Design of Flexible Textile-Based UWB Antenna for Microwave Breast Tumor Detection

Design of Flexible Textile-Based UWB Antenna for Microwave Breast Tumor Detection | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design of Flexible Textile-Based UWB Antenna for Microwave Breast Tumor Detection Tazeen Shaikh, Manoj Sankhe This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7095818/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A wearable textile antenna designed to be biocompatible, flexible, lightweight, and compact is present in the paper. As the body is not flat but curvy, a sensor antenna is required which could adapt to the body surface making it a wearable antenna. Antennas, usually used, are made of FR-4 substrates which are rigid and robust. This property of FR-4 makes it difficult to wrap around the breast surface. Cotton, denim and felt are suitable, flexible, and inventive substrate for wearable textile antennas because of its special blend of mechanical, electrical, and aesthetic qualities. In the fields including health monitoring, RFID, the Internet of Things, and communications where comfort, adaptability, and durability are essential, denim-based antennas have proven to be effective. Another application is in breast tumor detection for microwave imaging. In microwave imaging, image resolution is crucial in detecting tumor traces and thus needs an ultra-wide bandwidth antenna. The antenna fabricated using a denim substrate operates with a percentage bandwidth of 142.119% or fractional bandwidth of 1.42119, broadside gain of 4.3317 dB, return loss of (− 29.6dB to -39.51dB) and an impedance matching of 50 Ω. The fabricated antenna uses conducting materials such as copper tape, copper fabric and bare conductive electric paint as conducting medium. Though these antennae made of denim material offer attractive antenna characteristics like other robust antennas and their flexibility of the antenna helps them to adapt to the curve surface of the human body. As denim is the most common material used it makes it user friendly to be worn. This antenna is designed using a High-Frequency Structure Simulator. Using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) the antenna is tested. UWB 50Ω impedance matching Biocompatible breast tumor detection flexible antenna Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 I. INTRODUCTION One of the fastest-growing concerns related to women's health is the prevalence of breast tumors. Diagnosis at an early stage helps prevent tumors from reaching advanced stages [ 1 ] and increase the survival rate. Even today, women do not go for diagnosis, as mammography is quite an expensive, painful, invasive and uncomfortable process that requires the breast to be compressed between the plates for breast scanning to detect any trace of tumor present. Often screenings are discouraged due to ionizing radiation and stressful and painful procedures associated with mammography. Consequently, there is an increasing desire to create non-invasive, patient-centered, alternative diagnostic techniques. The application of wearable antennas to find breast tumors is a promising development in medical technology. These devices use microwave imaging methods, which find anomalies in breast tissue by using non-ionizing electromagnetic waves. Microwave imaging offers greater accuracy, cost savings, and safety. The arrangement of the antenna at the receiving end receives the reflected microwave signals that are delivered via the breast tissues which could help in an efficient method to reconstruct the image from the incoming signals [ 2 ]. Typically, a 1–10 GHz frequency range was chosen for microwave imaging, which helped diagnosis and detect breast tumors because of its ability to penetrate biological tissues and provide sufficient resolution. As the resolution increases at higher frequencies, the contrast in the dielectric properties between cancerous and healthy tissues allows microwaves to interact with different layers of breast tissues. The difference between the reflected and transmitted signals were compared for detecting the abnormalities present inside the breast [ 3 , 4 ]. Microwave-based medical imaging considered as potentially safe, non-ionizing, and affordable way for imaging the human body. Academic studies propose antenna designs that meet these specifications for breast imaging [ 4 – 7 ]. Among the different antennas used in the microwave imaging system, monopole microstrip antennas are referred to as one of the best suitable candidates for breast tumor detection. The dielectric constant of tumors and tissues in the breast differs. A comparison of the results might help diagnose a tumor as the dielectric constants of healthy, or tumor-free, tissue and malignant tissue differ from one another. These monopole antennas are inexpensive because printed circuit board (PCB) technology makes them simple to build. Hence, the usage of UWB antennas is preferred for breast tumor detection as they can be used at microwave frequency with wide bandwidth [ 1 , 6 – 10 ]. A UWB monopole microstrip antenna wearable for breast imaging systems was proposed which was perfect for wearable applications because of its small size, low weight, and flexibility for fabrication on flexible substrates [ 8 ]. Wearable microwave antennas could provide a painless and non-invasive diagnostic alternative to mammography that uses ionizing radiation and painful compression of the breast. Integrating antennas into flexible or wearable constructions that function well in the intended microwave frequency range is a key part of the design process for fabric antennas used in breast tumor detection. Using their planar construction and ease of integration with fabrics, monopole antennas are often used to ensure the best performance that fits the largest requirement of the antenna in breast tumor detection. Wearables like bras or vests can incorporate arrays of these monopole microstrip antennas to ensure direct contact with breast tissue for correct signal transmission and reception and it also removes the error caused by the immersive medium. These monopole antennas can be made using different fabrics such as polyester, cotton, felt, denim, and mixed materials. The fabric are chosen based on the dielectric properties and the way it is woven; the fabric in which the threads are tightly knitted is preferred. Textile and wearable antennas, which provide flexibility, compactness, and the possibility of early cancer identification, appeared as promising technologies for detecting breast tumors. UWB antenna arrays with dual polarization that are flexible have been designed to detect breast tumors [ 5 ]. The antenna designed in this paper operates in the frequency band of 3 to 13 GHz for microwave tomography, which strikes a compromise between practical issues for breast tumor detection and penetration depth, resolution, and dielectric contrast. While higher frequencies (10 GHz − 13 GHz) offer better resolution for spotting tumors, lower frequencies (3 GHz − 5 GHz) penetrate deeper into breast tissue to enable comprehensive imaging. This broad frequency range use differences in tissue dielectric characteristics, which are essential for non-ionizing radiation-based tumor and normal tissue discrimination. Wearable antennas for breast tumor detection hold significant potential for revolutionizing breast tumor diagnostics by providing a comfortable, non-invasive, and continuous monitoring solution that can ease early detection and improve patient outcomes. Continued research and development are crucial to overcoming current challenges and advancing these innovative systems into widespread clinical use. One of the challenges in breast tumor detection was the development of a compact and fully textile UWB antenna-based sensor that could fit conformably and comfortably on the breasts with considerate gain and impedance matching. A miniaturized size can help accommodate a greater number of antennas to be placed on the breast increases and better scanning is achieved [ 8 ]. This required designing a sensor with miniaturized dimensions with sufficient gain and impedance matching on a suitable fabric substrate to ensure comfort and ease of wear for continuous breast monitoring. The principal aim was to fabricate a UWB patch antenna using textile materials that are biocompatible and suitable for breast tumor detection. Also to obtain a higher percentage bandwidth or fractional bandwidth, minimize size, and operate within the frequency range of 3.1 GHz − 10.6 GHz. This was particularly difficult to achieve a broad frequency coverage with small antennas made of fabric materials with 50 Ω impedance matching and moderate gain. These features could enable the antenna to find tumors of varying sizes and locations throughout the breast. Important parameters were investigated to assess the antenna’s performance, including antenna characteristics and the impact of bending to decide its flexibility [ 1 ]. Usually when the antenna is bending, its return loss is increased, as its dimensions change. This affects the overall performance of the antenna due to a mismatch in the impedance matching. II. RELATED WORK Researchers have suggested passive and active microwave imaging for the detection of breast tumors in recent years, using various antenna types such as monopole, horn, and vivaldi antennas, among others. In the past, antennae were made for table-based methods; today, they are made for wearable ones. Smart bras, which use an antenna as a sensor built into the bra, have also been used for ongoing monitoring and detection. However, this might occasionally result in breast tissues heating up unnecessarily, which could be harmful. In 2023 by Elsheakh et al. suggested a textile antenna based sensors (24 mm ⋅ 45 mm) was used to detect tumors which was capable of functioning in the microwave frequency range of 1.6 GHz − 10 GHz. A smart bra with biocompatible antennas was designed. As this arrangement was biocompatible and a great alternative to wearable antenna sensors, cotton substrate antennas are the best choice for this application. The idea was to make an inexpensive, comfortable, easy to make, and offer simple sweat absorption, sensor which could be environmentally safe. It could support comfort and continuous monitoring, as cotton substrate antennas helps in diagnosis of breast tumors. The rated electrical attributes of cotton substrate included a dielectric constant between 1.4 and 1.8 and a loss tangent between 0.05 and 0.08. The dimension of the antenna had 50 mm ⋅ 50 mm, these textile monopole antennas were examined and contrasted with the FCC band, to operate between 2.2 GHz − 8 GHz. A lot of studies recommend using denim as the antenna’s dielectric substrate. As it adapts and is available easily for wearable applications, The decision was novel and improved patients’ level of comfort during diagnostics procedure. In 2019 by Srinivasan and Gopalakrishnan , the antenna was designed using coaxial feed for operating at 2.4 GHz. Keeping in mind the patient’s comfort, he suggested antennas have omnidirectional capability, as the textile antenna can be worn in any orientation by the patient. The results showed good antenna characteristics but had to compromise on the bandwidth [ 11 ]. In 2024 by Rahayu et al. ( 2024 ), two flexible monopole antennas with circular and rectangular shapes made from cotton substrate. These antennas were specifically designed for radar-based microwave imaging systems, focusing on breast imaging. The antennas’ whole textile construction raises the possibility of integrating them into clothing for wearable health monitoring technology. He further suggested the textile sensor continued to function even after it had been washed and dried. A UWB textile antenna having dimension 38.5 mm ⋅ 30 mm operated at 3.8 GHz with a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz. Using felt, he suggested antenna employed a microstrip feeding approach. The simulation results showed the textile antenna’s bandwidth value was 1.4 GHz in the 2.98–4.33 GHz frequency range, with a return loss value was −47.513 dB. This also preserved the patient’s comfort during the screening procedure as cotton and denim substrates might offer superior structural support and flexibility, leading to more accurate imaging results. Felt is frequently less breathable, it did not provide the same degree of flexibility. But both were important for getting the best imaging results. This shows that for medical imaging, material selection is crucial since it directly affects the procedure’s efficacy [ 12 ]. A flexible substrate, including polyethylene, polyester, and polyamide polymers, for wearable sensors are more flexible. The polyamide substrate designed had a dielectric constant of 3.6. The gain obtained was 1 dB, with a return loss of −14.81 dB at 2.45 GHz and a bandwidth of 110 MHz. Unlike natural textiles like cotton and wool, polyamide that are waterproof and dries quickly. Wearable microstrip patch antennas would benefit greatly from these polyamide characteristics in 2023 was suggested by Fusic et al. He proposed a polyamide-fabricated antenna to resonate at 2.318 GHz with S 11 = − 28.19 dB [ 13 ]. In 2023 by Areed et al. , to detect breast tissue malignancies, a slotted microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with an inset feed and defected ground structure (DGS) was developed. This broadband antenna had a high gain of 8 dB and a bandwidth of roughly 700 MHz. The antenna was made using Roger-RT/5880, a substrate material appropriate for X-band applications. Its dimension was 27.3 mm ⋅ 28.7 mm and operated at a frequency of 10 GHz [ 14 ]. In 2022 by Bhavani and Shanmuganantham , a circular conducting patch with an M-type slot made of jeans, measuring 28 mm ⋅ 30 mm in dimension was proposed. The antenna was intended for microwave image monitoring. It yielded a broadside radiation pattern, a gain of up to 4.5 dB, with a bandwidth of 5.7 GHz [ 15 ]. For, the detection of breast tumors, the temperature difference between healthy and malignant tissue was considered. Impedance matching between the sensor and the breast with an air gap in between, was eliminated using an immersive ultrasound gel. Erroneous diagnoses could occasionally result from the immersive gel. Then, research was done on a wearable method, which should eliminate the disadvantages of the gel-based and table-based position-prone approaches by fabricating the antenna out of textile materials. A UWB offers higher-resolution microwave images, as previously mentioned. With the intention of enabling comfort, continuous monitoring, and inexpensive the systems can bridge gaps in healthcare access between urban and rural areas, empowering women with timely detection and intervention. III. ANTENNA DESIGN The designed antenna operated at a frequency of 4.2 GHz from 3.3 GHz to 9.3 GHz, providing a balanced compromise between penetration depth and resolution. This frequency selection ensures adequate dielectric contrast between different tissue types and supports safe, practical, and non-invasive imaging applications for breast cancer detection. Equations used in designing antennas, the width of the radiating patch W p is calculated using $$\:\:{W}_{p}\:=\:\frac{1}{2{f}_{r}\sqrt{{\epsilon\:}_{0}{\mu\:}_{0}}}\times\:\sqrt{\frac{2}{{\epsilon\:}_{r}+1}}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(1\right)$$ where f r is the operating frequency, ε r is the relative permittivity, µ 0 is the permeability of free space, h is the height of the substrate and ε 0 is the permittivity of free space [ 16 – 21 ]. The length of the radiating patch ( L p ) is calculated from (2) and (3): $$\:{L}_{p}\:=\:\frac{1}{2{f}_{r}\sqrt{{\epsilon\:}_{\text{e}\text{f}\text{f}}\sqrt{{\epsilon\:}_{0}{\mu\:}_{0}}}}-\:2\varDelta\:L\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(2\right)$$ $$\:{\epsilon\:}_{\text{e}\text{f}\text{f}}\:=\frac{1}{{\epsilon\:}_{r}\:+1}\:+\frac{1}{{\epsilon\:}_{r}\:-\:1}\:\times\:{\left(1+\frac{12h}{{W}_{p}}\right)}^{-1/2}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(3\right)$$ Where, ε eff is the effective permittivity and h is the thickness of the substrate; ∆ L can be calculated from (4). [ 16 – 24 ] $$\:\varDelta\:L\:=\frac{\text{(}{\epsilon\:}_{\text{e}\text{f}\text{f}}\text{+0.3)(}{W}_{p}\text{/}\text{h}\text{+0.264)]}}{\text{(}{\epsilon\:}_{\text{e}\text{f}\text{f}}\text{}\text{}\text{0.258)(}{W}_{p}\text{/}\text{h}\text{+0.8)}}0.412h\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(4\right)$$ The dimensions calculated are shown in Table I. Figure 1 shows wearable antenna with its dimensions given in Table I. Table I: Dimensions of Antenna Dimensions Unit in mm Patch Length 16 Substrate Length 29.3 Feedline Length 9.16 Ground Length 29.3 Patch Width 19.9 Substrate Width 33.2 Substrate Height 1.93 The fabricated antenna made of denim material has a permittivity of 1.7 and a loss tangent of 0.004 as substrate and radiating patch of copper tape (CT), copper fabric (CF) and bare conductive electric paint (BCEP). The substrate's thickness, i.e. the height, plays a significant role. It is measured using a digital vernier caliper as shown in Fig. 2 . The substrate’s thickness and dielectric constant were primarily used to determine the antenna’s bandwidth and efficiency. The wavelength ( λ) is compared with the thickness of the substrate as 0.003 λ ≤ h ≤ 0.005 λ. This shows lower electrical losses and boost antenna efficiency; fabrics need a remarkably high electrical surface resistance [ 26 ]. Copper tape, copper paint, and copper fabric were used as conducting materials on the denim substrate. Next, a 50Ω SMA connector is soldered using standard soldering methods. Integrating conductive elements into fabrics allows them to be lightweight, flexible, and suitable for applications where traditional rigid antennas were impractical. The antenna feed is soldered directly to the surface of the patch, but most textile materials cannot be soldered directly [ 25 ]. Copper tape has a strong adhesive backing and is often used as a conducting material. It can be applied to the denim substrate. Due to its flexible nature, the tape can follow the natural curves of the cloth, maintaining constant contact and minimizing fluctuations in performance caused by bending or movement. Copper paint is so easy to brush or spray onto the substrate that it helps produce complex antenna patterns. Copper fabric is a conductive material created by weaving copper strands into a textile structure while maintaining the fabric’s flexibility and toughness. For applications that need vast or continuous conductive surfaces, copper cloth works especially well. These conductive components are incorporated into denim fabrics to create lightweight, flexible antennas suitable for wear. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The simulated antennas yield a variation of return loss when plotted against frequency. The graph of return loss vs frequency shows a return loss S 11 = −34.9576 dB with a UWB of 6.0638 GHz in Fig. 3 . In Fig. 4 , the variation in the graph of the real Z 11 parameter concerning frequency, Re Z 11 = 49.9421Ω and Im Z 11 = 1.7853 Ω, ie, Z 11 = 49.9421–1.7853 Ω nearly 50 Ω. In Fig. 6 , the variation of VSWR concerning frequency is VSWR = 1.0364. The gain is one of the important parameters of antenna characteristics. The total gain obtained is 2.6049 dB. In Fig. 7 the total gain is shown, which is 4.3317 dB. Usually, the fractional bandwidth of the antenna is often expressed as a percentage ranging up to 200%. The fractional bandwidth of wideband antennas is usually 20% or higher, and that of ultra-wideband antennas is more than 50%. The results also show that the antenna has a percentage bandwidth of 142.119%. The fabricated antennas were tested using a vector network Analyzer as shown in Fig. 8 , 9 , 10 . The results obtained demonstrate the impact of various conductive materials (copper tape, copper fabric, and bare electrically conductive paint) on the antenna characteristics. These materials were perfect for wearable antenna applications where standard rigid antennas might not be practical due to their outstanding electrical conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates. Table II: Results of the fabricated antenna Parameters Copper Tape Copper Fabric Bare Conductive Electric Paint Resonant Frequency 5.2 GHz 6.036 GHz 4.8488 GHz Return Loss -29.6dB -27.87dB -39.51dB VSWR 1.069 1.087 1.025 Impedance 51.23 – j2.66Ω 47.97 + j2.73Ω 50.93 + j0.22Ω Figure 9 Antenna with copper fabric tested on VNA. Due to its flexibility, the tape can follow the natural curves of the cloth, maintain constant contact and minimizing fluctuations in performance caused by bending or movement. Next, a 50Ω SMA connector is soldered using standard soldering methods. Extra caution material, ensuring the integrity and performance of the antenna. The fabricated denim antennas exhibit a range of performance metrics. The performance parameters of the fabricated antennas are summarized and compared in Table II. Upon bending the antenna, the return loss S 11 was increased, but the operating frequency remained the same, as shown in Fig. 9 . V. CONCLUSION The paper shows fabricated antennas have good return losses ranging from − 27.84 dB to -39.64 dB. The results obtained with BCEP have an impedance matching of nearly perfect 50 Ω and an operating frequency of 4.8889 GHz. All three antennas showed VSWR values near 1, i.e effective power is transferred. The omnidirectional radiation pattern radiates equally in all directions (in the plane perpendicular to the antenna). It also provides broad coverage, which is useful in multi-antenna systems where the imaging system would gather signals from different angles. This would help transmit signals in the breast and differentiate signals to identify normal and malicious tissues inside the breast. The antenna can efficiently focus and transmit energy into the breast with a total gain of 4.3317 dB. Gain values indicate the antenna designs could function well enough for wearable applications. CT and CF antennae showed nearly similar performance characteristics. The drawback of the BCEP antenna is that after washing, the paint is washed off, and its electrical properties are altered. On the other hand, a fully textile antenna is a better solution. An ultra-wide bandwidth CF antenna would be the best choice as it can be used after multiple washings. giving the same performance. The high bandwidth allows scanning of wide-ranging tissue dielectric contrasts. This enables the system to detect the presence of small tumors. The 50Ω impedance minimizes reflections and maximizes the power that can be transferred between the antenna and the breast. Denim and copper fabric do not cause irritation or allergies and are user-friendly, biocompatible polymer textiles. The common use of denim clothing in daily life adds a touch of comfort. For tumor identification, an operating frequency in the UWB range of 3.2114 GHz to 9.2753 GHz could improve tissue penetration and resolution. Effective signal transmission and reception are ensured by a high gain, which also improves signal penetration into tissues and reduces losses. However, an omnidirectional radiation pattern could be employed for general monitoring and coverage over a large area. Furthermore, appropriate matching (such as 50 ohms) enhances power transfer and lessens reflections. In addition to being small, these are lightweight, portable, and compatible with wearable technology. These wearable antennas could be used for sensing, communication, and monitoring. This antenna offers a practical solution for real-time, radiation-free breast cancer screening, potentially benefiting underserved populations by enabling early detection in a comfortable and cost-effective manner because it can be integrated into a wearable garment like bra or vest. Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Author Contributions Tazeen Shaikh conducted the research work, including literature review, methodology development, experimentation, data collection, and initial drafting of the manuscript. Dr. Manoj Sankhe provided supervision and guidance throughout the research process and contributed to the refinement of the methodology and manuscript. Both authors reviewed and approved the final version of the paper. References F. A. A. Abdulla and A. Demirkol, “A novel textile-based UWB patch antenna for breast cancer imaging”, Phys . Eng . Sci . Med ., vol. 47, pp. 851–861, Mar. 2024. Shanmugam Sasikala, Kandasamy Karthika, Shanmugam Arunkumar, Karunakaran Anusha, Srinivasan Adithya, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Design and Analysis of a Low-Profile Tapered Slot UWB Vivaldi Antenna for Breast Cancer Diagnosis", Progress In Electromagnetics Research M , Vol. 124, 43-51, 2024. 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A Rahim, “The Wearable Textile- based Microstrip Patch Antenna Preliminary Design and Development”, in Proc. Of IEEE 3 rd International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Social Sciences (ICETSS), 2017. Rao S, Singh A, Bhat AK, “Tumor Detection Using Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating in FCC MBAN Band”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 136, 2023. Jahan A, Kabir, “Microstrip Patch Antenna for Breast Cancer Detection”, In: 2021 5th International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT), pp 1–6, 2021. Venkatachalam D, Jagadeesan V, Ismail KBM, et al, “Compact Flexible Planar Antennas for Biomedical Applications: Insight into Materials and Systems Design”, Bioengineering , 10, 1137, 2023. Sreemathy R, Hake S, Gaikwad SSV, “Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Dual Frequency Distinct Bandwidth Slot Loaded Wash Cotton Flexible Textile Antenna for ISM Band Applications”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research M 109:191–203, 2022. Kapetanakis TN, Nikolopoulos CD, Petridis KA, “Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band. Electronics”, Electronics , 10(21), 2571, 2021 . Ivsic B, Bonefacic D, Bartolic J, “Considerations on Embroidered Textile Antennas for Wearable Applications”, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letter 12:1708–1711, 2013. Sheeba, I.R., Jayanthy, T. Design and Analysis of a Flexible Softwear Antenna for Tumor Detection in Skin and Breast Model. Wireless Pers Commun 107 , 887–905 (2019). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supply.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Shaikh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADAwbGZmaGCgYGNjCXDbdKHlQtZ0jTwsDMzNgG4+LRYs9+/OGDjzsY7M3ZDzcbF867E80ndvwBw4eyw7ht4UlINpx5hiFxZ09ic/LMbc9y26RzDBhnnMOjhSHhmDRvG0OCwYHE5sO82w6DtDAw87bh0cL/sP333zYGe4PzD4Fa5oC0pD9g/otPi0QyG8jXjBtuAB3G2wDSkmAAFMGj5cYzZsneNonEDTceNhvzHAM7zOBgz7l0nFrY+9MffvjZZgN0WPpjaZ6aw7nzZ6c/fPCjzBqnFiiQQOUeIKR+FIyCUTAKRgF+AACItFWPH91k7wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"SVKM's NMIMS","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tazeen","middleName":"","lastName":"Shaikh","suffix":""},{"id":489893731,"identity":"6736c210-7208-4fc3-ab3d-8553d1074c4e","order_by":1,"name":"Manoj Sankhe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SVKM's NMIMS","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manoj","middleName":"","lastName":"Sankhe","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-10 19:38:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7095818/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7095818/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87554652,"identity":"d65c5a08-01f0-498d-9a4b-4e9180f755d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:46:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea Copper tape (CT) antenna\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb Copper fabric (CF) antenna\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec Bare conductive electric paint (BCEP) antenna.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/bf5746576a0edcda185cc52a.jpg"},{"id":87555184,"identity":"6ae0e06c-38a2-4769-9406-f372216d16e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:54:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThickness of denim material measured using digital vernier caliper.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/1e0efb0243f4be01f5de2ac0.jpg"},{"id":87554049,"identity":"0b343677-a651-4bf4-a147-7a85d8f0fbf3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of return loss Vs frequency.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/4d98ca30b544287ce8fbd380.jpg"},{"id":87554039,"identity":"fba9cacb-a419-4b0a-a17d-d31eacc6a620","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of Re \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e parameter Vs frequency.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/7db9a8889b9f628359609b96.jpg"},{"id":87554040,"identity":"0df77577-badf-40db-a3a8-4307c80fd596","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of Im \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e parameter Vs frequency.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/07b9e1f5215eb9f1ce41018d.jpg"},{"id":87554032,"identity":"0ca73665-e300-4d37-b7bb-baadf083f5d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of VSWR Vs frequency.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/11511349fc0d3763532f4418.jpg"},{"id":87554003,"identity":"636aa83c-1a91-41e7-bacb-7d43be72bb98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65025,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRadiation Pattern\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/32124059dfd6ced81f73e49d.jpg"},{"id":87554026,"identity":"85092489-18b4-409a-a82a-d575e2a35afd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57308,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntenna with copper tape tested on VNA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/ec5ee658c36444a691f11487.jpg"},{"id":87553998,"identity":"956f9a65-7883-4234-8dd3-de5f78d03489","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntenna with copper fabric tested on VNA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/620c0e0c76274bb1a1a8cb67.jpg"},{"id":87553991,"identity":"0f8d041f-9f1a-4110-a000-54a50340e193","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:54","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntenna tested on VNA\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/96f585e98b59c340fe98362c.jpg"},{"id":87554030,"identity":"10ca611a-c010-4bc5-8dc7-18dbd094a0ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68204,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 9. Bending of the antenna at the edge\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/4c5818992b30990b2a6fd322.jpg"},{"id":92358820,"identity":"93c40aa3-9ec3-4c9c-9cb3-51a2aa8a2a7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-28 15:46:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1198169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/7af6c1fa-26ba-4a2e-8ef9-e0f8f3ded0e1.pdf"},{"id":87554035,"identity":"97005490-44d2-4840-9d26-b5f406f702df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 06:38:57","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":27393,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supply.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7095818/v1/7a27586a0b073c7e4eef43a1.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design of Flexible Textile-Based UWB Antenna for Microwave Breast Tumor Detection","fulltext":[{"header":"I. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the fastest-growing concerns related to women's health is the prevalence of breast tumors. Diagnosis at an early stage helps prevent tumors from reaching advanced stages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] and increase the survival rate. Even today, women do not go for diagnosis, as mammography is quite an expensive, painful, invasive and uncomfortable process that requires the breast to be compressed between the plates for breast scanning to detect any trace of tumor present. Often screenings are discouraged due to ionizing radiation and stressful and painful procedures associated with mammography. Consequently, there is an increasing desire to create non-invasive, patient-centered, alternative diagnostic techniques. The application of wearable antennas to find breast tumors is a promising development in medical technology. These devices use microwave imaging methods, which find anomalies in breast tissue by using non-ionizing electromagnetic waves. Microwave imaging offers greater accuracy, cost savings, and safety. The arrangement of the antenna at the receiving end receives the reflected microwave signals that are delivered via the breast tissues which could help in an efficient method to reconstruct the image from the incoming signals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Typically, a 1\u0026ndash;10 GHz frequency range was chosen for microwave imaging, which helped diagnosis and detect breast tumors because of its ability to penetrate biological tissues and provide sufficient resolution. As the resolution increases at higher frequencies, the contrast in the dielectric properties between cancerous and healthy tissues allows microwaves to interact with different layers of breast tissues. The difference between the reflected and transmitted signals were compared for detecting the abnormalities present inside the breast [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Microwave-based medical imaging considered as potentially safe, non-ionizing, and affordable way for imaging the human body. Academic studies propose antenna designs that meet these specifications for breast imaging [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the different antennas used in the microwave imaging system, monopole microstrip antennas are referred to as one of the best suitable candidates for breast tumor detection. The dielectric constant of tumors and tissues in the breast differs. A comparison of the results might help diagnose a tumor as the dielectric constants of healthy, or tumor-free, tissue and malignant tissue differ from one another. These monopole antennas are inexpensive because printed circuit board (PCB) technology makes them simple to build. Hence, the usage of UWB antennas is preferred for breast tumor detection as they can be used at microwave frequency with wide bandwidth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. A UWB monopole microstrip antenna wearable for breast imaging systems was proposed which was perfect for wearable applications because of its small size, low weight, and flexibility for fabrication on flexible substrates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Wearable microwave antennas could provide a painless and non-invasive diagnostic alternative to mammography that uses ionizing radiation and painful compression of the breast. Integrating antennas into flexible or wearable constructions that function well in the intended microwave frequency range is a key part of the design process for fabric antennas used in breast tumor detection. Using their planar construction and ease of integration with fabrics, monopole antennas are often used to ensure the best performance that fits the largest requirement of the antenna in breast tumor detection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWearables like bras or vests can incorporate arrays of these monopole microstrip antennas to ensure direct contact with breast tissue for correct signal transmission and reception and it also removes the error caused by the immersive medium. These monopole antennas can be made using different fabrics such as polyester, cotton, felt, denim, and mixed materials. The fabric are chosen based on the dielectric properties and the way it is woven; the fabric in which the threads are tightly knitted is preferred. Textile and wearable antennas, which provide flexibility, compactness, and the possibility of early cancer identification, appeared as promising technologies for detecting breast tumors. UWB antenna arrays with dual polarization that are flexible have been designed to detect breast tumors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe antenna designed in this paper operates in the frequency band of 3 to 13 GHz for microwave tomography, which strikes a compromise between practical issues for breast tumor detection and penetration depth, resolution, and dielectric contrast. While higher frequencies (10 GHz \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;13 GHz) offer better resolution for spotting tumors, lower frequencies (3 GHz \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5 GHz) penetrate deeper into breast tissue to enable comprehensive imaging. This broad frequency range use differences in tissue dielectric characteristics, which are essential for non-ionizing radiation-based tumor and normal tissue discrimination. Wearable antennas for breast tumor detection hold significant potential for revolutionizing breast tumor diagnostics by providing a comfortable, non-invasive, and continuous monitoring solution that can ease early detection and improve patient outcomes. Continued research and development are crucial to overcoming current challenges and advancing these innovative systems into widespread clinical use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the challenges in breast tumor detection was the development of a compact and fully textile UWB antenna-based sensor that could fit conformably and comfortably on the breasts with considerate gain and impedance matching. A miniaturized size can help accommodate a greater number of antennas to be placed on the breast increases and better scanning is achieved [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This required designing a sensor with miniaturized dimensions with sufficient gain and impedance matching on a suitable fabric substrate to ensure comfort and ease of wear for continuous breast monitoring. The principal aim was to fabricate a UWB patch antenna using textile materials that are biocompatible and suitable for breast tumor detection. Also to obtain a higher percentage bandwidth or fractional bandwidth, minimize size, and operate within the frequency range of 3.1 GHz \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10.6 GHz. This was particularly difficult to achieve a broad frequency coverage with small antennas made of fabric materials with 50 Ω impedance matching and moderate gain. These features could enable the antenna to find tumors of varying sizes and locations throughout the breast. Important parameters were investigated to assess the antenna\u0026rsquo;s performance, including antenna characteristics and the impact of bending to decide its flexibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Usually when the antenna is bending, its return loss is increased, as its dimensions change. This affects the overall performance of the antenna due to a mismatch in the impedance matching.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. RELATED WORK","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearchers have suggested passive and active microwave imaging for the detection of breast tumors in recent years, using various antenna types such as monopole, horn, and vivaldi antennas, among others. In the past, antennae were made for table-based methods; today, they are made for wearable ones. Smart bras, which use an antenna as a sensor built into the bra, have also been used for ongoing monitoring and detection. However, this might occasionally result in breast tissues heating up unnecessarily, which could be harmful.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2023 by \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eElsheakh et al.\u003c/span\u003e suggested a textile antenna based sensors (24 mm \u0026sdot; 45 mm) was used to detect tumors which was capable of functioning in the microwave frequency range of 1.6 GHz \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10 GHz. A smart bra with biocompatible antennas was designed. As this arrangement was biocompatible and a great alternative to wearable antenna sensors, cotton substrate antennas are the best choice for this application. The idea was to make an inexpensive, comfortable, easy to make, and offer simple sweat absorption, sensor which could be environmentally safe. It could support comfort and continuous monitoring, as cotton substrate antennas helps in diagnosis of breast tumors. The rated electrical attributes of cotton substrate included a dielectric constant between 1.4 and 1.8 and a loss tangent between 0.05 and 0.08. The dimension of the antenna had 50 mm \u0026sdot; 50 mm, these textile monopole antennas were examined and contrasted with the FCC band, to operate between 2.2 GHz \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8 GHz.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA lot of studies recommend using denim as the antenna\u0026rsquo;s dielectric substrate. As it adapts and is available easily for wearable applications, The decision was novel and improved patients\u0026rsquo; level of comfort during diagnostics procedure. In 2019 by \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSrinivasan and Gopalakrishnan\u003c/span\u003e, the antenna was designed using coaxial feed for operating at 2.4 GHz. Keeping in mind the patient\u0026rsquo;s comfort, he suggested antennas have omnidirectional capability, as the textile antenna can be worn in any orientation by the patient. The results showed good antenna characteristics but had to compromise on the bandwidth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2024 by \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRahayu et al.\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), two flexible monopole antennas with circular and rectangular shapes made from cotton substrate. These antennas were specifically designed for radar-based microwave imaging systems, focusing on breast imaging. The antennas\u0026rsquo; whole textile construction raises the possibility of integrating them into clothing for wearable health monitoring technology. He further suggested the textile sensor continued to function even after it had been washed and dried. A UWB textile antenna having dimension 38.5 mm \u0026sdot; 30 mm operated at 3.8 GHz with a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz. Using felt, he suggested antenna employed a microstrip feeding approach. The simulation results showed the textile antenna\u0026rsquo;s bandwidth value was 1.4 GHz in the 2.98\u0026ndash;4.33 GHz frequency range, with a return loss value was \u0026minus;47.513 dB. This also preserved the patient\u0026rsquo;s comfort during the screening procedure as cotton and denim substrates might offer superior structural support and flexibility, leading to more accurate imaging results. Felt is frequently less breathable, it did not provide the same degree of flexibility. But both were important for getting the best imaging results. This shows that for medical imaging, material selection is crucial since it directly affects the procedure\u0026rsquo;s efficacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA flexible substrate, including polyethylene, polyester, and polyamide polymers, for wearable sensors are more flexible. The polyamide substrate designed had a dielectric constant of 3.6. The gain obtained was 1 dB, with a return loss of \u0026minus;14.81 dB at 2.45 GHz and a bandwidth of 110 MHz. Unlike natural textiles like cotton and wool, polyamide that are waterproof and dries quickly. Wearable microstrip patch antennas would benefit greatly from these polyamide characteristics in 2023 was suggested by \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFusic et al.\u003c/span\u003e He proposed a polyamide-fabricated antenna to resonate at 2.318 GHz with \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;28.19 dB [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2023 by \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAreed et al.\u003c/span\u003e, to detect breast tissue malignancies, a slotted microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with an inset feed and defected ground structure (DGS) was developed. This broadband antenna had a high gain of 8 dB and a bandwidth of roughly 700 MHz. The antenna was made using Roger-RT/5880, a substrate material appropriate for X-band applications. Its dimension was 27.3 mm \u0026sdot; 28.7 mm and operated at a frequency of 10 GHz [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2022 by \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBhavani and Shanmuganantham\u003c/span\u003e, a circular conducting patch with an M-type slot made of jeans, measuring 28 mm \u0026sdot; 30 mm in dimension was proposed. The antenna was intended for microwave image monitoring. It yielded a broadside radiation pattern, a gain of up to 4.5 dB, with a bandwidth of 5.7 GHz [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor, the detection of breast tumors, the temperature difference between healthy and malignant tissue was considered. Impedance matching between the sensor and the breast with an air gap in between, was eliminated using an immersive ultrasound gel. Erroneous diagnoses could occasionally result from the immersive gel. Then, research was done on a wearable method, which should eliminate the disadvantages of the gel-based and table-based position-prone approaches by fabricating the antenna out of textile materials. A UWB offers higher-resolution microwave images, as previously mentioned. With the intention of enabling comfort, continuous monitoring, and inexpensive the systems can bridge gaps in healthcare access between urban and rural areas, empowering women with timely detection and intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III.\t ANTENNA DESIGN","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe designed antenna operated at a frequency of 4.2 GHz from 3.3 GHz to 9.3 GHz, providing a balanced compromise between penetration depth and resolution. This frequency selection ensures adequate dielectric contrast between different tissue types and supports safe, practical, and non-invasive imaging applications for breast cancer detection. Equations used in designing antennas, the width of the radiating patch \u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is calculated using\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\:{W}_{p}\\:=\\:\\frac{1}{2{f}_{r}\\sqrt{{\\epsilon\\:}_{0}{\\mu\\:}_{0}}}\\times\\:\\sqrt{\\frac{2}{{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}+1}}\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(1\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the operating frequency, \u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the relative permittivity, \u003cem\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e is the permeability of free space, \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e is the height of the substrate and \u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e is the permittivity of free space [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe length of the radiating patch (\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) is calculated from (2) and (3):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{L}_{p}\\:=\\:\\frac{1}{2{f}_{r}\\sqrt{{\\epsilon\\:}_{\\text{e}\\text{f}\\text{f}}\\sqrt{{\\epsilon\\:}_{0}{\\mu\\:}_{0}}}}-\\:2\\varDelta\\:L\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(2\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{\\epsilon\\:}_{\\text{e}\\text{f}\\text{f}}\\:=\\frac{1}{{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}\\:+1}\\:+\\frac{1}{{\\epsilon\\:}_{r}\\:-\\:1}\\:\\times\\:{\\left(1+\\frac{12h}{{W}_{p}}\\right)}^{-1/2}\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(3\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere, \u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e is the effective permittivity and \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e is the thickness of the substrate; ∆\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e can be calculated from (4). [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\varDelta\\:L\\:=\\frac{\\text{(}{\\epsilon\\:}_{\\text{e}\\text{f}\\text{f}}\\text{+0.3)(}{W}_{p}\\text{/}\\text{h}\\text{+0.264)]}}{\\text{(}{\\epsilon\\:}_{\\text{e}\\text{f}\\text{f}}\\text{}\\text{}\\text{0.258)(}{W}_{p}\\text{/}\\text{h}\\text{+0.8)}}0.412h\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(4\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dimensions calculated are shown in Table I. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows wearable antenna with its dimensions given in Table I.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTable I: Dimensions of Antenna\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimensions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit in mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatch Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeedline Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGround Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatch Width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate Width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate Height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fabricated antenna made of denim material has a permittivity of 1.7 and a loss tangent of 0.004 as substrate and radiating patch of copper tape (CT), copper fabric (CF) and bare conductive electric paint (BCEP). The substrate\u0026apos;s thickness, i.e. the height, plays a significant role. It is measured using a digital vernier caliper as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The substrate\u0026rsquo;s thickness and dielectric constant were primarily used to determine the antenna\u0026rsquo;s bandwidth and efficiency. The wavelength (\u003cem\u003e\u0026lambda;) is compared with\u003c/em\u003e the thickness of the substrate as 0.003 \u003cem\u003e\u0026lambda;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.005 \u003cem\u003e\u0026lambda;.\u003c/em\u003e This shows lower electrical losses and boost antenna efficiency; fabrics need a remarkably high electrical surface resistance [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopper tape, copper paint, and copper fabric were used as conducting materials on the denim substrate. Next, a 50Ω SMA connector is soldered using standard soldering methods. Integrating conductive elements into fabrics allows them to be lightweight, flexible, and suitable for applications where traditional rigid antennas were impractical. The antenna feed is soldered directly to the surface of the patch, but most textile materials cannot be soldered directly [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopper tape has a strong adhesive backing and is often used as a conducting material. It can be applied to the denim substrate. Due to its flexible nature, the tape can follow the natural curves of the cloth, maintaining constant contact and minimizing fluctuations in performance caused by bending or movement. Copper paint is so easy to brush or spray onto the substrate that it helps produce complex antenna patterns. Copper fabric is a conductive material created by weaving copper strands into a textile structure while maintaining the fabric\u0026rsquo;s flexibility and toughness. For applications that need vast or continuous conductive surfaces, copper cloth works especially well. These conductive components are incorporated into denim fabrics to create lightweight, flexible antennas suitable for wear.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV.\t RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe simulated antennas yield a variation of return loss when plotted against frequency. The graph of return loss vs frequency shows a return loss S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;34.9576 dB with a UWB of 6.0638 GHz in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the variation in the graph of the real \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e parameter concerning frequency, Re Z\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.9421Ω and Im \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.7853 Ω, ie, Z\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.9421\u0026ndash;1.7853 Ω nearly 50 Ω.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the variation of VSWR concerning frequency is VSWR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.0364.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe gain is one of the important parameters of antenna characteristics. The total gain obtained is 2.6049 dB.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e the total gain is shown, which is 4.3317 dB.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsually, the fractional bandwidth of the antenna is often expressed as a percentage ranging up to 200%. The fractional bandwidth of wideband antennas is usually 20% or higher, and that of ultra-wideband antennas is more than 50%. The results also show that the antenna has a percentage bandwidth of 142.119%. The fabricated antennas were tested using a vector network Analyzer as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. The results obtained demonstrate the impact of various conductive materials (copper tape, copper fabric, and bare electrically conductive paint) on the antenna characteristics. These materials were perfect for wearable antenna applications where standard rigid antennas might not be practical due to their outstanding electrical conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable II: Results of the fabricated antenna\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCopper Tape\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCopper Fabric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBare Conductive Electric Paint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResonant Frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.036 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8488 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReturn Loss\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-29.6dB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-27.87dB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-39.51dB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVSWR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpedance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.23 \u0026ndash; j2.66Ω\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.97\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;j2.73Ω\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.93\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;j0.22Ω\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e Antenna with copper fabric tested on VNA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to its flexibility, the tape can follow the natural curves of the cloth, maintain constant contact and minimizing fluctuations in performance caused by bending or movement. Next, a 50Ω SMA connector is soldered using standard soldering methods. Extra caution material, ensuring the integrity and performance of the antenna. The fabricated denim antennas exhibit a range of performance metrics. The performance parameters of the fabricated antennas are summarized and compared in Table II. Upon bending the antenna, the return loss S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e was increased, but the operating frequency remained the same, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"V.\tCONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe paper shows fabricated antennas have good return losses ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;27.84 dB to -39.64 dB. The results obtained with BCEP have an impedance matching of nearly perfect 50 Ω and an operating frequency of 4.8889 GHz. All three antennas showed VSWR values near 1, i.e effective power is transferred. The omnidirectional radiation pattern radiates equally in all directions (in the plane perpendicular to the antenna). It also provides broad coverage, which is useful in multi-antenna systems where the imaging system would gather signals from different angles. This would help transmit signals in the breast and differentiate signals to identify normal and malicious tissues inside the breast. The antenna can efficiently focus and transmit energy into the breast with a total gain of 4.3317 dB. Gain values indicate the antenna designs could function well enough for wearable applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCT and CF antennae showed nearly similar performance characteristics. The drawback of the BCEP antenna is that after washing, the paint is washed off, and its electrical properties are altered. On the other hand, a fully textile antenna is a better solution. An ultra-wide bandwidth CF antenna would be the best choice as it can be used after multiple washings. giving the same performance. The high bandwidth allows scanning of wide-ranging tissue dielectric contrasts. This enables the system to detect the presence of small tumors. The 50Ω impedance minimizes reflections and maximizes the power that can be transferred between the antenna and the breast.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDenim and copper fabric do not cause irritation or allergies and are user-friendly, biocompatible polymer textiles. The common use of denim clothing in daily life adds a touch of comfort. For tumor identification, an operating frequency in the UWB range of 3.2114 GHz to 9.2753 GHz could improve tissue penetration and resolution. Effective signal transmission and reception are ensured by a high gain, which also improves signal penetration into tissues and reduces losses. However, an omnidirectional radiation pattern could be employed for general monitoring and coverage over a large area. Furthermore, appropriate matching (such as 50 ohms) enhances power transfer and lessens reflections. In addition to being small, these are lightweight, portable, and compatible with wearable technology. These wearable antennas could be used for sensing, communication, and monitoring. This antenna offers a practical solution for real-time, radiation-free breast cancer screening, potentially benefiting underserved populations by enabling early detection in a comfortable and cost-effective manner because it can be integrated into a wearable garment like bra or vest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch5\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTazeen Shaikh conducted the research work, including literature review, methodology development, experimentation, data collection, and initial drafting of the manuscript. Dr. Manoj Sankhe provided supervision and guidance throughout the research process and contributed to the refinement of the methodology and manuscript. Both authors reviewed and approved the final version of the paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eF. A. A. Abdulla and A. Demirkol, \u0026ldquo;A novel textile-based UWB patch antenna for breast cancer imaging\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003ePhys\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Eng\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Sci\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Med\u003c/em\u003e., vol. 47, pp. 851\u0026ndash;861, Mar. 2024. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShanmugam Sasikala, Kandasamy Karthika, Shanmugam Arunkumar, Karunakaran Anusha, Srinivasan Adithya, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, \u0026quot;Design and Analysis of a Low-Profile Tapered Slot UWB Vivaldi Antenna for Breast Cancer Diagnosis\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eProgress In Electromagnetics Research M\u003c/em\u003e, Vol. 124, 43-51, 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarvalho Dionisio, Aragao Alexandre J, Ferrari Andre, Bruno Sanches, Wilhelmus Noije, \u0026ldquo;Software-Defined Radio Assessment for Microwave Imaging Breast Cancer Detection\u0026rdquo;, IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), pp 1\u0026ndash;6, 2020. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl sheakh DN, Mohamed RA, Fahmy OM, \u0026ldquo;Complete Breast Cancer Detection and Monitoring System by Using Microwave Textile Based Antenna Sensors\u0026rdquo;, Biosensors \u003cem\u003e13(1), 87, 2023\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang L, \u0026ldquo;Microwave Imaging and Sensing Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection\u0026rdquo;, Micromachines 14(7):1462, 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMisilmani HME, Naous T, Khatib SKA, \u0026ldquo;A Survey on Antenna Designs for Breast Cancer Detection using Microwave Imaging\u0026rdquo;, IEEE Access 8:102570\u0026ndash;102594, 2020. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMahmood SN, Ishak AJ, Jalal A, et al, \u0026ldquo;A Bra Monitoring System using a Miniaturized Wearable Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna for Breast Cancer Imaging\u0026rdquo;, Electronics 10(21):2563, 2021. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSrikanth BS, Gurung SB, Manu S, \u0026ldquo;A Slotted UWB Monopole Antenna with Truncated Ground Plane for Breast Cancer Detection\u0026rdquo;, Alexandria Engineering Journal 59(5):3767\u0026ndash;3780, 2020. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaabal A, Halaoui ME, Ahyoud S, \u0026ldquo;Dual Band-Notched WIMAX/WLAN of a Compact Ultra-Wideband Antenna with Spectral and Time Domains Analysis for Breast Cancer Detection\u0026rdquo;, Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 65:163\u0026ndash;173, 2016. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalimitorkamani M, Mehranpour M, Odabasi H, \u0026ldquo;A Compact Ultra-Wide Band slot- ted Patch Antenna for Early-Stage Breast Tumor Detection Applications\u0026rdquo;, International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 15(4):572\u0026ndash;580, 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSrinivasan D, Gopalakrishnan M, \u0026ldquo;Breast Cancer Detection using Adaptable Textile Antenna Design\u0026rdquo;, Journal of Medical Systems 43(6):177\u0026ndash;177, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRahayu Y, Khairon M, Rani KNA, \u0026ldquo;Detection of Breast Tumour Depth using Felt Substrate Textile Antenna\u0026rdquo;, Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 39(1):59\u0026ndash;75, 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFusic J, Sugumari T, Sitharthan R, \u0026ldquo;Design of a Wearable, Flexible Microstrip Patch Antenna for Detection of Breast Cancer\u0026rdquo;, Research Square, pp-1-5, 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAreed Nihal FF, El Mikati A, Laila T R, \u0026ldquo;Breast Tissue Tumor Detection Using Microstrip Patch Antenna with Defected Ground Structure\u0026rdquo;, Mansoura Engineering Journal 48(1), 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhavani S, Shanmuganantham T, \u0026ldquo;Wideband Fabric Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications Using for Medical Applications\u0026rdquo;, Defence Science Journal 72:592\u0026ndash;599, 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalanis A, \u0026ldquo;Antenna Theory Analysis and Design\u0026rdquo;, John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, Inc, New York, 1979. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Adel and A. D Cagdas, \u0026ldquo;Ultra-wide Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Breast Tumor Detection\u0026rdquo;, Electrica, vol.22, no. 1, pp 41-51 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar HV, Nagaveni T, \u0026ldquo;Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna to Detect Breast Cancer\u0026rdquo;, ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics 6(1):893\u0026ndash;896, 2020. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE.N.F.S.E Embong, K. N. A Rani and H. A Rahim, \u0026ldquo;The Wearable Textile- based Microstrip Patch Antenna Preliminary Design and Development\u0026rdquo;, in Proc. Of IEEE 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Social Sciences (ICETSS), 2017. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRao S, Singh A, Bhat AK, \u0026ldquo;Tumor Detection Using Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating in FCC MBAN Band\u0026rdquo;, Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 136, 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJahan A, Kabir, \u0026ldquo;Microstrip Patch Antenna for Breast Cancer Detection\u0026rdquo;, In: 2021 5th International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT), pp 1\u0026ndash;6, 2021. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVenkatachalam D, Jagadeesan V, Ismail KBM, et al, \u0026ldquo;Compact Flexible Planar Antennas for Biomedical Applications: Insight into Materials and Systems Design\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eBioengineering\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10, 1137, 2023. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSreemathy R, Hake S, Gaikwad SSV, \u0026ldquo;Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Dual Frequency Distinct Bandwidth Slot Loaded Wash Cotton Flexible Textile Antenna for ISM Band Applications\u0026rdquo;, Progress in Electromagnetics Research M 109:191\u0026ndash;203, 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKapetanakis TN, Nikolopoulos CD, Petridis KA, \u0026ldquo;Wearable Textile Antenna with a Graphene Sheet or Conductive Fabric Patch for the 2.45 GHz Band. Electronics\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eElectronics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10(21), 2571, 2021\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIvsic B, Bonefacic D, Bartolic J, \u0026ldquo;Considerations on Embroidered Textile Antennas for Wearable Applications\u0026rdquo;, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letter 12:1708\u0026ndash;1711, 2013. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheeba, I.R., Jayanthy, T. Design and Analysis of a Flexible Softwear Antenna for Tumor Detection in Skin and Breast Model. \u003cem\u003eWireless Pers Commun\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e107\u003c/strong\u003e, 887\u0026ndash;905 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"UWB, 50Ω impedance matching, Biocompatible, breast tumor detection, flexible antenna","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7095818/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7095818/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA wearable textile antenna designed to be biocompatible, flexible, lightweight, and compact is present in the paper. As the body is not flat but curvy, a sensor antenna is required which could adapt to the body surface making it a wearable antenna. Antennas, usually used, are made of FR-4 substrates which are rigid and robust. This property of FR-4 makes it difficult to wrap around the breast surface. Cotton, denim and felt are suitable, flexible, and inventive substrate for wearable textile antennas because of its special blend of mechanical, electrical, and aesthetic qualities. In the fields including health monitoring, RFID, the Internet of Things, and communications where comfort, adaptability, and durability are essential, denim-based antennas have proven to be effective. Another application is in breast tumor detection for microwave imaging. In microwave imaging, image resolution is crucial in detecting tumor traces and thus needs an ultra-wide bandwidth antenna. The antenna fabricated using a denim substrate operates with a percentage bandwidth of 142.119% or fractional bandwidth of 1.42119, broadside gain of 4.3317 dB, return loss of (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;29.6dB to -39.51dB) and an impedance matching of 50 Ω. The fabricated antenna uses conducting materials such as copper tape, copper fabric and bare conductive electric paint as conducting medium. Though these antennae made of denim material offer attractive antenna characteristics like other robust antennas and their flexibility of the antenna helps them to adapt to the curve surface of the human body. As denim is the most common material used it makes it user friendly to be worn. This antenna is designed using a High-Frequency Structure Simulator. Using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) the antenna is tested.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design of Flexible Textile-Based UWB Antenna for Microwave Breast Tumor Detection","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-25 06:38:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7095818/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"06c3a4d1-0a0d-4fb4-b83b-1ed2046fb372","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-28T15:38:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-25 06:38:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7095818","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7095818","identity":"rs-7095818","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}