A Visual, Inexpensive, and Wireless Capillary Rheometer

Complex fluid systems can exhibit highly non-linear and time-dependent flow behaviors that arise from microscale reorganization. Rheological measurements to understand these flow-induced properties in soft condensed matter and biology are critical to optimize manufacturing processes that rely upon the use of complex fluids, such as the creation of viscoelastic bioinks for 3D bioprinting. While typical rheological characterizations are performed on bulky and expensive rheometers, these options do not readily enable in situ microscopic visualization of flow behavior, which can provide microstructural insights into the mechanisms and patterns of yielding. To address these limitations, we present a visual, inexpensive (approximately $200), and wireless capillary rheometer (VIEWR) assembled from chiefly 3D printed components. We validate the accuracy and reliability of the portable rheometer by comparing measurements of multiple rheological parameters, including viscosity and yield stress, with measurements obtained from a commercial oscillatory rheometer. At its core, VIEWR employs an easily interchangeable glass capillary channel to enable real-time microscopic observation under flow conditions. To facilitate various experimental conditions, a communication protocol based on Internet of Things (IoT) is adapted to support wireless transmission of data. This unique rheometer design can be used for characterizing and visualizing numerous living and non-living complex fluids. Specifications table