Effect of Various Techniques of Measurement on the PH Determination of the Acidic Soil

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Mosharaf Hossain Sarker, Md. Imrul Hossain, Md. Shahadat Hossain, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6554736/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An experiment was conducted at Soil Science Lab., Sylhet Agricultural University, from November 2020 to February 2021 to observe the effects of different matrix, their mixing ratios, and time lapse of reading on pH of surface and sub-surface acidic soil and the relationship of different soil properties with pH. The study was conducted using two factorial complete randomized design with six replications, Factor A: mixing ratios of soil and matrix i.e. 1:1.0, 1:2.5, and 1:5.0 and Factor B: time of reading after mixing/stirring of soil and matrix i.e. Reading after 30 minutes (RA30MM), after 90 minutes (RA90MM) and after 150 minutes (RA150MM). Soil samples collected from distinct locations served as the six replications and a total of 12 soil samples - comprising six surface and six sub-surface samples - were examined for pH levels using three different matrixes: distilled water, CaCl 2 , and KCl. The average pH values of the acidic soil analyzed in distilled water, CaCl 2 , and KCl exhibited a clear declining trend (pHDW > pHCaCl 2 > pHKCl). As the dilution of the soil and matrix ratio increased, there was a corresponding rise in the pH value, demonstrated by the order pH1:1.0 < pH1:2.5 < pH1:5.0. The duration after mixing/stirring also influenced the pH values, with RA90MM generally showing higher pH readings compared to both RA30MM and RA150MM. Furthermore, the interaction between the soil-matrix ratio and the duration significantly impacted the soil pH in acidic soils. The variations in the relationship between soil pH and other soil characteristics were minimal. Mixing ratios dilution soil-matrix ratio soil properties 1 Introduction Soil pH plays a crucial role in soil chemistry, serving as an indicator for numerous chemical reactions [1]. It influences both the distribution of plants and the availability of nutrients within the soil. Furthermore, soil pH affects the solubility, bioavailability, and movement of micro-nutrients in plants [2]. This aspect is largely determined by the distribution of nutrient elements between their solid and liquid forms during precipitation-dissolution reactions [2, 3]. Since microbial activity in the soil is linked to pH levels [4], the decomposition of organic matter is also influenced by pH, thus impacting the release of nutrients for plants [5]. In line with biochemical changes, various physical and chemical processes—such as dissolution, precipitation, and volatilization—are similarly affected by soil pH [6]. To accurately evaluate acid-base balance, including its equilibrium with carbon dioxide and carbonate, precise measurement of soil pH is essential [7, 8]. The method employed for pH determination is critical, with water or other aqueous solutions, like dilute salt solutions, commonly utilized. However, the effect of soil-water suspension complicates this pH measurement process [9]. Several factors must be taken into account to minimize variability in pH readings, including the soil-to-solution ratio, cation concentration in the soil solution, the type of electrode used, the immersion level of the electrode in the soil suspension, and the duration of stirring. Typically, water is the suspending agent used for measuring soil pH with an ion-selective electrode linked to a voltmeter. The ratio of soil to water significantly impacts pH readings, where an increase in pH occurs with a decrease in the soil-water ratio. Foth and Ellis (1988) [10] noted that the interaction between clay and humus particles and the equilibrium of soil CO 2 with atmospheric levels dictate the suspension effect. Using dilute CaCl 2 (0.01M) or KCl (1M) solutions as a matrix can effectively minimize the suspension effect [11]. Research by McLean (1982) [12] and Aitken, Moody, and McKinley (1990) [13] has highlighted the influence of various electrolyte solutions on pH measurements in acidic soils. However, limited studies have examined how electrolytes impact the determination of pH in such soils. A comparative analysis addressing the suspension effect, the influence of electrolyte addition, and the timing of shaking/stirring relative to electrode immersion for measuring pH in acidic soils has not yet been undertaken. Additionally, a comprehensive investigation is necessary to understand the extent of variations in pH values across different measurement methods. With this in consideration, the current study aimed to evaluate the effects of various matrices, their mixing ratios, and the timing of readings on the pH of both surface and sub-surface acidic soils, as well as the relationship between different soil properties and pH. 2 Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at Soil Science Lab, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet − 3100 during November, 2020 to February, 2021 and Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Sylhet. Soil samples were collected from various designated sampling locations just before the land was prepared for rabi crop planting. A total of six sampling sites were chosen, and for each site, two samples were taken from two different soil depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm). GPS coordinates were recorded for each location (Table 1 ). Table 1 Location of soil sample collection Sample No. Location Soil series GPS reading 01 Union-Bahara, Shalla, Sunamgonj Fagu 24 0 41 ’ 41.3 ’’ ; 91 0 16 ’ 25. 7 ’’ 02 Union-Habibpur, Shalla,Sunamgonj Goainghat 24 0 41 ’ 14. 1 ’’ ; 91 0 18 ’ 3.2 ’’ 03 Union-Habibpur, Shalla, Sunamgonj Goainghat 24 0 41 ’ 54 .3 ’’ ; 91 0 19 ’ 20. 7 ’’ 04 Union-Shalla, Shalla, Sunamgonj Shalla 24 0 37 ’ 56.7 ’’ ; 91 0 12 ’ 29.7 ’’ 05 Union-Habibpur, Shalla, Sunamgonj Fagu -Shalla 24 0 40.1 ’ 32.1 ’’ ; 91 0 19 ’ 06.9 ’’ 06 Union-Shalla, Shalla, Sunamgonj Shalla 24 0 38 ’ 35.5 ’’ ; 91 0 13 ’ 02.3 ’’ In the laboratory, the soil samples were spread out on brown paper to air dry. After the removal of plant roots and other debris, the air-dried soil was ground and passed through a 2-mm sieve to eliminate larger particles. The processed samples were then stored in polyethylene bags. Following this, the soil samples were analyzed for essential soil properties, including pH, organic carbon, and electrical conductivity, as well as several cations such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese, in accordance with the standard methods outlined in Table 2 . Table 2 Methods for analysis of soil properties Soil Properties Analytical methods Organic carbon Following wet oxidation method (Nelson and Sommers, 1996), the soil organic matter was oxidized by 1N potassium dichromate and the amount of organic carbon in the aliquot was determined by titration against 0.5 N ferrous sulphate hepta-hydrate solutions. The amount of organic matter was calculated by multiplying the percent organic carbon with the van Bemmelen factor 1.73 (Piper, 1950) Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K These elements were extracted from soil by 1M CH3COONH4 with a 1:1.0 soil- extractant ratio and the extractable amount was determined by flame AAS for Ca & Mg and by flame photometer for K (Knudsen et al., 1982) Available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe These micronutrients were extracted by 0.05M DTPA solution (pH 7.3) maintaining 1:2 soil-extractant ratio. The extracted level was measured by flame AAS (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) 2.1 Determination of Soil pH Soil pH was measured in distilled water (pHDW), 0.01M CaCl 2 (pHCaCl 2 ), and 1M KCl (pHKCl) for all the soil samples. Separate measurements were done for surface and sub-surface soils. The soil matrix ratios of 1:1.0, 1:2.5 and 1:5.0 (w/v) were used for each of the electrolytes. In each case of the ratios, amount of soil was 10 g. Following the combination of the soil with the respective electrolyte, the mixture was stirred manually for 10 minutes using a glass rod. pH readings were recorded at intervals of 30-, 90-, and 150-minutes post-mixing with the respective matrix/electrolyte. All measurements were conducted at room temperature (27 ± 2°C) employing an AD1030 pH/mV & Temperature Meter along with an AD1131 B pH electrode, both of which had been calibrated at pH values of 4.1, 7.0, and 10.0. The meter was recalibrated as needed to maintain precision [14]. Each batch included duplicate quality control samples for evaluation. Different Matrix Used in pH Determination i. Distilled water: It is a type of purified water from which different salts, mineral and other organic materials are removed by collecting the steam from boiling water. ii. Preparation of 1M KCl solution: 74.5 g KCl was added to a volumetric flask and made up to 1L with distilled water. iii. Preparation of 0.01M CaCl 2 solution: 1.11g CaCl 2 was added to a volumetric flask and made up to 1L with distilled water. Ratios of Soil and Matrix in the Suspension i) Soil: Matrix = 1:1.0, ii) Soil: Matrix = 1:2.5 and iii) Soil: Matrix = 1:5.0 2.2 Experimental Design Effects of different matrix, their mixing ratios and reading time after soil-water mixing on the pH measurement of acidic soil was studied using factorial complete randomized design with six replications. Nine treatment combinations were tested where the following two factors were used. Factor-A: 3 (Mixing ratios): M1. Soil: Matrix = 1:1.0 M2. Soil: Matrix = 1:2.5 M3. Soil: Matrix = 1:5.0 Factor-B: 3 (Time of reading after mixing of soil and matrix): R1. Reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM) R2. Reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) R3. Reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM) The treatment combinations are arranged as follows- M1R1 = (1:1.0) – (RA30MM) M1R2 = (1:1.0) – (RA90MM) M1R3 = (1:1.0) – (RA150MM) M2R1 = (1:2.5) - (RA30MM) M2R2 = (1:2.5) – (RA90MM) M3R3 = (1:2.5) – (RA150MM) M1R1 = (1:5.0) – (RA30MM) M2R2 = (1:5.0) – (RA90MM) M3R3 = (1:5.0) – (RA150MM) 2.3 Statistical analysis Data collected on different parameters were subjected to statistical analysis using a computer based statistical program R following the basic principles, as outlined by Gomez and Gomez (1984) [15]. Significant effects of different treatments were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The relationship between measured pH value and other soil characteristics were examined by SPSS. 3 Result 3.1 Surface Soil pH Using Distilled Water as Matrix Surface soil pH was affected significantly by the ratio of soil and water, time duration and their interaction (Table 3 ). Among the mixing ratios, the highest pH value (5.19) was found in the 1:5.0 ratio while the lowest pH value (4.99) was recorded in the 1:1.0 ratio. In case of time duration, the highest pH value (5.12) was recorded for reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) and the lowest pH value (5.07) was found for reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM). In terms of interactions, the highest pH value (5.23) was observed from the interaction of 1:5.0 – reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) followed by 1:5.0 – reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM) (5.19). The lowest pH value (4.93) in surface soil was recorded from the interaction of 1:1 – reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM). 3.2 Sub-surface Soil pH Using Distilled Water as Matrix In sub-surface soil, pH was affected significantly by the ratio of soil and water, time duration and their interaction (Table 3 ). The highest pH value (5.85) was found in the 1:5.0 ratio and the lowest pH value (5.56) was recorded in the 1:1 ratio among the mixing ratios. For time duration, the highest pH value (5.73) was recorded for reading after 30 and 90 minutes of mixing whereas the lowest pH value (5.65) was found for reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM). In terms of interaction, the highest pH value (5.87) was observed from the interaction of 1:5.0 – reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) followed by 1:5.0 – reading after 30 minutes of mixing (5.85) and the lowest pH value (5.47) was found from the interaction of 1:1.0 – reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM). Table 3 Effects of different matrix, their mixing ratios with soil and time after soil-water mixing on the pH measurement Soil: Matrix/Time/Interactions pH in surface soil pH in sub- surface soil pH in surface soil pH in sub- surface soil pH in surface soil pH in sub-surface soil Using distilled water as matrix Using KCl as matrix Using CaCl 2 as matrix Ratio 1:1.0 4.99 ± 0.031c 5.56 ± 0.069c 3.70 ± 0.027c 3.96 ± 0.075b 4.46 ± 0.029b 4.85 ± 0.084c 1:2.5 5.09 ± 0.032b 5.70 ± 0.086b 3.84 ± 0.026b 4.10 ± 0.074a 4.46 ± 0.029b 4.88 ± 0.083b 1:1.5.0 5.19 ± 0.032a 5.85 ± 0.082a 3.90 ± 0.022a 4.09 ± 0.073a 4.49 ± 0.028a 4.91 ± 0.085a Significance level 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 CV (%) 0.64 1.08 0.59 1.01 0.31 0.49 Time duration RA30MM 5.08 ± 0.032b 5.73 ± 0.078a 3.79 ± 0.033c 4.04 ± 0.076 4.46 ± 0.028c 4.87 ± 0.085b RA90MM 5.12 ± 0.039a 5.730.089a 3.82 ± 0.031b 4.05 ± 0.077 4.47 ± 0.029b 4.89 ± 0.085a RA150MM 5.07 ± 0.040b 5.65 ± 0.085b 3.84 ± 0.032a 4.06 ± 0.075 4.49 ± 0.030a 4.89 ± 0.083a Significance level 0.001 0.001 0.001 NS 0.001 0.05 CV (%) 0.64 1.08 0.59 1.01 0.31 0.49 Ratio × Time duration (1:1.0) - (RA30MM) 5.05 ± 0.050de 5.65 ± 0.116d 3.68 ± 0.046f 3.94 ± 0.134 4.46 ± 0.054d 4.84 ± 0.156e (1:1.0) - (RA90MM) 4.98 ± 0.051f 5.56 ± 0.129e 3.71 ± 0.050e 3.97 ± 0.144 4.47 ± 0.054cd 4.86 ± 0.160de (1:1.0) - (RA150MM) 4.93 ± 0.059g 5.47 ± 0.125f 3.72 ± 0.051e 3.96 ± 0.138 4.47 ± 0.054cd 4.86 ± 0.149de (1:2.5) - (RA30MM) 5.04 ± 0.055e 5.69 ± 0.147cd 3.82 ± 0.051d 4.07 ± 0.139 4.43 ± 0.049e 4.87 ± 0.155cde (1:2.5) - (RA90MM) 5.15 ± 0.053c 5.74 ± 0.172bc 3.83 ± 0.044d 4.10 ± 0.139 4.46 ± 0.053d 4.88 ± 0.151cd (1:2.5) - (RA150MM) 5.09 ± 0.057d 5.67 ± 0.155d 3.88 ± 0.045bc 4.13 ± 0.130 4.49 ± 0.055ab 4.89 ± 0.154c (1:5.0) - (RA30MM) 5.15 ± 0.059c 5.85 ± 0.151a 3.87 ± 0.043c 4.10 ± 0.139 4.48 ± 0.051bc 4.89 ± 0.158c (1:5.0) - (RA90MM) 5.23 ± 0.061a 5.87 ± 0.157a 3.91 ± 0.037a 4.09 ± 0.134 4.49 ± 0.052ab 4.93 ± 0.158a (1:5.0) - (RA150MM) 5.190.051b 5.82 ± 0.145ab 3.91 ± 0.040a 4.10 ± 0.134 4.50 ± 0.052a 4.92 ± 0.155ab Significance level 0.001 0.05 0.001 NS 0.01 0.05 CV (%) 0.64 1.08 0.59 1.01 0.31 0.49 means followed by same letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by dmrt cv= co−efficient of variation, 1:1.0, 1:2.5 and 1:5.0 denote for the ratio of soil and matrix ra30mm =reading after 30 minutes of mixing, ra90mm =reading after 90 minutes of mixing, ra150mm =reading after150 minutes of mixing 3.3 Surface Soil pH Using KCl as Matrix Ratio of soil and KCl, time duration, and their interaction had significant effect on pH of surface soil (Table 3 ). In case of mixing ratios, the highest pH value (3.90) was found in the 1:5.0 ratio and the lowest pH value (3.70) was observed from the 1:1.0 ratio. In terms of time duration, the highest pH value (3.84) was found for reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM) and the lowest pH value (3.79) was observed from reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM). Among the interactions, the highest pH value (3.91) was recorded by using 1:5.0 – reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) and 1:5.0 – reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM). The lowest pH value (3.68) was observed from the interaction of 1:1.0 ratio and reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM). 3.4 Sub-surface Soil pH Using KCl as Matrix Ratio between soil and KCl as matrix had a significant role on pH in sub-surface soil (Table 3 ). The highest pH value (4.10) was recorded for the 1:2.5 ratio while the lowest pH value (3.96) was observed from the 1:1.0 ratio. Similar significant results were also recorded for 1:2.5 and 1:5.0 ratios. In sub-surface soil, significant variations were not found for pH in case of time duration after mixing of soil and matrix and interaction of ratio and time duration during the experiment. 3.5 Surface Soil pH Using CaCl 2 as Matrix The ratio of soil and matrix (CaCl 2 ) found to leave a significant effect on pH measurement in surface soil (Table 3 ). The highest pH value (4.49) was noted for the 1:5.0 ratio while the lowest pH value (4.46) was recorded for the 1:1.0 ratio. Time duration of after soil - CaCl 2 mixing also had significant role on pH in surface soil where the lowest (4.46) and the highest pH values (4.49) were recorded for reading after 30 and 150 minutes of mixing, respectively. Ratio and time duration interaction were also significant for pH value. The lowest pH value (4.43) was recorded for 1:2.5 – reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM) soil and matrix. On the other hand, the highest pH value (4.50) was observed from 1:5.0 – reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM) interaction. 3.6 Sub-surface Soil pH Using CaCl 2 as Matrix Soil and CaCl 2 matrix ratios had significant role in pH of sub-surface soil where 1:5.0 ratio was found to have the highest pH value (4.91) while the 1:1.0 ratio gave the lowest pH value (4.85) (Table 3 ). Different time durations were found to have significant role in pH determination. The highest pH value (4.89) was recorded for reading after 90 and 150 minutes of mixing soil and matrix. The lowest pH value (4.87) was found for reading after 30 minutes of soil and matrix mixing. The interaction effects of ratio and time duration on soil pH determination were significant. The highest value (4.93) was recorded in the interaction of 1:5.0 – reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) while the lowest pH value (4.84) in the case of 1:1.0 – reading after 30 minutes of mixing soil and matrix (RA30MM). 3.7 Relationship between Soil pH and Other Soil Properties In acidic surface soil, pHH 2 O was significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.92**) with available Zn (Table 4 ) while in sub-surface soil available Fe had significant negative correlation (r=-0.84*) with both pHH 2 O and pHCaCl 2 (Table 5 ). Table 4 Relationship between soil pH 1:2.5 and other soil properties in surface soil pH DW OC EC K Ca Mg Zn Cu Fe Mn pH DW 1.00 OC -0.30 1.00 EC -0.26 0.90** 1.00 K -0.14 -0.14 -0.27 1.00 Ca 0.73 -0.44 -0.17 -0.02 1.00 Mg 0.10 0.01 -0.33 0.71 -0.33 1.00 Zn -0.92** 0.62 0.57 0.15 -0.74 -0.01 1.00 Cu 0.13 0.07 -0.17 -0.63 -0.41 0.02 -0.18 1.00 Fe 0.53 -0.86* -0.78* 0.16 0.42 0.22 -0.71 -0.04 1.00 Mn -0.03 -0.22 -0.12 0.75 0.47 0.12 0.00 -0.85* 0.04 1.00 pH KCl 1.00 OC 0.48 1.00 EC 0.52 0.90** 1.00 K 0.00 -0.14 -0.27 1.00 Ca 0.52 -0.44 -0.17 -0.02 1.00 Mg -0.01 0.01 -0.33 0.71 -0.33 1.00 Zn -0.26 0.62 0.57 0.15 -0.74 -0.01 1.00 Cu -0.22 0.07 -0.17 -0.63 -0.41 0.02 -0.18 1.00 Fe -0.31 -0.86* -0.78* 0.16 0.42 0.22 -0.71 -0.04 1.00 Mn 0.24 -0.22 -0.12 0.75 0.47 0.12 0.00 -0.85* 0.04 1.00 pH CaCl2 1.00 OC 0.34 1.00 EC 0.48 0.90** 1.00 K 0.36 -0.14 -0.27 1.00 Ca 0.56 -0.44 -0.17 -0.02 1.00 Mg -0.02 0.01 -0.33 0.71 -0.33 1.00 Zn -0.04 0.62 0.57 0.15 -0.74 -0.01 1.00 Cu -0.70 0.07 -0.17 -0.63 -0.41 0.02 -0.18 1.00 Fe -0.28 -0.86* -0.78* 0.16 0.42 0.22 -0.71 -0.04 1.00 Mn 0.67 -0.22 -0.12 0.75 0.47 0.12 0.00 -0.85* 0.04 1.00 ** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2− tailed). * correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2− tailed) . Table 5 Relationship between soil pH 1:2.5 and other soil properties in sub-surface soil pH DW OC EC K Ca Mg Zn Cu Fe Mn pH DW 1.00 OC 0.59 1.00 EC -0.45 -0.81* 1.00 K 0.51 0.48 -0.12 1.00 Ca 0.67 0.64 -0.15 0.84* 1.00 Mg 0.37 0.45 -0.43 0.76* 0.52 1.00 Zn -0.59 0.02 -0.20 0.03 -0.25 0.45 1.00 Cu -0.49 -0.16 0.29 0.15 0.01 0.11 0.28 1.00 Fe -0.84* -0.55 0.31 -0.76* -0.83* -0.71 0.21 0.33 1.00 Mn -0.05 -0.34 0.54 -0.45 -0.10 -0.82* -0.59 -0.38 0.25 1.00 pH KCl 1.00 OC 0.52 1.00 EC -0.43 -0.81* 1.00 K 0.24 0.48 -0.12 1.00 Ca 0.46 0.64 -0.15 0.84* 1.00 Mg 0.01 0.45 -0.43 0.76* 0.52 1.00 Zn -0.73 0.02 -0.20 0.03 -0.25 0.45 1.00 Cu -0.62 -0.16 0.29 0.15 0.01 0.11 0.28 1.00 Fe -0.58 -0.55 0.31 -0.76* -0.83* -0.71 0.21 0.33 1.00 Mn 0.20 -0.34 0.54 -0.45 -0.10 -0.82* -0.59 -0.38 0.25 1.00 pH CaCl2 1.00 OC 0.60 1.00 EC -0.45 -0.81* 1.00 K 0.52 0.48 -0.12 1.00 Ca 0.68 0.64 -0.15 0.84* 1.00 Mg 0.35 0.45 -0.43 0.76* 0.52 1.00 Zn -0.58 0.02 -0.20 0.03 -0.25 0.45 1.00 Cu -0.52 -0.16 0.29 0.15 0.01 0.11 0.28 1.00 Fe -0.84* -0.55 0.31 -0.76* -0.83* -0.71 0.21 0.33 1.00 Mn -0.03 -0.34 0.54 -0.45 -0.10 -0.82* -0.59 -0.38 0.25 1.00 ** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2− tailed). * correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2− tailed) . 4 Discussion 4.1 Effect of Different Matrix on Soil pH Determination The mean pH levels of soil assessed in distilled water (DW), CaCl 2 , and KCl exhibited a clear declining pattern, arranged from highest to lowest as follows: distilled water > CaCl 2 > KCl. This difference can be attributed to the greater ability of various electrolytes (KCl and CaCl 2 ) to liberate more H + ions from soil colloids compared to distilled water. The release of H + ions results from the ion exchange process between cations present in the soil solution and those at the exchange sites in the soil. Specifically, soils have varying quantities of exchangeable H + and Ca 2+ ions, which are more readily exchanged in electrolyte solutions than in distilled water. It is widely observed that the application of CaCl 2 leads to a lower soil pH in contrast to using water as a solvent [4], likely because the added Ca 2+ ions displace H + ions from the soil's exchange sites [16]. One potential impact of adding electrolytes on pH, compared to water, is the formation of a double layer surrounding negatively charged soil surfaces, which can initially enhance the release of H + ions into the suspension, thereby lowering the measured pH. Another contributing factor might be the liquid junction effect, which accounts for the lower pH values observed in electrolyte solutions relative to distilled water. This effect stems from the uneven distribution of electric charge at the interface between the electrolyte and the internal electrode solution. Typically, this phenomenon is more pronounced when assessing pH in water as opposed to in electrolyte solutions [1]. Consequently, the soil pH measured with water tends to be higher than that recorded in electrolyte solutions due to the uniform charge distribution across the junction. Aitken, Moody, and McKinley (1990) [13] noted the order of pH values as DW > 0.01M CaCl 2 > KCl. Additionally, Kome, Enang, and Palmer (2018) [17] conducted an experiment on volcanic ash soils and reported a similar trend in pH values: DW > 0.01M CaCl 2 > 1M KCl. 4.2 Effect of Mixing Ratio on Soil pH Determination An increase in the dilution of the soil and matrix ratio demonstrated a corresponding rise in soil pH values, represented as 1:1.0 < 1:2.5 < 1:5.0. This phenomenon occurs because the concentration of H + ions in the soil-matrix suspension diminishes as the dilution increases, leading to higher measured pH levels. Consequently, a broader soil-to-water ratio results in an elevated pH measurement. This observation aligns with the dilution effects noted in Keaton's study (1938) [18]. In cases where ionic strength is low, the application of CaCl 2 as a matrix led to a more significant reduction in soil pH, consistent with previous research indicating a variation in pH values of up to 1 unit between water and the CaCl 2 matrix [19]. Conversely, for soils characterized by high ionic strength, pH measurements using CaCl 2 were comparable to those obtained with water. This finding supports the conclusions of Kissel et al. (2009) [20], who reported a variation of less than 0.2 pH units for high ionic strength soils. Al-Busaidi, Cookson, and Yamamoto (2005) [14] recorded average pH values of 8.12, 8.29, and 8.44 for dilution ratios of 1:1.0, 1:2.5, and 1:5.0, respectively. Additionally, Libohoba et al. (2014) [21] identified the highest pH values in the 1:5.0 (water) ratio and the lowest in the 1:2 (CaCl 2 ) ratio. 4.3 Effect of Time Duration on Soil pH Determination In general, pH values were found to be higher in RA90MM compared to RA30MM, while RA150MM exhibited a decreasing trend in pH levels. The observed increase in soil pH in RA90MM relative to RA30MM may be attributed to the flocculation of electrolytes within the soil solution over time. Beretta et al. (2014) [22] noted that higher soil pH values were recorded during initial stirring, with a decrease from 5.38–3.91% occurring after three minutes of stirring. Similarly, Al-Busaidi, Cookson, and Yamamoto (2005) [14] reported comparable results, suggesting that the concentration of H + ions is likely higher in the soil. 4.4 Relationship between Soil pH with other Soil Properties From the correlation study, it became evident that the soil pH, assessed at a soil-to-matrix ratio of 1:2.5, exhibited variability in acidic soils. The correlations observed were relatively weak, with only zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) showing a negative correlation with soil pH. These fluctuations in the relationships between soil pH and other soil characteristics may be attributed to the differing concentrations of various anions and cations present. 5 Conclusion The present research aimed to investigate the impact of various matrixes and their mixing proportions on soil pH, as well as to monitor the temporal changes in pH values. Notable differences in the pH of acidic soil were observed as a result of employing different matrixes in varying ratios, along with the influence of different time intervals for measurements taken after mixing or stirring. Declarations Funding: No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. Conflict of interest : No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Ethics approval and consent to participate: This work is mainly on soil and soil resources and does not involve any information on humans or animals; thus, an ethical statement is not applicable to the context of the manuscript. Data availability: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Code Availability: Not Applicable Author’s contribution: Md. Mosharaf Hossain Sarker and Md. Shahadat Hossain contributed to the study conception, research planning. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Md. Imrul Hossain and Kazi Sanjida Begum. Statistical analysis was done by Md. Mosharaf Hossain Sarker. The first draft of the manuscript was written jointly by Md. Imrul Hossain and Amatul Jameel. After that, the remaining three authors commented on that first draft for further improvement of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors are very grateful to Sylhet Agricultural University Research System (SAURES) for providing support to successfully complete this research. References Moore, T.J., Leoppert, R.H., 1987. Significance of potassium chloride pH of calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51:908-912. Forstner, U., Allen, H.E., Huang, C.P., Bailey, G.W., Bowers, A.R., 1995. "Land contamination by metals: Global scope and magnitude of problem" in Metal Speciation and Contamination of Soil. CRC press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA.1-33. Rieuwerts, J.S., Thornton, I., Farago, M.E., Ashmore, M.R., 1998. Factors influencing metal bioavailability in soils: preliminary investigations for the development of a critical loads approach for metals. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 10 (2):61–75. Miller, R.O., Kissel, D.E., 2010. Comparison of soil pH methods on soils of North America. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74:310–316. Jones, J.R., Benton, J., 2012. Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Manual 2nd Edition. CSIRO Publishing. Kulikowska, D., Klimiuk, E., 2008. The effect of landfill age on municipal leachate composition. Bioresource Technology 99(13): 981–5985. Suarez, D.L., 1977. Ion activity products of Calcium Carbonate in waters below the root zone. Soil Science Society of American Journal 41:310-315. Stumm, W., Morgan, J.J., 2012. Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters (Vol. 126). John Wiley & Sons. Rueter, D.J., Peverill, K.I., Sparrow, W., 1999. In soil analysis, An interpretation manual, CSIRO Publication Sydney, Australia. Soil pH. 104 - 106. Foth, H.D., Ellis, B.G., 1988. Soil fertility, soil pH and its management. Wiley: New York. 36-59. Sumner, M.E., 1994. Measurement of soil pH: Problems and solutions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25:859-879. McLean, E.O., 1983. Soil pH and lime requirement. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 Chemical and microbiological properties 9:199-224. Aitken, R.L., Moody, P.W., McKinley P.G., 1990. Lime requirement of acidic Queensland soils. I. Relationships between soil properties and pH buffer capacity. Soil Research 28 (5):695-701. Al-Busaidi, A., Cookson, P., Yamamoto, T., 2005. Methods of pH determination in calcareous soils: use of electrolytes and suspension effect. Soil Research 43(4):541-545. Gomez, K.A., Gomez, A.A., 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & Son. Conyers, M.K., Davey, B.G., 1988. Observations on some routine methods for soil pH determination. Soil Science 145(1):29-36. Kome, G.K, Enang, R.K., Palmer, B., 2018. Models relating soil pH measurements in H 2 0, KCl and CaCl 2 for volcanic ash soils of Cameroon. Geoderma Regional 14:e00185. Keaton, C.M., 1938. A theory explaining the relation of soil - water ratios to pH values. Soil Science 46(3):259-266. Rayments, G.E., Lyons, D.J., 2011. Soil chemical methods. CSIRO publishing Victoria Aus-tralia. Kissel, D.E., Sonon, L., Vendrell, P.F., Isaac, R.A., 2009. Salt concentration and measure-ment of soil pH. Communications in Soil Science and Plant analysis 40(1-6):179-187. Libohova, Z., Wills, S., Odgers, N.P., R., Ferguson, R., Nesser, R., Thompson, J.A., West, L.T., Hempel, J.W., 2014. Converting pH 1: 1 H 2 O and 1: 2 CaCl 2 to 1: 5 H 2 O to con-tribute to a harmonized global soil database. Geoderma 213:544-550. Beretta, A., Bassahum, D., Musselli, R., 2014. Measure soil pH at rest or stirring the soil: water mixture. Agrociencia (Montevideo) 18(2):90-94. Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic mat-ter. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods 5:961-1010. Piper, C.S. 1950. Soil and plant analysis. International Science Publishers, New York Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A., Pratt, P.F., 1982. Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2 Chemical and microbiological properties. 2nd edition. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.). American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 225-246. Lindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil science society of America journal 42(3):421-428. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6554736","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":463601966,"identity":"f1ddd571-f820-4507-81a8-74466d15c403","order_by":0,"name":"Md. Mosharaf Hossain Sarker","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Mosharaf Hossain","lastName":"Sarker","suffix":""},{"id":463601972,"identity":"b8a725a3-1039-43c3-87d6-207cffea60e6","order_by":1,"name":"Md. Imrul Hossain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Imrul","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":463601973,"identity":"28716261-e4dd-4107-905f-5e2dcf473bba","order_by":2,"name":"Md. Shahadat Hossain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Shahadat","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":463601974,"identity":"d77fd957-0127-4250-9f16-8b0c45efe59f","order_by":3,"name":"Kazi Sanjida Begum","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kazi","middleName":"Sanjida","lastName":"Begum","suffix":""},{"id":463601975,"identity":"ac4f4ea3-9203-4d79-b424-20f975cf8fcf","order_by":4,"name":"Amatul Jameel","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABF0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAiBmbwASbMiiEgwGONQzNoCleA4AGUAtPMRrkUggUgv/tMPPH/MYMMjLRz4HMsps8uwZ2B9+5mGwk2eQbt6ATYvE7TTDZqAWw423c4CMc2nFPAw8xtI8DMmGDTLHCrA663YCWAvjxtk5jM28bYcTe4BOA2phTmCQyMHqMPnb6R9BWuw3zjz+EKjlP1AL++PfPAz1OLUYgN1jwJA4X4LBEKjlAFALgxnQlsM4tRjezimcOcdAInkDT47hzDnnkhN7DvOYWc4xOG7YhsMvcrfTN3x4U2FjO7/9+IMPb8rsEtvb2x/feFNRLc+PI8RgAcdgcADGZgY7GC0lYA2HBkIqRsEoGAWjYMQCAHDwWN86m/WKAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amatul","middleName":"","lastName":"Jameel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-29 09:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6554736/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6554736/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84731886,"identity":"721e18a7-1466-4ed3-bc5e-8e493bc5681a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 17:16:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1518241,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6554736/v1/35423fdd-6e5a-438c-af06-7e75b690dd56.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Various Techniques of Measurement on the PH Determination of the Acidic Soil\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSoil pH plays a crucial role in soil chemistry, serving as an indicator for numerous chemical reactions [1]. It influences both the distribution of plants and the availability of nutrients within the soil. Furthermore, soil pH affects the solubility, bioavailability, and movement of micro-nutrients in plants [2]. This aspect is largely determined by the distribution of nutrient elements between their solid and liquid forms during precipitation-dissolution reactions [2, 3]. Since microbial activity in the soil is linked to pH levels [4], the decomposition of organic matter is also influenced by pH, thus impacting the release of nutrients for plants [5]. In line with biochemical changes, various physical and chemical processes\u0026mdash;such as dissolution, precipitation, and volatilization\u0026mdash;are similarly affected by soil pH [6]. To accurately evaluate acid-base balance, including its equilibrium with carbon dioxide and carbonate, precise measurement of soil pH is essential [7, 8]. The method employed for pH determination is critical, with water or other aqueous solutions, like dilute salt solutions, commonly utilized. However, the effect of soil-water suspension complicates this pH measurement process [9]. Several factors must be taken into account to minimize variability in pH readings, including the soil-to-solution ratio, cation concentration in the soil solution, the type of electrode used, the immersion level of the electrode in the soil suspension, and the duration of stirring. Typically, water is the suspending agent used for measuring soil pH with an ion-selective electrode linked to a voltmeter. The ratio of soil to water significantly impacts pH readings, where an increase in pH occurs with a decrease in the soil-water ratio. Foth and Ellis (1988) [10] noted that the interaction between clay and humus particles and the equilibrium of soil CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with atmospheric levels dictate the suspension effect. Using dilute CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (0.01M) or KCl (1M) solutions as a matrix can effectively minimize the suspension effect [11]. Research by McLean (1982) [12] and Aitken, Moody, and McKinley (1990) [13] has highlighted the influence of various electrolyte solutions on pH measurements in acidic soils. However, limited studies have examined how electrolytes impact the determination of pH in such soils. A comparative analysis addressing the suspension effect, the influence of electrolyte addition, and the timing of shaking/stirring relative to electrode immersion for measuring pH in acidic soils has not yet been undertaken. Additionally, a comprehensive investigation is necessary to understand the extent of variations in pH values across different measurement methods. With this in consideration, the current study aimed to evaluate the effects of various matrices, their mixing ratios, and the timing of readings on the pH of both surface and sub-surface acidic soils, as well as the relationship between different soil properties and pH.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted at Soil Science Lab, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3100 during November, 2020 to February, 2021 and Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Sylhet. Soil samples were collected from various designated sampling locations just before the land was prepared for \u003cem\u003erabi\u003c/em\u003e crop planting. A total of six sampling sites were chosen, and for each site, two samples were taken from two different soil depths (0\u0026ndash;15 cm and 15\u0026ndash;30 cm). GPS coordinates were recorded for each location (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation of soil sample collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil series\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGPS reading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnion-Bahara, Shalla, Sunamgonj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFagu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e41\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 41.3\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e; 91\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e16\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 25. 7\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnion-Habibpur, Shalla,Sunamgonj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoainghat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 41\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 14. 1\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e; 91\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 18\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 3.2\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnion-Habibpur, Shalla, Sunamgonj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoainghat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 41\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 54 .3\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e; 91\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 19\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 20. 7\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnion-Shalla, Shalla, Sunamgonj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShalla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 37\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 56.7\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e; 91\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 12\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 29.7\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnion-Habibpur, Shalla, Sunamgonj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFagu -Shalla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 40.1\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 32.1\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e; 91\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 19\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 06.9\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnion-Shalla, Shalla, Sunamgonj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShalla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 38\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 35.5\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e; 91\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 13\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e 02.3\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the laboratory, the soil samples were spread out on brown paper to air dry. After the removal of plant roots and other debris, the air-dried soil was ground and passed through a 2-mm sieve to eliminate larger particles. The processed samples were then stored in polyethylene bags. Following this, the soil samples were analyzed for essential soil properties, including pH, organic carbon, and electrical conductivity, as well as several cations such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese, in accordance with the standard methods outlined in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods for analysis of soil properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalytical methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic carbon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing wet oxidation method (Nelson and Sommers, 1996), the soil organic matter was oxidized by 1N potassium dichromate and the amount of organic carbon in the aliquot was determined by titration against 0.5 N ferrous sulphate hepta-hydrate solutions. The amount of organic matter was calculated by multiplying the percent organic carbon with the van Bemmelen factor 1.73 (Piper, 1950)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExchangeable Ca, Mg, and K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese elements were extracted from soil by 1M CH3COONH4 with a 1:1.0 soil- extractant ratio and the extractable amount was determined by flame AAS for Ca \u0026amp; Mg and by flame photometer for K (Knudsen et al., 1982)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese micronutrients were extracted by 0.05M DTPA solution (pH 7.3) maintaining 1:2 soil-extractant ratio. The extracted level was measured by flame AAS (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Determination of Soil pH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil pH was measured in distilled water (pHDW), 0.01M CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (pHCaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), and 1M KCl (pHKCl) for all the soil samples. Separate measurements were done for surface and sub-surface soils. The soil matrix ratios of 1:1.0, 1:2.5 and 1:5.0 (w/v) were used for each of the electrolytes. In each case of the ratios, amount of soil was 10 g. Following the combination of the soil with the respective electrolyte, the mixture was stirred manually for 10 minutes using a glass rod. pH readings were recorded at intervals of 30-, 90-, and 150-minutes post-mixing with the respective matrix/electrolyte. All measurements were conducted at room temperature (27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C) employing an AD1030 pH/mV \u0026amp; Temperature Meter along with an AD1131 B pH electrode, both of which had been calibrated at pH values of 4.1, 7.0, and 10.0. The meter was recalibrated as needed to maintain precision [14]. Each batch included duplicate quality control samples for evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDifferent Matrix Used in pH Determination\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ei. Distilled water: It is a type of purified water from which different salts, mineral and other organic materials are removed by collecting the steam from boiling water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eii. Preparation of 1M KCl solution: 74.5 g KCl was added to a volumetric flask and made up to 1L with distilled water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eiii. Preparation of 0.01M CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solution: 1.11g CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was added to a volumetric flask and made up to 1L with distilled water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRatios of Soil and Matrix in the Suspension\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ei) Soil: Matrix\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:1.0, ii) Soil: Matrix\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:2.5 and iii) Soil: Matrix\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Experimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of different matrix, their mixing ratios and reading time after soil-water mixing on the pH measurement of acidic soil was studied using factorial complete randomized design with six replications. Nine treatment combinations were tested where the following two factors were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor-A: 3 (Mixing ratios):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1. Soil: Matrix\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2. Soil: Matrix\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM3. Soil: Matrix\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor-B: 3 (Time of reading after mixing of soil and matrix):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1. Reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2. Reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3. Reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe treatment combinations are arranged as follows-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1R1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:1.0) \u0026ndash; (RA30MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:1.0) \u0026ndash; (RA90MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1R3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:1.0) \u0026ndash; (RA150MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2R1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:2.5) - (RA30MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:2.5) \u0026ndash; (RA90MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM3R3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:2.5) \u0026ndash; (RA150MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1R1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:5.0) \u0026ndash; (RA30MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:5.0) \u0026ndash; (RA90MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM3R3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;(1:5.0) \u0026ndash; (RA150MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collected on different parameters were subjected to statistical analysis using a computer based statistical program R following the basic principles, as outlined by Gomez and Gomez (1984) [15]. Significant effects of different treatments were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were compared by Duncan\u0026rsquo;s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The relationship between measured pH value and other soil characteristics were examined by SPSS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Result","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Surface Soil pH Using Distilled Water as Matrix\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface soil pH was affected significantly by the ratio of soil and water, time duration and their interaction (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Among the mixing ratios, the highest pH value (5.19) was found in the 1:5.0 ratio while the lowest pH value (4.99) was recorded in the 1:1.0 ratio. In case of time duration, the highest pH value (5.12) was recorded for reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) and the lowest pH value (5.07) was found for reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM). In terms of interactions, the highest pH value (5.23) was observed from the interaction of 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) followed by 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM) (5.19). The lowest pH value (4.93) in surface soil was recorded from the interaction of 1:1 \u0026ndash; reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Sub-surface Soil pH Using Distilled Water as Matrix\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn sub-surface soil, pH was affected significantly by the ratio of soil and water, time duration and their interaction (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The highest pH value (5.85) was found in the 1:5.0 ratio and the lowest pH value (5.56) was recorded in the 1:1 ratio among the mixing ratios. For time duration, the highest pH value (5.73) was recorded for reading after 30 and 90 minutes of mixing whereas the lowest pH value (5.65) was found for reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM). In terms of interaction, the highest pH value (5.87) was observed from the interaction of 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) followed by 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 30 minutes of mixing (5.85) and the lowest pH value (5.47) was found from the interaction of 1:1.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of different matrix, their mixing ratios with soil and time after soil-water mixing on the pH measurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil: Matrix/Time/Interactions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH in surface\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esoil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH in sub- surface soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH in surface\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esoil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH in sub- surface soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH in surface soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH in sub-surface soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing distilled water as matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing KCl as matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.031c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.069c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.027c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.084c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.032b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.086b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.074a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.083b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1.5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.032a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.082a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.022a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.073a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.028a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA30MM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.032b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.078a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.033c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.028c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA90MM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.039a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.730.089a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.031b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA150MM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.040b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.032a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.030a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.083a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRatio \u0026times; Time duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:1.0) - (RA30MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.116d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.046f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.054d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.156e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:1.0) - (RA90MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.129e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.054cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.160de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:1.0) - (RA150MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.059g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.125f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.054cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.149de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:2.5) - (RA30MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.055e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.147cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.049e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.155cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:2.5) - (RA90MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.053c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.172bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.044d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.053d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.151cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:2.5) - (RA150MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.057d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.155d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.045bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.055ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.154c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:5.0) - (RA30MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.059c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.151a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.043c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.158c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:5.0) - (RA90MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.061a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.157a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.037a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.052ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.158a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1:5.0) - (RA150MM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.190.051b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.145ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.040a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.052a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.155ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003emeans followed by same letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by dmrt cv= co\u0026minus;efficient of variation, 1:1.0, 1:2.5 and 1:5.0 denote for the ratio of soil and matrix ra30mm =reading after 30 minutes of mixing, ra90mm =reading after 90 minutes of mixing, ra150mm =reading after150 minutes of mixing\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Surface Soil pH Using KCl as Matrix\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of soil and KCl, time duration, and their interaction had significant effect on pH of surface soil (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In case of mixing ratios, the highest pH value (3.90) was found in the 1:5.0 ratio and the lowest pH value (3.70) was observed from the 1:1.0 ratio. In terms of time duration, the highest pH value (3.84) was found for reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM) and the lowest pH value (3.79) was observed from reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM). Among the interactions, the highest pH value (3.91) was recorded by using 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) and 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM). The lowest pH value (3.68) was observed from the interaction of 1:1.0 ratio and reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Sub-surface Soil pH Using KCl as Matrix\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio between soil and KCl as matrix had a significant role on pH in sub-surface soil (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The highest pH value (4.10) was recorded for the 1:2.5 ratio while the lowest pH value (3.96) was observed from the 1:1.0 ratio. Similar significant results were also recorded for 1:2.5 and 1:5.0 ratios. In sub-surface soil, significant variations were not found for pH in case of time duration after mixing of soil and matrix and interaction of ratio and time duration during the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Surface Soil pH Using CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as Matrix\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ratio of soil and matrix (CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) found to leave a significant effect on pH measurement in surface soil (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The highest pH value (4.49) was noted for the 1:5.0 ratio while the lowest pH value (4.46) was recorded for the 1:1.0 ratio. Time duration of after soil - CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mixing also had significant role on pH in surface soil where the lowest (4.46) and the highest pH values (4.49) were recorded for reading after 30 and 150 minutes of mixing, respectively. Ratio and time duration interaction were also significant for pH value. The lowest pH value (4.43) was recorded for 1:2.5 \u0026ndash; reading after 30 minutes of mixing (RA30MM) soil and matrix. On the other hand, the highest pH value (4.50) was observed from 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 150 minutes of mixing (RA150MM) interaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Sub-surface Soil pH Using CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as Matrix\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil and CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e matrix ratios had significant role in pH of sub-surface soil where 1:5.0 ratio was found to have the highest pH value (4.91) while the 1:1.0 ratio gave the lowest pH value (4.85) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Different time durations were found to have significant role in pH determination. The highest pH value (4.89) was recorded for reading after 90 and 150 minutes of mixing soil and matrix. The lowest pH value (4.87) was found for reading after 30 minutes of soil and matrix mixing. The interaction effects of ratio and time duration on soil pH determination were significant. The highest value (4.93) was recorded in the interaction of 1:5.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 90 minutes of mixing (RA90MM) while the lowest pH value (4.84) in the case of 1:1.0 \u0026ndash; reading after 30 minutes of mixing soil and matrix (RA30MM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Relationship between Soil pH and Other Soil Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn acidic surface soil, pHH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO was significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.92**) with available Zn (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) while in sub-surface soil available Fe had significant negative correlation (r=-0.84*) with both pHH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and pHCaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between soil pH 1:2.5 and other soil properties in surface soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003eDW\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eDW\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFe\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.86*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.78*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.85*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2\u0026minus; tailed). * correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2\u0026minus; tailed)\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between soil pH 1:2.5 and other soil properties in sub-surface soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003csub\u003eDW\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eDW\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.81*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFe\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.84*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.76*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.83*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eKCl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.81*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e 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colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFe\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.84*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.76*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.83*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.82*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2\u0026minus; tailed). * correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2\u0026minus; tailed)\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Effect of Different Matrix on Soil pH Determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean pH levels of soil assessed in distilled water (DW), CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and KCl exhibited a clear declining pattern, arranged from highest to lowest as follows: distilled water\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;KCl. This difference can be attributed to the greater ability of various electrolytes (KCl and CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) to liberate more H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions from soil colloids compared to distilled water. The release of H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions results from the ion exchange process between cations present in the soil solution and those at the exchange sites in the soil. Specifically, soils have varying quantities of exchangeable H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, which are more readily exchanged in electrolyte solutions than in distilled water. It is widely observed that the application of CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e leads to a lower soil pH in contrast to using water as a solvent [4], likely because the added Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions displace H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions from the soil's exchange sites [16]. One potential impact of adding electrolytes on pH, compared to water, is the formation of a double layer surrounding negatively charged soil surfaces, which can initially enhance the release of H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions into the suspension, thereby lowering the measured pH. Another contributing factor might be the liquid junction effect, which accounts for the lower pH values observed in electrolyte solutions relative to distilled water. This effect stems from the uneven distribution of electric charge at the interface between the electrolyte and the internal electrode solution. Typically, this phenomenon is more pronounced when assessing pH in water as opposed to in electrolyte solutions [1]. Consequently, the soil pH measured with water tends to be higher than that recorded in electrolyte solutions due to the uniform charge distribution across the junction. Aitken, Moody, and McKinley (1990) [13] noted the order of pH values as DW\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.01M CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;KCl. Additionally, Kome, Enang, and Palmer (2018) [17] conducted an experiment on volcanic ash soils and reported a similar trend in pH values: DW\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.01M CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1M KCl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Effect of Mixing Ratio on Soil pH Determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn increase in the dilution of the soil and matrix ratio demonstrated a corresponding rise in soil pH values, represented as 1:1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1:2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1:5.0. This phenomenon occurs because the concentration of H\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ions in the soil-matrix suspension diminishes as the dilution increases, leading to higher measured pH levels. Consequently, a broader soil-to-water ratio results in an elevated pH measurement. This observation aligns with the dilution effects noted in Keaton's study (1938) [18]. In cases where ionic strength is low, the application of CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as a matrix led to a more significant reduction in soil pH, consistent with previous research indicating a variation in pH values of up to 1 unit between water and the CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e matrix [19]. Conversely, for soils characterized by high ionic strength, pH measurements using CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were comparable to those obtained with water. This finding supports the conclusions of Kissel et al. (2009) [20], who reported a variation of less than 0.2 pH units for high ionic strength soils. Al-Busaidi, Cookson, and Yamamoto (2005) [14] recorded average pH values of 8.12, 8.29, and 8.44 for dilution ratios of 1:1.0, 1:2.5, and 1:5.0, respectively. Additionally, Libohoba et al. (2014) [21] identified the highest pH values in the 1:5.0 (water) ratio and the lowest in the 1:2 (CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) ratio.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Effect of Time Duration on Soil pH Determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, pH values were found to be higher in RA90MM compared to RA30MM, while RA150MM exhibited a decreasing trend in pH levels. The observed increase in soil pH in RA90MM relative to RA30MM may be attributed to the flocculation of electrolytes within the soil solution over time. Beretta et al. (2014) [22] noted that higher soil pH values were recorded during initial stirring, with a decrease from 5.38\u0026ndash;3.91% occurring after three minutes of stirring. Similarly, Al-Busaidi, Cookson, and Yamamoto (2005) [14] reported comparable results, suggesting that the concentration of H\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ions is likely higher in the soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Relationship between Soil pH with other Soil Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the correlation study, it became evident that the soil pH, assessed at a soil-to-matrix ratio of 1:2.5, exhibited variability in acidic soils. The correlations observed were relatively weak, with only zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) showing a negative correlation with soil pH. These fluctuations in the relationships between soil pH and other soil characteristics may be attributed to the differing concentrations of various anions and cations present.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present research aimed to investigate the impact of various matrixes and their mixing proportions on soil pH, as well as to monitor the temporal changes in pH values. Notable differences in the pH of acidic soil were observed as a result of employing different matrixes in varying ratios, along with the influence of different time intervals for measurements taken after mixing or stirring.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work is mainly on soil and soil resources and does not involve any information on humans or animals; thus, an ethical statement is not applicable to the context of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMd. Mosharaf Hossain Sarker and Md. Shahadat Hossain contributed to the study conception, research planning. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Md. Imrul Hossain and Kazi Sanjida Begum. Statistical analysis was done by Md. Mosharaf Hossain Sarker. The first draft of the manuscript was written jointly by Md. Imrul Hossain and Amatul Jameel. After that, the remaining three authors commented on that first draft for further improvement of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are very grateful to Sylhet Agricultural University Research System (SAURES) for providing support to successfully complete this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoore, T.J., Leoppert, R.H., 1987. 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Measure soil pH at rest or stirring the soil: water mixture. \u003cem\u003eAgrociencia (Montevideo)\u003c/em\u003e 18(2):90-94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic mat-ter. \u003cem\u003eMethods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods\u003c/em\u003e 5:961-1010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePiper, C.S. 1950. Soil and plant analysis. International Science Publishers, New York\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnudsen, D., Peterson, G.A., Pratt, P.F., 1982. Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2 Chemical and microbiological properties. 2nd edition. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.). American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 225-246. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. \u003cem\u003eSoil science society of America journal\u003c/em\u003e 42(3):421-428.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mixing ratios, dilution, soil-matrix ratio, soil properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6554736/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6554736/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn experiment was conducted at Soil Science Lab., Sylhet Agricultural University, from November 2020 to February 2021 to observe the effects of different matrix, their mixing ratios, and time lapse of reading on pH of surface and sub-surface acidic soil and the relationship of different soil properties with pH. The study was conducted using two factorial complete randomized design with six replications, Factor A: mixing ratios of soil and matrix i.e. 1:1.0, 1:2.5, and 1:5.0 and Factor B: time of reading after mixing/stirring of soil and matrix i.e. Reading after 30 minutes (RA30MM), after 90 minutes (RA90MM) and after 150 minutes (RA150MM). Soil samples collected from distinct locations served as the six replications and a total of 12 soil samples - comprising six surface and six sub-surface samples - were examined for pH levels using three different matrixes: distilled water, CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and KCl. The average pH values of the acidic soil analyzed in distilled water, CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and KCl exhibited a clear declining trend (pHDW\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;pHCaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;pHKCl). As the dilution of the soil and matrix ratio increased, there was a corresponding rise in the pH value, demonstrated by the order pH1:1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;pH1:2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;pH1:5.0. The duration after mixing/stirring also influenced the pH values, with RA90MM generally showing higher pH readings compared to both RA30MM and RA150MM. Furthermore, the interaction between the soil-matrix ratio and the duration significantly impacted the soil pH in acidic soils. The variations in the relationship between soil pH and other soil characteristics were minimal.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Various Techniques of Measurement on the PH Determination of the Acidic Soil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-30 15:25:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6554736/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eee2e77f-e69a-435d-80ec-3259ea77c235","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-16T17:08:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-30 15:25:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6554736","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6554736","identity":"rs-6554736","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}