Metamaterial absorber for L-band, S-band and C-band applications

Metamaterial absorber for L-band, S-band and C-band applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Metamaterial absorber for L-band, S-band and C-band applications Md Shahid, T. Shanmuganantham, S. Ashok Kumar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2439006/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this paper, a unique metamaterial absorber is presented for L-band, S-band and C-band applications. The unit cell of the MMA is designed by a modified square-shape closed-loop resonator printed on top of a dielectric substrate and backed by a copper layer. The proposed structure is ultrathin having total thickness of the absorber is 2.836 mm. The used substrate is FR4 epoxy dielectric substrate (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02) having thickness of 2.8 mm. The absorption performance of the absorber is investigated using Ansys hfss. The absorptions occur in L, S and C bands at 1.21, 3.64 and 5.30 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the average absorption remains above 90%. The MMA structure is unique and insensitive to the angle of incidence across a wide range due to its symmetric structure. It is suitable for various applications like aircraft surveillance, satellite navigation, and non-military radiolocation radars. Metamaterial absorber L-band S-band C-band Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 I. Introduction Metamaterials (MMs) are sub-wavelength periodic resonant structures that exhibits unusual properties such as backward wave propagation, reverse Doppler effect, negative refractive index [11,12]. The demand for low-cost, high gain compact antennas that can be designed for electronic and radio-frequency components has made patch antennas an innovative and attractive alternative option in modern wireless communication. In wireless communication technology, everyone wants to reduce the traffic of the channel and try to give as much high speed as they provide to their customers. The reason is to develop this technology because in previous technologies there is narrow bandwidth, high losses, low gain. In this paper, the authors designed a millimeter-wave reconfigurable Vivaldi antenna using a power divider and achieved a gain of around 4.725dB − 7.987dB [1]. However, a microstrip patch antenna by using truncated textured ceramic substrate is designed with a gain of 5.5 dB [2]. The polarization technique is an orientation of the electric field, by tracing the electric field vector, we can identify the polarization of EM waves. Similarly, the author presents an idea by which an antenna can be developed by cross-polarization suppression at a low elevation angle for a compact circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna. At the outer of the CP antenna, a meander line ring cavity (MLRC) structure was introduced by the author, and the magnitude of gain 5.3dB was obtained [3]. The other principal was introduced by so many researchers using to simulate the microstrip antenna is PSOAM waves generation using Yagi CAA. The author designed a 1–8 Wilkinson power divider and the result of peak gain achieved is 1.9db [4]. In some designs two pairs of compact microstrip patch antenna were fabricated by the developer for a dual unit retinal prosthesis operating multiple frequencies and after fabrication 4dB peak gain was obtained [5]. For high gain, an array antenna introduced the main advantage to array antenna is the value of gain is measured w.r.t to other technologies. In some research papers a dual-band 2x1 microstrip antenna was designed by the author with a rectangular slot defected to the ground substrate with two different substrates and the peak gain was measured is 4.26–5.52 dB [6]. The symmetrical structure (DGS) in the form of L was implemented in a circular and some different patch antenna with resonant at the second WLAN band. This is used to achieve lower frequency band applications such that Bluetooth etc. The peak gain of 4.4 dB by using this implementation was measured [7]. Dielectric resonator fabricated which helps to increase gain and efficiency in this simulation two cylindrical holes were inserted over the antenna into the dielectric resonator thus 4.79 dB gain was the peak gain was measured by the author [8]. STRUCTURE DESIGN OF THE UNIT CELL The proposed unit cell consists of one modified square-shaped closed-loop resonators (CLRs) printed on top of the dielectric surface while bottom is backed by copper layer. The used substrate is FR4 Epoxy (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02) with thickness of 2.8 mm as shown in Fig. 1(a). The thickness of the bottom and top layers are 0.018mm with a conductivity of 5.8×107 S/m, the thickness of the substrate layer is 2.8mm. And the total thickness of the metamaterial absorber is 2.836mm. Figure 1(b) shows the 3-D perspective view of the unit cell of the proposed structure. Dimensions of the proposed metamaterial absorber are given below: Top view of unit cell structure with dimensions: a = 35, b = 32, c = 7, w = 2.5, g = 1.5 (unit: mm). Ii. Simulation Results And Discussion The simulation of the proposed metamaterial absorber is carried out by using the ANSYS HFSS version 2020r2. The proposed design consists bottom layer, substrate layer and copper metallic structure on top. Top layer is a simple modified square shape closed loop resonator. To simulate the proposed MMA design the simulation parameters which is used are given below in a table-1. By using these parameters the MMA shows the frequency peaks for the proposed design. Table-1 Simulation parameters Values Solution frequency 8GHz Maximum no. of passes 6 Maximum Delta (S) 0.02 Frequency sweep Linear step Sweep type Interpolating Start frequency 1 GHz End frequency 8 GHz Depending on the parameters of Table-1 the simulation is to run about the definite period. Using these parameters the MMA shows the frequency peaks for the proposed design. The proposed absorber shows three narrow band absorption peaks at 1.21, 3.64 and 5.30 GHz with absorption of 94, 90, and 99%, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2 . Reflected power of the proposed MMA is very less, which is near to zero, as shown in the Fig. 3 . According to (2), to achieve the maximum absorption, the values for |𝑆 11 | 2 should be near to zero. Figure 4 shows the first & second peak are almost flat at 1.21 GHz & at 3.64 GHz respectively. Also the third peak is very less in value due to copper layering at bottom of the MMA i.e. transmitted power is approximately equal to zero. It is resulted good absorptivity according to (1). Table-2: Comparison of proposed absorber with earlier published absorbers. Ref. Thickness (mm) Absorption freq. (GHz) Covered freq. bands [8] 1.634 3.1, 4.6, 9.5 S, C, & X [9] 1.67 11.23, 14.18, 17.37,19.18 X, Ku, & K [10] 4.27 3.95–8.02 C Proposed work 2.836 1.21, 3.64, 5.30 L, S, & C Iii. Conclusion The simulation of the metamaterial absorber for L-band, S-band, and C-band applications is carried out by using the ANSYS HFSS version 2020r2. In the proposed model, a modified square shape closed loop copper metallic structure is designed on top of the FR-4 substrate. Many literatures are reported on metamaterial absorber for higher frequencies range only. So, the objective was to design a metamaterial absorber in such a way that the absorption frequency range can cover lower frequency bands i.e. L, S and C bands. From the simulation results, it is noticed that a unique metamaterial absorber (MMA) is presented. To understand the absorption mechanism of the proposed MMA, Absorption percentage, Reflection coefficient, and Transmission coefficient have been analysed. The simulated result shows that the proposed MMA offers three distinct absorption bands at 1.21, 3.64 and 5.30 GHz with corresponding absorptions of 94%, 90% and 99% respectively. It covers L-band apart from S-band, and C-band so that it’s widened the range of applications. It is suitable for various applications like aircraft surveillance, satellite navigation, and non-military radiolocation radars. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not Applicable Consent for publication: Written informed consent to publish this information was obtained from all authors. Availability of data and materials: Based on request will provide data. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding: There is no funding for this research work. Contributions: SAK has substantially conducted and contributed to the work, and drafted and revised the manuscript. TS conducted and contributed to the work and assisted in drafting and revision of manuscript. BdS substantially analyzed the work and revised the intellectual content of the work. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. References Wang, B. X., Zhai, X., Wang, G. Z., Huang, W. Q., & Wang, L. L. (February 2015). “Design of a Four- Band and Polarization-Insensitive Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber,”IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, Singh, R. K., & Gupta, A. (April 2021). A wrenched-square shaped polarization independent and wide angle stable ultra-thin metamaterial absorber for S-band, X-band and Ku-band applications. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications , 132 , 153648. Amiri, M. M., Tofigh, F., Shariati, N., Lipman, J., & Abolhasan, M. (March 2021). Review on Metamaterial Perfect Absorbers and Their Applications to IoT,. IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 8 (6), 4105–4131. Landy, N. I., Sajuyigbe, S., Mock, J. J., Smith, D. R., & Padilla, W. J. (2008). Perfect metamaterial absorber. Physical review letters , 100 (20), 207402. Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Chen, X., Wu, Z., He, Y., Yangyang Lv, & Zou, Y. (2020). “Broadband metamaterial absorber for low-frequency microwave absorption in the S-band and C-band,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials , Elsevier, vol. 497, March Singh, G., & Marwaha, R. A. (Jan 2015). “A Review of Metamaterials and its Applications,”International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), vol. 19, no. 6, Assal, A. E., Breiss, H., Benzerga, R., Sharaiha, A., Jrad, A., & Harmouch, A. (2020). “Toward an Ultra-Wideband Hybrid Metamaterial Based Microwave Absorber” Micromachines, MDPI , vol. 11, no. 10, October Sharma, S. K., Ghosh, S., & Srivastava, K. V. (December 2016). “An ultra-thin triple-band polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber for S, C and X band applications,”Applied Physics A, vol. 122, no. 12, Hannan, S., Islam, M. T., Sahar, N. M., Mat, K., Chowdhury, M. E. H., & Rmili, H. (2020). "Modified-Segmented Split-Ring Based Polarization and Angle-Insensitive Multi-Band Metamaterial Absorber for X, Ku and K Band Applications," in IEEE Access , vol. 8, pp. 144051–144063, Tuan, T. S., Lam, V. D., & Hoa, N. T. Q. (2019). ’’Simple Design of a Copolarization Wideband Metamaterial Absorber for C-Band Applications,’’ Journal of Electronic Materials , Springer, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 5018–5027, May Veselago, V. G. (1968). The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of img align = absmiddle alt = ε eps/img and µ. Physics-Uspekhi , 10 (4), 509–514. Singh, R. K., & Gupta, A. (2019). “An epsilon negative line based dual-band metamaterial inspired antenna for low-profile applications,” in International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC) , Noida, India; p. 37–40. Zhang, F., Feng, S., Qiu, K., Liu, Z., Fan, Y., Zhang, W., Zhao, Q., & Zhou, J. (2015). Mechanically stretchable and tunable metamaterial absorber. Appl Phys Letter , 106 , 091907. Fan, Y., Shen, N. H., Koschny, T., & Soukoulis, C. M. (2015). Tunable terahertz meta-surface with graphene cut-wires. ACS Photonics , 2 , 151–156. Ghosh, S., & Srivastava, K. V. (2016). Polarization-insensitive single- and broadband switchable absorber/reflector and its realization using a novel biasing technique. Ieee Transactions On Antennas And Propagation , 64 (8), 3665–3670. Balanis, C. A. (1989). Advanced engineering electromagnetics . New York: Wiley. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2439006","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":167108619,"identity":"0dc563d5-6489-4b93-925f-b030b67b6206","order_by":0,"name":"Md Shahid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pondicherry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"","lastName":"Shahid","suffix":""},{"id":167108620,"identity":"00806c58-a144-494e-a138-4e4d922822ab","order_by":1,"name":"T. Shanmuganantham","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pondicherry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"T.","middleName":"","lastName":"Shanmuganantham","suffix":""},{"id":167108621,"identity":"7ecb45b5-aa11-429e-b680-4e27372c1fde","order_by":2,"name":"S. Ashok Kumar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgbGBiDFD2InFJCiRRJEJBiQosXgAIhDjBb+/rMHH86ouSNnfH514ocHBgzy/GIH8GuRuJGXbLjh2DNjsxtvN0sAHWY4c3YCAWtu8JhJPmA7nLjtxtkNIC0JBrcJaJE/fwao5d/h+s0zzm7+QZQWgwM5ZpIb2w4nGPD3biPOFsMbOcaGM/ueGc64wbvNIsFAgrBf5M6fMXzY8+2OPDDoNt/8UWEjzy9NQAsUHACGHVilBFHKoVr4DxCtehSMglEwCkYYAAARxkr3g7QdxAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"Ashok","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-01-03 12:29:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2439006/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2439006/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":31635210,"identity":"546593d7-2281-45aa-8298-a66c350a1457","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-16 15:27:02","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnit cell of the proposed metamaterial absorber, (a) Top view of the unit cell, and (b) 3D- perspective view\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2439006/v1/31cfd1e85531a371ebc57701.png"},{"id":31633726,"identity":"3f4aebbc-19de-452d-a32d-2778cc0f4c54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-16 15:19:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated Absorption for the proposed design\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2439006/v1/e33cc7990530c1746cc0b877.png"},{"id":31633724,"identity":"a71b9f05-391f-45e9-9867-fd0321601f57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-16 15:19:02","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25227,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot for |𝑆\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e|\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2439006/v1/1be1b3613ec761848ce2d143.png"},{"id":31633727,"identity":"ea2ff2ca-1657-487f-9426-02bc15b9189d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-16 15:19:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25208,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot for |𝑆\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e|\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2439006/v1/b6424adaf15a7dd5a340555d.png"},{"id":83804777,"identity":"0c56c566-7858-4e35-829e-c689819388a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-03 04:31:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":447190,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2439006/v1/a21ff3ad-5c25-4d47-bb12-4983e13a3cd9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Metamaterial absorber for L-band, S-band and C-band applications","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMetamaterials (MMs) are sub-wavelength periodic resonant structures that exhibits unusual properties such as backward wave propagation, reverse Doppler effect, negative refractive index [11,12].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demand for low-cost, high gain compact antennas that can be designed for electronic and radio-frequency components has made patch antennas an innovative and attractive alternative option in modern wireless communication. In wireless communication technology, everyone wants to reduce the traffic of the channel and try to give as much high speed as they provide to their customers. The reason is to develop this technology because in previous technologies there is narrow bandwidth, high losses, low gain. In this paper, the authors designed a millimeter-wave reconfigurable Vivaldi antenna using a power divider and achieved a gain of around 4.725dB \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7.987dB [1].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, a microstrip patch antenna by using truncated textured ceramic substrate is designed with a gain of 5.5 dB [2]. The polarization technique is an orientation of the electric field, by tracing the electric field vector, we can identify the polarization of EM waves. Similarly, the author presents an idea by which an antenna can be developed by cross-polarization suppression at a low elevation angle for a compact circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna. At the outer of the CP antenna, a meander line ring cavity (MLRC) structure was introduced by the author, and the magnitude of gain 5.3dB was obtained [3]. The other principal was introduced by so many researchers using to simulate the microstrip antenna is PSOAM waves generation using Yagi CAA. The author designed a 1\u0026ndash;8 Wilkinson power divider and the result of peak gain achieved is 1.9db [4]. In some designs two pairs of compact microstrip patch antenna were fabricated by the developer for a dual unit retinal prosthesis operating multiple frequencies and after fabrication 4dB peak gain was obtained [5]. For high gain, an array antenna introduced the main advantage to array antenna is the value of gain is measured w.r.t to other technologies. In some research papers a dual-band 2x1 microstrip antenna was designed by the author with a rectangular slot defected to the ground substrate with two different substrates and the peak gain was measured is 4.26\u0026ndash;5.52 dB [6]. The symmetrical structure (DGS) in the form of L was implemented in a circular and some different patch antenna with resonant at the second WLAN band. This is used to achieve lower frequency band applications such that Bluetooth etc. The peak gain of 4.4 dB by using this implementation was measured [7]. Dielectric resonator fabricated which helps to increase gain and efficiency in this simulation two cylindrical holes were inserted over the antenna into the dielectric resonator thus 4.79 dB gain was the peak gain was measured by the author [8].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTRUCTURE DESIGN OF THE UNIT CELL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proposed unit cell consists of one modified square-shaped closed-loop resonators (CLRs) printed on top of the dielectric surface while bottom is backed by copper layer. The used substrate is FR4 Epoxy (εr\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.4, tanδ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02) with thickness of 2.8 mm as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1(a). The thickness of the bottom and top layers are 0.018mm with a conductivity of 5.8\u0026times;107 S/m, the thickness of the substrate layer is 2.8mm. And the total thickness of the metamaterial absorber is 2.836mm. Figure\u0026nbsp;1(b) shows the 3-D perspective view of the unit cell of the proposed structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimensions of the proposed metamaterial absorber are given below: Top view of unit cell structure with dimensions: a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35, b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32, c\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7, w\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.5, g\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5 (unit: mm).\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Ii. Simulation Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe simulation of the proposed metamaterial absorber is carried out by using the ANSYS HFSS version 2020r2. The proposed design consists bottom layer, substrate layer and copper metallic structure on top. Top layer is a simple modified square shape closed loop resonator. To simulate the proposed MMA design the simulation parameters which is used are given below in a table-1. By using these parameters the MMA shows the frequency peaks for the proposed design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimulation parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8GHz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum no. of passes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Delta (S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency sweep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear step\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweep type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpolating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStart frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 GHz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 GHz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepending on the parameters of Table-1 the simulation is to run about the definite period. Using these parameters the MMA shows the frequency peaks for the proposed design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proposed absorber shows three narrow band absorption peaks at 1.21, 3.64 and 5.30 GHz with absorption of 94, 90, and 99%, respectively, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflected power of the proposed MMA is very less, which is near to zero, as shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. According to (2), to achieve the maximum absorption, the values for |\u0026#119878;\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e|\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e should be near to zero.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the first \u0026amp; second peak are almost flat at 1.21 GHz \u0026amp; at 3.64 GHz respectively. Also the third peak is very less in value due to copper layering at bottom of the MMA i.e. transmitted power is approximately equal to zero. It is resulted good absorptivity according to (1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable-2: Comparison of proposed absorber with earlier published absorbers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickness (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorption freq.\u0026nbsp;(GHz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovered freq.\u0026nbsp;bands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[8]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1, 4.6, 9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS, C, \u0026amp; X\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[9]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.23, 14.18, 17.37,19.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX, Ku, \u0026amp; K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[10]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u0026ndash;8.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21, 3.64, 5.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL, S, \u0026amp; C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Iii. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe simulation of the metamaterial absorber for L-band, S-band, and C-band applications is carried out by using the ANSYS HFSS version 2020r2. In the proposed model, a modified square shape closed loop copper metallic structure is designed on top of the FR-4 substrate. Many literatures are reported on metamaterial absorber for higher frequencies range only. So, the objective was to design a metamaterial absorber in such a way that the absorption frequency range can cover lower frequency bands i.e. L, S and C bands.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the simulation results, it is noticed that a unique metamaterial absorber (MMA) is presented. To understand the absorption mechanism of the proposed MMA, Absorption percentage, Reflection coefficient, and Transmission coefficient have been analysed. The simulated result shows that the proposed MMA offers three distinct absorption bands at 1.21, 3.64 and 5.30 GHz with corresponding absorptions of 94%, 90% and 99% respectively. It covers L-band apart from S-band, and C-band so that it\u0026rsquo;s widened the range of applications. It is suitable for various applications like aircraft surveillance, satellite navigation, and non-military radiolocation radars.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e Not Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWritten informed consent to publish this information was obtained from all authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e Based on request will provide data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e There is no funding for this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;SAK has substantially conducted and contributed to the work, and drafted and revised the manuscript. TS conducted and contributed to the work and assisted in drafting and revision of manuscript. BdS substantially analyzed the work and revised the intellectual content of the work. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang, B. X., Zhai, X., Wang, G. Z., Huang, W. Q., \u0026amp; Wang, L. L. (February 2015). \u0026ldquo;Design of a Four- Band and Polarization-Insensitive Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber,\u0026rdquo;IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 7, no. 1,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, R. K., \u0026amp; Gupta, A. (April 2021). A wrenched-square shaped polarization independent and wide angle stable ultra-thin metamaterial absorber for S-band, X-band and Ku-band applications. \u003cem\u003eAEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e132\u003c/em\u003e, 153648.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmiri, M. M., Tofigh, F., Shariati, N., Lipman, J., \u0026amp; Abolhasan, M. (March 2021). Review on Metamaterial Perfect Absorbers and Their Applications to IoT,. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Internet of Things Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(6), 4105\u0026ndash;4131.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLandy, N. I., Sajuyigbe, S., Mock, J. J., Smith, D. R., \u0026amp; Padilla, W. J. (2008). Perfect metamaterial absorber. \u003cem\u003ePhysical review letters\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e100\u003c/em\u003e(20), 207402.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang, Z., Zhang, L., Chen, X., Wu, Z., He, Y., Yangyang Lv, \u0026amp; Zou, Y. (2020). \u0026ldquo;Broadband metamaterial absorber for low-frequency microwave absorption in the S-band and C-band,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials\u003c/em\u003e, Elsevier, vol.\u0026nbsp;497, March\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, G., \u0026amp; Marwaha, R. A. (Jan 2015). \u0026ldquo;A Review of Metamaterials and its Applications,\u0026rdquo;International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), vol. 19, no. 6,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAssal, A. E., Breiss, H., Benzerga, R., Sharaiha, A., Jrad, A., \u0026amp; Harmouch, A. 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D., \u0026amp; Hoa, N. T. Q. (2019). \u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;Simple Design of a Copolarization Wideband Metamaterial Absorber for C-Band Applications,\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Electronic Materials\u003c/em\u003e, Springer, vol.\u0026nbsp;48, no. 8, pp.\u0026nbsp;5018\u0026ndash;5027, May\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVeselago, V. G. (1968). The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of img align = absmiddle alt = ε eps/img and \u0026micro;. \u003cem\u003ePhysics-Uspekhi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(4), 509\u0026ndash;514.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, R. K., \u0026amp; Gupta, A. (2019). \u0026ldquo;An epsilon negative line based dual-band metamaterial inspired antenna for low-profile applications,\u0026rdquo; in \u003cem\u003eInternational Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC)\u003c/em\u003e, Noida, India; p.\u0026nbsp;37\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang, F., Feng, S., Qiu, K., Liu, Z., Fan, Y., Zhang, W., Zhao, Q., \u0026amp; Zhou, J. (2015). Mechanically stretchable and tunable metamaterial absorber. \u003cem\u003eAppl Phys Letter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e106\u003c/em\u003e, 091907.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFan, Y., Shen, N. H., Koschny, T., \u0026amp; Soukoulis, C. M. (2015). Tunable terahertz meta-surface with graphene cut-wires. \u003cem\u003eACS Photonics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e, 151\u0026ndash;156.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhosh, S., \u0026amp; Srivastava, K. V. (2016). Polarization-insensitive single- and broadband switchable absorber/reflector and its realization using a novel biasing technique. \u003cem\u003eIeee Transactions On Antennas And Propagation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e64\u003c/em\u003e(8), 3665\u0026ndash;3670.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBalanis, C. A. (1989). \u003cem\u003eAdvanced engineering electromagnetics\u003c/em\u003e. New York: Wiley.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Metamaterial absorber, L-band, S-band, C-band","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2439006/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2439006/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, a unique metamaterial absorber is presented for L-band, S-band and C-band applications. The unit cell of the MMA is designed by a modified square-shape closed-loop resonator printed on top of a dielectric substrate and backed by a copper layer. The proposed structure is ultrathin having total thickness of the absorber is 2.836 mm. The used substrate is FR4 epoxy dielectric substrate (εr\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.4, tanδ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02) having thickness of 2.8 mm. The absorption performance of the absorber is investigated using Ansys hfss. The absorptions occur in L, S and C bands at 1.21, 3.64 and 5.30 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the average absorption remains above 90%. The MMA structure is unique and insensitive to the angle of incidence across a wide range due to its symmetric structure. It is suitable for various applications like aircraft surveillance, satellite navigation, and non-military radiolocation radars.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Metamaterial absorber for L-band, S-band and C-band applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-01-16 15:18:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2439006/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c538ab8b-f7a9-447a-8b06-094e02058c69","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-03T04:23:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-01-16 15:18:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2439006","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2439006","identity":"rs-2439006","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}