Sampling of Culicoides with non-traditional methods provides unusual species composition and new records for southern Spain

Sampling of Culicoides with non-traditional methods provides unusual species composition and new records for southern Spain | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sampling of Culicoides with non-traditional methods provides unusual species composition and new records for southern Spain Mikel Alexander González, Sergio Magallanes, Daniel Bravo-Barriga, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4590313/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Parasites & Vectors → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background. Culicoides midges have been well-studied in Spain, particularly over the last 20 years, mainly because of their role as vectors of arboviral diseases that affect livestock. Most studies on Culicoides are conducted using suction light traps in farmed environments, but studies employing alternative trapping techniques or focusing on natural habitats are scarce. Methods. In the present study, we analyzed Culicoides captured in 2023 at 476 sites in western Andalusia (southern Spain) using carbon dioxide-baited BG-sentinel traps across different ecosystems. Results. We collected 3,084 Culicoides midges (3,060 females and 24 males) belonging to 23 species, including the new species Culicoides grandifovea sp. nov. and the first record of Culicoides pseudolangeroni for Europe. Both species were described with morphological and molecular methods and detailed data on spatial distribution was also recorded. The new species showed close phylogenetic relations with sequences from an unidentified Culicoides from Morocco (92.6% similarity) and with Culicoides kurensis. Culicoides imicola was the most abundant species (17.4 %), followed by Culicoides grandifovea sp. nov. (14.6 %), and Culicoides kurensis (11.9 %). Interestingly, Culicoides montanus was the only species of the Obsoletus and Pulicaris species complexes captured, representing the first record of this species in southern Spain. A total of 53 valid Culicoides species have been reported in the area, 48 already reported in literature records and 5 more added in the present study. Information on the flight period for the most common Culicoides species is also provided. Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, our study represents the most comprehensive effort ever done on non-farmland habitats using carbon-dioxide baited suction traps for collecting Culicoides. Our data suggests that using carbon dioxide traps offers a completely different perspective on Culicoides communities compared to commonly used light traps, including the discovery of previously unrecorded species. Biting midges bluetongue vectors medical entomology natural habitats trapping methods species composition. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background Culicoides is a taxonomically diverse genus of tiny hematophagous insects belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae. The number of Culicoides species has increased over the last few years in Europe, particularly those belonging to the subgenus Culicoides , due to the rise of molecular approaches [ 1 – 5 ]. Culicoides are vectors of arboviruses of the Orbivirus genus, such as the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), Bluetongue virus (BTV), and Schmallenberg virus (SV) [ 6 – 9 ]. The recent outbreaks of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) in Spain, a virus transmitted by Culicoides , which primarily affects cervids and livestock [ 10 , 11 ], has renewed the interest in this group. Furthermore, Culicoides are also vectors of parasites infecting non-mammal hosts, including the avian malaria-like parasites of the genus Haemoproteus [ 12 ]. Due to their minute size, the identification of Culicoides species across Europe has remained challenging. Morphological diagnostic characters that are commonly used for identification are often difficult to observe. Wing spot patterns are of primary importance in species diagnosis [ 13 – 15 ]. However, some Culicoides species bear faint spots or lack a defined wing pattern resulting in clear wings without markings, these being routinely grouped as “other Culicoides species” in large faunistic studies [ 16 , 17 ]. Considering that about 25% of the European Culicoides are faint or unspotted species, the study of Culicoides communities requires mounting specimens in slides. This task requires skills, is laborious, time-consuming, and impracticable when a large number needs to be identified and may be incompatible with the preservation of specimens for pathogen surveillance. Many studies published in Europe only focused on species with wing-patterns, which usually correspond to vectors involved in epizootics (subgenus Culicoides and Avaritia ) [ 18 – 20 ]. However, the identification of non-target Culicoides fauna should also be undertaken, not only to improve the faunistic inventories but also for a better characterization of other unknown potential vectors that might arise in future epizootics [ 21 ]. Suction light traps, particularly the commercially available Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) trap and the UV-CDC downdraft suction trap are the most commonly used traps for the collection of Culicoides [ 22 ]. These traps are routinely chosen for their ease of installation, provision of standardized data among studies, and ability to collect a reasonable numbers of vector species when present [ 22 ]. However, as shown in other insect groups, using alternative approaches to sample Culicoides may provide new opportunities to collect species attracted to other stimuli [ 22 , 23 ]. Since information on the composition and distribution of Culicoides species is a prerequisite to understand the epidemiology of Culicoides -borne pathogens, surveillance contributes to the development of effective strategies for disease prevention and control. In Spain, until 2012, 81 Culicoides species were recorded [ 24 ], and in the subsequent 12 years, to our knowledge, 5 more species were added [ 2 , 25 – 28 ]. However, current information of the Culicoides fauna differs between regions, with South Spain being comparatively understudied in spite that AHSV [ 29 , 30 ], BTV [ 31 ] and EHD [ 32 ] outbreaks occurred in the area in 1956–1960 and 2004–2023. This area has been severely affected by West Nile Virus outbreaks in recent years [ 33 ], and a large effort is being done for the characterization of mosquito communities across the territory. In addition to mosquitoes, Culicoides biting midges are often captured in these traps. Here, we conducted an extensive monitoring of Culicoides in several diverse environments using an alternative sampling method to improve the knowledge of the Culicoides distribution in the area. In addition, we carried out a bibliographic review of the Culicoides species recorded in South Spain. Methods Study area, design and trapping The study was conducted in the provinces of Huelva, Sevilla, Málaga, Córdoba, and Cádiz of the Andalusia region (southern Spain) (Fig. 1 ). This region is characterized by a Mediterranean climate with mild winters with irregular precipitations and dry, hot, and sunny summers. Some areas experience the hottest temperatures in the country during summer (> 45º C). In 2023, when this study was conducted, the average year-round temperature was approximately 19º C, with more than 290 days of sunshine. January was the coldest month, and August the hottest. Culicoides biting midges were collected using two different surveys. In the first survey (first study hereinafter), a total of 450 sampling sites were sampled three times (spring, summer, and autumn) from April to November 2023. The total area sampled covered 31,500 km 2 across the provinces of Sevilla, Cádiz, and Huelva, resulting in an overall trapping effort of ca. 1,350 trapping days (Fig. 1 ). To ensure systematic coverage, the area was divided into grids (5 x 5 km) with one sampling point selected in each grid. The sampling points and routes were determined at the beginning of the study to design fieldwork tracks that would maximize the number of traps surveyed each day. The order of sampling of these predefined tracks was randomly established to prevent associations between time and land-use geography. The second survey (second study) corresponds to the Junta de Andalusia mosquito survey program, with 26 sampling sites: 8 in Sevilla and 8 in Cádiz sampled at weekly intervals and 6 in Córdoba and 4 in Málaga sampled every two weeks, in both cases from 15-June to 23-November (i.e. 436 trapping days) (Fig. 1 ). In all cases, insects were sampled using the commercially available BG-Sentinel model 2 (Biogents, Regensburg, Germany) trap. These traps were baited with 1.2 Kg of dry ice in a polystyrene box to generate a continuous flow of carbon dioxide at the entrance of the trap, placed on the ground, and were operated for 24 h. Traps were set in shaded and sheltered areas to avoid direct sunlight and wind, to increase captures, and reduced the risk of vandalism. Samples were preserved in dry ice while transported to the laboratory and subsequently stored at -80ºC. Morphological identification and molecular analysis Frozen insects were immediately separated into groups on a chill table (BioQuip, Rancho Dominguez, CA, USA) under the stereomicroscope. Culicoides were sorted out by sex and feeding status, and then were separated into species with distinctive wing patterns (i.e. Culicoides jamaicensis , Culicoides newsteadi , Culicoides imicola , Cculicoides circumscriptus , etc.) and those with plain wings. Specimens with unspotted wings and/or unknown wing-patterned species were further examined based on other traits such as body size, colour, thorax pattern, wing features, and palpi. A subset of 285 distinctive Culicoides specimens was then individually dissected into different body parts (head, thorax, wings, and abdomen), mounted with Hoyer's medium on glass slides using needles (0.5 mm diameter), and dried at room temperature for 7 days. Key diagnostic structures of specimens were examined using a composed optical microscopy, employing a combination of three identification keys [ 13 , 14 , 34 ]. Length of every palpus and flagellar segments, wing length (from basal arculus to wing tip) and wing width (from R 2 to vein Cu 1 ), and spermathecae were photographed and measured under the optical microscope (Zeiss, Axioscope, UK) with a digital camera (Axioram 208 model) for the undescribed species and the new record Culicoides species (to complete the original descriptions). Measurements of the different parts of the specimens were performed using the Zeiss analyzing software. The area of the sensorial pit in the third palpus was also calculated with the “area calculator tool” in the new Culicoides species identified in this study. Antennal ratio (AR) was calculated as XI-XV antennal segments divided with segments III-X and Palpal ratio (PR) was calculated as length of segment III divided with the greatest breadth of the segment III. The barcoding region of specimens of C. pseudolangeroni (n = 5) and C. grandifovea sp. nov. (n = 6) together with other plain-winged sibling species (specifically Culicoides indistinctus and Culicoides kurensis ) (n = 4) were molecularly characterized. The head of each specimen was slide-mounted as previously described whereas the rest of the body was used for molecular analyses. Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample using the Maxwell®16 LEV Blood and Tissue DNA kit following the manufacturer's protocol. A 658 bp fragment of the cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene was amplified and sequenced following Folmer et al. [ 35 ]. The presence of amplicons was verified on 1.5% agarose gels. The amplified products were sequenced on both strands using Capillary Electrophoresis Sequencing by UCM (Madrid, Spain) and a consensus sequence was generated using Geneious v.2020.0.3 [ 36 ]. Species-level identity was determined with a threshold of > 99% identity score using BLASTn ( https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi ). Nucleotide sequences generated during this study were deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ: https://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/index-e.html ). Phylogenetic analyses A total of 24 Culicoides species (55 sequences) were included in the phylogenetic analysis. A sequence of Atrichopogon levis (GU804122) was used as an outgroup. Phylogenetic reconstructions were conducted using the Maximum Likelihood optimization criterion, employing the GTR + F + I + G4 model as defined by IQ-TREE [ 37 ] and model selection was based on Akaike information criterion. The robustness of the resulting ML trees was evaluated using SH-aLRT (Shimodaira–Hasegawa-like approximate Likelihood Ratio Test) and 1000 bootstraps. The tree was visualized using FigTree v1.4.2 ( http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ ). Finally, Neighbor-Net networks (NNn) were constructed using distance matrices corrected with the Kimura two-parameter model [ 38 ]. Literature review A checklist of Culicoides species reported in southern Spain was compiled through a systematic review following the guidelines outlined by Haddaway et al. [ 39 ]. The bibliographic investigation involved using various databases of scientific and public journals such Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Scopus, Dialnet, PubMed, Redalyc, SciELO, BioOne, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and REDIB to identify articles released from 1900 to 2023. Our research included keywords in English and Spanish of the following combination of terms in the title, abstract and keywords: " Culicoides " OR "jejenes" OR "Ceratopogonidae" AND "Spain" as well as variations combining these keywords with specific regions like "Andalucía," "Andalusia," "Iberia," "Iberian," and "Peninsula." Combinations such as " Culicoides " AND "South Spain" and similar pairs with "jejenes" and "Ceratopogonidae" were also used. Additional articles were obtained from references from the articles reviewed. Some old articles were not available online and were requested to corresponding authors. Duplicated publications and works that do not explicitly mention the Culicoides species or place of capture, were removed from the review, obtaining a total of 24 publications to be included in the present study. Results At least 48 species of Culicoides had been cited in Andalusia in studies published between 1900 and 2023 (Table 1). In our study, we collected 3,084 Culicoides specimens (3,060 females and 24 males) in both sampling surveys (n = 2,644 in the first one and 440 in the second one), representing 23 valid Culicoides species, four Culicoides variations and five undetermined taxa (Table 2). Our sampling includes at least five new records (Table 1-2) for Andalusia, including C. montanus within the Obsoletus group, therefore totalizing 53 valid species for this region. This study includes a new species hereinafter referred to as C. grandifovea sp . nov. and a new record for Europe ( C. pseudolangeroni ). Culicoides jumineri near bahrainensis was also recorded as first record for Spain but it is not included as valid species. With these two new records, 88 Culicoides species have been reported in Spain, with about 60 % of them present in Andalusia. Our study accounted for 19, 16, 17, 7 and 3 Culicoides species collected in the provinces of Huelva, Cádiz, Sevilla, Córdoba, and Málaga, respectively (Table 1). Table 1. Updated checklist of Culicoides species reported in South Spain based on literature records (1900-2023) and the present study (2023). Culicoides species Literature records Present study Reference Collection method HU CA SE CO MA JA AL GR HU CA SE CO MA 1 C. cataneii Clastrier, 1957 3-5,7 SLT X X X X X X 2 C. cryptipulicaris sp. nov. 2017 a 20 SLT X 3 C. bahrainensis Boorman, 1989 b 5,7 SLT NA 4 C. begueti Clastrier, 1957 4 SLT X X X X X X X 5 C. brunnicans Edwards, 1939 2 SLT X 6 C. circumscriptus Kieffer, 1918 2-5,7 11,13,14,17,21,24 SLT + BN X X X X X X X X X X X X X 7 C. chiopterus (Meigen, 1830) 4,7 SLT X X 8 C. corsicus Kremer, LeBerre & Beaucournu- Saguez, 1971 4 SLT X X X X X X 9 C. dewulfi Goetghebuer, 1936 16 SLT NA 10 C. duddingstoni Kettle & Lawson, 1955 2 SLT X 11 C. fagineus Edwards, 1939 2,5,7 SLT X X X 12 C. fascipennis (Staeger, 1839) 3,13 SLT X 13 C. festivipennis Kieffer, 1914 2-5,7,13,24 SLT + BN X X X X X X X X 14 C. gejgelensis Dzhafarov, 1964 2,5,7 SLT X X 15 C. griseidorsum Kieffer, 1818 2 SLT X 16 C. grandifovea sp. nov. SLT X X X X 17 C. haranti Rioux, Descous & Pech, 1959 SLT X X 18 C. helveticus Callot, Kremer & Deduit, 1962 4 SLT X X X 19 C. heteroclitus Kremer & Callot, 1965 3,13 SLT X 20 C. indistinctus Khalaf, 1961 SLT X X X 21 C. imicola Kieffer, 1913 2-11, 13,15-21,23 SLT X X X X X X X X X X X X 22 C. jamaiciensis Edwards, 1922 c 12,21 SLT X X X X X X 23 C. jumineri Callot & Kremer, 1969 3 SLT X 24 C. kibunensis Tokunaga, 1937 4,24 SLT + BN X X X 25 C. kurensis Dzhafarov, 1960 2,5,7 SLT X X X X 26 C. longipennis Khalaf, 1957 3-5,7 SLT X X X X X 27 C. marcleti Callot, Kremer & Basset, 1968 5,7 SLT X 28 C. maritimus Kieffer, 1924 3,4,13,24 SLT X X X X X 29 C. minutissimus (Zetterstedt, 1855) X X 30 C. montanus Shakirzjanova, 1962 X 31 C. newsteadi Austen, 1921 d 3-5,7,10,13,15 SLT X X X X X X X X X X X X 32 C. nubeculosus (Meigen, 1830) 13, 16 SLT NA X X 33 C. obsoletus (Meigen, 1818) 4-5,7, 13, 15-17 SLT X X X X X X X X 34 C. odiatus Austen, 1921 2,5,7,10 SLT X 35 C. parroti Kieffer, 1922 2,5,7,13 SLT X X X X X 36 C. pictipennis (Staeger, 1839) 4,13,24 SLT X X X 37 C. poperinghensis Goetghebuer, 1953 4 SLT X 38 C. pseudolangeroni Kremer, Chaker and Delecolle, 1981 X X X X X 39 C. pulicaris (Linnaeus, 1758) e 4-5,7,11-17,19 SLT X X X X X X X X 40 C. punctatus (Meigen, 1804) 5,7,13,15 SLT X X X X X X X 41 C. puncticollis (Becker, 1903) 1-3,7,13 SLT X X X X X 42 C. quasipulicaris sp nov. 2017 a 20 SLT X 43 C. reconditus Campbell and Pelham-Clinton, 1960 24 BN X 44 C. riethi Kieffer, 1914 4-5,7 SLT X X X X X 45 C. saevus Kieffer, 1922 2 SLT X X 46 C. sahariensi s Kieffer, 1923 4-5,7 SLT X X X X X 47 C. segnis Campbell & Clinton, 1959 4 SLT X X X X 48 C. scoticus Downes & Kettle, 1952 7,16 SLT X 49 C. shaklawensi s Khalaf, 1957 3-4,7 SLT X X X X 50 C. tauricus Gutsevich, 1959 22 SLT X 51 C. truncorum Edwards, 1939 24 BN X 52 C. univittatus Vimmer, 1932 4,5,7,10,13 SLT X X X 53 C. vidourlensis Callot, Kremer, Molet & Bach, 1968 2 SLT X New Culicoides records for Andalusia in the present study are in bold. HU = Huelva, CA = Cádiz, SE = Sevilla, CO = Córdoba, MA = Málaga, JA = Jaén, GR = Granada, and AL = Almería. SLT = Suction light traps, BN = Bird nest. a Species recently described by both molecular and morphological barcoding [40]. b The taxonomic status of this species is not fully studied, and various synonyms have been proposed. c This species previously known as C. paolae has been proposed to be the same species than the American C. jamaiciensis [41]. d This species within the Pulicaris group have been routinely gathered with C. pulicaris , thus the distribution status is incomplete. e Previous studies based on DNA barcoding have proposed the existence of other phenotypes and genotypes [3]. NA = No information on the province is provided. Reference notes: 1 [42] , 2 [43] , 3 [44] , 4 [45] , 5 [46] , 6 [47] , 7 [48] , 8 [15] , 9 [29] , 10 [49] , 11 [50] , 12 [51], 13 [52] , 14 [53] , 15 [54] , 16 [55] , 17 [56] , 18 [57] , 19 [58] , 20 [40] , 21 [25] , 22 [59] , 23 [19] , 24 [60] . Table 2. Number of Culicoides biting midges collected in 476 sampling sites (first study + second study) in Andalusia (southern Spain) by using BG traps baited with carbon dioxide during 2023. Culicoides species First study (%) Second study (%) Total (%) C. imicola 453 (17.1) 85 (19.3) 538 (17.4) C. grandifovea sp. nov. 1 449 (17.0) 0 (0.0) 449 (14.6) C. kurensis 354 (13.4) 14 (3.2) 368 (11.9) C. pseudolangeroni 2 251 (9.5) 112 (25.5) 363 (11.8) C. circumscriptus 285 (10.8) 50 (11.4) 335 (10.9) C. jamaicensis 130 (4.9) 21 (4.8) 151 (4.9) C. minutissimus 111 (4.2) 4 (0.9) 115 (3.7) C. haranti 64 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 64 (2.1) C. newsteadi 36 (1.4) 27 (6.1) 63 (2.0) C. indistinctus 3 39 (1.5) 2 (0.5) 37 (1.2) C. kurensis variation 4 19 (0.7) 13 (3.2) 32 (0.9) C. sahariensis 2 (0.1) 18 (4.1) 20 (0.6) C. cataneii 7 (0.3) 8 (1.8) 15 (0.5) C. corsicus 7 (0.3) 4 (0.9) 11 (0.4) C. nubeculosus 2 (0.1) 8 (1.8) 10 (0.3) C. saevus 7 (0.3) 1 (0.2) 8 (0.3) C. begueti 6 (0.2) 1(0.2) 7 (0.2) C. festivipennis 7 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 7 (0.2) C. longipennis 5 (0.2) 1 (0.2) 6 (0.2) C. shaklawensis 4 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 4 (0.1) C. jumineri near bahrainensis 5 0 (0.0) 3 (0.7) 3 (0.1) C. montanus 2 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1) C. haranti variation 6 2 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1) C. helveticus 2 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1) C. fagineus 2 (0.1 0 (0.0) 2 (0.1) C. gejgelensis 1 (< 0.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (< 0.1) Undetermined sp. 7 5 (0.2) 1 (0.2) 6 (0.2) Damaged 392 (14.8) 67 (15.2) 459 (14.9) Total 2644 440 3084 1,2 Represent a new species and a new record for Europe. 3,4,6 These species show minor sensilla coeloconica variations and do not match with original descriptions. 5 Represent a new record for Spain but it is not already defined as a valid species. 7 Five taxa undetermined represent specimens with unique features but due to the low numbers we cannot infer if they represent valid species or are atypical variations or abnormal specimens. Culicoides abundance and species richness In this study, the most common species was C. imicola (17.4 %), followed by C. grandifovea nov. sp. (14.6 %), C. pseudolangeroni (11.9 %), and C. circumscriptus (11.8 %). Captures of the remaining species were much less abundant (Table 2). Based on the frequency of trapping, C. circumscriptus was recorded as the most widely distributed species (122 times), followed by C. pseudolangeroni (55 times), C. imicola (48 times) and C. grandifovea sp. nov. (14 times). Due to missing, broken, or damaged parts of their bodies, 14.9% of the specimens could not be identified at the species level. Out of the 23 collected Culicoides species, eight were plain-winged specimens and 15 were wing patterned species. Out of the 476 sampling sites (ca. 1,786 days of trapping effort), 225 times (12.5 %) were positive for Culicoides species (Fig. 1), including 118 (6.6 %) in spring, 65 (3.6 %) in summer and 42 (2.3 %) in autumn. Flight seasonality of Culicoides species Culicoides spp. (all species gathered) remained active throughout the entire period of sampling (Fig. 2), with a peak in September and decreased in November. Similar numbers of Culicoides were captured in May, June, October, and November, while the minimum Culicoides numbers were collected in August, coinciding with the hottest month in Andalusia (Fig. 2). Culicoides imicola was more commonly collected in September followed by July, but the peak of C. imicola captures was more notorious in the second survey, where they peaked in autumn (October and November). Culicoides kurensis, the third most common species, followed a similar trend than C. imicola. Moreover, C. grandifovea sp. nov. showed the opposite pattern than C. imicola and C. kurensis. Culicoides grandifovea sp. nov. exhibits moderate peaks from May to August, while was absent in autumn (Supplementary Fig 1). New recorded species Taxonomy . Culicoides grandifovea sp. Nov. González, 2024 (Fig. 3) Type material. Holotype (n = 19 females): southern Spain (2023). Sevilla, Huelva, and Cádiz provinces (Andalusia) collected by BG-sentinel 2 traps supplemented with dry ice. Specimens stored in ethanol (70 %) (1.5 Eppendorf tubes) (n = 9) and slide-mounted specimens (n = 10) deposited in the Entomology collection of the Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain). Paratypes (n = 430). Same localities as reported before (coordinates available in Supplementary Table 1). Habitat . Specimens collected in diverse habitats including mainly Mediterranean scrubs and diverse tree forests such as Eucalyptus , Pine, Olive grove and Holm oak trees, among others. Distribution . Widely distributed in the provinces of Sevilla, Huelva, Cádiz and Málaga (southern Spain) (Fig. 1). Etymology . Based on the large size of the sensory pit of the 3 rd palpus segment. Fovea (foʊviə) = Latin for pit. It refers to a pit or depression in the 3 rd palpus. Description of female Size . Medium size species (1.3-1.6 mm) (Fig. 3a). Head . Eyes bare, narrowly separated by a distance of approximately ¾ or one ocular facet (Fig. 3b). Eyes connected by two fine transverse sutures (superior and central) enclosing the interocular setae. Number of sensilla coeloconica on flagellomeres III-XIV are 3-4/0-1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/2 (Fig. 3c). Flagellomeres III-XIV with means of length of 49.2/32.5/31.6/32.6/32.9/32.4/31.8/32.2/48.2/48.4/50.7/53.1/67.5 µm. Mean AR = 0.97 (0.95–1.03 µm). Palpi are 5-segmented with 238.80 ± 20.86 µm in length (Fig. 3d). The third palpus segment is strongly inflated with a single and wide shallow circular sensory pit (occupying almost the front half) of the palpus and is full of sensilla that externally exceed (Fig. 3e). Mean PR = 1.77 (1.65-1.78 µm). Area of sensory pit (3 rd palpus) = 605.20 (68.3) µm 2 . Distance from posterior pharynx to end of hypopharynx: 215.25 (208-227 µm). Mandible with a mean of 11.75 teeth and maxillae with 15.50 teeth. Further details are provided in Supplementary Table 3. Thorax . Scutum dark brown with ornamentation (shown in fresh specimens). Median part of scutum with two broad light bands along the scutum (Fig. 3f). Colour varies depending on light incidence. Halteres pale. Unspotted wings with abundant evenly distributed microtrichia, with a little more abundant microtrichia in the apical zone (R 5 area) (Fig. 3g). Mean length of wings is 1087.3 (1039-1128 µm) and width is 502.1 (468-529 µm). Radial cells (R 1 and R 2 ) are noticeably dark. Inconspicuous marked pale spots on r-m cross vein and second costal area of wings. Legs brown uniform with tarsal segments lighter (slide-mounted specimens). Slender legs, fore (femur = 393-406 µm length and tibia = 388-409 µm), mid (femur = 392-408 µm length and tibia = 379- 408 µm) and hind legs (femur = 306-328 µm length and tibia = 334-369 µm) with first tarsomere two times longer than the second one in the three pairs of legs. Tibial comb in fore legs with four major spurs of similar size along with other spines with smaller size. Spines of tarsomeres absent in fore and hind legs and present in tarsomere I-IV in middle legs. Abdomen . Two fully functional spherical spermathecae highly sclerotized (dark brown colour). Spermathecae slightly asymmetric (length vs width: 66.5 ± 2.12 µm x 53.0 ± 4.32 µm) and 53.0 ± 7.1 µm x 45.6 ± 6.66 µm) with a short unpigmented neck or without neck (Fig. 3). Third rudimentary spermatheca vestigial. Sclerotized ring and abdominal sclerites absent. Differential diagnosis and remarks. This species is similar in size and appearance to other dully coloured (plain-wing and half-wing species) medium sized species such as C. kibunensis, C. indistinctus , C. odiatus and other related species. However, the pale spot on both r-m and second costal spot is more marked in these species compared to C. grandifovea sp. nov. In addition, the large sensory pit of the third maxillary palpus might be observed under 6-8x magnification for ruling out the previous species. The ornamentation of the thorax is also shared with C. indistinctus . Accurate identification requires the elaboration of slide-mounted specimens. Under the compound microscope, C. gradifovea sp. nov. is unique since it combines the three following features: i) distribution of sensilla coeloconica from III-XIV (variable in IV) (allowing the exclusion of many other plain-wing species), ii) the third palpal segment is moderately swollen with a large circular shallow sensory pit (in C. odiatus and C. indistinctus is different) with certain resemblance to the palpi of C. kurensis , and iii) spermathecae are slightly asymmetric, highly sclerotized (dark brown colour), and spherical without neck. Unspotted wings are overall large and showy. Another less relevant feature is the presence of two sutures joining the eyes. Males were not captured, probably because carbon dioxide traps do not attract them. New record of C. pseudolangeroni Culicoides pseudolangeroni represents the first record from Europe. Collections of this species (11.8% of the total; 367 females and 1 male from 11/04 to 27/10/2023) occurred in the five sampled provinces (Cádiz, Sevilla, Huelva, Málaga, and Córdoba) (Fig. 1). Its body length size is between 0.95-1.15 mm (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Eyes are bare and separated by a distance equal to the diameter of one ommatidial facet (SupSupplementary Fig. 2b). Thorax is typically brown, unspotted, and covered by visible interspersed setae (Supplementary Fig. 2c). Scutellum is usually yellowish or lighter compared to scutum (Supplementary Fig. 2d). Antennae, sensilla coeloconica on flagellomeres III-VI and XI-XIV (Supplementary Fig. 2f): Maxillary palpi (3 rd palpus segment) with a single open and shallow sensory pit (Supplementary Fig. 2h). The functional spermathecae are lightly sclerotized with a short neck and ring present. Plain wings, with no markings (Supplementary Fig. 2f). The most characteristic feature of males is the base of the parameters. They bear a highly sclerotized circular-shape structure leading to a pointed protuberance (Supplementary Fig. 2e). Phylogenetic analysis of Culicoides grandifovea sp. nov. New COI sequences (> 600 pb) have been deposited for C. grandifovea sp. nov. (LC819641-46), C. pseudolangeroni (LC819647-49,54-55), C. kurensis (LC819650-51) and C. indistinctus (LC819652-53) . Intraspecific d values were very low ( d = 0.002 %) among C. grandifovea sp. nov. sequences. Similarity of C. grandifovea COI sequences with other Culicoides sequences were lower than 92.6%. The more similar sequences corresponded to an unknown Culicoides sp. (MK732284,86) captured in Morocco (Fig. 4). Two out of the six specimens analyzed by barcoding showing lack of sensilla coeloconica in segment IV resulted to be genetically similar to the other four C. grandifovea sp. nov. showing such sensilla. Similarity of C. pseudolangeroni sequences in relation with the closely related species C. langeroni (KJ729987) ranged between 98.06 % and 97.25 %. According to the phylogenetic tree, C. pseudolangeroni is a single monophyletic group (Fig. 4) with an intraspecific d value ( d = 0.001 %) for C. pseudolangeroni , albeit clustered alongside C. langeroni . The genetic distance between C. pseudolangeroni and C. langeroni COI sequences ranged between 2 and 3% (Supplementary Table 3). Discussion This study provides a comprehensive faunistic catalog of the Culicoides species found in South Spain, an area historically affected by Culicoides -borne pathogens [ 30 , 61 ]. The use of non-standard sampling methods carried out in diverse environments helped in identifying a high diversity of species, including some previously unknown species in this region. Interestingly, using this approach, two of the three most common species recorded in the area resulted to be a new species for science and a new record for Europe. In addition, many of the remaining collected Culicoides species are poorly documented in the literature. Light or carbon dioxide are the most commonly used baits for the collection of Culicoides midges [ 62 , 63 ]. Due to the strong attraction of UV-light sources, Culicoides are usually collected in high numbers, especially in livestock farms and natural landscapes where wild ruminants are present [ 62 , 64 ]. Light traps represent a practical and economical trapping system to determine species presence and abundance in an area [ 65 ]. However, light is an artificial attraction stimulus that does not mimic or reflect any response to a host. Several studies have indicated carbon dioxide to be an attractant for a number of blood-feeding insects, including Culicoides [ 66 , 67 ]. However, a limited number of studies have exploited it, as carbon dioxide is relatively expensive, has a short period of operation, and is often considered impractical for routine use in large-scale surveillance programs [ 22 , 65 ]. Using carbon dioxide traps, we collected a wide range of Culicoides species, but in lower numbers compared to light traps, which is in line with other studies [ 63 – 65 , 68 ]. While we collected a mean of 0.56 Culicoides trap/day, 10–100 midges trap/day have been collected in studies using light traps in South Spain [ 50 , 52 , 69 ]. Regarding the species composition, C. imicola, C. newsteadi , C. pulicaris group, C. circumscriptus , and C. obsoletus group dominated in previous studies using light traps in farms or in presence of livestock in Andalusia [ 29 , 48 , 50 , 52 , 55 , 69 , 70 , 70 ], which contrasts with our findings. This difference in species composition might be attributed to different factors including the habitat sampled with species such as those of the Obsoletus and Pulicaris groups usually associated with livestock [ 20 , 71 , 72 ]. In addition, the traps used may affect the ratios, abundances, and species richness of Culicoides captured [ 63 , 73 – 75 ]. Carbon dioxide baited traps may be useful to capture host-seeking females for epidemiological studies while UV-traps might be used to capture blood-fed females for host identification analysis [ 63 , 67 , 68 , 76 ]. In fact, only six specimens with blood were collected in our study (0.2%). In our study, carbon dioxide baited traps were successful for the collection of the main afrotropical vector C. imicola , which is consistent with other studies [ 65 ]. However, no collections were made of the widespread species C. obsoletus , probably because this species responds poorly to carbon dioxide-baited traps [ 68 , 77 – 79 ]. Overall, the Culicoides fauna of South Spain comprises species with different geographical distributions such as Palearctic, Mediterranean Basin, and Afrotropical species [ 80 ]. About 35% of the Culicoides species collected belonged to the so-called group of “plain-wing species” and/or poorly developed wing pattern species which are predominant in drier and more open habitats [ 81 ]. Interestingly, among the recorded species, we found the new species Culicoides grandifovea sp. nov. with a broad distribution in South Spain and relatively high abundances in the area. The molecular analyses of the barcoding region of this species support a single genetic cluster group, with the closer phylogenetic relations with sequences from unidentified Culicoides from Morocco and with C. kurensis . Culicoides grandifovea sp. nov. displayed a flight activity with a major peak in the hottest and driest month of the year. The fact that this second most abundant species was not recorded previously might indicate its absence in farmland habitats and/or a low attraction to light traps. Also, active trapping conducted in previous years with suction light traps in the region have revealed absence of this species (data not shown). Based on the distribution of sensilla coeloconica and the palpus size, a preference of this species to feed on avian blood might be expected [ 82 ]. We also recorded C. pseudolangeroni for the first time in Europe. This species belongs to the C. langeroni species group, together with C. langeroni, C. judae , and C. molotovae [ 83 ], which is in line with the phylogenetic tree results. Culicoides pseudolangeroni has been previously found in deserts of Central Asia and North Africa [ 14 , 84 – 86 ]. In addition, C. jumineri near bahrainensis was recorded at least three times in our study. The taxonomy of the Jumineri species group is not yet studied and the taxonomic status remains unclear. Unfortunately, we were unable to recover DNA from these specimens as they were mounted in slides. A molecular analysis comparing the nucleotide sequences of genes like COI and/or ITS2 is needed to resolve the issue between C. jumineri s.s. and C. bahrainensis s.s., the latter distributed in Saudi Arabia [ 87 ]. In addition, three Culicoides variations ( C. haranti variation, C. kurensis variation and C. indistinctus ) were recorded. These kinds of variations are frequently recorded in literature [ 14 , 88 ]. Also, five unknown Culicoides taxa were recorded in low numbers (≤ 2 specimens each one). These species possess sensilla coeloconica variations in antennal flagellomeres and/or other features (atypical pit shape), however, more specimens are necessary to determine if they represent valid species. This material evidences the complexity of the taxonomy of the Culicoides genus. Regarding BTV, AHSV, and EHDvirus disease vectors, Culicoides obsoletus and C. pulicaris group species were less predominant and geographically-temporally distributed than C. imicola , but they are frequently reported in southern Spain [ 48 , 52 , 55 ]. It is interesting to note the absence of members of C. pulicaris/C. lupicaris and Culicoides obsoletus groups except two specimens of C. montanus. This can be due to different non-exclusive causes. First, former species are usually associated with farm environments, and second, it might be possible that C. montanus can be overlooked with C. obsoletus and Culicoides scoticus species. However, they can be easily separated from the other members of the Obsoletus group under the stereo microscope by observing the single deep pit of the palpi. Similar reasons might explain that some species were not recorded in the past by light suction traps, being some of them particularly abundant in our study ( C. kurensis , C. grandifovea nov. sp. and C. pseudolangeroni ). Ornithophilic species such as C. circumscriptus and C. jamaicensis (previously named C. paolae ) commonly captured in the region by different trapping methods [ 89 ], have resulted also common in our carbon dioxide baited traps. Finally, our results provide information on the seasonal activity of Culicoides species in the area. Although variable between species, the flight activity of Culicoides spp. (including C. imicola ) showed a major peak at the end of spring and another one in September/October. These results agree with previous studies where C. imicola peaked between August-November with a remarkable variation depending on sites [ 29 , 48 , 50 , 55 ]. Abiotic and biotic parameters including climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature may determine the abundance of Culicoides species in the area [ 29 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 90 ]. This may be especially relevant due to the low rainfall (totally absent in mid-summer) and extremely high temperatures (July-August) in the study area which may impact the development and/or flight activity of most Culicoides species. Conclusions Through a comprehensive literature review alongside extensive active trapping, we have expanded the known Culicoides fauna in Spain to 88 valid species, specifically to 53 in southern Spain. Our findings underscore the importance of complementing traditional UV-light traps with alternative trapping methods such as carbon dioxide-baited traps, to comprehensively assess Culicoides abundance and distribution. This allowed us to identify a previously undescribed species of Culicoides despite its widespread distribution and abundance in the area. Future studies should determine the role of these new or poorly documented Culicoides species in the transmission of pathogens of interest in animal and public health. Abbreviations UV: Ultraviolet AHSV: African horse sickness virus BTV: Bluetongue virus SV: Schmallenberg virus EHD: Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease OVI: Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute COI: Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I AR: Antennal ratio PR: Palpal ratio LISD: Life Science Identifiers. Declarations Acknowledgement We thank Alvaro Solis, Cintia Vega, Cristina Diaz, Maria del Mar Ándujar and Juan José Talaverón for helping in the capture and separation of Culicoides . We thank Shirin Taheri for her help in the elaboration of the map and Maria José Ruiz-López for her support in molecular analysis. Author contributions JF conceived, designed and supervised the study and revised the final draft of the manuscript. MAG conceived the study and performed data collection, investigation and writing—original draft preparation; SM, JMP, VSM and DBB interpreted the results, analyzed the data and reviewed the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version for submission. Funding This study has been funded by Fundación “La Caixa” through the project ARBOPREVENT (HR22-00123) and Junta de Andalusia. Additional funding derived from project PN2022-2945 from the Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales and PLEC2021-007968 project (NEXTHREAT) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/5011000110333 and supported by EU NextGeneration funds. Availability of data and materials Data available on request. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References Nielsen SA, Kristensen M. 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Viennet E, Garros C, Lancelot R, Allène X, Gardès L, Rakotoarivony I, et al. Assessment of vector/host contact: comparison of animal-baited traps and UV-light/suction trap for collecting Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vectors of Orbiviruses. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4. Cohnstaedt LW, Rochon K, Duehl AJ, Anderson JF, Barrera R, Su NY, et al. Arthropod Surveillance Programs: Basic Components, Strategies, and Analysis. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 2012;105:135. González MA. El género Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) en el País Vasco, norte de españa. Thesis. 2014;327. Mullens BA, Owen JP, Heft DE, Sobeck RV. Culicoides and other biting flies on the palos verdes peninsula of southern california, and their possible relationship to equine dermatitis. 2005;21:90–5. Harrup LE, Logan JG, Cook JI, Golding N, Birkett MA, Pickett JA, et al. Collection of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) using CO2 and enantiomers of 1-octen-3-ol in the United Kingdom. J Med Entomol. 2012;49:112–21. Bourquia M, Garros C, Rakotoarivony I, Gardès L, Huber K, Boukhari I, et al. Update of the species checklist of Culicoides Latreille, 1809 biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Morocco. Parasites and Vectors. 2019;12:1–13. Boorman J. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Arabian Peninsula with notes on their medical and veterinary importance. 1989; Martínez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J, Soriguer R. Fur or feather? Feeding preferences of species of Culicoides biting midges in Europe. Trends Parasitol. 2015;31:16–22. Glukhova VM, Braverman Y. Review of the palearctic desert biting midges Culicoides langeroni group, with a description of a new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36:309–12. Kremer M, Chaker E, Delécolle J-C. Description de Culicoides pseudolangeroni n. sp. [Dipt. Ceratopogonidae]. Bull la Société Entomol Fr. 1981;86:291–7. Slama, D. Chaquer E, Zrelli S, Mathieu B. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Fauna in Central Tunisia. Entomol Ornithol Herpetol Curr Res. 2016;5. Braverman Y, Messaddeq N, Lemble C, Kremer M. Reevaluation of the taxonomic status of the Culicoides spp. (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) from Israel and the eastern Mediterranean and review of their potential medical and veterinary importance. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996;12(3 Pt 1):437-45. Kheir SM. Seasonal activity of Culicoides bahrainensis Boorman, 1989 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Saud Arabia. J King Saud Univ - Sci. 2010;22:167–72. Braverman Y, Messaddeq N, Kremer M. Abnormal features in specimens of eight Culicoides spp. (diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the easternmediterranean area. Isr J Zool. 1993;39:157–66. Bravo-Barriga D, González MA, Parreira R, Frontera E, Huerta H, Alarcón-Elbal PM. Shedding light on the controversial taxonomic status of Culicoides jamaicensis and Culicoides paolae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): an overseas trip among continents. J Med Entomol. 2023;60:944–54. Mullen GR, Jones RH, Braverman Y NK. Laboratory infections of Culicoides debilipalpis and C. stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with bluetongue virus. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;178:239–43. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Graphicalabstract.png Supplementaryinformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Parasites & Vectors → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 27 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jun, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 16 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4590313","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":320631849,"identity":"7f8659df-3ebe-49a8-84bf-74be17ea3f5a","order_by":0,"name":"Mikel Alexander González","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD, CSIC)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mikel","middleName":"Alexander","lastName":"González","suffix":""},{"id":320631850,"identity":"9099cc20-6bc8-48b9-909e-0be02014a604","order_by":1,"name":"Sergio Magallanes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD, CSIC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sergio","middleName":"","lastName":"Magallanes","suffix":""},{"id":320631851,"identity":"74d76b73-35e0-4771-98df-238d7b155877","order_by":2,"name":"Daniel Bravo-Barriga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Córdoba","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"","lastName":"Bravo-Barriga","suffix":""},{"id":320631852,"identity":"dbfa2c18-7fcc-42b4-bade-f27340177c08","order_by":3,"name":"Victor Sarto i Monteys","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Victor","middleName":"Sarto i","lastName":"Monteys","suffix":""},{"id":320631853,"identity":"5ead5d15-2c27-43a3-af66-43751a112e59","order_by":4,"name":"Josué Martinéz-Puente","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD, CSIC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Josué","middleName":"","lastName":"Martinéz-Puente","suffix":""},{"id":320631854,"identity":"62abcdbd-ea24-49a4-94f1-e4c5fd547f7e","order_by":5,"name":"Jordi Figuerola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD, CSIC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jordi","middleName":"","lastName":"Figuerola","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-16 15:37:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4590313/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4590313/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06414-2","type":"published","date":"2024-08-12T15:57:11+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59577489,"identity":"e9ead875-293a-4076-a1d1-8b96107722ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 11:37:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3524175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the 476 sampling sites in the five western provinces of Andalusia (southern Spain). Empty circles: negative sampling sites for the presence of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e. Red circles: sampling sites with captures of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e. Yellow starts: sampling sites with captures of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e. Blue triangles: sampling sites with captures of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. The map was created using QGIS software (QGIS version 3.32).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4590313/v1/fb097c7573cab7dad776a741.jpg"},{"id":59577490,"identity":"810ed6fd-d83c-4e54-9335-426641c2fec7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 11:37:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":524195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003espp. per trap/night collected in Andalusia (southern Spain) in 476 sampling sites with carbon dioxide baited BG-traps. \u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c/strong\u003e450 localities sampled in three occasions between April and November 2023. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e 26 localities sampled at weekly or two-weeks intervals between June and November 2023. The number above the bar represents the number of trapped individuals in each period.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4590313/v1/9d37d2ce2a27aac64f4ff2fb.jpg"},{"id":59577493,"identity":"07af69ad-4acb-4c32-921c-ee42196aa631","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 11:37:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4494717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHabitus of\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eNov.\u003cstrong\u003e a\u003c/strong\u003e General aspect. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e Interocular space. \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e Antennal \u003cem\u003esensilla coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e distribution. \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e Maxillary palpus. \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e Sensory pit in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e palpus segment. \u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e Wing pattern variability. \u003cstrong\u003eF \u003c/strong\u003eScutum. \u003cstrong\u003eH\u003c/strong\u003e Spermathecae.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZooBank registration.\u003c/em\u003e Details of the new species have been submitted to ZooBank. The LSID for the new name \u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e is urn: (after acceptance).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4590313/v1/b023c7c39d3175f5937a1e78.jpg"},{"id":59577492,"identity":"e29d3f74-7e8f-4f83-9ee7-8b21215a84b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 11:37:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2291657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMaximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 55 COI\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003esequences of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003especies. Topological branch support for the ML analysis (aLRT/bootstrap) is reported over specific branches, with values \u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/em\u003e75% defining high stability. The sequences of this study (n = 15, 4 species) are marked in bold.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4590313/v1/d96afd0f30307201e3f4953f.jpg"},{"id":63070780,"identity":"84389352-d91d-4add-9a6b-2a6e44b6e2b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 19:54:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":12032916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4590313/v1/66709d60-6e7c-4490-afcc-293d47751660.pdf"},{"id":59577491,"identity":"d514da15-e146-422c-aee4-a810ae17e163","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 11:37:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4445926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Graphicalabstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4590313/v1/74184aa6dda03286fd942165.png"},{"id":59577494,"identity":"b38829d5-7630-4883-a934-7ad5eb42a904","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 11:37:07","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":435641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryinformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4590313/v1/a5e1805b70b856316e33df30.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Sampling of Culicoides with non-traditional methods provides unusual species composition and new records for southern Spain","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e is a taxonomically diverse genus of tiny hematophagous insects belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae. The number of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species has increased over the last few years in Europe, particularly those belonging to the subgenus \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e, due to the rise of molecular approaches [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e are vectors of arboviruses of the Orbivirus genus, such as the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), Bluetongue virus (BTV), and Schmallenberg virus (SV) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The recent outbreaks of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) in Spain, a virus transmitted by \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e, which primarily affects cervids and livestock [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], has renewed the interest in this group. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e are also vectors of parasites infecting non-mammal hosts, including the avian malaria-like parasites of the genus \u003cem\u003eHaemoproteus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to their minute size, the identification of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species across Europe has remained challenging. Morphological diagnostic characters that are commonly used for identification are often difficult to observe. Wing spot patterns are of primary importance in species diagnosis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. However, some \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species bear faint spots or lack a defined wing pattern resulting in clear wings without markings, these being routinely grouped as \u0026ldquo;other \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species\u0026rdquo; in large faunistic studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering that about 25% of the European \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e are faint or unspotted species, the study of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e communities requires mounting specimens in slides. This task requires skills, is laborious, time-consuming, and impracticable when a large number needs to be identified and may be incompatible with the preservation of specimens for pathogen surveillance. Many studies published in Europe only focused on species with wing-patterns, which usually correspond to vectors involved in epizootics (subgenus \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAvaritia\u003c/em\u003e) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the identification of non-target \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e fauna should also be undertaken, not only to improve the faunistic inventories but also for a better characterization of other unknown potential vectors that might arise in future epizootics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuction light traps, particularly the commercially available Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) trap and the UV-CDC downdraft suction trap are the most commonly used traps for the collection of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. These traps are routinely chosen for their ease of installation, provision of standardized data among studies, and ability to collect a reasonable numbers of vector species when present [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. However, as shown in other insect groups, using alternative approaches to sample \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e may provide new opportunities to collect species attracted to other stimuli [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince information on the composition and distribution of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species is a prerequisite to understand the epidemiology of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e-borne pathogens, surveillance contributes to the development of effective strategies for disease prevention and control. In Spain, until 2012, 81 \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species were recorded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], and in the subsequent 12 years, to our knowledge, 5 more species were added [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26 CR27\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. However, current information of the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e fauna differs between regions, with South Spain being comparatively understudied in spite that AHSV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], BTV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] and EHD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] outbreaks occurred in the area in 1956\u0026ndash;1960 and 2004\u0026ndash;2023. This area has been severely affected by West Nile Virus outbreaks in recent years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], and a large effort is being done for the characterization of mosquito communities across the territory. In addition to mosquitoes, \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e biting midges are often captured in these traps. Here, we conducted an extensive monitoring of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e in several diverse environments using an alternative sampling method to improve the knowledge of the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e distribution in the area. In addition, we carried out a bibliographic review of the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species recorded in South Spain.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area, design and trapping\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the provinces of Huelva, Sevilla, M\u0026aacute;laga, C\u0026oacute;rdoba, and C\u0026aacute;diz of the Andalusia region (southern Spain) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This region is characterized by a Mediterranean climate with mild winters with irregular precipitations and dry, hot, and sunny summers. Some areas experience the hottest temperatures in the country during summer (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45\u0026ordm; C). In 2023, when this study was conducted, the average year-round temperature was approximately 19\u0026ordm; C, with more than 290 days of sunshine. January was the coldest month, and August the hottest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e biting midges were collected using two different surveys. In the first survey (first study hereinafter), a total of 450 sampling sites were sampled three times (spring, summer, and autumn) from April to November 2023. The total area sampled covered 31,500 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e across the provinces of Sevilla, C\u0026aacute;diz, and Huelva, resulting in an overall trapping effort of ca. 1,350 trapping days (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). To ensure systematic coverage, the area was divided into grids (5 x 5 km) with one sampling point selected in each grid. The sampling points and routes were determined at the beginning of the study to design fieldwork tracks that would maximize the number of traps surveyed each day. The order of sampling of these predefined tracks was randomly established to prevent associations between time and land-use geography. The second survey (second study) corresponds to the Junta de Andalusia mosquito survey program, with 26 sampling sites: 8 in Sevilla and 8 in C\u0026aacute;diz sampled at weekly intervals and 6 in C\u0026oacute;rdoba and 4 in M\u0026aacute;laga sampled every two weeks, in both cases from 15-June to 23-November (i.e. 436 trapping days) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn all cases, insects were sampled using the commercially available BG-Sentinel model 2 (Biogents, Regensburg, Germany) trap. These traps were baited with 1.2 Kg of dry ice in a polystyrene box to generate a continuous flow of carbon dioxide at the entrance of the trap, placed on the ground, and were operated for 24 h. Traps were set in shaded and sheltered areas to avoid direct sunlight and wind, to increase captures, and reduced the risk of vandalism. Samples were preserved in dry ice while transported to the laboratory and subsequently stored at -80\u0026ordm;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMorphological identification and molecular analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrozen insects were immediately separated into groups on a chill table (BioQuip, Rancho Dominguez, CA, USA) under the stereomicroscope. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e were sorted out by sex and feeding status, and then were separated into species with distinctive wing patterns (i.e. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides jamaicensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCulicoides newsteadi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCulicoides imicola\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCculicoides circumscriptus\u003c/em\u003e, etc.) and those with plain wings. Specimens with unspotted wings and/or unknown wing-patterned species were further examined based on other traits such as body size, colour, thorax pattern, wing features, and palpi. A subset of 285 distinctive \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e specimens was then individually dissected into different body parts (head, thorax, wings, and abdomen), mounted with Hoyer's medium on glass slides using needles (0.5 mm diameter), and dried at room temperature for 7 days. Key diagnostic structures of specimens were examined using a composed optical microscopy, employing a combination of three identification keys [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of every palpus and flagellar segments, wing length (from basal arculus to wing tip) and wing width (from R\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to vein Cu\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), and spermathecae were photographed and measured under the optical microscope (Zeiss, Axioscope, UK) with a digital camera (Axioram 208 model) for the undescribed species and the new record \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species (to complete the original descriptions). Measurements of the different parts of the specimens were performed using the Zeiss analyzing software. The area of the sensorial pit in the third palpus was also calculated with the \u0026ldquo;area calculator tool\u0026rdquo; in the new \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species identified in this study. Antennal ratio (AR) was calculated as XI-XV antennal segments divided with segments III-X and Palpal ratio (PR) was calculated as length of segment III divided with the greatest breadth of the segment III.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe barcoding region of specimens of \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5) and \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6) together with other plain-winged sibling species (specifically \u003cem\u003eCulicoides indistinctus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulicoides kurensis\u003c/em\u003e) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4) were molecularly characterized. The head of each specimen was slide-mounted as previously described whereas the rest of the body was used for molecular analyses. Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample using the Maxwell\u0026reg;16 LEV Blood and Tissue DNA kit following the manufacturer's protocol. A 658 bp fragment of the cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene was amplified and sequenced following Folmer et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of amplicons was verified on 1.5% agarose gels. The amplified products were sequenced on both strands using Capillary Electrophoresis Sequencing by UCM (Madrid, Spain) and a consensus sequence was generated using Geneious v.2020.0.3 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Species-level identity was determined with a threshold of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;99% identity score using BLASTn (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Nucleotide sequences generated during this study were deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/index-e.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/index-e.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhylogenetic analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 24 \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species (55 sequences) were included in the phylogenetic analysis. A sequence of \u003cem\u003eAtrichopogon levis\u003c/em\u003e (GU804122) was used as an outgroup. Phylogenetic reconstructions were conducted using the Maximum Likelihood optimization criterion, employing the GTR\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;F\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;I\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;G4 model as defined by IQ-TREE [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] and model selection was based on Akaike information criterion. The robustness of the resulting ML trees was evaluated using SH-aLRT (Shimodaira\u0026ndash;Hasegawa-like approximate Likelihood Ratio Test) and 1000 bootstraps. The tree was visualized using FigTree v1.4.2 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, Neighbor-Net networks (NNn) were constructed using distance matrices corrected with the Kimura two-parameter model [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiterature review\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA checklist of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species reported in southern Spain was compiled through a systematic review following the guidelines outlined by Haddaway et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The bibliographic investigation involved using various databases of scientific and public journals such Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Scopus, Dialnet, PubMed, Redalyc, SciELO, BioOne, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and REDIB to identify articles released from 1900 to 2023. Our research included keywords in English and Spanish of the following combination of terms in the title, abstract and keywords: \"\u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e\" OR \"jejenes\" OR \"Ceratopogonidae\" AND \"Spain\" as well as variations combining these keywords with specific regions like \"Andaluc\u0026iacute;a,\" \"Andalusia,\" \"Iberia,\" \"Iberian,\" and \"Peninsula.\" Combinations such as \"\u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e\" AND \"South Spain\" and similar pairs with \"jejenes\" and \"Ceratopogonidae\" were also used. Additional articles were obtained from references from the articles reviewed. Some old articles were not available online and were requested to corresponding authors. Duplicated publications and works that do not explicitly mention the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species or place of capture, were removed from the review, obtaining a total of 24 publications to be included in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAt least 48 species of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e had been cited in Andalusia in studies published between 1900 and 2023 (Table 1). In our study, we collected 3,084 \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especimens (3,060 females and 24 males) in both sampling surveys (n = 2,644 in the first one and 440 in the second one), representing 23 valid \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species, four \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e variations and five undetermined taxa (Table 2). Our sampling includes at least five new records (Table 1-2) for Andalusia, including \u003cem\u003eC.\u0026nbsp;montanus\u003c/em\u003e within the Obsoletus group, therefore totalizing 53 valid species for this region. This study includes a new species hereinafter referred to as \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e nov. and a new record for Europe (\u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eCulicoides jumineri\u003c/em\u003e near \u003cem\u003ebahrainensis\u003c/em\u003e was also recorded as first record for Spain but it is not included as valid species. With these two new records, 88 \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species have been reported in Spain, with about 60 % of them present in Andalusia. Our study accounted for 19, 16, 17, 7 and 3 \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species collected in the provinces of Huelva, C\u0026aacute;diz, Sevilla, C\u0026oacute;rdoba, and M\u0026aacute;laga, respectively (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eUpdated checklist of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species reported in South Spain based on literature records (1900-2023) and the present study (2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"931\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003especies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.953813104189045%\" colspan=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature records\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.58216970998926%\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresent study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.531914893617022%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.71631205673759%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.900709219858156%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emethod\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.397163120567376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.397163120567376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.113475177304965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.397163120567376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.539007092198582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.971631205673759%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.113475177304965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.397163120567376%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9858156028368794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.822695035460993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.822695035460993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.539007092198582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.1063829787234045%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.24822695035461%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. cataneii\u003c/em\u003e Clastrier, 1957\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. cryptipulicaris\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. 2017\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. bahrainensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBoorman, 1989\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.99355531686359%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. begueti\u003c/em\u003e Clastrier, 1957\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. brunnicans\u003c/em\u003e Edwards, 1939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. circumscriptus\u003c/em\u003e Kieffer, 1918\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-5,7 11,13,14,17,21,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT + BN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. chiopterus\u003c/em\u003e (Meigen, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. corsicus\u003c/em\u003e Kremer, LeBerre \u0026amp; Beaucournu-\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Saguez, 1971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. dewulfi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGoetghebuer, 1936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.99355531686359%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. duddingstoni\u003c/em\u003e Kettle \u0026amp; Lawson, 1955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. fagineus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEdwards, 1939\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. fascipennis\u003c/em\u003e (Staeger, 1839)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. festivipennis\u003c/em\u003e Kieffer, 1914\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-5,7,13,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT + BN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. gejgelensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDzhafarov, 1964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. griseidorsum\u003c/em\u003e Kieffer, 1818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esp. nov.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. haranti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Rioux, Descous \u0026amp; Pech, 1959\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. helveticus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCallot, Kremer \u0026amp; Deduit, 1962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. heteroclitus\u003c/em\u003e Kremer \u0026amp; Callot, 1965\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. indistinctus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKhalaf, 1961\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u003c/em\u003e Kieffer, 1913\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-11, 13,15-21,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. jamaiciensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEdwards, 1922\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. jumineri\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCallot \u0026amp; Kremer, 1969\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. kibunensis\u003c/em\u003e Tokunaga, 1937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT + BN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDzhafarov, 1960\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. longipennis\u003c/em\u003e Khalaf, 1957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. marcleti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCallot, Kremer \u0026amp; Basset, 1968\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. maritimus\u003c/em\u003e Kieffer, 1924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,4,13,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. minutissimus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Zetterstedt, 1855)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. montanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Shakirzjanova, 1962\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. newsteadi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAusten, 1921\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5,7,10,13,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. nubeculosus\u003c/em\u003e (Meigen, 1830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13, 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.99355531686359%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. obsoletus\u003c/em\u003e (Meigen, 1818)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5,7, 13, 15-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. odiatus\u003c/em\u003e Austen, 1921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,5,7,10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. parroti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKieffer, 1922\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2,5,7,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. pictipennis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Staeger, 1839)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,13,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. poperinghensis\u003c/em\u003e Goetghebuer, 1953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Kremer, Chaker and Delecolle, 1981\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. pulicaris\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus, 1758)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5,7,11-17,19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. punctatus\u003c/em\u003e (Meigen, 1804)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,7,13,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. puncticollis\u003c/em\u003e (Becker, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3,7,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. quasipulicaris\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp nov. 2017\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. reconditus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCampbell and Pelham-Clinton, 1960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. riethi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKieffer, 1914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. saevus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKieffer, 1922\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. sahariensi\u003c/em\u003es Kieffer, 1923\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. segnis\u003c/em\u003e Campbell \u0026amp; Clinton, 1959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. scoticus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDownes \u0026amp; Kettle, 1952\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. shaklawensi\u003c/em\u003es Khalaf, 1957\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. tauricus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGutsevich, 1959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. truncorum\u003c/em\u003e Edwards, 1939\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. univittatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eVimmer, 1932\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,5,7,10,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.189044038668099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.2749731471536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. vidourlensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCallot, Kremer, Molet \u0026amp; Bach, 1968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.93018259935553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.007518796992481%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1149301825993554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.329752953813104%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.5037593984962405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.651987110633727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.4371643394199785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.866809881847476%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.9742212674543502%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNew \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e records for Andalusia in the present study are in bold. HU = Huelva, CA = C\u0026aacute;diz, SE = Sevilla, CO = C\u0026oacute;rdoba, MA = M\u0026aacute;laga, JA = Ja\u0026eacute;n, GR = Granada, and AL = Almer\u0026iacute;a. SLT = Suction light traps, BN = Bird nest. \u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e Species recently described by both molecular and morphological barcoding [40]. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e The taxonomic status of this species is not fully studied, and various synonyms have been proposed. \u003csup\u003ec\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eThis species previously known as \u003cem\u003eC. paolae\u003c/em\u003e has been proposed to be the same species than the American \u003cem\u003eC. jamaiciensis\u003c/em\u003e [41]. \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e This species within the Pulicaris group have been routinely gathered with \u003cem\u003eC. pulicaris\u003c/em\u003e, thus the distribution status is incomplete. \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e Previous studies based on DNA barcoding have proposed the existence of other phenotypes and genotypes [3]. NA = No information on the province is provided. Reference notes: \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[42]\u003cem\u003e, \u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[43]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[44]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[45]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[46]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[47]\u003cem\u003e,\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[48]\u003cem\u003e,\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[15]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e[29]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[49]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e11\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e[50]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e[51], \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[52]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[53]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e15\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e[54]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[55]\u003cem\u003e,\u003csup\u003e17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e[56]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[57]\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e[58]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[40]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[25]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[59]\u003cem\u003e, \u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[19]\u003cem\u003e,\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[60]\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Number of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e biting midges collected\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein 476 sampling sites (first study + second study) in Andalusia (southern Spain) by using BG traps baited with carbon dioxide during 2023.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"613\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; First study (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Second study (%) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e538 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. nov. \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (25.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. circumscriptus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. jamaicensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. minutissimus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. haranti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. newsteadi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. indistinctus \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u003c/em\u003e variation\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. sahariensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. cataneii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. corsicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. nubeculosus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. saevus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. begueti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. festivipennis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. longipennis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. shaklawensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. jumineri\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003enear\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;bahrainensis \u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. montanus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. haranti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evariation\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. helveticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. fagineus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. gejgelensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (\u0026lt; 0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (\u0026lt; 0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndetermined\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDamaged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e392 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69721767594108%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35.4515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.49427168576105%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.8963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2644\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.582651391162029%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 4.6823%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.713584288052374%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25.2508%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e440\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.127659574468085%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 2.1739%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.2569558101473%\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3084\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e Represent a new species and a new record for Europe. \u003csup\u003e3,4,6\u003c/sup\u003e These species show minor \u003cem\u003esensilla coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e variations and do not match with original descriptions.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e Represent a new record for Spain but it is not already defined as a valid species. \u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e Five taxa undetermined represent specimens with unique features but due to the low numbers we cannot infer if they represent valid species or are atypical variations or abnormal specimens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;abundance and species richness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the most common species was \u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(17.4 %), followed by \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e nov. sp. (14.6 %), \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(11.9 %), and \u003cem\u003eC. circumscriptus\u003c/em\u003e (11.8 %). Captures of the remaining species were much less abundant (Table 2). Based on the frequency of trapping, \u003cem\u003eC. circumscriptus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas recorded as\u0026nbsp;the most widely distributed species (122 times), followed by\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;C. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e (55 times),\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;C. imicola\u003c/em\u003e (48 times) and \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (14 times). Due to missing, broken, or damaged parts of their bodies, 14.9% of the specimens could not be identified at the species level. Out of the 23 collected \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species, eight were plain-winged specimens and 15 were wing patterned species. Out of the 476 sampling sites (ca. 1,786 days of trapping effort), 225\u0026nbsp;times (12.5 %) were positive for \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species (Fig. 1), including 118 \u0026nbsp;(6.6 %) in spring, 65 (3.6 %) in summer and\u0026nbsp;42 (2.3 %) in autumn.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlight seasonality of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. (all species gathered) remained active throughout the entire period of sampling (Fig. 2), with a peak in September and decreased in November. Similar numbers of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e were captured in May, June, October, and November, while the minimum \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e numbers were collected in August, coinciding with the hottest month in Andalusia (Fig. 2). \u003cem\u003eCulicoides imicola\u003c/em\u003e was more commonly collected in September followed by July, but the peak of \u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecaptures was more notorious in the second survey, where they peaked in autumn (October and November). \u003cem\u003eCulicoides kurensis,\u003c/em\u003e the third most common species, followed a similar trend than \u003cem\u003eC. imicola.\u003c/em\u003e Moreover, \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. showed the opposite pattern than \u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;C. kurensis. Culicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. exhibits moderate peaks from May to August, while was absent in autumn (Supplementary Fig 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew recorded species\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTaxonomy\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. Nov. Gonz\u0026aacute;lez, 2024 (Fig. 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eType material.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHolotype (n = 19 females): southern Spain (2023). Sevilla, Huelva, and C\u0026aacute;diz provinces (Andalusia) collected by BG-sentinel 2 traps supplemented with\u0026nbsp;dry\u0026nbsp;ice. Specimens stored in ethanol (70 %) (1.5 Eppendorf tubes) (n = 9) and slide-mounted specimens (n = 10) deposited in the Entomology collection of the Estaci\u0026oacute;n Biol\u0026oacute;gica de Do\u0026ntilde;ana (EBD-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain). Paratypes (n = 430). Same localities as reported before (coordinates available in Supplementary Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabitat\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSpecimens collected in diverse habitats including mainly Mediterranean scrubs and diverse tree forests such as \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus\u003c/em\u003e, Pine, Olive grove and\u0026nbsp;Holm\u0026nbsp;oak trees, among others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDistribution\u003c/em\u003e. Widely distributed in the provinces of Sevilla, Huelva, C\u0026aacute;diz and M\u0026aacute;laga (southern Spain) (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEtymology\u003c/em\u003e. Based on the large size of the sensory pit of the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e palpus segment.\u0026nbsp;Fovea (foʊviə) = Latin for pit. It refers to a pit or depression in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e palpus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription of female\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSize\u003c/em\u003e. Medium size species (1.3-1.6 mm) (Fig. 3a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHead\u003c/em\u003e. Eyes bare, narrowly separated by a distance of approximately \u0026frac34; or one ocular facet (Fig. 3b). Eyes connected by two fine transverse sutures (superior and central) enclosing the interocular setae. Number of \u003cem\u003esensilla coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e on flagellomeres III-XIV are 3-4/0-1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/2 (Fig. 3c). Flagellomeres III-XIV with means of length of 49.2/32.5/31.6/32.6/32.9/32.4/31.8/32.2/48.2/48.4/50.7/53.1/67.5 \u0026micro;m. Mean AR = 0.97 (0.95\u0026ndash;1.03 \u0026micro;m). Palpi are 5-segmented with 238.80 \u0026plusmn; 20.86 \u0026micro;m in length (Fig. 3d). The third palpus segment is strongly inflated with a single and wide shallow circular sensory pit (occupying almost the front half) of the palpus and is full of \u003cem\u003esensilla\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ethat externally exceed (Fig. 3e). Mean PR = 1.77 (1.65-1.78 \u0026micro;m). \u0026nbsp;Area of sensory pit (3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e palpus) = 605.20 (68.3) \u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Distance from posterior pharynx to end of hypopharynx: 215.25 (208-227 \u0026micro;m). Mandible with a mean of 11.75 teeth and maxillae with 15.50 teeth. Further details are provided in Supplementary Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThorax\u003c/em\u003e. Scutum dark brown with ornamentation (shown in fresh specimens). Median part of scutum with two broad light bands along the scutum (Fig. 3f). \u0026nbsp; Colour varies depending on light incidence. Halteres pale. Unspotted wings with abundant evenly distributed microtrichia, with a little more abundant microtrichia in the apical zone (R\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e area) (Fig. 3g). Mean length of wings is 1087.3 (1039-1128 \u0026micro;m) and width is 502.1 (468-529 \u0026micro;m). Radial cells (R\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and R\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) are noticeably dark. Inconspicuous marked pale spots on r-m cross vein and second costal area of wings. Legs brown uniform with tarsal segments lighter (slide-mounted specimens). Slender legs, fore (femur = 393-406 \u0026micro;m length and tibia = 388-409 \u0026micro;m), mid (femur = 392-408 \u0026micro;m length and tibia = 379- 408 \u0026micro;m) and hind legs (femur = 306-328 \u0026micro;m length and tibia = 334-369 \u0026micro;m) with first tarsomere two times longer than the second one in the three pairs of legs. Tibial comb in fore legs with four major spurs of similar size along with other spines with smaller size. Spines of tarsomeres absent in fore and hind legs and present in tarsomere I-IV in middle legs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbdomen\u003c/em\u003e. Two fully functional spherical spermathecae highly sclerotized (dark brown colour). Spermathecae slightly asymmetric (length vs width: 66.5 \u0026plusmn; 2.12 \u0026micro;m x 53.0 \u0026plusmn; 4.32 \u0026micro;m) and 53.0 \u0026plusmn; 7.1 \u0026micro;m x 45.6 \u0026plusmn; 6.66 \u0026micro;m) with a short unpigmented neck or without neck (Fig. 3). Third rudimentary spermatheca vestigial. Sclerotized ring and abdominal sclerites absent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferential diagnosis and remarks.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis species is similar in size and appearance to other dully coloured (plain-wing and half-wing species) medium sized species such as \u003cem\u003eC. kibunensis,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eC.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eindistinctus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. odiatus\u003c/em\u003e and other related species. However, the pale spot on both r-m and second costal spot is more marked in these species compared to \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. nov.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eIn addition, the large sensory pit of the third maxillary palpus might be observed under 6-8x magnification for ruling out the previous species. The ornamentation of the thorax is also shared with \u003cem\u003eC. indistinctus\u003c/em\u003e. Accurate identification requires the elaboration of slide-mounted specimens. Under the compound microscope, \u003cem\u003eC. gradifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. is unique since it combines the three following features: i) distribution of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003esensilla\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e from III-XIV (variable in IV) (allowing the exclusion of many other plain-wing species), ii) the third palpal segment is moderately swollen with a large circular shallow sensory pit (in \u003cem\u003eC. odiatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;C. indistinctus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis different) with certain resemblance to the palpi of \u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u003c/em\u003e, and iii) spermathecae are slightly asymmetric, highly sclerotized (dark brown colour), and spherical without neck. Unspotted wings are overall large and showy. Another less relevant feature is the presence of two sutures joining the eyes. Males were not captured, probably because carbon dioxide traps do not attract them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew record of \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulicoides pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e represents the first record from Europe. Collections of this species (11.8% of the total; 367 females and 1 male from 11/04 to 27/10/2023) occurred in the five sampled provinces (C\u0026aacute;diz, Sevilla, Huelva, M\u0026aacute;laga, and C\u0026oacute;rdoba) (Fig. 1). Its body length size is between 0.95-1.15 mm (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Eyes are bare and separated by a distance equal to the diameter of one ommatidial facet (SupSupplementary Fig. 2b). Thorax is typically brown, unspotted, and covered by visible interspersed setae (Supplementary Fig. 2c). \u003cem\u003eScutellum\u003c/em\u003e is usually yellowish or lighter compared to \u003cem\u003escutum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Supplementary Fig. 2d). Antennae, \u003cem\u003esensilla coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e on flagellomeres III-VI and XI-XIV (Supplementary Fig. 2f): Maxillary palpi (3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e palpus segment) with a single open and shallow sensory pit (Supplementary Fig. 2h). The functional spermathecae are lightly sclerotized with a short neck and\u0026nbsp;ring present. Plain wings, with no markings (Supplementary Fig. 2f). The most characteristic feature of males is the base of the parameters. They bear a highly sclerotized circular-shape structure leading to a pointed protuberance (Supplementary Fig. 2e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylogenetic analysis of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNew COI sequences (\u0026gt; 600 pb) have been deposited for \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (LC819641-46), \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(LC819647-49,54-55), \u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u003c/em\u003e (LC819650-51) and \u003cem\u003eC. indistinctus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(LC819652-53)\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eIntraspecific \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e values were very low (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e = 0.002 %) among \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. sequences. Similarity of \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e COI sequences with other \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e sequences were lower than 92.6%. The more similar sequences corresponded to an unknown \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e sp. (MK732284,86) captured in Morocco (Fig. 4). Two out of the six specimens analyzed by barcoding showing lack of \u003cem\u003esensilla coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e in segment IV resulted to be genetically similar to the other four \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. showing such sensilla.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarity of \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e sequences in relation with the closely related species \u003cem\u003eC. langeroni\u003c/em\u003e (KJ729987) ranged between 98.06 % and 97.25 %. According to the phylogenetic tree, \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e is a single monophyletic group (Fig. 4) with an intraspecific d value (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e = 0.001 %) for \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e, albeit clustered alongside \u003cem\u003eC. langeroni\u003c/em\u003e. The genetic distance between \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. langeroni\u003c/em\u003e COI sequences ranged between 2 and 3% (Supplementary Table 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides a comprehensive faunistic catalog of the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species found in South Spain, an area historically affected by \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e-borne pathogens [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of non-standard sampling methods carried out in diverse environments helped in identifying a high diversity of species, including some previously unknown species in this region. Interestingly, using this approach, two of the three most common species recorded in the area resulted to be a new species for science and a new record for Europe. In addition, many of the remaining collected \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species are poorly documented in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight or carbon dioxide are the most commonly used baits for the collection of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e midges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the strong attraction of UV-light sources, \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e are usually collected in high numbers, especially in livestock farms and natural landscapes where wild ruminants are present [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]. Light traps represent a practical and economical trapping system to determine species presence and abundance in an area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. However, light is an artificial attraction stimulus that does not mimic or reflect any response to a host. Several studies have indicated carbon dioxide to be an attractant for a number of blood-feeding insects, including \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]. However, a limited number of studies have exploited it, as carbon dioxide is relatively expensive, has a short period of operation, and is often considered impractical for routine use in large-scale surveillance programs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing carbon dioxide traps, we collected a wide range of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species, but in lower numbers compared to light traps, which is in line with other studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR64\" citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]. While we collected a mean of 0.56 \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e trap/day, 10\u0026ndash;100 midges trap/day have been collected in studies using light traps in South Spain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. Regarding the species composition, \u003cem\u003eC. imicola, C. newsteadi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. pulicaris\u003c/em\u003e group, \u003cem\u003eC. circumscriptus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. obsoletus\u003c/em\u003e group dominated in previous studies using light traps in farms or in presence of livestock in Andalusia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e], which contrasts with our findings. This difference in species composition might be attributed to different factors including the habitat sampled with species such as those of the Obsoletus and Pulicaris groups usually associated with livestock [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the traps used may affect the ratios, abundances, and species richness of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e captured [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR74\" citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e]. Carbon dioxide baited traps may be useful to capture host-seeking females for epidemiological studies while UV-traps might be used to capture blood-fed females for host identification analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e]. In fact, only six specimens with blood were collected in our study (0.2%). In our study, carbon dioxide baited traps were successful for the collection of the main afrotropical vector \u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u003c/em\u003e, which is consistent with other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. However, no collections were made of the widespread species \u003cem\u003eC. obsoletus\u003c/em\u003e, probably because this species responds poorly to carbon dioxide-baited traps [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR78\" citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e fauna of South Spain comprises species with different geographical distributions such as Palearctic, Mediterranean Basin, and Afrotropical species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e]. About 35% of the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species collected belonged to the so-called group of \u0026ldquo;plain-wing species\u0026rdquo; and/or poorly developed wing pattern species which are predominant in drier and more open habitats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly, among the recorded species, we found the new species \u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. with a broad distribution in South Spain and relatively high abundances in the area. The molecular analyses of the barcoding region of this species support a single genetic cluster group, with the closer phylogenetic relations with sequences from unidentified \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e from Morocco and with \u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. displayed a flight activity with a major peak in the hottest and driest month of the year. The fact that this second most abundant species was not recorded previously might indicate its absence in farmland habitats and/or a low attraction to light traps. Also, active trapping conducted in previous years with suction light traps in the region have revealed absence of this species (data not shown). Based on the distribution of \u003cem\u003esensilla coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e and the palpus size, a preference of this species to feed on avian blood might be expected [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e]. We also recorded \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e for the first time in Europe. This species belongs to the \u003cem\u003eC. langeroni\u003c/em\u003e species group, together with \u003cem\u003eC. langeroni, C. judae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. molotovae\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e], which is in line with the phylogenetic tree results. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e has been previously found in deserts of Central Asia and North Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR85\" citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e86\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, \u003cem\u003eC. jumineri\u003c/em\u003e near \u003cem\u003ebahrainensis\u003c/em\u003e was recorded at least three times in our study. The taxonomy of the Jumineri species group is not yet studied and the taxonomic status remains unclear. Unfortunately, we were unable to recover DNA from these specimens as they were mounted in slides. A molecular analysis comparing the nucleotide sequences of genes like COI and/or ITS2 is needed to resolve the issue between \u003cem\u003eC. jumineri\u003c/em\u003e s.s. and \u003cem\u003eC. bahrainensis\u003c/em\u003e s.s., the latter distributed in Saudi Arabia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e87\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, three \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e variations (\u003cem\u003eC. haranti\u003c/em\u003e variation, \u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u003c/em\u003e variation and \u003cem\u003eC. indistinctus\u003c/em\u003e) were recorded. These kinds of variations are frequently recorded in literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e88\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, five unknown \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e taxa were recorded in low numbers (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2 specimens each one). These species possess \u003cem\u003esensilla coeloconica\u003c/em\u003e variations in antennal flagellomeres and/or other features (atypical pit shape), however, more specimens are necessary to determine if they represent valid species. This material evidences the complexity of the taxonomy of the \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e genus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding BTV, AHSV, and EHDvirus disease vectors, \u003cem\u003eCulicoides obsoletus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. pulicaris\u003c/em\u003e group species were less predominant and geographically-temporally distributed than \u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u003c/em\u003e, but they are frequently reported in southern Spain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. It is interesting to note the absence of members of \u003cem\u003eC. pulicaris/C. lupicaris\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulicoides obsoletus\u003c/em\u003e groups except two specimens of \u003cem\u003eC. montanus.\u003c/em\u003e This can be due to different non-exclusive causes. First, former species are usually associated with farm environments, and second, it might be possible that \u003cem\u003eC. montanus\u003c/em\u003e can be overlooked with \u003cem\u003eC. obsoletus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulicoides scoticus\u003c/em\u003e species. However, they can be easily separated from the other members of the Obsoletus group under the stereo microscope by observing the single deep pit of the palpi. Similar reasons might explain that some species were not recorded in the past by light suction traps, being some of them particularly abundant in our study (\u003cem\u003eC. kurensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e nov. sp. and \u003cem\u003eC. pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e). Ornithophilic species such as \u003cem\u003eC. circumscriptus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. jamaicensis\u003c/em\u003e (previously named \u003cem\u003eC. paolae\u003c/em\u003e) commonly captured in the region by different trapping methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e], have resulted also common in our carbon dioxide baited traps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, our results provide information on the seasonal activity of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species in the area. Although variable between species, the flight activity of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e spp. (including \u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u003c/em\u003e) showed a major peak at the end of spring and another one in September/October. These results agree with previous studies where \u003cem\u003eC. imicola\u003c/em\u003e peaked between August-November with a remarkable variation depending on sites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. Abiotic and biotic parameters including climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature may determine the abundance of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species in the area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e]. This may be especially relevant due to the low rainfall (totally absent in mid-summer) and extremely high temperatures (July-August) in the study area which may impact the development and/or flight activity of most \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThrough a comprehensive literature review alongside extensive active trapping, we have expanded the known \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e fauna in Spain to 88 valid species, specifically to 53 in southern Spain. Our findings underscore the importance of complementing traditional UV-light traps with alternative trapping methods such as carbon dioxide-baited traps, to comprehensively assess \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e abundance and distribution. This allowed us to identify a previously undescribed species of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e despite its widespread distribution and abundance in the area. Future studies should determine the role of these new or poorly documented \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species in the transmission of pathogens of interest in animal and public health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eUV: Ultraviolet\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;AHSV: African horse sickness virus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBTV: Bluetongue virus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSV: Schmallenberg virus \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEHD: Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOVI: Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOI: Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAR: Antennal ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePR: Palpal ratio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLISD: Life Science Identifiers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank Alvaro Solis, Cintia Vega, Cristina Diaz, Maria del Mar Ándujar and Juan José Talaverón for helping in the capture and separation of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e. We thank Shirin Taheri for her help in the elaboration of the map and Maria José Ruiz-López for her support in molecular analysis. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJF conceived, designed and supervised the study and revised the final draft of the manuscript. MAG conceived the study and performed data collection, investigation and writing—original draft preparation; SM, JMP, VSM and DBB interpreted the results, analyzed the data and reviewed the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has been funded by Fundación “La Caixa” through the project ARBOPREVENT (HR22-00123) and Junta de Andalusia. Additional funding derived from project PN2022-2945 from the Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales and PLEC2021-007968 project (NEXTHREAT) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/5011000110333 and supported by EU NextGeneration funds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNielsen SA, Kristensen M. Delineation of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species by morphology and barcode exemplified by three new species of the subgenus \u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003e(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Scandinavia. Parasites and Vectors. 2015;8:1\u0026ndash;12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTalavera S, Mu\u0026ntilde;oz-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz F, Verd\u0026uacute;n M, Pag\u0026egrave;s N. Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three species in one: description of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecryptipulicaris \u003c/em\u003esp. nov. and \u003cem\u003eCulicoides quasipulicaris\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. in the subgenus \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e. Med Vet Entomol. 2017;31:178\u0026ndash;91. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePag\u0026egrave;s N, Mu\u0026ntilde;oz-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz F, Talavera S, Sarto V, Lorca C, N\u0026uacute;\u0026ntilde;ez JI. 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Parasit Vectors. 2011;4. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohnstaedt LW, Rochon K, Duehl AJ, Anderson JF, Barrera R, Su NY, et al. Arthropod Surveillance Programs: Basic Components, Strategies, and Analysis. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 2012;105:135. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGonz\u0026aacute;lez MA. El g\u0026eacute;nero \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) en el Pa\u0026iacute;s Vasco, norte de espa\u0026ntilde;a. Thesis. 2014;327. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMullens BA, Owen JP, Heft DE, Sobeck RV. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003eand other biting flies on the palos verdes peninsula of southern california, and their possible relationship to equine dermatitis. 2005;21:90\u0026ndash;5. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarrup LE, Logan JG, Cook JI, Golding N, Birkett MA, Pickett JA, et al. Collection of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) using CO2 and enantiomers of 1-octen-3-ol in the United Kingdom. J Med Entomol. 2012;49:112\u0026ndash;21. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBourquia M, Garros C, Rakotoarivony I, Gard\u0026egrave;s L, Huber K, Boukhari I, et al. Update of the species checklist of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e Latreille, 1809 biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Morocco. Parasites and Vectors. 2019;12:1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoorman J. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003e(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Arabian Peninsula with notes on their medical and veterinary importance. 1989; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMart\u0026iacute;nez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J, Soriguer R. Fur or feather? Feeding preferences of species of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e biting midges in Europe. Trends Parasitol. 2015;31:16\u0026ndash;22. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGlukhova VM, Braverman Y. Review of the palearctic desert biting midges \u003cem\u003eCulicoides langeroni\u003c/em\u003e group, with a description of a new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36:309\u0026ndash;12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKremer M, Chaker E, Del\u0026eacute;colle J-C. Description de \u003cem\u003eCulicoides pseudolangeroni \u003c/em\u003en. sp. [Dipt. Ceratopogonidae]. Bull la Soci\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute; Entomol Fr. 1981;86:291\u0026ndash;7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSlama, D. Chaquer E, Zrelli S, Mathieu B. \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Fauna in Central Tunisia. Entomol Ornithol Herpetol Curr Res. 2016;5. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBraverman Y, Messaddeq N, Lemble C, Kremer M. Reevaluation of the taxonomic status of the Culicoides spp. (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) from Israel and the eastern Mediterranean and review of their potential medical and veterinary importance. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996;12(3 Pt 1):437-45. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKheir SM. Seasonal activity of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides bahrainensis\u003c/em\u003e Boorman, 1989 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Saud Arabia. J King Saud Univ - Sci. 2010;22:167\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBraverman Y, Messaddeq N, Kremer M. Abnormal features in specimens of eight \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e spp. (diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the easternmediterranean area. Isr J Zool. 1993;39:157\u0026ndash;66. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBravo-Barriga D, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez MA, Parreira R, Frontera E, Huerta H, Alarc\u0026oacute;n-Elbal PM. Shedding light on the controversial taxonomic status of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides jamaicensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulicoides paolae \u003c/em\u003e(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): an overseas trip among continents. J Med Entomol. 2023;60:944\u0026ndash;54. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMullen GR, Jones RH, Braverman Y NK. Laboratory infections of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides debilipalpis \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. stellifer\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with bluetongue virus. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;178:239\u0026ndash;43. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"parv","sideBox":"Learn more about [Parasites \u0026 Vectors](http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13071/3","title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","twitterHandle":"@bugbittentweets","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biting midges, bluetongue vectors, medical entomology, natural habitats, trapping methods, species composition. ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4590313/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4590313/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003emidges\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003ehave been well-studied in Spain, particularly over the last 20 years, mainly because of their role as vectors of arboviral diseases that affect livestock. Most studies on \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003eare conducted using suction light traps in farmed environments, but studies employing alternative trapping techniques or focusing on natural habitats are scarce.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods.\u003c/strong\u003e In the present study, we analyzed \u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003ecaptured in 2023 at 476 sites in western Andalusia (southern Spain) using carbon dioxide-baited BG-sentinel traps across different ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults.\u003c/strong\u003e We collected 3,084 \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e midges (3,060 females and 24 males) belonging to 23 species, including the new species \u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eand the first record of \u003cem\u003eCulicoides pseudolangeroni\u003c/em\u003e for Europe. Both species were described with morphological and molecular methods and detailed data on spatial distribution was also recorded. The new species showed close phylogenetic relations with sequences from an unidentified \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e from Morocco (92.6% similarity) and with \u003cem\u003eCulicoides kurensis.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eCulicoides imicola\u003c/em\u003e was the most abundant species (17.4 %), followed by \u003cem\u003eCulicoides grandifovea \u003c/em\u003esp. nov. (14.6 %), and \u003cem\u003eCulicoides kurensis\u003c/em\u003e (11.9 %). Interestingly, \u003cem\u003eCulicoides montanus\u003c/em\u003e was the only species of the Obsoletus and Pulicaris species complexes captured, representing the first record of this species in southern Spain. A total of 53 valid \u003cem\u003eCulicoides \u003c/em\u003especies have been reported\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003ein the area, 48 already reported in literature records and 5 more added in the present study. Information on the flight period for the most common \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e species is also provided.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions.\u003c/strong\u003e To the best of our knowledge, our study represents the most comprehensive effort ever done on non-farmland habitats using carbon-dioxide baited suction traps for collecting \u003cem\u003eCulicoides. \u003c/em\u003eOur data suggests that using carbon dioxide traps offers a completely different perspective on \u003cem\u003eCulicoides\u003c/em\u003e communities compared to commonly used light traps, including the discovery of previously unrecorded species.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sampling of Culicoides with non-traditional methods provides unusual species composition and new records for southern Spain","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-03 11:37:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4590313/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-06-29T17:33:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-27T08:50:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"319793584292463866328540704983581062893","date":"2024-06-24T06:28:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-21T17:00:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-18T09:38:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-18T09:17:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","date":"2024-06-16T15:35:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"parv","sideBox":"Learn more about [Parasites \u0026 Vectors](http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13071/3","title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","twitterHandle":"@bugbittentweets","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"04d37995-a04c-42b7-91be-988c97373abd","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-22T19:26:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4590313","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06414-2","journal":{"identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors"},"publishedOn":"2024-08-12 15:57:11","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 12th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-03 11:37:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06414-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06414-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4590313","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4590313","identity":"rs-4590313","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}