right)\\right\\}, i=1,..,4$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe positive ideal solution (PIS) is defined as the sum of all the best values that can be achieved for each attribute, while the negative-ideal solution (NIS) consists of all the worst values achieved for each attribute.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeighted normalized decision matrix and positive and negative ideal solutions for Pb metal from hazardous waste stored in a landfill.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified tests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of L/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaching time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe next step is to calculate the distance (D\u003csup\u003ePIS\u003c/sup\u003e ) measures for each solution. The distance of each solution from the positive ideal alternative PIS is:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({D}_{j}^{PIS}=\\sqrt{\\sum _{i=1}^{4}{({v}_{i,j}-{v}_{i}^{PIS})}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003ei=1,\u0026hellip;,4; j=1,...,8\u003c/em\u003e (9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the distance (D\u003csup\u003eNIS\u003c/sup\u003e) of each solution from the negative ideal alternative (NIS) is:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({D}_{j}^{NIS}=\\sqrt{\\sum _{i=1}^{4}{({v}_{i,j}-{v}_{i}^{NIS})}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003ei=1,\u0026hellip;,;4 j=1,...,8\u003c/em\u003e (10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe last step of the model is to calculate for each alternative the similarity to the worst alternative according to the Eq.\u0026nbsp;12 i.e. relative closeness coefficients.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${R}_{j}=\\frac{{D}_{j}^{NIS}}{({D}_{j}^{PIS}+{D}_{j}^{NIS})}, 0\u0026lt;{R}_{i}\u0026lt;1$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e presents the separation of each alternative from the positive ideal solution \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({D}_{j}^{PIS}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, the separation of each alternative from the negative ideal solution \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({D}_{j}^{NIS}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and the relative closeness for each alternative with respect to positive ideal solution \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}_{j}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe separation measures of each solution from the positive ideal solution and the negative ideal solution and the relative closeness to the positive ideal solution for Pb from hazardous waste deposited at hazardous waste landfill.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter symbol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epHstat leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({D}_{j}^{PIS}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({D}_{j}^{NIS}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}_{j}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA set of alternatives now can be ranked by the descending order of relative closeness coefficients, given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. In the analyzed case, the authors should recommend a maximum availability content test for studying the leachability of heavy metals from hazardous waste stored in a landfill.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis Section presents the results of a study of four models for selecting a method of heavy metals leaching from waste. They show the values of Rj (the relative closeness of each alternative with respect to positive ideal solution), the highest of which indicates a recommendation for the use of a particular method of heavy metals leaching from waste in the situation indicated in the row description (type of metal and method of waste management). The differences between the studied models are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of differences between the studied models of selection of method of heavy metals leaching from waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed equations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe size of the weights depends on the degree of hazard posed by each type of waste and the toxicity of heavy metals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquations \u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(see Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2.3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe size of the weights depends on the parameter of the degree of hazard, with the \"influence of pH\" criterion taking a weight of twice the value of the \"influence of L/S\" criterion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({w}_{i}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{c}2*\\left(\\frac{{d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}}{3}\\right), for influence of pH\\\\ \\left(\\frac{{d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}}{3}\\right), for influence of L/S\\\\ 0.5*\\left(1-{d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}\\right), for cost and time\\end{array}\\right.\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003csub\u003e(m,w)\u003c/sub\u003e - the degree of hazard of a given metal with a specific method of waste management,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ew\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e - weight of criterion i.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weights for the given criteria are preset based on the experience of the researchers and do not depend on the parameter of the degree of hazard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following weights were introduced for the criteria: 0.3 - cost of test, 0.3 - influence of pH, 0.2 - influence of L/S, 0.2 - leaching time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt does not include heavy metal toxicity criteria in the selection of weights, and the degree of hazard is determined according to modified Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (see Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2.3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}={w}_{k}*{w}_{e }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003csub\u003e(m,w)\u003c/sub\u003e - the degree of hazard with a certain method of waste management, in w\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e - the type of waste,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ew\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e - waste management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 1\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelating the weights of the criteria with the degree of hazard, different indications of the recommendation of methods for leaching heavy metals from waste were obtained, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. Cells with maximum values of the R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e parameter, indicating a recommendation for a particular method, are highlighted with a background.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the H/L (hazardous materials/landfilling) scenario, the highest R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e value for the maximum availability leaching test was obtained for most of the elements, indicating that this method is the most suitable for metal leachability testing for this type of waste. In the case of cadmium (Cd), which is the most toxic of the elements analyzed, for the H/L scenario, but also for I/S (inert waste/heap storage), a modified tank test is recommended, in which samples are leached in a liquid with an initial pH of 4. For all heavy metals in the O/R (other than inert and hazardous waste/land reclamation) scenario, the highest R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e values were obtained for the pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test. Slightly different R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e values characterized the leaching tests in the I/S scenario depending on metal toxicity. For Pb, Ni and Cu (toxicity factor: 5) the ideal solution is the maximum availability leaching test, and for Cr (toxicity factor: 2) and Zn (toxicity factor: 1) it is the modified batch test, in which, due to the low degree of hazard, it is sufficient to use a leachant with an acidic (pH 4) or alkaline (pH 12) reaction. Then, with only slightly higher test costs than for the batch test (without modification), the dependence of leaching on changes in pH, which is one of the criteria, is obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}_{j}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e in model 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChosen scenario:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement / Waste type/ Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/ I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test is recommended for all wastes that were R-marked. About 11% lower R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e was obtained by the column test, while the evaluation of the other methods was much lower. For wastes labelled L and S, Model 1 shows recommendation for the maximum availability leaching test, although similar results were also obtained for the modified pH 12 batch test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn several cases, R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e values equal to zero were obtained for batch test. Such a situation occurred for Cd in 3 scenarios, as the highest hazard level of 1.00 was obtained here. According to the model assumptions, \"cost of test\" and \"leaching time\" are not relevant in such cases and the weights of these criteria take the value of 0. Then the method that has the lowest possible values for the criteria \"influence of pH\" and \"influence of L/S\" becomes the negative ideal solution (NIS). Tank test and modified tank test for all O/R scenarios were not included in the calculations. In such leaching procedure, monolithic/integrated waste in the form of a lump/chunk is required for testing. Hence, the tank test is not recommended by the authors for testing the leaching of heavy metals from waste materials used for reclamation. If monolithic waste is used, land reclamation would be difficult and inappropriate, and any fragmentation of such waste would be uneconomic, so such a scenario applies only to fragmented waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavy metals react strongly to changes in the pH of the environment, so the purpose of creating such a model was to show changes in the choice of leaching method when the pH factor has a greater influence on leaching.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 2\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Model 2, the results of which are included in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, the pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test achieved the highest R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e value for all elements in the O/R scenario and for Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu for the H/L scenario. For most other cases, the recommended method is a batch test with modification of the leachant to pH 4 or 12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results for Model 2 show that in order to include in the study a high \"influence of pH with a low degree of hazard\" (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026le; 0.41), it would suffice to change only the pH of the leachant and at a low cost of the test to include the influence of pH on heavy metal leachability. In contrast, in scenarios with a high \"degree of hazard\" (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({0.47\\le d}_{\\left(m,w\\right)}\\ge 1.0\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) it is necessary to perform a test that analyzes the effect of a wide range of pH on leachability and in which the pH is kept constant throughout the study (pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recommendations of Model 2 are very similar to Model 1. The main difference is that in Model 2 the pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e test is recommended not only for the scenario in which the waste is used for reclamation purposes (R), but also for final landfilling (L). For the other scenarios, in addition to the maximum availability test, modified batch tests pH 4 and pH 12 are indicated with the same values of R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e. In both Model 1 and Model 2, the modified tank test was recommended twice for the metal with the highest toxicity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e in model 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChosen scenario:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement / Waste type/ Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/ I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/ I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 3\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) shows that when the criterion weights are independent of the degree of hazard posed by the given elements and the waste and its management, considerable differences in the R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e results relative to the previous two models can be seen. First of all, the differences between the R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e values have decreased. The highest recommendation values for the H/L and I/S scenarios were obtained by the modified tank test (with a leachant pH of 4), and the lowest, for all the scenarios, were obtained by the column test, although it should be noted that the difference between them is about 40%. For other than inert and hazardous waste used for reclamation (O/R), the pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test would be recommended.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e in model 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChosen scenario:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement / Waste type/ Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/ I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of Model 3 show that it does not seem quite right to use a model in which the weights of the criteria do not depend on the degree of hazard that the elements and the various types of waste may pose. This model is very discretionary and depends on the individual approach of the user who must apply the weights of the various criteria. In addition, very similar results are obtained for most leaching methods, while it seems unreasonable to choose a tank test. Of course, it is not a complicated research method, but it is time-consuming.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Results of the evaluation of heavy metal leaching methods from waste according to model 4\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the last of the models considered, it was decided to make the criterion weights dependent on the degree of hazard, tying it exclusively to the method of waste management and not to metal toxicity. The results of the evaluation of metal leaching methods in this model are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. Guided by the values of the relative closeness (R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e), in Model 4, the use of the batch test for I/S scenarios, the maximum availability test for H/L scenarios and the pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e for O/R scenarios can be recommended. By not considering the toxicity of the metal as in Model 4, the environmental aspects of the choice of leaching method cease to matter, and only the cost- and time-consuming nature of the methods become relevant. The authors of the article believe that adopting such a model is not acceptable from the point of view of protecting the soil and water environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of R\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e in model 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChosen scenario:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement / Waste type/ Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum availability leaching test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch test (pH 12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank test (pH 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/ I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/H/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/ I/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn/O/R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH - hazardous waste, I - inert waste, O - other than inert and hazardous waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL - storage in a hazardous waste landfill, S - temporary storage in a heap, R - use in land reclamation for non-agricultural purposes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en.a. - not applicable due to not including tank test for all O/R scenarios in calculations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo summarize the previous considerations, the batch test is a relatively easy test to perform, low in labour and requiring the least expense. However, it does not provide an opportunity to observe the leaching process under the influence of changes in various factors, such as pH and L/S ratio. On the other hand, by using only a slight modification involving passing acidic or alkaline liquid through waste samples, the method still requires little investment in economic terms, and already offers the possibility of changing the processes involved in the leaching of heavy metals. With the maximum availability leaching test, we can observe the influence of a wide range of factors on the level of heavy metal leaching, however, the method is labor-intensive in the case of a non-automated test stand. The advantage, on the other hand, is that the test is short and relatively inexpensive, and provides an opportunity to determine the maximum available leaching concentrations from a given type of waste. It is worth noting that in none of the models presented in the article, the column test was chosen. This test, in addition to being long-lasting, is also labor-intensive. It only provides an opportunity to observe changes in heavy metal concentrations over a wide L/S range and allows comparison of results with other methods for the same L/S ratio. The pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test requires predetermining the concentration and volume of the acid or base to be added in order to obtain a specific pH of the liquid in which the waste is leached. It is also a time-consuming test. In contrast, it provides opportunities to assess leachability over a wide range of pH and to identify potential processes that control leaching.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tank test is an easy test to perform but the whole process is long, as well as this test can only be performed for monolithic/integrated waste. On the other hand, it provides opportunities to estimate leaching mechanisms. Based on the presented limitations and advantages of the analyzed leachability tests, it can be seen that for the choice of a rational leaching method, it seems right to use Model 1, in which the weights of stimulants and destimulants depend on the degree of hazard taking into account the toxicity of the element, as well as the waste management method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhen considering the issue of selecting an appropriate method for leaching heavy metals from waste, the relationship between the producer and the environment in which the waste will be deposited comes to the foreground. Wanting to rationally recommend an adequate test method, for example, in legislation or regulations, it is necessary to evaluate them from both perspectives. Making such an assumption in this article, the authors proposed using an approach based on multi-criteria evaluation. The developed evaluation models are based on TOPSIS, which allows capturing differences in method evaluation by relating it to the distance between the potentially best and worst solution. The results shown indicate that, taking into account environmental and economic aspects, it is not appropriate to recommend for testing only the batch test according to EN 12457:2002, as is currently used in Poland. Four different models were proposed based on the evaluation criteria indicated in the literature as the most relevant for environmental and economic reasons. The difference between the models lies in the way the weights for these criteria are selected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research presented in the article on models for multi-criteria evaluation of methods for leaching heavy metals from waste shows that even with a low degree of hazard, as is the case with zinc or nickel for waste stored on a heap, it is worth using at least a modified batch test (changing the pH of the leachant) to influence the degree of metal leaching from the waste. Introducing the parameter of the degree of hazard, the results of the evaluation of test methods for a given type of waste and metal differ significantly from each other unlike when the weights are fixed. By making the weights of the criteria dependent on the parameter of hazard degree, the clearest recommendations were obtained. The differences between the available methods in cost and time lose their importance with increasing environmental risk. This is already indicated by a preliminary qualitative analysis of the problem of selecting a method for leaching heavy metals from waste. Heavy metal toxicity coefficients are widely used in the literature, so the authors advocate taking this parameter into account for describing the degree of hazard. This is in line with the direction of Eco-efficiency and should not raise objections from producers. Doubts could arise, however, if twice as much weight is given to the pH criterion as to L/S. For this reason, the authors recommend Model 1, in which environmental and economic criteria are given weight depending on the degree of hazard taking into account toxicity, and criteria on the environmental and cost side are given equal weight. To evaluate the leachability of heavy metals from waste materials, in Model 1, the authors recommend using the maximum availability leaching test or the pH\u003csub\u003estat\u003c/sub\u003e leaching test depending on the degree of hazard the waste poses to the environment and the way it is managed. Evaluating the leaching of heavy metals using these two methods makes it possible to take into account changes in environmental factors affecting the level of contaminant release. This is important in order to correctly classify the waste in terms of the hazard it may pose to the environment (inert, hazardous or other than inert and hazardous waste), and then select an appropriate waste management method. The new approach presented by the authors, which goes beyond the use of only legally sanctioned leaching methods, allows a broader analysis of the issue of heavy metals\u0026rsquo; impact on the environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;The experimental data were prepared by Kamila Mizerna. The first draft of manuscript was written by Magdalena Jurczyk \u0026ndash; Bunkowska and Kamila Mizerna. The methodology was developed by Anna Kr\u0026oacute;l and Magdalena Jurczyk - Bunkowska. Anna Kr\u0026oacute;l also analyzed the results and reviewed the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to Opole University of Technology for the financial support toward this work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAct of Waste of 14 December 2012, Poland\u0026rsquo;s Journal of Laws dated March 29, 2022, item 699 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAstrup T, Mosb\u0026aelig;k H, Christensen TH (2006) Assessment of long-term leaching from waste incineration air-pollution-control residues. Waste Manage 26(8):803\u0026ndash;814. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2005.12.008\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBożym M, Kr\u0026oacute;l A, Mizerna, K (2021) Leachate and contact test with Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of waste. 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Front Environ Sci 8:560415. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENVS.2020.560415/FULL\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRegulation of the Ministry of Economy of 16 July 2015 on the acceptance of waste for landfill. (2015). In Poland\u0026rsquo;s Journal of Laws dated September 1, 2015, item 1277.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSałabun W, Watr\u0026oacute;bski J, Shekhovtsov A (2020) Are MCDA Methods Benchmarkable? A Comparative Study of TOPSIS, VIKOR, COPRAS, and PROMETHEE II Methods. 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Int J Inf Decis Sci 10(1):19\u0026ndash;38. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIDS.2018.090667\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003evan der Sloot HA, Kosson DS (2010) Leaching assessment methodologies for disposal and use of bauxite residues. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.738.5347\u0026amp;rep=rep1\u0026amp;type=pdf. Accessed \u0026nbsp;Jan 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003evan der Sloot HA, Kosson DS, van Zomeren A (2018) Landfilling of Different Kinds of Waste: Leaching Behavior. Solid Waste Landfilling, 1077\u0026ndash;1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407721-8.00052-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang JJ, Jing YY, Zhang CF, Zhao JH (2009) Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 13(9):2263\u0026ndash;2278. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2009.06.021\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWielki J, Jurczyk-Bunkowska M, Madera D (2019) Application of TOPSIS Method for Evaluation of IT Application in the Hospital. Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management, ECKM, 1096\u0026ndash;1104, https://doi.org/10.34190/KM.19.134\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWzorek M, Troniewski L (2007) Application of sewage sludge as a component of alternative fuel. In Dudzińska MR, Pawłowski L. (Eds.), Environmental Engineering: Proceedings of the 2nd National Congress of Environmental Engineeringm 311\u0026ndash;316. Taylor \u0026amp; Francis\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYoon K (1987) A Reconciliation among Discrete Compromise Solutions. J Oper Res Soc, 38(3):277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2581948\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"environmental impact assessment, heavy metals, leaching, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2701619/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2701619/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe paper presents a specific model used for the assessment and selection of the method of heavy metals leaching from waste materials. A recommendation for the rational selection of leachability method was made, taking into account the crucial parameters affecting the leaching process derived from the authors' research experience. The assessment models were supplemented with characteristics relating to the cost and time required to perform the tests. An approach was developed that makes the weights of the assessment criteria dependent on the degree of environmental risk from particular heavy metals and waste types. Using multiple-criteria decision analysis four models were developed for the assessment and selection of a test method for the leaching of heavy metals from waste, differing in the way in which the weights of the assessment criteria depend on the potential threat the waste poses to the environment. A key element of the proposed approach is assigning the weights of the criterion to the toxicity of the heavy metal and the kind of wastes and their management scenario. The results obtained indicate that the current practice of only imposing a batch leaching test is inappropriate. The choice of method should be justified in terms of environmental safety and reasonable in terms of time and costs. The results of the paper indicate the possibility of using the proposed model in practice as a recommendation for the method for heavy metals leaching from waste materials and their further treatment in accordance with the principles of sustainable waste management.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Multi-criteria Decision Making Models in assessment of heavy metals leaching from waste","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-03-21 12:22:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2701619/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b39d6933-25da-4977-ad70-3025136bc206","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 21st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-04-03T01:29:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-03-21 12:22:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2701619","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2701619","identity":"rs-2701619","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}