Numerical Assessment of Conjugate Heat Transfer inside Inclined Cavity filled with Al2O3/Water Nanofluids using Lattice Boltzmann Method

Numerical Assessment of Conjugate Heat Transfer inside Inclined Cavity filled with Al2O3/Water Nanofluids using Lattice Boltzmann Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Numerical Assessment of Conjugate Heat Transfer inside Inclined Cavity filled with Al2O3/Water Nanofluids using Lattice Boltzmann Method Molka El Maghraoui, Rasul Mohebbi, Majdi Hazami This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8792138/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This article deals with the study of the influence of nanoparticles on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics within a two dimensional (2D) inclined cavity filled with Al2O3/water nanofluids. The cavity, subjected to sinusoidal temperature profile, was divided by a wall possessing finite thickness, featuring three conductive fins on its hot side. Numerical simulations were conducted using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), with validation against proven benchmark problems in the literature. The effects of the inclination angle (0°<δ < 90°), nanoparticle volume fraction (0<∅<0.05), Rayleigh number (10 4 <Ra < 10 6 ), and thermal conductivity ratio (1 < λ k < 100) on heat transfer and flow structure were analyzed through streamline and isotherm contour plots, as well as by evaluating the Nusselt number (Nu) at the cold wall. The findings demonstrated that the average Nu raised in relation to Ra, ∅, and λ k . Optimal heat transfer rate was observed at an inclination angle of δ = 30°. Incorporating a 5% nanoparticle volume fraction into the pure fluid resulted in a 12.81% boost in the heat transfer rate. Additionally, enhancing the thermal conductivity of the partition and fins contributed to a notable improvement in thermal performance, with gains of up to 34.18. A proposed correlation was done to express the relationship between the Nu number and Ra, δ, and λ k . This correlation holds significant implications for optimizing and designing heat transfer systems across a range of industrial applications. Natural convection Nanofluid LBM Conducting partition Heat transfer Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 05 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 05 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8792138","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":587642510,"identity":"80f9444a-f33b-47b2-92e4-75e0bec7cd4b","order_by":0,"name":"Molka El Maghraoui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Molka","middleName":"El","lastName":"Maghraoui","suffix":""},{"id":587642511,"identity":"9b35019a-e897-488e-a420-04c6550ae342","order_by":1,"name":"Rasul Mohebbi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCB0BswMDDxpBQwQwRSSCkJQGu5QzJWhjbmAm7ybz9+DOJBIZtcubsvccePJxnndjAfvgBw8M9uLXInMkxA2q5bWzZcy7dIHFbemIDT5oBQ8Iz3FokGHLYQFoSN9wA6k3cdjixgSEH6NQDeLTwP38G0XL/DVDLHKAW/jcEtEgkmEFt4QFqaQBqkSBki8QbYwuQXwzO5KUbJBxLN26TeGZwAL/D0h/e+MBwW87g+NljD3/UWMv28yc/fPgDjxYwYPyHxGEDYkIaRsEoGAWjYBQQAAAWLFGws4GCqQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rasul","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohebbi","suffix":""},{"id":587642512,"identity":"62c4e566-fbc2-485c-9ac6-1037ba44f48a","order_by":2,"name":"Majdi Hazami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Majdi","middleName":"","lastName":"Hazami","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-05 04:38:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8792138/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8792138/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102325806,"identity":"bed4381f-4cd4-4470-b838-7fc5fe041540","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 14:27:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2214051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedpaperManuscript2rev11.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8792138/v1_covered_86fd633b-1749-4004-9814-8ad2c503927a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Numerical Assessment of Conjugate Heat Transfer inside Inclined Cavity filled with Al2O3/Water Nanofluids using Lattice Boltzmann Method","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-mechanical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering](https://link.springer.com/journal/40997)","snPcode":"40997","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40997/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Natural convection, Nanofluid, LBM, Conducting partition, Heat transfer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8792138/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8792138/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis article deals with the study of the influence of nanoparticles on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics within a two dimensional (2D) inclined cavity filled with Al2O3/water nanofluids. The cavity, subjected to sinusoidal temperature profile, was divided by a wall possessing finite thickness, featuring three conductive fins on its hot side. Numerical simulations were conducted using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), with validation against proven benchmark problems in the literature. The effects of the inclination angle (0\u0026deg;\u0026lt;δ\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;), nanoparticle volume fraction (0\u0026lt;\u0026empty;\u0026lt;0.05), Rayleigh number (10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026lt;Ra\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e), and thermal conductivity ratio (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;λ\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100) on heat transfer and flow structure were analyzed through streamline and isotherm contour plots, as well as by evaluating the Nusselt number (Nu) at the cold wall. The findings demonstrated that the average Nu raised in relation to Ra, \u0026empty;, and λ\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e. Optimal heat transfer rate was observed at an inclination angle of δ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30\u0026deg;. Incorporating a 5% nanoparticle volume fraction into the pure fluid resulted in a 12.81% boost in the heat transfer rate. Additionally, enhancing the thermal conductivity of the partition and fins contributed to a notable improvement in thermal performance, with gains of up to 34.18. A proposed correlation was done to express the relationship between the Nu number and Ra, δ, and λ\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e. This correlation holds significant implications for optimizing and designing heat transfer systems across a range of industrial applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Numerical Assessment of Conjugate Heat Transfer inside Inclined Cavity filled with Al2O3/Water Nanofluids using Lattice Boltzmann Method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-10 14:26:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8792138/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-15T06:13:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-01T04:53:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-24T13:39:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-08T07:51:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"123705460886335952927653496393174518366","date":"2026-02-08T05:47:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"249372352860653763931536967723311302261","date":"2026-02-08T04:35:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"26173697611043084645226623325753342531","date":"2026-02-06T09:43:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-06T04:31:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T13:34:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T13:29:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering","date":"2026-02-05T04:28:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-mechanical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering](https://link.springer.com/journal/40997)","snPcode":"40997","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40997/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21ba2494-e2bf-4235-9167-800c912d534c","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-15T06:24:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-10 14:26:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8792138","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8792138","identity":"rs-8792138","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}