Energy Use and Carbon Footprint of Wine and Winegrapes

Energy Use and Carbon Footprint of Wine and Winegrapes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Energy Use and Carbon Footprint of Wine and Winegrapes Vedat GÜNER, Serhan CANDEMİR This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7837088/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The accelerating impacts of climate change are prompting a deeper examination of agriculture’s complex role—not only as a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but also as one of the sectors most vulnerable to its effects. Within this context, the present study explores the environmental footprint of wine grape production in Elazığ province, a region in Türkiye known for its strong viticultural heritage. By focusing on both energy consumption and carbon emissions, the research offers a detailed assessment of the production system’s sustainability profile. Data were collected directly from the field through structured interviews with local wine grape producers and subsequently analyzed to estimate per-hectare energy equivalents and GHG emissions. Results show that the bulk of energy input originates from chemical fertilizers, agricultural machinery, and diesel fuel. However, it is the use of electricity that emerges as the dominant factor contributing to total carbon emissions. The calculated energy use efficiency, at 4.04, reflects a production system that converts its inputs into outputs with relatively high effectiveness, offering a basis for both environmental assessment and improvement strategies. On a product basis, the carbon footprint of 1 kilogram of wine grapes was calculated as 0.012 kg CO₂-equivalent. The research examined the emissions associated with wine processing for a standard 225 Liters wine barrel in addition to vineyard activities particularly spotlighting electricity use and glass packaging as the two most carbon-intensive components during processing. Most importantly, the results indicate a clear need for sustainability in all phases of growing grapes and wine production. The use of more renewable energy and more efficient balanced inputs will help in easing the climate impacts and climate adaptability of viticulture systems. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Title.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 14 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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