Transferable approaches to CRISPR-Cas9 induced genome editing in non-model insects: a brief guide

2025 · doi:10.32942/x2rk8b
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This paper is a brief guide/review describing transferable approaches for CRISPR-Cas9–induced genome editing in non-model insects, covering study-organism preconditions and high-level methods for producing heritable genetic changes. It outlines key experimental considerations such as guide RNA and Cas9 design/delivery, repair pathway use (including homology directed repair for defined insertions and non-homologous end joining), and approaches for genetic screening using molecular methods and visible markers. The main caveat is that successful CRISPR establishment in a new organism depends on both the scientific question and the organism’s characteristics, so methods may not translate directly without adaptation. This paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

Despite the large variety of insect species with divergent morphological, developmental and physiological features questions on gene function could for a long time only be addressed in few model species. The adoption of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas system for genome editing in eukaryotic cells widened the scope of the field of functional genetics: for the first time the creation of heritable genetic changes had become possible in a very broad range of organisms. Since then, targeted genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas technology has greatly increased the possibilities for genetic manipulation in non-model insects where molecular genetic tools were little established. The technology allows for site-specific mutagenesis and germline transformation. Importantly, it can be used for the generation of gene knock-outs, and for the knock-in of transgenes and generation of gene-reporter fusions. CRISPR-Cas induced genome editing can thus be applied to address questions in basic research in various insect species and other study organisms. Notably, it can also be used in applied insect biotechnology to design new pest and vector control strategies such as gene drives and precision guided Sterile Insect Technique. However, establishing CRISPR in a new model requires several practical considerations that depend on the scientific questions and on the characteristics of the respective study organism. Therefore, this review is intended to give a literature overview on different CRISPR-Cas9 based methods that have already been established in diverse insects. After discussing some required pre-conditions of the study organism, we provide a guide through experimental considerations when planning to conduct CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, such as the design and delivery of guide RNAs, and of Cas9 endonuclease. We discuss the use of different repair mechanisms including homology directed repair (HDR) for a defined insertion of genetic elements. Furthermore, we describe different molecular methods for genetic screening and the use of visible markers. We focus our review on experimental work in insects, but due to the ubiquitous functionality of the CRISPR-Cas system many considerations are transferable to other non-model organisms.
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Abstract

Despite the large variety of insect species with divergent morphological, developmental and physiological features questions on gene function could for a long time only be addressed in few model species. The adoption of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas system for genome editing in eukaryotic cells widened the scope of the field of functional genetics: for the first time the creation of heritable genetic changes had become possible in a very broad range of organisms. Since then, targeted genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas technology has greatly increased the possibilities for genetic manipulation in non-model insects where molecular genetic tools were little established. The technology allows for site-specific mutagenesis and germline transformation. Importantly, it can be used for the generation of gene knock-outs, and for the knock-in of transgenes and generation of gene-reporter fusions. CRISPR-Cas induced genome editing can thus be applied to address questions in basic research in various insect species and other study organisms. Notably, it can also be used in applied insect biotechnology to design new pest and vector control strategies such as gene drives and precision guided Sterile Insect Technique. However, establishing CRISPR in a new model requires several practical considerations that depend on the scientific questions and on the characteristics of the respective study organism. Therefore, this review is intended to give a literature overview on different CRISPR-Cas9 based methods that have already been established in diverse insects. After discussing some required pre-conditions of the study organism, we provide a guide through experimental considerations when planning to conduct CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, such as the design and delivery of guide RNAs, and of Cas9 endonuclease. We discuss the use of different repair mechanisms including homology directed repair (HDR) for a defined insertion of genetic elements. Furthermore, we describe different molecular methods for genetic screening and the use of visible markers. We focus our review on experimental work in insects, but due to the ubiquitous functionality of the CRISPR-Cas system many considerations are transferable to other non-model organisms. DOI https://doi.org/10.32942/X2RK8B Subjects Animal Experimentation and Research, Animal Sciences, Entomology, Genetics, Life Sciences, Molecular Genetics, Other Genetics and Genomics, Zoology

Keywords

CRISPR-Cas9, genome editing, insects, mutagenesis, non-homologous end joining, homology directed repair Dates Published: 2025-02-27 17:44 Last Updated: 2025-07-07 13:18 Older Versions License CC BY Attribution 4.0 International Additional Metadata Conflict of interest statement: None Data and Code Availability Statement: Not applicable Language: English

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