Assessing Fluoride Levels in Saudi Coffee and the Associated Risk of Fluoride Toxicity Consumption

Coffee is considered as one of the most commonly consumed beverages in the world. Understanding the impact of coffee on human health is of considerable interest. Fluoride is an essential inorganic element that mineralizes hard tooth tissues and increases their resistance to caries. Fluoride is found in many daily beverages, including coffee. Research shows that high fluoride intake can lead to dental issues in both adults and children fluorosis. The arabic coffee has been the most widely consumed cultural beverage , but to date, there is a lack of literature on the fluoride concentration in Arabic coffee. This study aimed to evaluate fluoride levels in various coffee beverages across different regions, as well as to analyze the dietary fluoride intake from Arabic coffee intake.8 samples were considered from each category of 5 regions for testing a total of 40 samples were recorded. Each sample was examined using an ion chromatography system (ExStik® FL700 Fluoride Meter, USA), and the dietary intake and risk assessment were calculated using the equations concerning the 7mg recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to assess the significance of study parameters among the groups. Additionally, post hoc analysis was conducted if the ANOVA test values were significant. The mean concentrations of fluoride were highest in the eastern followed by the northern and the least in the southern region.