Knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and place of delivery among urban women in South-West Nigeria.

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Isaac Olufadewa, Miracle Adesina, Ruth Oladele, Toluwase Ayorinde This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1518232/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Knowledge of HIV and other STIs and their complications and attitude toward sexual health are important in planning preventive and treatment strategies. Although STIs pose serious risks to health security especially to women, there is a dearth of literature quantifying the knowledge of HIV and STIs among women in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of HIV and other STIs and its association with the choice of place of delivery among urban women in south west Nigeria. Methodology: National Demographic Survey (DHS) use largely standardized questionnaires and methodologies and cover a range of topics. The surveys are nationally representative and include men and women aged 15–49 years old and children under the age of 5 years residing in non-institutional settings. The 2018 NDHS survey data for women only was used for this study. The outcome variable was knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection while the explanatory variable was location of most recent childbirth. Following descriptive analysis was conducted using proportions and frequency. Chi-square (χ2) test and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to establish association between variables. Data were analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS) version 25. Result: Four thousand six hundred and four (4604) women were surveyed, 33.1% were between 30 – 39 years of age with a mean age of 34.4±9.4, 50.9% had secondary education, 58.6% were married, 43.8% had 1 – 3 children, 47.8% and 48.2% had their first and second delivery at a public health facility. Some (21.9%) of the respondents had poor knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases while 78.1% had good knowledge. Age, level of education, marital status, and partners level of education were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV and other STIs. Women between 30-39 years of age and had secondary school education were 1.7 times and 2.6 time more likely to have knowledge of HIV and other STIs respectively (OR=1.737; p<0.001; CI=1.402 - 2.153; OR=2.604; p<0.001; CI=1.934 - 3.507). Statistically significant association between knowledge of HIV and place of birth. Women who delivered their first child in public healthcare facilities were 1.7 times more likely to have good knowledge of HIV and STIs (OR=1.674; p<0.001; CI=1.233 - 2.275). Conclusion: Women education is an important factor for knowledge of HIV and other STIs which is also associated with choice of place of delivery. To bridge the gap in the knowledge of HIV among urban women, it is essential to implement more educational programmes specifically targeted at less educated women in urban regions of Nigeria to increase the knowledge on HIV and other STIs. HIV sexually transmitted infections Knowledge place of delivery urban women South-West Nigeria Demographic Health Survey Figures Figure 1 Introduction Knowledge of STI and their complications and attitude toward sexual health are important in planning preventive and treatment strategies [ 1 ]. Level of knowledge of adult and reproductive health, including STDs tend to be higher in societies where people enjoy greater degree in freedom of communication, seek health advocacy, and engage in peer communication [ 2 – 4 ]. Most of the people may be aware about HIV/AIDs because of the awareness created by media and government programs; however, knowledge about STIs other than HIV/AIDS do not get such attention and consequently, are not recognized [ 5 ]. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase the likelihood of HIV transmission as well as other reproductive health consequences, such as chronic lower abdominal pain, infertility or life -threatening pregnancies. Most STIs are asymptomatic and go unnoticed and untreated. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic STIs can cause serious morbidity, including pregnancy complications, cancer, infertility, and enhanced HIV transmission [ 6 ]. However, HIV prevalence continues to be high among women of reproductive age, and transmission of HIV from mother to child (MTCT) is a major concern and remains a public health priority [ 7 , 8 ]. Childbearing is an important event in the life of most women and is positively associated with the ultimate goals of happiness, completeness, and family integration [ 9 ]. The place of delivery chosen by women is therefore very important with health facility being the most ideal [ 10 ]. The choice of delivery place has consistently been found to be associated with maternal and neonatal outcomes [ 11 ]. Various factors impact the choice of women regarding the place of delivery, some of which are out of their control [ 12 ]. There is a dearth of literature on knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and place of delivery among urban women. Hence, there is need for studies to investigate the level of knowledge of young women about STIs [ 13 ]. Therefore, this study aimed to assess knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and place of delivery among urban women in South West Nigeria. Methodology DHS characteristics National Demographic Survey (DHS) use largely standardized questionnaires and methodologies and cover a range of topics, including socio-economic, demographics; reproductive, maternal and child health; family planning, sexual behaviour and nutrition. The surveys are nationally representative and include men and women aged 15–49 years old and children under the age of 5 years residing in non-institutional settings. Participants in the surveys were sampled following a three-stage stratified cluster design using a list of enumeration areas (EAs) obtained from the Nigerian 2006 population census. EAs are units selected systematically from localities that constitutes the Local Government Areas (LGAs) – subdivisions of the 36 administrative states that are classified under six developmental zones in Nigeria. For the 2018 NDHS used in this study, 4604 women were interviewed. These DHS reports are publicly available; datasets are accessible upon application including study aim and analytical plans from DHS MEASURE ( https://www.dhsprogram.com/ ). Variables Outcome variable: Outcome variable was location of most recent childbirth. This was measured by asking the respondent about the place of delivery for the most recent childbirth, and was divided into home, public healthcare facility, private healthcare facility and others. Explanatory variable: Explanatory variable was knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection. Covariates/individual-level factors Age was categorized into seven groups : 15–19years, 20–29 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years Education attainment was grouped into four bands : never been to school, primary, secondary and higher education. Marital status : grouped into single, married, cohabiting, widowed, divorced, separated. Husbands’ education was grouped into : No education, primary, secondary, higher and don`t know. Total children born was grouped into : 1–3 years, 4 – 6 years, 7 – 9 years, and 10 – 12 years. Data Analysis: Data were analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Women who have had a childbirth during past five years were included in the analysis. The main advantage of this method is that it mimics certain characteristics of randomized controlled trials and thereby minimises the bias due to non-randomisation in observational studies. Knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection was calculated. Following descriptive analysis, Chi-square (χ2) test was performed to check for the significant associations between the explanatory variables and place of delivery. Variables that were found to be significantly associated in the χ2 tests (at p < 0.25) were selected for final regression analysis. In the final step, binary logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of the associations between knowledge of HIV and other STIs and place of delivery. Result Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents The mean age of the respondents is 30.4 ± 9.4 years. Some of the respondents (33.1%) were between 30–39 years of age, 59.9% had secondary education, and 50.9% of the respondents’ partners had secondary education. Many (58.6%) were married, 90.5% had been in one union, 43.8% had between 1–3 children and 51.5% were involved in sales (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents (n = 4064) Variable Frequency (n) Percent (%) Age 15–19 649 16.0 20–29 1265 31.1 30–39 1344 33.1 40–49 806 19.8 Highest Level of Education No education 197 4.8 Primary 507 12.5 Secondary 2433 59.9 Higher 927 22.8 Partners Level of education No Education 155 6.0 Primary 290 11.2 Secondary 1322 50.9 Higher 801 30.9 Don’t know 27 1.0 Current Marital Status Single 1241 30.5 Married 2382 58.6 Cohabitating 213 5.2 Widowed 94 2.3 Divorced 26 0.6 Separated 108 2.7 Number of Unions (n = 2823) Once 2554 90.5 More than once 269 9.5 Parity None 1241 30.5 1–3 1781 43.8 4–6 894 22.0 7–9 144 3.5 10–12 4 .1 Occupation Professional/technical/managerial 599 18.5 Clerical 92 2.8 Sales 1668 51.5 Services 460 14.2 Skilled manual 276 8.5 Unskilled manual 5 0.2 Agricultural 135 4.2 Other 3 0.1 Place of Delivery of Respondents Almost half of the respondents (47.8%) had their first delivery at a public health facility, also, 48.2% had their second child in a public healthcare facility. Some (17.1%) delivered their third child at home while many (58.6%) had their fourth child at home (Table 2 ). Table 2 Place of Delivery of Respondents Variable Frequency (n) Percent (%) Place of delivery 1st birth Home 277 15.5 Public Healthcare Facility 855 47.8 Private Healthcare Facility 540 30.2 Others 116 6.5 Place of delivery 2nd birth Home 81 14.0 Public Healthcare Facility 278 48.2 Private Healthcare Facility 177 30.7 Others 41 7.1 Place of delivery 3rd birth Home 12 17.1 Public Healthcare Facility 33 47.1 Private Healthcare Facility 22 31.4 Others 3 4.3 Place of delivery 4th birth Home 1 33.3 Public Healthcare Facility 2 66.7 Knowledge of HIIV and other sexually transmitted infections Almost all the respondents (96.3%) had ever heard of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). All of the respondents said that not having sex at all reduces the risk of getting HIV, most (80.6%) mentioned that use of condoms during sex reduces the risk of getting HIV and majority (88.0%) said that having one sex partner only who has no other partners reduces the risk of getting HIV. Many of the respondents (72.9%) reported that HIV can be contracted from mosquito bites, 76.0% agreed that HIV can be contracted by sharing food with a person who has AIDS, while 76.3% reported that HIV can be gotten by witchcraft or supernatural means. Also, most of the respondents (88.1%) stated that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, 23.7% stated that a wife was not justified to ask the husband to use a condom if he has STI, some respondents (33.2%) would use drugs to avoid HIV transmission to baby during pregnancy and many (69.7%) would not buy vegetables from a vendor with HIV (Table 3 ). Overall, 21.9% of the respondents had poor knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases while 78.1% had good knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (Fig. 1 ). Table 3 Knowledge of HIIV and other sexually transmitted infections Variable Frequency (n) Percent (%) Ever heard of sexually transmitted infection (STI) 3913 96.3 Reduced risk of getting HIV: do not have sex at all 0 0.0 Reduced risk of getting HIV: always use condoms during sex 3276 80.6 Reduced risk of getting HIV: Have one sex partner only who has no other partners 3575 88.0 Can get HIV from mosquito bites 2961 72.9 Can get HIV by sharing food with person who has AIDS 3087 76.0 A healthy-looking person can have HIV 3579 88.1 Wife justified asking husband to use condom if he has STI 3242 79.8 Can get HIV by witchcraft or supernatural means 3102 76.3 Drugs to avoid HIV transmission to baby during pregnancy 2716 66.8 Would buy vegetables from vendor with HIV 1230 30.3 Association between sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge of HIV and STIs. Chi-square analysis revealed that there was statistically significant difference between selected sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge of HIV and STIs. There was statistically significant association between age and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X 2 = 34.479; p-value < 0.001). Furthermore, chi-square analysis showed that there was statistically significant association between educational level and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X 2 = 227.168; p-value = < 0.001). There was statistically significant association between partners level of education and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X 2 = 73.302; p-value = < 0.001). Also, a statistically significant difference was shown between parity and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X 2 = 32.329; p-value = < 0.001). Chi-square analysis found statistically significant association between current marital status and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X 2 = 19.387; p-value = 0.002) (Table 4 ). Table 4 Association between Sociodemographic and Knowledge of HIV and STIs Variables Knowledge of HIV and STIs df X 2 p-value Poor n (%) Good n (%) Age 15–19 196 (30.2) 453 (69.8) 3 34.479 < 0.001 ** 20–29 244 (19.3) 1021 (80.7) 30–39 268 (19.9) 1076 (80.1) 40–49 183 (22.7) 623 (77.3) Highest Educational Level No Education 85 (43.1) 112 (56.9) Primary 186 (36.7) 321 (63.3) 3 227.168 < 0.001 ** Secondary 549 (22.6) 1884 (77.4) Higher 71 (7.7) 856 (92.3) Partners Level of education No education 40 (25.8) 115 (74.2) Primary 95 (32.8) 195 (67.2) Secondary 315 (23.8) 1007 (76.2) 4 73.302 < 0.001 ** Higher 95 (11.9) 706 (88.1) Don’t know 8 (29.6) 19 (70.4) Parity None 279 (22.5) 962 (77.5) 1–3 962 (77.5) 1446 (81.2) 4–6 223 (24.9) 671 (75.1) 4 32.329 < 0.001 ** 7–9 53 (36.8) 91 (63.2) 10–12 1 (25.0) 3 (75.0) Current marital status Single 281 (22.6) 960 (77.4) Married 485 (20.4) 1897 (79.6) Living with partner 68 (31.9) 145 (68.1) 5 19.387 0.002 Widowed 23 (24.5) 71 (75.5) Divorced 4 (15.4) 22 (84.6) No longer living together/separated 30 (27.8) 78 (72.2) ** Statistically Significant Association between place of delivery for first birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs Chi-square analysis revealed that there was statistical significance between place of delivery for first birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X 2 = 18.444; p-value < 0.001). Chi-square analysis found that there was statistical significance between place of delivery for second birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X 2 = 14.046; p-value = 0.003) (Table 5 ). Table 5 Association between Place of Delivery for Birth and Knowledge of HIV and STIs Variables Knowledge of HIV and STIs Df X 2 p-value Poor n (%) Good n (%) Place of Delivery (1st Birth) Home 83 (30.0) 194 (70.0) Public Healthcare 174 (20.4) 681 (79.6) 3 18.444 < 0.001 ** Private Healthcare 93 (17.2) 447 (82.8) Others 23 (19.8) 93 (80.2) Place of Delivery (2nd Birth) Home 31 (38.3) 50 (67.1) Public Healthcare 65 (23.4) 213 (76.6) 3 14.046 0.003 ** Private Healthcare 30 (16.9) 147 (83.1) Others 10 (24.4) 31 (75.6) ** Statistically Significant, p-value <0.05 Influence of Socio-demographic Characteristics on Knowledge of HIV and STIs Logistic regression analysis revealed that those between 30–39 years were 1.7 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those between 15–19 years (OR = 1.737; p < 0.001; CI = 1.402–2.153). Also, those who had secondary school education were 2.6 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had no education (OR = 2.604; p < 0.001; CI = 1.934–3.507). Partners who had higher education were 2.6 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to partners who had no education (OR = 2.585; p < 0.001; CI = 1.701–3.929). Those who had between 1–3 and 7–9 children were 1.3 times more likely and 50.2% times less likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had no children respectively (OR = 1.252, p = 0.014, CI = 1.047–1.497; OR = 0.498, p < 0.001, CI = 0.346–0.717). Furthermore, respondents living with a partner were 37.6% times less likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those who were single (OR = 0.624; p = 0.004; CI = 0.454–0.857) (Table 6 ). Table 6 Factors Affecting Knowledge of HIV and STIs Variables Sig. OR 95% Confidence Interval Age 15–19 (Ref) - - - 20–29 < 0.001** 1.810 1.456–2.252 30–39 < 0.001** 1.737 1.402–2.153 40–49 0.001** 1.473 1.164–1.863 Highest Educational Level No Education (Ref) - - - Primary 0.114 1.310 0.937–1.831 Secondary < 0.001** 2.604 1.934–3.507 Higher < 0.001** 9.150 6.310–13.268 Partners Level of Education No education (Ref) - - - Primary 0.129 0.714 0.462–1.103 Secondary 0.586 1.112 0.759–1.628 Higher 0.000** 2.585 1.701–3.929 Dont Know 0.678 0.826 0.336–2.034 Parity None (Ref) - - - 1–3 0.014** 1.252 1.047–1.497 4–6 0.186 0.873 0.713–1.068 7–9 0.000** 0.498 0.346–0.717 10–12 0.904 0.870 0.090–8.397 Current Marital Status Single (Ref) - - - Married 0.111 1.145 0.970–1.352 Living with partner 0.004** 0.624 0.454–0.857 Widowed 0.684 0.904 0.554–1.473 Divorced 0.385 1.610 0.550–4.710 No longer living together/separated 0.225 0.761 0.489–1.184 ** Statistically Significant Ref: Reference Discussion The study was carried out among 4064 urban women between in the reproductive age (15–49 years of age). Some of the respondents (33.1%) were between 30–39 years of age while 59.9% had secondary education. HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) constitute major public health concerns in Africa and particularly in Nigeria. A comprehensive knowledge of the modes of transmission is necessary to evolve an effective preventive strategy. Almost all the respondents (96.3% and 95.6%) in this study had heard of STIs and AIDS respectively. Similarly, around 90% of respondents in another study had heard about HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [ 14 ]. Also, 21% of the women had poor knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases while 78.1% had good knowledge of HIV. The high level of awareness in this study may be due to various interventions including the health education provision by Nigeria's HIV/AIDS control program (National Action Committee on AIDS) through radio jingles, print and electronic media. Contrary to the result of this study, in a similar study among rural dwellers in Nigeria, only 13.1% of the participants had knowledge of STIs [ 15 ]. This shows that there might be a difference between the knowledge of HIV among urban and rural women in Nigeria. Although, the disparity in the knowledge could be related to the peculiarities of the rural areas where means of disseminating information may not be as efficient as in the urban [ 14 ]. Low STI knowledge has been shown to be connected with unsafe sex practices and HIV [ 16 ]. It was observed in the current study that most of the respondents practiced safe sex; and majority (88.0%) had one sex partner only who had no other partners. This may be as a result of the observed high knowledge of HIV and other STIs among the study respondents. Misconceptions about HIV transmission are still prevalent in Sub Saharan Africa, despite recent significant improvements in public awareness of the disease [ 17 ]. An analysis of women’s knowledge of HIV in Nigeria revealed that while awareness of HIV/AIDS was generally high among the population, accurate knowledge on HIV transmission was generally low; only 24% of a total of 9882 people had comprehensive knowledge of modes of HIV transmission [ 18 ]. This study reported some misconceptions about the transmission of HIV. Many of the respondents (72.9%) reported that HIV can be contracted from mosquito bites,76.0% agreed that HIV can be contracted by sharing food with a person who has AIDS, while 76.3% reported that HIV can be gotten by witchcraft or supernatural means. Similar results were reported by Nahar et al. [ 19 ], where about 60% of the respondents believed that HIV could be transmitted through the mosquito bite. Also, studies in Kenya and Ghana discovered that some respondents believe the HIV virus could be spread through mosquito bites and touching an infected person [ 20 ]. In addition, the view that a healthy-looking person cannot be HIV positive or that HIV can be cured by sleeping with a virgin, eating fresh vegetables, and making ancestral sacrifices is still a notion in many parts of SSA [ 21 , 22 ]. This clearly shows that a major gap in knowledge exists among urban women about the means of transmitting/ acquiring HIV and other STIs. The need for targeted education at eradicating myths and misconceptions about HIV transmission may be emphasized, given that some urban women reported a good HIV knowledge, yet still hold on to misconceptions about HIV transmission. This study found a statistically significant association between age and knowledge of HIV and STIs. Respondents between 30–39 years were 1.7 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those between 15–19 years. In agreement to the result of this study, findings from the 2012 survey showed increasing odds of good knowledge of both STIs and HIV infections with age [ 23 ]. The proportion of participants with good knowledge of STIs including HIV infections was high among those aged 25–49 years in the 2005 and 2007 surveys particularly those from the Northeast region of Nigeria [ 23 ]. On the contrary, good knowledge of STIs was associated with being a male in the 2007 survey report [ 24 ]. Logistic regression analysis also found that those who had secondary school education were 2.6 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had no education. Lan et al. [ 24 ] also found that higher education resulted in good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. Also, according to Lan et al. [ 24 ] women with low education or low economic status had less knowledge of STI than those with higher education or economic category. Also, those who had between 6–10 children were 54.8% times less likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had between 1–5 children. The World Health Organization (WHO) lists education as one of the key determinants of health and explains that higher education levels are linked with better health outcomes [ 25 ]. Knowledge of HIV and other STIs among the respondents was significant associated with partners level of education. Partners with higher (tertiary) education were 2.6 times more likely to have good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. More-educated people typically have stronger socio-cognitive abilities, leading to better ability to assimilate risk information and higher self-efficacy to act on such knowledge. Also, more-educated individuals tend to have more income and thus more control over their lives and ability to act on knowledge; they also tend to place higher value on the future and thus be more motivated to take preventative measures [ 26 , 27 ]. Furthermore, respondents’ marital status was statistically significant with marital status. Respondents that were currently living a partner were 37.6% less likely to have good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. However, previous studies have established that Marital status was significantly associated with the seroprevalence of HIV and the odds of being HIV-infected were two times higher among formerly married women compared with other women [ 28 ]. The current study found that almost half of the respondents (47.8%) had their first delivery at a public health facility. There was statistical significance between place of delivery for first birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs. Women who delivered their first child in public healthcare centres were 1.7 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those who delivered their first child at home. Likewise, those who delivered their second child in private healthcare centres were 3.0 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those who delivered their second child at home. This could be attributed to the sensitization and awareness programmes for pregnant women on HIV and other STIs during ante-natal visits to such facilities. Respondents with 1–3 children were 1.3 times more likely to have good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. Conclusion This study found that almost all urban women in South West Nigeria had heard of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and majority had good knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. However, some misconceptions about HIV and other STIs including contraction of HIV from mosquito bites, by sharing food with a person who has AIDS and by witchcraft or supernatural means were reported by some of the women. Also, most of the women had delivered their first and second birth in a public health facility. Significant association was established between the knowledge of HIV and age, level of education and place of delivery. Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, these recommendations were made There is need to intensify campaigns on HIV and other STIs transmission in the urban areas of Nigeria to debunk misconceptions about the transmission of HIV using both traditional methods of information dissemination and leveraging new media such as the social media. In order the bridge the gap in the knowledge of HIV, educational programmes on HIV and other STI should target more less educated women in urban regions of Nigeria. There is a need to articulate program, which include messages aimed at reinforcing safer sex practices for women who are already sexually active. Also, interventions should also be focused on women living with partners with a view to sensitizing them to the risk of HIV infection in order to increase the effectiveness of prevention strategies. Limitations However, a drawback in this study is the use of cross-sectional data, which is inadequate to establish causality. More so, the study utilized secondary data; therefore, measurement of certain variables such as exposure to behaviour change communication through HIV/AIDS-related interventions across various groups and over time was not possible. Finally, the use of composite index to measure knowledge and attitude as provided by DHS data could lead to estimation bias. Declarations Ethical approval: The Nigerian DHS is conducted according to the local Nigerian research ethics requirements. Data for this analysis were accessed via the publicly available DHS data sets, with access granted through the DHS programme. As this was a secondary data analysis, further research ethics approval was not required; however, in accordance with DHS regulations, all data extracted from the NDHS for the purpose of this study were handled as confidential and survey respondents remained unidentified. This study conforms to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for Publication: Not Applicable Availability of Data: The dataset used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing Interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Funding: This study was not funded. Authors contributions: IIO: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review and Editing, Supervision and Project administration. MAA: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review and Editing. TAA: Conceptualization, Resources, Review and Editing. RIO: Conceptualization and Review. 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Association between Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sources of the Previous Point of Care among Nigerians: Findings from Three National HIV and AIDS Reproductive Health Surveys. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2020 Jan 2;2020. Lan PT, Lundborg CS, Mogren I, Phuc HD, Chuc NT. Lack of knowledge about sexually transmitted infections among women in North rural Vietnam. BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Dec;9(1):1–9. World Health Organization. 2016. “The Determinants of Health.” Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/ . Harling G, Bärnighausen T. The role of partners’ educational attainment in the association between HIV and education amongst women in seven sub-Saharan African countries. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016 Jan;19(1):20038. Fagbamigbe AF, Adebayo SB, Idemudia E. Marital status and HIV prevalence among women in Nigeria: Ingredients for evidence-based programming. International journal of infectious diseases. 2016 Jul 1;48:57–63. Pollack H. Making Americans healthier: Social and economic policy as health policy. Russell Sage Foundation; 2008 Jan. p. 25. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1518232","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":101554025,"identity":"9839329b-4488-410b-8975-fac6c71719e6","order_by":0,"name":"Isaac Olufadewa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNigtw8B8gEECyJBjYOBhOECMFh4GtgSwFmOCWmAAriWxAcjGC/j4Dz/88IPBhsfgGPPDGx/b7NLnzz578HABg02+vAMOh0mkGUv2MKQBtbAZW85sS87dcC4v4fAMhjTLjTicxybBYCDNwHCYx+B+g5k07zbm3A08PAaHeRgOGxg24NDCf/zzb7CWY+zfpP9uq0+X7yGkhSHHDGLLMR4zacZthxMYzkC1yOPwPptETpllj0Eaj+QxnmLL3n/HDTeAtRikGRjg0CLff3zzjR8VNnJ8x9g33vhxploe6DDjzzwVNgbyOBwGAZgGAkUMDuDTgt0BeG0ZBaNgFIyCEQQA0e1Ra+B055MAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isaac","middleName":"","lastName":"Olufadewa","suffix":""},{"id":101554026,"identity":"ef4b3af4-d60f-47f2-9e0b-ea563236cce9","order_by":1,"name":"Miracle Adesina","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miracle","middleName":"","lastName":"Adesina","suffix":""},{"id":101554027,"identity":"dfa62ccc-200c-4adc-b7a2-2642ec609d5d","order_by":2,"name":"Ruth Oladele","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruth","middleName":"","lastName":"Oladele","suffix":""},{"id":101554028,"identity":"a9e5b709-a965-4a02-bd09-9a7831e8e972","order_by":3,"name":"Toluwase Ayorinde","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Toluwase","middleName":"","lastName":"Ayorinde","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-04-03 07:58:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1518232/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1518232/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":20886836,"identity":"3492c083-79f7-4bce-beee-51e3196293a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-04-28 16:37:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7889,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents Knowledge on HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases\u003cspan class=\"ql-cursor\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1518232/v1/dbb6680dc37a954a3d2717a0.png"},{"id":20918800,"identity":"aa285251-36fa-4135-b9e6-283657860fb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-04-29 12:54:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":637822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1518232/v1/ec953883-f692-4297-92b8-94d2e70023a9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and place of delivery among urban women in South-West Nigeria.","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of STI and their complications and attitude toward sexual health are important in planning preventive and treatment strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Level of knowledge of adult and reproductive health, including STDs tend to be higher in societies where people enjoy greater degree in freedom of communication, seek health advocacy, and engage in peer communication [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Most of the people may be aware about HIV/AIDs because of the awareness created by media and government programs; however, knowledge about STIs other than HIV/AIDS do not get such attention and consequently, are not recognized [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase the likelihood of HIV transmission as well as other reproductive health consequences, such as chronic lower abdominal pain, infertility or life -threatening pregnancies. Most STIs are asymptomatic and go unnoticed and untreated. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic STIs can cause serious morbidity, including pregnancy complications, cancer, infertility, and enhanced HIV transmission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, HIV prevalence continues to be high among women of reproductive age, and transmission of HIV from mother to child (MTCT) is a major concern and remains a public health priority [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Childbearing is an important event in the life of most women and is positively associated with the ultimate goals of happiness, completeness, and family integration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe place of delivery chosen by women is therefore very important with health facility being the most ideal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The choice of delivery place has consistently been found to be associated with maternal and neonatal outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Various factors impact the choice of women regarding the place of delivery, some of which are out of their control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. There is a dearth of literature on knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and place of delivery among urban women. Hence, there is need for studies to investigate the level of knowledge of young women about STIs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, this study aimed to assess knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and place of delivery among urban women in South West Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDHS characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNational Demographic Survey (DHS) use largely standardized questionnaires and methodologies and cover a range of topics, including socio-economic, demographics; reproductive, maternal and child health; family planning, sexual behaviour and nutrition. The surveys are nationally representative and include men and women aged 15\u0026ndash;49\u0026thinsp;years old and children under the age of 5\u0026thinsp;years residing in non-institutional settings. Participants in the surveys were sampled following a three-stage stratified cluster design using a list of enumeration areas (EAs) obtained from the Nigerian 2006 population census. EAs are units selected systematically from localities that constitutes the Local Government Areas (LGAs) \u0026ndash; subdivisions of the 36 administrative states that are classified under six developmental zones in Nigeria. For the 2018 NDHS used in this study, 4604 women were interviewed. These DHS reports are publicly available; datasets are accessible upon application including study aim and analytical plans from DHS MEASURE (\u003ca href=\"https://www.dhsprogram.com/\"\u003ehttps://www.dhsprogram.com/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOutcome variable:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eOutcome variable was location of most recent childbirth. This was measured by asking the respondent about the place of delivery for the most recent childbirth, and was divided into home, public healthcare facility, private healthcare facility and others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eExplanatory variable:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eExplanatory variable was knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCovariates/individual-level factors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;was categorized into seven groups\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: 15\u0026ndash;19years, 20\u0026ndash;29 years, 30\u0026ndash;39 years, 40\u0026ndash;49 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEducation attainment\u0026nbsp;was grouped into four bands\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e never been to school, primary, secondary and higher education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e grouped into single, married, cohabiting, widowed, divorced, separated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHusbands\u0026rsquo; education was grouped into\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: No education, primary, secondary, higher and don`t know.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal children born was grouped into\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: 1\u0026ndash;3 years, 4 \u0026ndash; 6 years, 7 \u0026ndash; 9 years, and 10 \u0026ndash; 12 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eData were analysed with\u0026nbsp;Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(SPSS) version 25. Women who have had a childbirth during past five years were included in the analysis. The main advantage of this method is that it mimics certain characteristics of randomized controlled trials and thereby minimises the bias due to non-randomisation in observational studies. Knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection was calculated. Following descriptive analysis, Chi-square (\u0026chi;2) test was performed to check for the significant associations between the explanatory variables and place of delivery. Variables that were found to be significantly associated in the \u0026chi;2 tests (at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25) were selected for final regression analysis. In the final step, binary logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of the associations between knowledge of HIV and other STIs and place of delivery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the respondents is 30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4 years. Some of the respondents (33.1%) were between 30\u0026ndash;39 years of age, 59.9% had secondary education, and 50.9% of the respondents\u0026rsquo; partners had secondary education. Many (58.6%) were married, 90.5% had been in one union, 43.8% had between 1\u0026ndash;3 children and 51.5% were involved in sales (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4064)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest Level of Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e927\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePartners Level of education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent Marital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCohabitating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of Unions (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2823)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than once\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional/technical/managerial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClerical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eServices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnskilled manual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgricultural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of Delivery of Respondents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlmost half of the respondents (47.8%) had their first delivery at a public health facility, also, 48.2% had their second child in a public healthcare facility. Some (17.1%) delivered their third child at home while many (58.6%) had their fourth child at home (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlace of Delivery of Respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of delivery 1st birth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Healthcare Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Healthcare Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of delivery 2nd birth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Healthcare Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Healthcare Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of delivery 3rd birth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Healthcare Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Healthcare Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of delivery 4th birth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Healthcare Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of HIIV and other sexually transmitted infections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlmost all the respondents (96.3%) had ever heard of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). All of the respondents said that not having sex at all reduces the risk of getting HIV, most (80.6%) mentioned that use of condoms during sex reduces the risk of getting HIV and majority (88.0%) said that having one sex partner only who has no other partners reduces the risk of getting HIV. Many of the respondents (72.9%) reported that HIV can be contracted from mosquito bites, 76.0% agreed that HIV can be contracted by sharing food with a person who has AIDS, while 76.3% reported that HIV can be gotten by witchcraft or supernatural means. Also, most of the respondents (88.1%) stated that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, 23.7% stated that a wife was not justified to ask the husband to use a condom if he has STI, some respondents (33.2%) would use drugs to avoid HIV transmission to baby during pregnancy and many (69.7%) would not buy vegetables from a vendor with HIV (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Overall, 21.9% of the respondents had poor knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases while 78.1% had good knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of HIIV and other sexually transmitted infections\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEver heard of sexually transmitted infection (STI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3913\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReduced risk of getting HIV: do not have sex at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReduced risk of getting HIV: always use condoms during sex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReduced risk of getting HIV: Have one sex partner only who has no other partners\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan get HIV from mosquito bites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan get HIV by sharing food with person who has AIDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA healthy-looking person can have HIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWife justified asking husband to use condom if he has STI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan get HIV by witchcraft or supernatural means\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrugs to avoid HIV transmission to baby during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWould buy vegetables from vendor with HIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge of HIV and STIs.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChi-square analysis revealed that there was statistically significant difference between selected sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge of HIV and STIs. There was statistically significant association between age and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.479; p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Furthermore, chi-square analysis showed that there was statistically significant association between educational level and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;227.168; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). There was statistically significant association between partners level of education and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;73.302; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Also, a statistically significant difference was shown between parity and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.329; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Chi-square analysis found statistically significant association between current marital status and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.387; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociation between Sociodemographic and Knowledge of HIV and STIs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of HIV and STIs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196 (30.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453 (69.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1021 (80.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268 (19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1076 (80.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e623 (77.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest Educational Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (43.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (56.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186 (36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e321 (63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e549 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1884 (77.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e856 (92.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePartners Level of education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (25.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (74.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195 (67.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315 (23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1007 (76.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e706 (88.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (70.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e962 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e962 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1446 (81.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e671 (75.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent marital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e960 (77.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e485 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1897 (79.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (68.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (84.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo longer living together/separated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (72.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e** Statistically Significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between place of delivery for first birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChi-square analysis revealed that there was statistical significance between place of delivery for first birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.444; p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Chi-square analysis found that there was statistical significance between place of delivery for second birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.046; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociation between Place of Delivery for Birth and Knowledge of HIV and STIs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of HIV and STIs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of Delivery (1st Birth)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (70.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e681 (79.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e447 (82.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (19.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (80.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of Delivery (2nd Birth)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (38.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (67.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213 (76.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (83.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (75.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e** Statistically Significant, p-value \u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence of Socio-demographic Characteristics on Knowledge of HIV and STIs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression analysis revealed that those between 30\u0026ndash;39 years were 1.7 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those between 15\u0026ndash;19 years (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.737; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.402\u0026ndash;2.153). Also, those who had secondary school education were 2.6 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had no education (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.604; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.934\u0026ndash;3.507). Partners who had higher education were 2.6 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to partners who had no education (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.585; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.701\u0026ndash;3.929). Those who had between 1\u0026ndash;3 and 7\u0026ndash;9 children were 1.3 times more likely and 50.2% times less likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had no children respectively (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.252, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.047\u0026ndash;1.497; OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.498, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.346\u0026ndash;0.717). Furthermore, respondents living with a partner were 37.6% times less likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those who were single (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.624; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.454\u0026ndash;0.857) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab6\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors Affecting Knowledge of HIV and STIs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19 \u003cstrong\u003e(Ref)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.456\u0026ndash;2.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.402\u0026ndash;2.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.164\u0026ndash;1.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest Educational Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Education \u003cstrong\u003e(Ref)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u0026ndash;1.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.934\u0026ndash;3.507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.310\u0026ndash;13.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePartners Level of Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education \u003cstrong\u003e(Ref)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.462\u0026ndash;1.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u0026ndash;1.628\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.701\u0026ndash;3.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDont Know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.336\u0026ndash;2.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone \u003cstrong\u003e(Ref)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.047\u0026ndash;1.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.713\u0026ndash;1.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u0026ndash;0.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.090\u0026ndash;8.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent Marital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle \u003cstrong\u003e(Ref)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.970\u0026ndash;1.352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u0026ndash;0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.684\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.554\u0026ndash;1.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.550\u0026ndash;4.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo longer living together/separated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.489\u0026ndash;1.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e** Statistically Significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef: Reference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out among 4064 urban women between in the reproductive age (15\u0026ndash;49 years of age). Some of the respondents (33.1%) were between 30\u0026ndash;39 years of age while 59.9% had secondary education. HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) constitute major public health concerns in Africa and particularly in Nigeria. A comprehensive knowledge of the modes of transmission is necessary to evolve an effective preventive strategy. Almost all the respondents (96.3% and 95.6%) in this study had heard of STIs and AIDS respectively. Similarly, around 90% of respondents in another study had heard about HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, 21% of the women had poor knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases while 78.1% had good knowledge of HIV. The high level of awareness in this study may be due to various interventions including the health education provision by Nigeria's HIV/AIDS control program (National Action Committee on AIDS) through radio jingles, print and electronic media. Contrary to the result of this study, in a similar study among rural dwellers in Nigeria, only 13.1% of the participants had knowledge of STIs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This shows that there might be a difference between the knowledge of HIV among urban and rural women in Nigeria. Although, the disparity in the knowledge could be related to the peculiarities of the rural areas where means of disseminating information may not be as efficient as in the urban [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Low STI knowledge has been shown to be connected with unsafe sex practices and HIV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. It was observed in the current study that most of the respondents practiced safe sex; and majority (88.0%) had one sex partner only who had no other partners. This may be as a result of the observed high knowledge of HIV and other STIs among the study respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisconceptions about HIV transmission are still prevalent in Sub Saharan Africa, despite recent significant improvements in public awareness of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. An analysis of women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge of HIV in Nigeria revealed that while awareness of HIV/AIDS was generally high among the population, accurate knowledge on HIV transmission was generally low; only 24% of a total of 9882 people had comprehensive knowledge of modes of HIV transmission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This study reported some misconceptions about the transmission of HIV. Many of the respondents (72.9%) reported that HIV can be contracted from mosquito bites,76.0% agreed that HIV can be contracted by sharing food with a person who has AIDS, while 76.3% reported that HIV can be gotten by witchcraft or supernatural means. Similar results were reported by Nahar \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], where about 60% of the respondents believed that HIV could be transmitted through the mosquito bite. Also, studies in Kenya and Ghana discovered that some respondents believe the HIV virus could be spread through mosquito bites and touching an infected person [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the view that a healthy-looking person cannot be HIV positive or that HIV can be cured by sleeping with a virgin, eating fresh vegetables, and making ancestral sacrifices is still a notion in many parts of SSA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This clearly shows that a major gap in knowledge exists among urban women about the means of transmitting/ acquiring HIV and other STIs. The need for targeted education at eradicating myths and misconceptions about HIV transmission may be emphasized, given that some urban women reported a good HIV knowledge, yet still hold on to misconceptions about HIV transmission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found a statistically significant association between age and knowledge of HIV and STIs. Respondents between 30\u0026ndash;39 years were 1.7 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those between 15\u0026ndash;19 years. In agreement to the result of this study, findings from the 2012 survey showed increasing odds of good knowledge of both STIs and HIV infections with age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The proportion of participants with good knowledge of STIs including HIV infections was high among those aged 25\u0026ndash;49 years in the 2005 and 2007 surveys particularly those from the Northeast region of Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. On the contrary, good knowledge of STIs was associated with being a male in the 2007 survey report [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression analysis also found that those who had secondary school education were 2.6 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had no education. Lan \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] also found that higher education resulted in good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. Also, according to Lan \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] women with low education or low economic status had less knowledge of STI than those with higher education or economic category. Also, those who had between 6\u0026ndash;10 children were 54.8% times less likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs compared to those who had between 1\u0026ndash;5 children. The World Health Organization (WHO) lists education as one of the key determinants of health and explains that higher education levels are linked with better health outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Knowledge of HIV and other STIs among the respondents was significant associated with partners level of education. Partners with higher (tertiary) education were 2.6 times more likely to have good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. More-educated people typically have stronger socio-cognitive abilities, leading to better ability to assimilate risk information and higher self-efficacy to act on such knowledge. Also, more-educated individuals tend to have more income and thus more control over their lives and ability to act on knowledge; they also tend to place higher value on the future and thus be more motivated to take preventative measures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, respondents\u0026rsquo; marital status was statistically significant with marital status. Respondents that were currently living a partner were 37.6% less likely to have good knowledge of HIV and other STIs. However, previous studies have established that Marital status was significantly associated with the seroprevalence of HIV and the odds of being HIV-infected were two times higher among formerly married women compared with other women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study found that almost half of the respondents (47.8%) had their first delivery at a public health facility. There was statistical significance between place of delivery for first birth and knowledge of HIV and STIs. Women who delivered their first child in public healthcare centres were 1.7 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those who delivered their first child at home. Likewise, those who delivered their second child in private healthcare centres were 3.0 times more likely to have knowledge of HIV and STIs as compared to those who delivered their second child at home. This could be attributed to the sensitization and awareness programmes for pregnant women on HIV and other STIs during ante-natal visits to such facilities. Respondents with 1\u0026ndash;3 children were 1.3 times more likely to have good knowledge of HIV and other STIs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study found that almost all urban women in South West Nigeria had heard of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and majority had good knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. However, some misconceptions about HIV and other STIs including contraction of HIV from mosquito bites, by sharing food with a person who has AIDS and by witchcraft or supernatural means were reported by some of the women. Also, most of the women had delivered their first and second birth in a public health facility. Significant association was established between the knowledge of HIV and age, level of education and place of delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of this study, these recommendations were made\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is need to intensify campaigns on HIV and other STIs transmission in the urban areas of Nigeria to debunk misconceptions about the transmission of HIV using both traditional methods of information dissemination and leveraging new media such as the social media.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order the bridge the gap in the knowledge of HIV, educational programmes on HIV and other STI should target more less educated women in urban regions of Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is a need to articulate program, which include messages aimed at reinforcing safer sex practices for women who are already sexually active.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlso, interventions should also be focused on women living with partners with a view to sensitizing them to the risk of HIV infection in order to increase the effectiveness of prevention strategies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eHowever, a drawback in this study is the use of cross-sectional data, which is inadequate to establish causality. More so, the study utilized secondary data; therefore, measurement of certain variables such as exposure to behaviour change communication through HIV/AIDS-related interventions across various groups and over time was not possible. Finally, the use of composite index to measure knowledge and attitude as provided by DHS data could lead to estimation bias.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe Nigerian DHS is conducted according to the local Nigerian research ethics requirements. Data for this analysis were accessed via the publicly available DHS data sets, with access granted through the DHS programme. As this was a secondary data analysis, further research ethics approval was not required; however, in accordance with DHS regulations, all data extracted from the NDHS for the purpose of this study were handled as confidential and survey respondents remained unidentified. This study conforms to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe dataset used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was not funded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e IIO: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing\u0026mdash;Original Draft, Writing\u0026mdash;Review and Editing, Supervision and Project administration. MAA: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing\u0026mdash;Original Draft, Writing\u0026mdash;Review and Editing. TAA: Conceptualization, Resources, Review and Editing. RIO: Conceptualization and Review.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUpchurch DM, Mason WM, Kusunoki Y, Kriechbaum MJ. Social and behavioral determinants of self-reported STD among adolescents. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2004 Nov;36(6):276\u0026ndash;87.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAckerson LK, Ramanadhan S, Arya M, Viswanath K. Social disparities, communication inequalities, and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes in India. AIDS and Behavior. 2012 Oct;16(7):2072\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePowell HL, Segrin C. The effect of family and peer communication on college students' communication with dating partners about HIV and AIDS. 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PLoS medicine. 2018 Feb 27;15(2):e1002512.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGinsburg AS, Hoblitzelle CW, Sripipatana TL, Wilfert CM. Provision of care following prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission services in resource-limited settings. Aids. 2007 Nov 30;21(18):2529-32.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManzi M, Zachariah R, Teck R, Buhendwa L, Kazima J, Bakali E, Firmenich P, Humblet P. High acceptability of voluntary counselling and HIV-testing but unacceptable loss to follow up in a prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission programme in rural Malawi: scaling‐up requires a different way of acting. Tropical Med Int Health. 2005 Dec;10(12):1242\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNyarko SH, Amu H. Self-reported effects of infertility on marital relationships among fertility clients at a public health facility in Accra, Ghana. 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BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Dec;9(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. 2016. \u0026ldquo;The Determinants of Health.\u0026rdquo; Retrieved from \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarling G, B\u0026auml;rnighausen T. The role of partners\u0026rsquo; educational attainment in the association between HIV and education amongst women in seven sub-Saharan African countries. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016 Jan;19(1):20038.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFagbamigbe AF, Adebayo SB, Idemudia E. Marital status and HIV prevalence among women in Nigeria: Ingredients for evidence-based programming. International journal of infectious diseases. 2016 Jul 1;48:57\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePollack H. Making Americans healthier: Social and economic policy as health policy. Russell Sage Foundation; 2008 Jan. p.\u0026nbsp;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HIV, sexually transmitted infections, Knowledge, place of delivery, urban women, South-West Nigeria, Demographic Health Survey","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1518232/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1518232/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction: \u003c/strong\u003eKnowledge of HIV and other STIs and their complications and attitude toward sexual health are important in planning preventive and treatment strategies. Although STIs pose serious risks to health security especially to women, there is a dearth of literature quantifying the knowledge of HIV and STIs among women in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of HIV and other STIs and its association with the choice of place of delivery among urban women in south west Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology: \u003c/strong\u003eNational Demographic Survey (DHS) use largely standardized questionnaires and methodologies and cover a range of topics. The surveys are nationally representative and include men and women aged 15–49 years old and children under the age of 5 years residing in non-institutional settings. The 2018 NDHS survey data for women only was used for this study. The outcome variable was knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection while the explanatory variable was location of most recent childbirth.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eFollowing descriptive analysis was conducted using proportions and frequency. Chi-square (χ2) test and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to establish association between variables. Data were analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003cstrong\u003e (\u003c/strong\u003eSPSS) version 25.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult: \u003c/strong\u003eFour thousand six hundred and four (4604) women were surveyed, 33.1% were between 30 – 39 years of age with a mean age of 34.4±9.4, 50.9% had secondary education, 58.6% were married, 43.8% had 1 – 3 children, 47.8% and 48.2% had their first and second delivery at a public health facility. Some (21.9%) of the respondents had poor knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases while 78.1% had good knowledge. Age, level of education, marital status, and partners level of education were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV and other STIs. Women between 30-39 years of age and had secondary school education were 1.7 times and 2.6 time more likely to have knowledge of HIV and other STIs respectively (OR=1.737; p\u0026lt;0.001; CI=1.402 - 2.153; OR=2.604; p\u0026lt;0.001; CI=1.934 - 3.507). Statistically significant association between knowledge of HIV and place of birth. Women who delivered their first child in public healthcare facilities were 1.7 times more likely to have good knowledge of HIV and STIs (OR=1.674; p\u0026lt;0.001; CI=1.233 - 2.275).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eWomen education is an important factor for knowledge of HIV and other STIs which is also associated with choice of place of delivery. To bridge the gap in the knowledge of HIV among urban women, it is essential to implement more educational programmes specifically targeted at less educated women in urban regions of Nigeria to increase the knowledge on HIV and other STIs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and place of delivery among urban women in South-West Nigeria.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-04-28 16:37:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1518232/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"18bae5e6-2e60-4629-9b78-d12d6a457c4f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-04-29T12:53:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-04-28 16:37:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1518232","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1518232","identity":"rs-1518232","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}