Highly dynamic supernumerary mini-chromosomes in aMagnaporthe oryzaestrain

Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae ), the causative agent of devastating crop diseases, exhibits remarkable genomic plasticity that contributes to its adaptability and pathogenicity. Individual M . oryzae strains may contain supernumerary mini-chromosomes, which are dispensable and highly repetitive. Here, we explored the stability of two mini-chromosomes of a Lolium strain isolated in the US, TF05-1, in which one mini-chromosome contains sequences nearly identical to the mini-chromosome of the wheat isolate B71 from Bolivia. The discordance of their phylogenetic relationships based on genomic polymorphisms in core chromosomes and polymorphisms in mini-chromosomes indicated horizontal transfer of the mini-chromosome. Karyotyping analysis and genome sequencing analysis found variation in numbers and sizes of mini-chromosomes among asexual monoconidial progeny of TF05-1. Rearrangement within mini-chromosomes occurred frequently in the TF05-1 progeny. We characterized an intrachromosomal rearrangement presumably mediated by a palindrome repeat. The rearrangement resulted in a 300-kb deletion and a 900-kb duplication. The susceptibility to structural variation in mini-chromosomes may be associated with repetitive features and the high activity of transposable elements in mini-chromosomes, in which many intact retrotransposons were recently inserted, largely unmethylated, and likely have yet to be silenced by fungal genome defense mechanisms such as repeat-induced point mutation.