Scale Effects on Bare-Hull Resistance of KCS and JBC: A RANS-Based Investigation with Verification and Validation

Scale Effects on Bare-Hull Resistance of KCS and JBC: A RANS-Based Investigation with Verification and Validation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Scale Effects on Bare-Hull Resistance of KCS and JBC: A RANS-Based Investigation with Verification and Validation Md. Shahjada Tarafder, Ar-Rafi Hasanat, S M Rashidul Hasan, Tanvir Sayeed, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7594251/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the calm-water resistance, flow pattern, pressure distribution including scale effect of two benchmark vessels, the KRISO Container Ship (KCS) and the Japan Bulk Carrier (JBC), using Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based CFD simulations. Both model-scale and full-scale analyses were performed with STAR-CCM+, employing the k-ε and k–ω SST turbulence model and a finite-volume discretization. For the JBC hull, sinkage and trim were computed using the Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI) module, while the KCS hull was analyzed at fixed even keel to replicate experimental conditions. Verification and validation were carried out through grid convergence studies and comparison with experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) data, with total resistance coefficient, sinkage, and trim predicted within 5% error. Scale effects were assessed through full-scale simulations, supported by visualizations of flow fields and pressure distributions. The results reveal distinct scale-dependent behaviors between the two hulls: the KCS exhibited an increase in pressure resistance at full scale, while the JBC showed a decrease. This contrasting trend highlights the influence of hull form on pressure–friction balance and underscores the limitations of conventional model-to-full-scale extrapolation. The findings provide further evidence that consistent CFD frameworks can capture hull-form-dependent scale effects and contribute to more reliable performance predictions in ship design. CFD RANS ship resistance scale effects hydrodynamics STAR-CCM+ KCS hull JBC hull Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7594251","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522086797,"identity":"c6e1e4f4-f5e4-4588-991b-8624c6043a33","order_by":0,"name":"Md. 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