Assessment of Practices and Factors Associated With Solid Waste Management Among Institutions in Arada Sub Cityaddis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023

Assessment of Practices and Factors Associated With Solid Waste Management Among Institutions in Arada Sub Cityaddis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Practices and Factors Associated With Solid Waste Management Among Institutions in Arada Sub Cityaddis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Mussie Getachew, Nebiyou Fasil, Abere Yekoye This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5235175/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Problem Statement: Addis Ababa is getting polluted due to an increase of wastes management practice problem; dwellers of Addis Ababa continue to dispose wastes along the roads, in ditches, rivers, open spaces, avenues, etc. of the city. This situation is exacerbated in slums like Arada sub-city where households and institutions cannot make use of garbage collection facilities. This study indicates what the communities solid waste disposal system will look like especially in the institutions and also what are the things that need to be improved with the removal system they are currently using in terms of suggesting how good it should be. Objectives: To assess Practices and factors associated with solid waste management among institutions in Arada sub city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Methods: The study was conducted in 350 institutions of arada sub city of Addis Ababa. Cross-sectional study design was used to conduct the study. the data was collected using a pre-tested and interviwed questionnaireusing a google form. Stratified random sampling employed to address the objective of this study. The data was coded, cleaned and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS)V.25. Results: The majority of the institutions, 251 (71.7%) solid waste management practices are improper.the multivariable analysis showed that there was statistically significant (p < 0.05) association improper waste management practice and factors such as, attitude p-value 0.01, (AOR = 2.7,95% CI = 1.49-5.2)), awareness P-value (0.04) AOR = 2.4, 95%CI= 1.2-4.6)), type waste such as, textile related waste p-value (0.03) AOR = 4.06,95%CI = 1.5-10.8)) and type of institutions as well. Conclusion & Recommendation: Practices of solid waste management among institution were poor. awareness, attitude, type of institution and type of waste were associated with improper waste management practice. attitude and awareness should be enhanced at institutions to level on proper waste management practice. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Sustainable solid waste management is a major challenge of all cities in developing countries and failure to properly manage it can cause various problems on citizens( 1 ). The unrestricted production of solid waste and its unsafe disposal is becoming a global problem( 2 ). Although the sources of waste generation are diverse, the proportion of institution wastes (by volume,type and weight) makes significant contribution to the overall improvement of public health ( 1 ). Municipal solid waste consists of everyday items such as product packaging, yard trimmings, furniture, clothing, bottles and cans, food, newspapers, appliances, electronics, and batteries( 4 ). Sources of SW include residential waste (including waste from multi-family housing) and waste from commercial and institutional locations, such as businesses, schools, and hospitals( 5 ). The types of solid waste produced change according to the standard of living in the city( 6 ). In recent years, the impact of poor solid waste-management practices on the natural environment is finally being acknowledged and understood by many countries( 3 ). Solid waste management (SWM) has remained a challenge to both developed and developing countries globally( 5 ). Global production of solid waste has practically doubled over the past ten years and is expected to reach 2.5 billion tons per year in 2025 as a result of the combined effect of urban development and changes in consumption patterns( 7 ). Estimate that the world’s waste production could reach up to 27 billion tons by 2050( 8 ). Solid waste management is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of Ethiopia, as only 2% of the population receives solid waste collection services( 9 ). Addis Ababa city started its solid waste management some three decades back( 10 ). The social waste collection service is unsatisfactory, and scenes of scattered waste are common in most part of the city( 10 ).Unhygienic solid waste storages and disposal systems in some cities serve as vector breeding sites and gross unsightliness ( 1 ). For example, the unit generation of solid waste in Addis Ababa is about 0.4 kg per capita per day, of which about 60%-80% is collected and disposed ( 1 ). Effective waste management is expensive, often comprising 20–50% of municipal budgets( 7 ). Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported( 7 ). Many factors contribute to this dilemma( 11 ).including 1) culture, education, and microeconomics, 2) infrastructure, social provision, and technology, 3) policy, institutions, and macroeconomics, and lastly discusses the ever-popular system of 4) integrated solid-waste management systems( 12 ). Environmental planners need to consider socio-demographic status in formulating strategies to improve waste management practices in the developing countries context ( 13 ). The world generates 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, with at least 33 percent of that—extremely conservatively—not managed in an environmentally safe manner( 14 ). By 2050, worldwide municipal solid waste generation is expected to have increased by roughly 70 percent to 3.4 billion metric tons( 15 ). Generation 125 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) was generated in Africa in 2012( 16 ). The conceptual issues of this study illustrates the factors influencing solid waste management practices. The primary factors including socio-demographic characteristics, Institutional & waste characteristics, and behavioral factors. Each factors impacts solid waste management practices through different dimensions. Furthermore, waste separation, recycling, reuse and methods to that can reduce waste. Figure − 1 Conceptual framework of the study ( 1 ) Arada sub-city is one of the urban centers where there is uncontrolled urban expansion and problems of solid waste management are clearly observed. Many studies were conducted among households or condominiums rather than institutions, it is crucial to understand how solid waste management practices in institutions. And it can contribute to building sustainable countries and cities. That can help to strengthen and create better clean woredas as well as sub-cities. It may also give some baseline to policymakers, solid waste managers, and environmental protection agencies about the existing practices of solid waste management practices, particularly in the sub-cities. It may also be important to provide base-line information to the next researcher who would like to conduct detailed and comprehensive studies either in Arada sub-city or another study area. Methods Study Setting Arada is one of the 11 sub-cities of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. It covers an area of 950hectares. The sub-city is roughly situated in the northern part of Addis Ababa, nearby the center, bounded from the South by Kirkos and Lideta, from West by Addis Ketema, from East by Yeka and from North by Gulele sub-cities. It is divided into 10 woreda‟s, 31 sub-woredas, 100 sefers, and 316 blocks( 18 ).Until august 2022, there are 4756 institutions in Arada sub city( 19 ). Study Design This study utilized a cross sectional study. Study Population:- The population for this study was institutions of Arada sub city such as; commercial institutions, food and drink establishment and manufacturing institutions. Inclusion criteria All functional commercial, food and drink establishments and manufacturing institutions Exclusion Criteria Some institutions, such as medical centers, hospital/primacy /health centers/ laboratories, schools, and governmental offices. Uncooperative owners and employers of the institution. Any institution that is closed temporarily during the time of data collection. Sample size determinatio n; Sample size for this study was calculated using single population proportion by considering anticipated non-response rate of 10% at 95% confidence level and 4% margin of error. Sigle population proportion formula was considered to determine sample size for this study. $$\:\varvec{n}=\frac{{\varvec{Z}}_{\varvec{\alpha\:}/2}^{2}\varvec{P}\times\:\left(1-\varvec{P}\right)}{{\varvec{d}}^{2}}$$ Where; n = the sample size d = the margin of error (precision) usually < 0.04 P = The proportion (p) of good solid waste management practice in Asella town in 2019 (17%) ( 2 ). review (17%) = 0.5; p = 17% = 0.17 Z (Z value at = 0.05) = 1.96; Therefore, the sample size can be calculated as \(\:\varvec{n}=\frac{{1.96}^{2}\times\:0.17\times\:\left(1-0.17\right)}{{0.04}^{2}}=339\) Finally, the sample was corrected for finite population; \(\:{\varvec{n}}_{\varvec{f}\varvec{i}\varvec{n}\varvec{a}\varvec{l}}=\frac{\varvec{n}}{1+\frac{\varvec{n}}{\varvec{N}}}\) , \(\:\varvec{n}=\frac{339}{1+\frac{339}{4756}}=317\) Assuming the total number of institutions in Arada sub-city to be 4756, N were 4756. With including the possible non response rate of 10%, the sample size for this study is: \(\:n\) =317+317*0.1= the final sample for the study was 350. Sampling procedures A cross-sectional study involving stratified random sampling techniques was employed to address the objective of this study. In the first step, based on the geographical location of the worades, the ten woredas were divided into three strata, i.e., strata 1; -woreda ( 1 , 2 and 3 ), strata 2; -woreda ( 4 , 5 and 10 ) and strata 3 (woreda 6, 7, 8, and 9). In the second stage, from each stratum, two woredas were selected using the random sampling method. In the third stage, instructions were proportionally allocated to each woreda, and those 350 instructions were selected randomly from the six woredas based on their population size. Data collection procedures The data collected using a pre-tested and interviewer-administered questionnaire was adopted and customized based on previous studies ( 3 ). It was obtained using open- and closed-ended questions and an interview questionnaire using a Google Form. The data were collected by the researcher himself, and the owners of the institutions or the person who is responsible for solid waste management responded to the question. It took two months, from February 15 to April 15, 2023. The questionnaire was comprised of three sections. The first section involved background and demographics; the second section evaluated the practice of solid waste management in the institutions; and the third section examined access, awareness, and attitude towards solid waste management. It was as simple as possible to be understandable and pre-tested for applicability in the institutions. Data quality assurance ; To ensure the study's quality, the data collector, who was the researcher, rehearsed the study materials and data collection techniques. A pretest was done on 5% of the sample size in worada 05, to evaluate the questionnaire's clarity, consistency, understandability, and time needed to complete it. Data were checked for completeness, and incomplete questionnaires were excluded from analysis. Operational definitions Institutions an organization founded for commercial, food and drink establishment and manufacturing purpose. Solid waste management practice-; define as the actions to waste storage, recycle, reuse, and using methods that can reduce solid waste and proper collection of solid waste. Good solid waste management practice; Institutions scored above the mean score of solid waste management practice related questions. Poor solid waste management practice; Institutions scored below the mean score of solid waste management practice related questions. Data Management The completed questionnaires were coded. Data was automatically entered into Excel via data collection with a Google Form. cleaned, coded, and then analysed by Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) V25.0. Data Analysis procedures The solid waste management practices of participants were measured using four practice questions scored yes or no, which were summed to compute the mean. Descriptive and analytical statistics, including univariate and bivariate analyses, were employed. percentage, frequency distribution, and measure of central tendency were used for univariate analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between solid waste management practices and associated factors. Bivariate regression analysis was also used for factors affecting solid waste management practice, and variables with a p value of 0.05 were entered on multivariable logistic regression to identify independently associated factors affecting solid waste management practice by controlling confounding variables. The adjusted odds ratio and p value of 0.05 were used to determine the strength of the association and statistical significance, respectively. And the results were narrated and summarized using tables, figures, and multivariable regression. Ethical consideration The ethical clearance was obtained from the Addis Continental Institute of Public Health (ACIPH) institutional review board (IRB). We also got the necessary support letters for the study for Arada sub-city and specific woredas. The names of the study participants were not mentioned, and the entire secret was kept for confidentiality. No personal identifiers were indicated in the study. It was explained to the participants about the purpose of the study, the benefits of the study, their right to refuse anytime, confidentiality, and anonymous questionnaire fillings. Covid precautionary measures, such as wearing a face mask, keeping an adequate distance, and using alcohol-based sanitizer, were taken during the data collection process. Results Socio-Demographic of institutions in Arada sub-city, Addis Ababa A total of 350 institutions participated, with a 100% response rate. Out of the total respondents, 176 (52.3%) were males. The mean age of the respondents was 35.31 years, and the majority of the respondents were in the age group of 26–35 years: 183 (52.3%), married (194 (55.4%), attended secondary ( 9 – 12 ), received education (147 (42.0%), and attended secondary ( 9 – 12 ). Concerning the number of employees in the institutions, 269 (76.9%) of them had 1–3 employees. (Table 1 ), and the majority of institutions were food and beverage service 260(36.0% ), as shown in Fig. (3). Table 1 ; Characteristics of the respondents of institutions in Arada Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Variables Category Frequency(n) Percentage (%) Respondent age 18–25 47 13.4% 26–35 183 52.3% 36–45 99 28.3% > 46 21 6.0% Gender Male 176 50.3% Female 174 49.7% Marital status Married 194 55.4% Single 127 36.3% Divorced 16 4.6% Widow/er 13 3.7% Number of employees 1–3 269 76.9% 4–6 58 16.6% 7–9 10 2.9% =>10 13 3.7% Educational status Can't read and write 1 0.3% Read and write 32 9.1% Primary ( 1 – 8 ) 48 13.7% Secondary ( 9 – 12 ) 147 42.0% Technical or vocational 22 6.3% Higher education 100 28.6% Solid waste type, storage and disposal system According to the study, scrap and plastics were the most solid wastes, at 341 (47.4%) and 107 (14.9%), respectively, and the least solid waste was electronics and metal-related waste, at 11 (1.5%), and 1 (0.1%), respectively (Fig. 3 ). The majority of the respondents (247, or 70.6%) used sacks ("madaberia") 78 (22.3%) used plastic bags (“festal”) as waste storage, and 5 (1.4%) disposed of them in an open dump in the yard. And 281 (80.3%) dispose of solid waste that is not separated. Meanwhile, 299(85.4%) get solid waste collector service in 166(47.4%) per day, 96(27.4%) in three days, 36(10.3%) per week, and 1(0.3%) per 15 days. had enough access to waste collectors’ services and 296 (84.6%) of institutions were satisfied by the service provided by solid waste collectors. Institutions practices of solid waste management Four different practices of solid waste management questions were aggregated. The composite score above the mean > 0.38 is labelled as good (otherwise poor). The aggregated data indicated that 28.3% of the institutions had good waste management practices. Figure (4) According to solid waste practice-related questions, the majority of the institutions collected and stored all solid waste together (281; 80.3%), but 69 (19.7%) of the institutions collected and stored it separately based on the nature of the solid waste. And out of the total institutions, only 4(1.15%) institutions use methods to reduce the solid waste, 50 (14.3%) of them reuse, and only 9 (2.6%) recycle their institutional solid waste. Figure (4) Institution’s awareness and attitude towards solid wastes Among the institutions, 218 (52.9%), 136 (33%), 41 (10%), and 14 (3.4%) of them stated the importance of proper solid waste management as improved hygiene, improved health, economic benefits, and improved safety, respectively. From that majority, 259 (33.2%), 164 (21%), 136 (17.4%), 87 (11.1%), 86 (11%), 31 (4%), and 8 (1%) of them stated that improper solid waste management makes a bad smell, is not pleasant to look at, can make the city look dirty, can gather files, can close the canals of the drainage, can collect animals like dogs, and can pollute the water, respectively. Meanwhile, out of the total, 123 (35.1%) institutions paid for waste collection services, whereas 176 (50.3%) did not. Factors associated with solid waste management practice Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were employed to identify associations between independent factors and the outcome variable. Binary logistic regression showed that awareness, attitude, type of solid waste, and type of institution were significantly associated with solid waste management practice. These variables fit a multivariable logistics regression model to identify factors related to waste management practice. In this study, respondents who were not aware of solid waste management were 2.4 times more likely to have improper solid waste management practices compared to those who had awareness ( AOR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.24–4.65) Table 2 . Odds of attitude: those who have a negative attitude about waste management are almost three times more likely to have improper solid waste management practices than those who have a positive attitude (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.49–5.22). Also, institutions that do not have textile-related waste are four times more likely to have improper waste management practices than those that do have textile-related waste ( AOR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.52–10.81). Furthermore, odds of the type of institution, such as manufacturing and printing work, being less likely to be improper waste management compared to beauty salons (AOR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.01–0.29) and (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.01–0.38), respectively. Table 2 ; Bivariate and Multivariable logistic regression analyses on institution factors associated with overall practice of waste management in Arad sub city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023. Practice of waste management COR (95%CI) AOR (95%) P-Value POOR % GOOD% Type of institution Food and beverage service 89(35.5) 37(37.4) 0.229(0.051–1.027) 0.251(0.052–1.212) 0.085 Shop 110(43.8) 25(25.3) 0.419(0.092–1.905) 0.322(0.066–1.567) 0.160 Office 8(3.2) 4( 4 ) 0.190(0.0.029–1.252) 0.141(0.020–1.005) 0.51 manufacturing 15( 6 ) 21(21.2) 0.068(0.014–0.335)* 0.056(0.010–0.296)* 0.001 Printing works 8(3.2) 10(10.1) 0.076(0.014–0.427)* 0.063(0.010–0.386)* 0.003 Beauty salon 21(8.4) 2( 2 ) 1(Ref) 1(Ref) Attitude Positive 109(43.4) 58(58.6) 1(ref) 1(ref) 0.01 Negative 142(56.6 41(41.4) 1.843(1.150–2.953) 2.798(1.499–5.221)* Access Yes 161(64.1) 66(66.7) 1(ref) 1(ref) 0.111 No 90(35.9) 33(3.3) 0.894(0.547–1.462) 0.593(0.312–1.128) Awareness Good 218(86.9) 73(73.7) 1(Ref) 1(ref) 0.009 Poor 33(13.1) 26(26.3) 2.353(1.320–4.195)* 2.404(1.242–4.652) Textile related waste Yes 240(95.6) 12(12.1) 1(ref) 1(ref) 0.005 No 11(4.4) 87(87.9) 3.0099(1.281–7.070)* 4.067(1.529–10.816)* Discussion The present study was carried out to assess the practices and factors associated with solid waste management among institutions in Arada sub-city. The survey showed that only 28.3% of institutions practiced proper solid waste management. Attitudes, awareness, and types of waste were found to be significantly associated with improper institutional solid waste management practices. Moreover, certain types of institutions are also associated with improper solid waste management practices, such as manufacturing and printing work, which are less likely to be improper solid waste management compared to beauty salons. The magnitude of proper solid waste management in this study is almost identical to the study conducted in Wolida City 26.2%( 4 ), in Dire Dawa City 31% ( 20 ) and Ambo Town 31.56% ( 21 ). On the contrary, the study conducted in Asella town ( 2 ) was lower than the current study because only 17.2% of them managed their solid waste properly. Although the situational analysis study conducted in eight regions of Ethiopia ( 3 ) was higher than the current study, in which 52% were properly managing solid waste, this difference might be due to the criteria set by the principal investigator to categorize proper and improper waste management. which is the study conducted in Asella town ( 2 ) improper solid waste management practice is defined as not separating solid waste appropriately and/or disposing of solid waste at a legally unauthorized place and the situational analysis study conducted in eight regions of Ethiopia defined solid waste management as including onsite storage, onsite waste recovery and reuse, collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste. The solid wastes generated by institutions in the current study included housing scarp, food-related waste, bottles, paper, plastics, vegetable-related waste, electronics, printing-related waste, and textile-related waste. The results of the other study, which was carried out in Wolida City ( 4 ) and Dire Dawa City ( 20 ) showed that the most often produced solid wastes were plastic, glass (bottles), and household scraps (dust, khat, and kitchen garbage). However,this study found that institutions that do not have textile-related waste are more likely to have improper solid waste management practices than those that do have textile-relatedwaste. One of the factors contributing to solid waste management practices in this study is awareness. As a result, unaware respondents were more likely to have improper waste management practices compared to those who had awareness. Consistent with this finding was reported by a study done in Dire Dawa ( 20 ) and in Wolida City ( 4 ). Additionally, the current study found that practices for managing solid waste are also influenced by attitude. Institutions that have a negative attitude are more likely to have improper solid waste management practices than those that have a positive attitude. The situational analysis study conducted in eight regions of Ethiopia found that ( 3 ) those who had a negative attitude about solid waste management were less likely to be improper compared to those who had a positive attitude. This is less likely because of the study area and the sample size. In other studies, access to solid waste collector services was likely associated with poor solid waste management, but in this study, access to solid waste collector services was not associated with poor solid waste management or the number of employees. Strength and limitation of the study Limitation of the study was not found the responsible person of the solid waste management or the owner of the institutions at the time of data collection, the type of waste that found in this study also excluded like hazardous waste and not ask the whole employee of the institutions also were the limitation of the study. Meanwhile this study was the first to be conducted in Arad sub city also the first to be conducted among institution in the city of Addis Ababa that can consider as strength of the study. Conclusion The study showed that only 28.3% of institutions are good solid waste management practices that can consider that practice of solid waste management among institutions are poor. Awareness of the respondent, attitude and type of waste were significantly associated with improper institutional solid waste managemet practices moreover, type of institutions also has associated with improper solid waste management practice. Recommendations Attitude and awareness should be enhanced at institutions to level on proper solid waste management practice by Arada sub city environmental protection office, national environmental protection commission and Addis Ababa city administration as well as NGOs working in the area through providing continuous information provision regarding to the importance of proper waste management. National level study with strong study design should be conducted in Ethiopia. The promotion of proper solid waste management for the community to improve good healthy environment to live is needed in the study area. Media also has to strengthen social behavioural change and communication at community level to change knowledge and Attitude on solid waste management practice. Abbreviations SPSS Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS)V.25. AOR Adjusted Odds Ratios CI Confidence Interval SWM Solid Waste Management MSW Municipal Solid Waste WM Waste Management ACIPH Addis Continental Institute Of Public Health Institutional IRB Institutional Review Board COR Crude Odds Ratio NGO Non -Governmental Organization Declarations Authors’ contributions MG, AY and NF are involved in the design and statistical analysis. MS and AY were involved in manuscript writing and NF advised the manuscript process . All authors read and approved the final draft of the manuscript. Funding The authors did not receive any specific fund for this research. Data availability All necessary data included in the manuscript. Ethical approval and consent to participate. The ethical clearance was obtained from the Addis Continental Institute of Public Health (ACIPH) institutional review board (IRB) and informed written consent was obtained from each participants. C ompeting interest The authors declare that have no competing interest. Author details 1 Public Health Officer, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2 Assistant Professor of public health department of global health & health policy Addis continental institute of public health Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3 Academic Dean, LeDeG midwifery college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. References Oyareme V, Osaji EIO, Barrow A, Bah A. The Effects and Management of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Disposal on Human Health in Serrekunda Market (Commercial Center), Kanifing Municipality, The Gambia. OALib. 2021;08(08):1–13. Lema G, Mesfun MG, Eshete A, Abdeta G. Assessment of status of solid waste management in Asella town, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec;19(1):1261. Situational Analysis of Urban Sanitation and Waste Management. JSI. Available from: https://www.jsi.com/resource/situational-analysis-of-urban-sanitation-and-waste-management Abegaz SB, Molla KA, Ali SE. Practices and Challenges of Household Solid Waste Management in Woldia Town, Northeastern Ethiopia. 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Household Solid Waste Management Practice Associated Factors and Service Delivery Performance of Private Solid Waste Collectors in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia. Haile A. Determinants of Effective Household Solid Waste Management Practices: the Case of Ambo Town – West Showa Zone. Available from: Determinants_of_Effective_Household_Solid_Waste_Management_Practices_the_Case_of_Ambo_Town_West_Showa_Zone Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5235175","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":368931241,"identity":"b4dfd0eb-ec4c-4e8e-9a0a-5cc87cbbf8b1","order_by":0,"name":"Mussie Getachew","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADNgbmA0BKQoYItcyMDRAtbAkgLTzEa2Fg4DEAkwQ1yLv3H390s63Ono+95/OrGzUWPAzsh49uwKfF8MxhxubctsOJbTxnt1nnHAM6jCct7QZeLTOSQVoOJLBJ5G4zzmEDapHgMcOvZf5jkJY6ezb5N8+Mc/4RoUVeghmkhZmxTYKH+XFuGxFaDHiSDWfnnAP5Jc2MObdPgoeNkF/k2w8++JxTVmcv33748eecb3Vy/OyHj+G35QCCzSYBJvEpB9vSgGAzfyCkehSMglEwCkYmAABTRkP+MaFyKQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Continental Institute of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mussie","middleName":"","lastName":"Getachew","suffix":""},{"id":368931242,"identity":"1195e3a3-ee54-488f-a2d0-c3051f785858","order_by":1,"name":"Nebiyou Fasil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Continental Institute of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nebiyou","middleName":"","lastName":"Fasil","suffix":""},{"id":368931243,"identity":"1e482548-7184-4c36-8070-84d240703e74","order_by":2,"name":"Abere Yekoye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Academic Dean, LeDeG midwifery college","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abere","middleName":"","lastName":"Yekoye","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-09 22:23:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5235175/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5235175/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68527355,"identity":"425f7ecd-f6d4-4250-b104-62fdb0c11d31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-08 08:43:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConceptual framework of the study \u003c/em\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5235175/v1/c4f7977f3a2dfc1b909caa6e.png"},{"id":68528111,"identity":"aa01c4a6-8d88-4205-bd2a-e081d69ef37c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-08 08:51:46","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eType of institutions in institutions in Arada Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5235175/v1/1a4ce1d52ed266a5b8bc4e97.png"},{"id":68527353,"identity":"c4f2cc5b-c489-464c-95ce-90c7480a62f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-08 08:43:46","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of solid waste of the institutions in Arada Sub-city, Addis AbabaEthiopia, 2023\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5235175/v1/cde6c42bc3d91d64348a9f74.png"},{"id":68527356,"identity":"1b6b357b-50a2-434d-ae9d-e887a588e9a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-08 08:43:46","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInstitutions practices of solid waste management in Arada Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5235175/v1/92ac05b25aabd48a5c16823d.png"},{"id":72694967,"identity":"3df5009f-27bc-4c53-b986-16af26527e09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-31 10:32:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":808833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5235175/v1/b9c0874b-ce56-4e8e-a521-6fc16dc2802c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of Practices and Factors Associated With Solid Waste Management Among Institutions in Arada Sub Cityaddis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSustainable solid waste management is a major challenge of all cities in developing countries and failure to properly manage it can cause various problems on citizens(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The unrestricted production of solid waste and its unsafe disposal is becoming a global problem(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Although the sources of waste generation are diverse, the proportion of institution wastes (by volume,type and weight) makes significant contribution to the overall improvement of public health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Municipal solid waste consists of everyday items such as product packaging, yard trimmings, furniture, clothing, bottles and cans, food, newspapers, appliances, electronics, and batteries(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Sources of SW include residential waste (including waste from multi-family housing) and waste from commercial and institutional locations, such as businesses, schools, and hospitals(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The types of solid waste produced change according to the standard of living in the city(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In recent years, the impact of poor solid waste-management practices on the natural environment is finally being acknowledged and understood by many countries(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolid waste management (SWM) has remained a challenge to both developed and developing countries globally(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Global production of solid waste has practically doubled over the past ten years and is expected to reach 2.5\u0026nbsp;billion tons per year in 2025 as a result of the combined effect of urban development and changes in consumption patterns(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Estimate that the world\u0026rsquo;s waste production could reach up to 27\u0026nbsp;billion tons by 2050(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolid waste management is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of Ethiopia, as only 2% of the population receives solid waste collection services(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Addis Ababa city started its solid waste management some three decades back(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The social waste collection service is unsatisfactory, and scenes of scattered waste are common in most part of the city(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).Unhygienic solid waste storages and disposal systems in some cities serve as vector breeding sites and gross unsightliness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the unit generation of solid waste in Addis Ababa is about 0.4 kg per capita per day, of which about 60%-80% is collected and disposed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective waste management is expensive, often comprising 20\u0026ndash;50% of municipal budgets(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Many factors contribute to this dilemma(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).including 1) culture, education, and microeconomics, 2) infrastructure, social provision, and technology, 3) policy, institutions, and macroeconomics, and lastly discusses the ever-popular system of 4) integrated solid-waste management systems(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Environmental planners need to consider socio-demographic status in formulating strategies to improve waste management practices in the developing countries context (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe world generates 2.01\u0026nbsp;billion tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, with at least 33 percent of that\u0026mdash;extremely conservatively\u0026mdash;not managed in an environmentally safe manner(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). By 2050, worldwide municipal solid waste generation is expected to have increased by roughly 70 percent to 3.4\u0026nbsp;billion metric tons(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Generation 125\u0026nbsp;million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) was generated in Africa in 2012(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conceptual issues of this study illustrates the factors influencing solid waste management practices. The primary factors including socio-demographic characteristics, Institutional \u0026amp; waste characteristics, and behavioral factors. Each factors impacts solid waste management practices through different dimensions. Furthermore, waste separation, recycling, reuse and methods to that can reduce waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 Conceptual framework of the study\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArada sub-city is one of the urban centers where there is uncontrolled urban expansion and problems of solid waste management are clearly observed. Many studies were conducted among households or condominiums rather than institutions, it is crucial to understand how solid waste management practices in institutions. And it can contribute to building sustainable countries and cities. That can help to strengthen and create better clean woredas as well as sub-cities. It may also give some baseline to policymakers, solid waste managers, and environmental protection agencies about the existing practices of solid waste management practices, particularly in the sub-cities. It may also be important to provide base-line information to the next researcher who would like to conduct detailed and comprehensive studies either in Arada sub-city or another study area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Setting\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eArada is one of the 11 sub-cities of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. It covers an area of 950hectares. The sub-city is roughly situated in the northern part of Addis Ababa, nearby the center, bounded from the South by Kirkos and Lideta, from West by Addis Ketema, from East by Yeka and from North by Gulele sub-cities. It is divided into 10 woreda‟s, 31 sub-woredas, 100 sefers, and 316 blocks(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).Until august 2022, there are 4756 institutions in Arada sub city(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study utilized a cross sectional study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy Population:-\u003c/b\u003e The population for this study was institutions of Arada sub city such as; commercial institutions, food and drink establishment and manufacturing institutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll functional commercial, food and drink establishments and manufacturing institutions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome institutions, such as medical centers, hospital/primacy /health centers/ laboratories, schools, and governmental offices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncooperative owners and employers of the institution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAny institution that is closed temporarily during the time of data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSample size determinatio\u003c/b\u003en; Sample size for this study was calculated using single population proportion by considering anticipated non-response rate of 10% at 95% confidence level and 4% margin of error. Sigle population proportion formula was considered to determine sample size for this study.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{n}=\\frac{{\\varvec{Z}}_{\\varvec{\\alpha\\:}/2}^{2}\\varvec{P}\\times\\:\\left(1-\\varvec{P}\\right)}{{\\varvec{d}}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWhere;\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the sample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;the margin of error (precision) usually\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;The proportion (p) of good solid waste management practice in Asella town in 2019 (17%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). review (17%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17% = 0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZ\u003c/b\u003e (Z value at =\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96; Therefore, the sample size can be calculated as \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\varvec{n}=\\frac{{1.96}^{2}\\times\\:0.17\\times\\:\\left(1-0.17\\right)}{{0.04}^{2}}=339\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, the sample was corrected for finite population; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varvec{n}}_{\\varvec{f}\\varvec{i}\\varvec{n}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{l}}=\\frac{\\varvec{n}}{1+\\frac{\\varvec{n}}{\\varvec{N}}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\varvec{n}=\\frac{339}{1+\\frac{339}{4756}}=317\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssuming the total number of institutions in Arada sub-city to be 4756, N were 4756. With including the possible non response rate of 10%, the sample size for this study is:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:n\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e=317+317*0.1= the final sample for the study was \u003cb\u003e350.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSampling procedures\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study involving stratified random sampling techniques was employed to address the objective of this study. In the first step, based on the geographical location of the worades, the ten woredas were divided into three strata, i.e., strata 1; -woreda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), strata 2; -woreda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) and strata 3 (woreda 6, 7, 8, and 9). In the second stage, from each stratum, two woredas were selected using the random sampling method. In the third stage, instructions were proportionally allocated to each woreda, and those 350 instructions were selected randomly from the six woredas based on their population size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData collection procedures\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collected using a pre-tested and interviewer-administered questionnaire was adopted and customized based on previous studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). It was obtained using open- and closed-ended questions and an interview questionnaire using a Google Form. The data were collected by the researcher himself, and the owners of the institutions or the person who is responsible for solid waste management responded to the question. It took two months, from February 15 to April 15, 2023. The questionnaire was comprised of three sections. The first section involved background and demographics; the second section evaluated the practice of solid waste management in the institutions; and the third section examined access, awareness, and attitude towards solid waste management. It was as simple as possible to be understandable and pre-tested for applicability in the institutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData quality assurance\u003c/b\u003e ; To ensure the study's quality, the data collector, who was the researcher, rehearsed the study materials and data collection techniques. A pretest was done on 5% of the sample size in worada 05, to evaluate the questionnaire's clarity, consistency, understandability, and time needed to complete it. Data were checked for completeness, and incomplete questionnaires were excluded from analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInstitutions\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ean organization founded for commercial, food and drink establishment and manufacturing purpose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSolid waste management practice-;\u003c/b\u003e define as the actions to waste storage, recycle, reuse, and using methods that can reduce solid waste and proper collection of solid waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGood solid waste management practice;\u003c/b\u003e Institutions scored above the mean score of solid waste management practice related questions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePoor solid waste management practice;\u003c/b\u003e Institutions scored below the mean score of solid waste management practice related questions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Management\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe completed questionnaires were coded. Data was automatically entered into Excel via data collection with a Google Form. cleaned, coded, and then analysed by Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) V25.0.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis procedures\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe solid waste management practices of participants were measured using four practice questions scored yes or no, which were summed to compute the mean. Descriptive and analytical statistics, including univariate and bivariate analyses, were employed. percentage, frequency distribution, and measure of central tendency were used for univariate analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between solid waste management practices and associated factors. Bivariate regression analysis was also used for factors affecting solid waste management practice, and variables with a p value of 0.05 were entered on multivariable logistic regression to identify independently associated factors affecting solid waste management practice by controlling confounding variables. The adjusted odds ratio and p value of 0.05 were used to determine the strength of the association and statistical significance, respectively. And the results were narrated and summarized using tables, figures, and multivariable regression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical consideration\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e The ethical clearance was obtained from the Addis Continental Institute of Public Health (ACIPH) institutional review board (IRB). We also got the necessary support letters for the study for Arada sub-city and specific woredas. The names of the study participants were not mentioned, and the entire secret was kept for confidentiality. No personal identifiers were indicated in the study. It was explained to the participants about the purpose of the study, the benefits of the study, their right to refuse anytime, confidentiality, and anonymous questionnaire fillings. Covid precautionary measures, such as wearing a face mask, keeping an adequate distance, and using alcohol-based sanitizer, were taken during the data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-Demographic of institutions in Arada sub-city, Addis Ababa\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 350 institutions participated, with a 100% response rate. Out of the total respondents, 176 (52.3%) were males. The mean age of the respondents was 35.31 years, and the majority of the respondents were in the age group of 26\u0026ndash;35 years: 183 (52.3%), married (194 (55.4%), attended secondary (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), received education (147 (42.0%), and attended secondary (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Concerning the number of employees in the institutions, 269 (76.9%) of them had 1\u0026ndash;3 employees. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), and the majority of institutions were food and beverage service 260(36.0% ), as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;(3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e; \u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the respondents of institutions in Arada Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRespondent age\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidow/er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of employees\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e=\u0026gt;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCan't read and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRead and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical or vocational\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSolid waste type, storage and disposal system\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the study, scrap and plastics were the most solid wastes, at 341 (47.4%) and 107 (14.9%), respectively, and the least solid waste was electronics and metal-related waste, at 11 (1.5%), and 1 (0.1%), respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of the respondents (247, or 70.6%) used sacks (\"madaberia\") 78 (22.3%) used plastic bags (\u0026ldquo;festal\u0026rdquo;) as waste storage, and 5 (1.4%) disposed of them in an open dump in the yard. And 281 (80.3%) dispose of solid waste that is not separated. Meanwhile, 299(85.4%) get solid waste collector service in 166(47.4%) per day, 96(27.4%) in three days, 36(10.3%) per week, and 1(0.3%) per 15 days. had enough access to waste collectors\u0026rsquo; services and 296 (84.6%) of institutions were satisfied by the service provided by solid waste collectors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstitutions practices of solid waste management\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour different practices of solid waste management questions were aggregated. The composite score above the \u003cb\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/b\u003e is labelled as good (otherwise poor). The aggregated data indicated that 28.3% of the institutions had good waste management practices. Figure\u0026nbsp;(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to solid waste practice-related questions, the majority of the institutions collected and stored all solid waste together (281; 80.3%), but 69 (19.7%) of the institutions collected and stored it separately based on the nature of the solid waste. And out of the total institutions, only 4(1.15%) institutions use methods to reduce the solid waste, 50 (14.3%) of them reuse, and only 9 (2.6%) recycle their institutional solid waste. Figure\u0026nbsp;(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstitution’s awareness and attitude towards solid wastes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the institutions, 218 (52.9%), 136 (33%), 41 (10%), and 14 (3.4%) of them stated the importance of proper solid waste management as improved hygiene, improved health, economic benefits, and improved safety, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom that majority, 259 (33.2%), 164 (21%), 136 (17.4%), 87 (11.1%), 86 (11%), 31 (4%), and 8 (1%) of them stated that improper solid waste management makes a bad smell, is not pleasant to look at, can make the city look dirty, can gather files, can close the canals of the drainage, can collect animals like dogs, and can pollute the water, respectively. Meanwhile, out of the total, 123 (35.1%) institutions paid for waste collection services, whereas 176 (50.3%) did not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with solid waste management practice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate and multivariable logistic regression were employed to identify associations between independent factors and the outcome variable. Binary logistic regression showed that awareness, attitude, type of solid waste, and type of institution were significantly associated with solid waste management practice. These variables fit a multivariable logistics regression model to identify factors related to waste management practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, respondents who were not aware of solid waste management were 2.4 times more likely to have improper solid waste management practices compared to those who had awareness \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.4, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.24\u0026ndash;4.65) Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds of attitude: those who have a negative attitude about waste management are almost three times more likely to have improper solid waste management practices than those who have a positive attitude (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.79, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.49\u0026ndash;5.22).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, institutions that do not have textile-related waste are four times more likely to have improper waste management practices than those that do have textile-related waste \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.06, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.52\u0026ndash;10.81). Furthermore, odds of the type of institution, such as manufacturing and printing work, being less likely to be improper waste management compared to beauty salons (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01\u0026ndash;0.29) and (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01\u0026ndash;0.38), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e; Bivariate and Multivariable logistic regression analyses on institution factors associated with overall practice of waste management in Arad sub city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice of waste management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePOOR\u003c/b\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGOOD%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of institution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood and beverage service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(37.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229(0.051\u0026ndash;1.027)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251(0.052\u0026ndash;1.212)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(43.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.419(0.092\u0026ndash;1.905)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.322(0.066\u0026ndash;1.567)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOffice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190(0.0.029\u0026ndash;1.252)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141(0.020\u0026ndash;1.005)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emanufacturing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(21.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.068(0.014\u0026ndash;0.335)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.056(0.010\u0026ndash;0.296)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinting works\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.076(0.014\u0026ndash;0.427)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.063(0.010\u0026ndash;0.386)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeauty salon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(8.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(Ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(Ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109(43.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(58.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1(ref)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142(56.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(41.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.843(1.150\u0026ndash;2.953)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.798(1.499\u0026ndash;5.221)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161(64.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.894(0.547\u0026ndash;1.462)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593(0.312\u0026ndash;1.128)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAwareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218(86.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(73.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(Ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(13.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(26.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.353(1.320\u0026ndash;4.195)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.404(1.242\u0026ndash;4.652)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTextile related waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240(95.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(12.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1(ref)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1(ref)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87(87.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.0099(1.281\u0026ndash;7.070)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.067(1.529\u0026ndash;10.816)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was carried out to assess the practices and factors associated with solid waste management among institutions in Arada sub-city. The survey showed that only 28.3% of institutions practiced proper solid waste management. Attitudes, awareness, and types of waste were found to be significantly associated with improper institutional solid waste management practices. Moreover, certain types of institutions are also associated with improper solid waste management practices, such as manufacturing and printing work, which are less likely to be improper solid waste management compared to beauty salons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe magnitude of proper solid waste management in this study is almost identical to the study conducted in Wolida City 26.2%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), in Dire Dawa City 31% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) and Ambo Town 31.56% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). On the contrary, the study conducted in Asella town (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) was lower than the current study because only 17.2% of them managed their solid waste properly. Although the situational analysis study conducted in eight regions of Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) was higher than the current study, in which 52% were properly managing solid waste, this difference might be due to the criteria set by the principal investigator to categorize proper and improper waste management. which is the study conducted in Asella town (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) improper solid waste management practice is defined as not separating solid waste appropriately and/or disposing of solid waste at a legally unauthorized place and the situational analysis study conducted in eight regions of Ethiopia defined solid waste management as including onsite storage, onsite waste recovery and reuse, collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe solid wastes generated by institutions in the current study included housing scarp, food-related waste, bottles, paper, plastics, vegetable-related waste, electronics, printing-related waste, and textile-related waste. The results of the other study, which was carried out in Wolida City (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and Dire Dawa City (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the most often produced solid wastes were plastic, glass (bottles), and household scraps (dust, khat, and kitchen garbage). However,this study found that institutions that do not have textile-related waste are more likely to have improper solid waste management practices than those that do have textile-relatedwaste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the factors contributing to solid waste management practices in this study is awareness. As a result, unaware respondents were more likely to have improper waste management practices compared to those who had awareness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent with this finding was reported by a study done in Dire Dawa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) and in Wolida City (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the current study found that practices for managing solid waste are also influenced by attitude.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitutions that have a negative attitude are more likely to have improper solid waste management practices than those that have a positive attitude. The situational analysis study conducted in eight regions of Ethiopia found that (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) those who had a negative attitude about solid waste management were less likely to be improper compared to those who had a positive attitude. This is less likely because of the study area and the sample size. In other studies, access to solid waste collector services was likely associated with poor solid waste management, but in this study, access to solid waste collector services was not associated with poor solid waste management or the number of employees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrength and limitation of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitation of the study was not found the responsible person of the solid waste management or the owner of the institutions at the time of data collection, the type of waste that found in this study also excluded like hazardous waste and not ask the whole employee of the institutions also were the limitation of the study. Meanwhile this study was the first to be conducted in Arad sub city also the first to be conducted among institution in the city of Addis Ababa that can consider as strength of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study showed that only 28.3% of institutions are good solid waste management practices that can consider that practice of solid waste management among institutions are poor. Awareness of the respondent, attitude and type of waste were significantly associated with improper institutional solid waste managemet practices moreover, type of institutions also has associated with improper solid waste management practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude and awareness should be enhanced at institutions to level on proper solid waste management practice by Arada sub city environmental protection office, national environmental protection commission and Addis Ababa city administration as well as NGOs working in the area through providing continuous information provision regarding to the importance of proper waste management. National level study with strong study design should be conducted in Ethiopia. The promotion of proper solid waste management for the community to improve good healthy environment to live is needed in the study area. Media also has to strengthen social behavioural change and communication at community level to change knowledge and Attitude on solid waste management practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eSPSS\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS)V.25.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAOR \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Adjusted Odds Ratios\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Confidence Interval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSWM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Solid Waste Management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSW \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Municipal Solid Waste\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Waste Management\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eACIPH \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Addis Continental Institute Of Public Health Institutional\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRB \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Institutional Review Board\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOR \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Crude Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNGO \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Non -Governmental Organization\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMG,\u0026nbsp;AY and NF\u0026nbsp;are involved in the design\u0026nbsp;and statistical analysis. MS and\u0026nbsp;AY\u0026nbsp;were involved in manuscript writing\u0026nbsp;and NF advised the manuscript process\u0026nbsp;. All authors read and approved the\u0026nbsp;final\u0026nbsp;draft of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive any specific fund for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll necessary data included in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ethical clearance was obtained from the Addis Continental Institute of Public Health (ACIPH) institutional review board (IRB)\u0026nbsp;and informed written consent was obtained from each participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that have no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003ePublic Health Officer, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eAssistant Professor of public health department of global health \u0026amp; health policy Addis continental institute of public health Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Academic Dean, LeDeG midwifery college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOyareme V, Osaji EIO, Barrow A, Bah A. The Effects and Management of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Disposal on Human Health in Serrekunda Market (Commercial Center), Kanifing Municipality, The Gambia. OALib. 2021;08(08):1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLema G, Mesfun MG, Eshete A, Abdeta G. Assessment of status of solid waste management in Asella town, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec;19(1):1261.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSituational Analysis of Urban Sanitation and Waste Management. JSI. Available from: https://www.jsi.com/resource/situational-analysis-of-urban-sanitation-and-waste-management\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbegaz SB, Molla KA, Ali SE. Practices and Challenges of Household Solid Waste Management in Woldia Town, Northeastern Ethiopia. J Health Pollut. 2021 Jun;11(30):210605.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUS EPA O. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures Report. 2015. Available from: https:/www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/advancing-sustainable-materials-management\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBirara E, Kassahun T. Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Pollution. 2018 Apr;4(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2017.240774.311\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Bank. Solid Waste Management. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShanghai Manual: A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21st Century | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available from: https://sdgs.un.org/publications/shanghai-manual-guide-sustainable-urban-development-21st-century-17478\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMinale N. Decentralization and Municipal Service Delivery: The Case of Solid Waste Management in Debre Markos Town, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia [Internet]. AAU; 2020. Available from: http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/22272\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUrban agriculture: food, jobs and sustainable cities. Choice Rev Online. 1997 Jul 1;34(11):34-6355-34\u0026ndash;6355.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhu Q, Sarkis J, Lai K hung. Confirmation of a measurement model for green supply chain management practices implementation. Int J Prod Econ. 2008 Feb;111(2):261\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChikowore N. Factors influencing household waste management practices in Zimbabwe. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag. 2021 Jan 1;23(1):386\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKaza S, Yao LC, Bhada-Tata P, Van Woerden F. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 [Internet]. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2018, Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30317\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ecycles T text provides general information S assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct D to varying update, Text SCDM up to DDTR in the. Statista.. Topic: Waste generation worldwide. Available from: https://www.statista.com/topics/4983/waste-generation-worldwide/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTyagi V, Fantaw S, Sharma HR. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Debre Berhan City of Ethiopia. J Environ Earth Sci. 2014[/paper/Municipal-Solid-Waste-Management-in-Debre-Berhan-of-Tyagi-Fantaw/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVitharana AD. The solid waste management for sustainable development: a case study of Hambantota Municiple council area in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka J Econ Res. 2015 Jun 25;3(1):79\u0026ndash;111.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e) AEPGDC. \u0026ldquo;Addis Ababa City Air Quality Management Plan (2021 To 2025).\u0026rdquo; Addis Ababa City Air Quality Management, 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcAllister J. Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World. 2015; Available from: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/528\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArada Enviromental Protection. Office, 2014 EC report. Addis ababa :year.,2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlemayehu D, Regasa MS, Mengestie B, Alemayehu T. Household Solid Waste Management Practice Associated Factors and Service Delivery Performance of Private Solid Waste Collectors in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHaile A. Determinants of Effective Household Solid Waste Management Practices: the Case of Ambo Town \u0026ndash; West Showa Zone. Available from: Determinants_of_Effective_Household_Solid_Waste_Management_Practices_the_Case_of_Ambo_Town_West_Showa_Zone\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5235175/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5235175/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProblem Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Addis Ababa is getting polluted due to an increase of wastes management practice problem; dwellers of Addis Ababa continue to dispose wastes along the roads, in ditches, rivers, open spaces, avenues, etc. of the city. This situation is exacerbated in slums like Arada sub-city where households and institutions cannot make use of garbage collection facilities. This study indicates what the communities solid waste disposal system will look like especially in the institutions and also what are the things that need to be improved with the removal system they are currently using in terms of suggesting how good it should be.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives:\u003c/strong\u003e To assess Practices and factors associated with solid waste management among institutions in Arada sub city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003eThe study was conducted in 350 institutions of arada sub city of Addis Ababa. Cross-sectional study design was used to conduct the study. the data was collected using a pre-tested and interviwed questionnaireusing a google form. Stratified random sampling employed to address the objective of this study. The data was coded, cleaned and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS)V.25.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe majority of the institutions, 251 (71.7%) \u0026nbsp;solid waste management practices are improper.the multivariable analysis showed that there was statistically significant (p \u0026lt; 0.05) association improper waste management practice and factors such as, attitude p-value 0.01, (AOR = 2.7,95% CI = 1.49-5.2)), awareness P-value (0.04) AOR = 2.4, 95%CI= 1.2-4.6)), type waste such as, textile related waste p-value (0.03) AOR = 4.06,95%CI = 1.5-10.8)) and type of institutions as well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion \u0026amp; Recommendation:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026nbsp;Practices of solid waste management among institution were poor. awareness, attitude, type of institution and type of waste were associated with improper waste management practice. attitude and awareness should be enhanced at institutions to level on proper waste management practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Practices and Factors Associated With Solid Waste Management Among Institutions in Arada Sub Cityaddis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-08 08:43:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5235175/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5a6233cf-bb6a-4a60-b0f7-78993028da7e","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-31T10:23:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-08 08:43:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5235175","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5235175","identity":"rs-5235175","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}