A One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Assessment of Organ Condemnations in Slaughter Cattle and Abattoir Quality Settings

A One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Assessment of Organ Condemnations in Slaughter Cattle and Abattoir Quality Settings | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Assessment of Organ Condemnations in Slaughter Cattle and Abattoir Quality Settings Mengesha Ayehu Getnet, Abebe Belete Bitew, Walelign Andualem, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7417020/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Zoonotic parasites present major public health and economic challenges in Ethiopia. This study assessed their burden in slaughtered cattle, organ condemnation, and abattoir hygiene in four purposively selected abattoirs in Western Amhara from March to July 2024. A total of 384 condemned organs were randomly sampled to examine gross and histopathological changes, with hematoxylin and eosin staining used to evaluate cyst size, number, viability, and fertility. Data on biosecurity and conditions favoring parasite persistence were collected through observations and semi-structured questionnaires from 100 abattoir workers, revealing poor practices such as lack of sterilization, improper waste disposal, and stray dog access. The overall prevalence of zoonotic parasites was 47.66%. The prevalence of Fasciola parasite was 29.95%; while that of Hydatid cysts on condemned organs was 20.57% the lungs, 3.23% in the liver, 0.78% in the kidneys, and 0.9% in other organs. Prevalence of zoonotic parasites was found statistically associated with location of abattoir setting (χ2 = 21.4256; P < 0.001); month (χ2 = 19.9939; P = 0.001); and season (χ2 = 5.2819; P = 0.022). Hydatidosis presented with 11.9% non-viable cysts, 34.52% sterile cysts, and 47.62% calcified cysts. Within the portal circulation, histopathological findings revealed hydatid cysts and oncospheres. Of the Cysticercus bovis cysts examined, 16.67% were viable, while 10% were necrotized and calcified. In the lungs, protoscolices caused compression of the alveoli and bronchiolar parenchyma, alongside eosinophilic infiltration. A cyst wall was observed attached to the thickened hepatic capsule, with the hepatic parenchyma showing irregular hepatocyte islands. Unrestricted movement of animals and people, along with improper disposal of condemned organs, creates favorable conditions for zoonotic parasite transmission. Poor abattoir biosecurity highlights the need for regular deworming, improved meat inspection, fencing, and personnel training. These findings underscore the urgent need for intervention by veterinary and public health authorities. abattoir condemned organs cysts histopathology One Health sterility viability zoonotic parasites Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Introduction Ethiopia is endowed with diverse agro-ecological zones and environmental stipulations appropriate for livestock production. However, the contribution these big livestock sources to the country wide economy disproportionately small, owing to countless factors such as drought or malnutrition, administration troubles and farm animals diseases (Alene et al., 2024 ). Parasitism represents a foremost constraint to farm animals improvement in the tropics in popular and hydatidosis is amongst the essential parasitic illnesses low productiveness of meat in unique (Adane and Guadu, 2014 ). The main reasons of organ condemnation all through post mortem inspection are parasitic diseases, specially liver fluke and hydatid cysts in the liver and lungs respectively. The prevalence of main zoonotic ailments of parasitic infections accountable for the condemnation of specific organs throughout meat inspection for the public fitness (Alene et al., 2024 ). Parasites encountered for the duration of postmortem inspection that had been responsible for marketable organ condemnation were hydatid cyst, Fasciola spp. now not only organ condemnation but additionally zoonotic or transmitted to human because motive to parasitic cyst in the carcass and offal’s (Alene et al., 2024 ) (Jemal and Kebede, 2016 ). Paste your textual content right here and click "Next" to watch this article rewriter do it's thing.Transmission of the parasite most generally happens in environments which is characterized via terrible sanitation, primitive livestock husbandry practices, and inadequate meat inspection, management, and manage policies ((Mandefro et al., 2019 ), Mann, 2014). Zoonotic illnesses are communicable from animals to human underneath natural conditions by using eating contaminated meat and meat products. There are so many necessary zoonotic parasitic ailments such as Hydatidosis, Fascioliasis, Settariosis Trichinellosis, Ascariosis, and Amphistomiasis (Alene et al., 2024 ). Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a serious zoonotic and most economical essential disease of not noted parasite disease for human and animal. It is induced through the hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus, and basically developed in the liver and lungs of intermediate hosts. E. granulosus requires a definitive host (usually canines) and an intermediate host (herbivores/ sometimes humans) to complete its existence cycle (Alene et al., 2024 ). Genus Echinococcus; Species E. granulosus definitive and intermediate hosts are worried in the completion of the existence cycle of E. granulosus (Mahmoudvand et al., 2014 ). There are 4 usually recognized species of bovine Echinococcus. Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcosis multilocularis, E. oligarthus and E. vogeli. Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are the chief marketers of ailment for the duration of the world (Tadesse et al., 2016 ). The burden of diseases greater in creating countries, specially in rural communities where there is close contact between dogs to home animals (Alene et al., 2024 ). It is triggered by using a small tapeworm and in the herbal cycle, puppies are traditional definitive hosts, and cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses, are intermediate hosts in which hydatid cysts occur. Although E. granulosus penetrates deep between the villi of the small intestine of the definitive host, suggesting that infected definitive hosts are asymptomatic carriers of the parasite. Infections with E. granulosus cysts in the intermediate host are typically asymptomatic, barring for a small range of instances with chronic and heavy infections (Abunna et al., 2012 ). The egg E. granulosus can live for lengthy time in the environmental because of its thick egg shells. Cattle accumulate strong resistance in opposition to new cysts developing however this has little effect on current cysts. After ingestion, larvae ignore the gut and reach the proper aspect of the heart through the thoracic duct and most fulfilling vena cava; from the proper ventricle the embryo passes via the pulmonary vascular mattress into the left ventricle, from where it may want to reach any phase of the body via systemic circulation (Sabzi et al., 2014 ). Cystic echinococcosis differs in nature within one-of-a-kind geographic settings and host assemblages due to the morphological and biological variations among the E. granulosus (Regassa et al., 2010 ). The epidemiology of hydatidosis varies with extraordinary factors and manage measure terrific in one vicinity may not always of fee in another. Hence, it is fundamental to have ample information of the epidemiology of the ailment earlier than taking into consideration manipulate ((Debas and Ibrahim, 2013 ). Fasciolosis is the main sickness of the cattle in Ethiopia which reduces animal productivity, weight gain, and the best of meat. In addition, it causes moderate icterus, metabolic disorders, and secondary infections due to decrease immunity via chronic fasciolosis and liver condemnation during postmortem inspection in slaughterhouses while the acute fasciolosis may additionally lead to moralities (Eman et al., 2016 ). Ingested parasite lives in hepatic parenchyma or in bile duct, which inflicting liver hemorrhagic black tunnels (Abraham and Jude, 2014 ). Zoonotic parasites pose good sized public health risks and financial losses in abattoirs. However, constrained data exist related to the prevalence and have an effect on of zoonotic parasites in Western Amhara. The prevalence of these parasites, mainly Echinococcus and Fasciola, has been considerably harm the viesral organ of cattle, reason of condemned organs within the abattoir environment. To efficiently manage frequent zoonotic parasites for public and animal fitness interventions, it is crucial to investigate the status of these parasites and the factors influencing their prevalence. Therefore the objective of this learn about was to estimate the incidence and describe the gross and histopathological lesions of common zoonotic parasites in condemned organs, and to check the abattoir settings in Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods Study Area and Period The study was conducted at four abattoirs in western Amhara, Ethiopia: Bahir Dar, Dangila, Injibara municipal abattoirs and Gondar ELFORA abattoir. Gondar ELFORA abattoir is found in North Gondar zone, Amara National Regional State. It is located at 750 Km far from Addis Ababa at an elevation of 2133 m.a.s.l. The city had a latitude and longitude of 12°36'N 37°28'E, 12.6°N 37.467°E. Rain fall varies from 880–1172 mm with the average annual temperature of 19.7°C. The farming system in the area was mixed type (Crop-livestock production). Gondar has a total cattle population of and 2,407,544. Gondar has one of the largest urban populations in Ethiopia (Livestock, 2017 ). The study also conducted in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia which is located at about 654 kilometers away from Addis Ababa. The area is located at 110 29” N latitude and 370 29” E longitudes with an elevation of 1730 meters above sea level. The area has a summer rainfall with mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature of 1465mm and 29.50c respectively. The landscape is marked by the presence of Lake Tana, which drains a watershed of about 3,000km2 and areas adjacent to Lake Tana and Abay river have poor drainage and annual over flooding during the rainy seasons leave pockets of water bodies, which persist during the dry months. There are about 16.8 million inhabitants in the region of which 89% are living in the rural area. The livelihood of the peoples is based on agriculture and 80% of the population practice mixed crop livestock farming system. The region has 10.6 million cattle, 5.7 million sheep, 4 million goats, 2.1 million equines and 17,400 camels managed under extensive management system (Bayrak and Altıntas, 2019 ). Dangila is located along the main road from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar about 485 km northwest of Addis Ababa (country capital) and 78 km from Bahir Dar, the regional capital. Geographically, the area is located between 11° 18ʹ N latitude and 36° 57ʹ E longitudes and it lies at an altitude of 2200 m a.s.l. The mean annual rainfall and temperature are 1576 mm and 17°C, respectively. The district consists of 27 peasant associations (PAs) (Rural administrative kebeles), ten urban administrative kebeles, and 185,904 cattle population. Injibara town is the capital of the administrative center of the Agew Awi Zone in the Amhara, Ethiopia. It is located, at the junction of highway three from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar and the road leading west towards Chagni. The older town of Injibara is situated approximately 5km north of Modern Injibara at 10°59′N 36°55′E, at a 2660-meter elevation. The 2014 census, Banja shekudad district has an estimated total population of 133,368 of who 66,458 are males and 66,910 are females, and total cattle population have 69,857 (Livestock, 2017 ). Study Population Apparently healthful cattle for slaughter have been the learn about population. Condemned organs which includes liver, lung, spleen and heart were the focused on pattern to estimate proportion of zoonotic parasites. These organs had been examined for the kind of parasite they harbor, and whether or not there are cysts on the organs. Liver used to be in addition examined for the lesions present. Cysts on the organs had been categorized primarily based on their size as small, medium and large (Abebe et al., 2014 ). Furthermore, liver lesions were categorised as light, reasonable and extreme (Seid and Melese, 2018 ) for the questionnaire survey, learn about individuals had been humans working in the abattoirs. For personal observations, find out about populace had been abattoirs settings, consisting of the inner and surrounding environment element such as fencing, animals and man too. Sample Size and Sampling Methods Cross sectional study was employed on the condemned organs and parasite infestation in the abattoirs. The sample size was determined as stated by Thrusfield (2018) using a 50% expected prevalence of condemned organs, 5% level of precision and 95% level of confidence as: n = Z 2 P (1-P) /d 2 = (1.96) 2 (0.5) (0.5)/ (0.05) 2 = 384. n = the minimum sample size, p = the expected prevalence and d = margin of error. Therefore, the abattoirs were selected purposively based on cattle population density, abattoir service coverage, and slaughter capacity.. Systematic sampling was used to collect condemned organs for estimation of prevalence of zoonotic parasites. For the questionnaire survey, all abattoir workers were recruited as study participants. Post-mortem examination: Techniques of postmortem examination which includes visualization, palpation, incision, and olfaction have been employed to pick out affected organs from condemned organs. All condemned organs suspected of harboring zoonotic parasites have been subjected for postmortem examination as stated by means of (Kebede et al 2009 ). Types of parasite on the condemned organs had been identified via its gross morphological characteristics. Size of cyst used to be measured and labeled into three businesses as small, medium and large if the diameter of the cyst was once much less than 4cm, in between 4 and 6 cm, and increased than eight cm, respectively as used by way of (Kebede et al., 2009 ). The organs lesions were labeled in accordance to Umer and Mulugeta (2018) as: Lightly affected, when a quarter of the organ is affected, and solely one bile duct is prominently affected. Moderately affected, when half of the organ is affected and two or more bile ducts are hyperplasic. Severely affected, when almost the whole organ is involved; liver is cirrhotic and triangular in define as the proper lobe is often atrophied. In the continual phase of the disease, hyperplasia of the gall bladder and biliary epithelium happens and this leads to biliary tract obstruction. Histopathological examination tissues samples of liver, kidney, and tongue have been sliced, dehydrated in ethyl alcohol in growing grades, cleaned in xylene, impregnated with melted paraffin wax, and embedded. Tissue slices, about 4–5 µm thick, were reduce and processed histologically using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining (Nicholson and Butterworth, 1986 , Teshale et al., 2024 , Kul and Yildiz, 2010 ). Under a mild microscope with low to excessive powers of magnification (4x–40x), stained slides were hooked up the usage of Distrene plasticizer/Dibutyl phthalate xylene (DPX), and photomicrographs have been then taken for documentation. Questionnaire survey was once carried out semi-structured questionnaire to gather records on the know-how and exercise of abattoir employees as well as on the waste management machine of abattoirs. Furthermore, questionnaire survey and personal observations supported with images had been employed to acquire records on the abattoir bio-security. In addition to the semi-structured questionnaire, personal observations supported with pics of practices and interviews of individuals had been carried out at some point of the data series period. Data Analysis Data were entered and cleaned in Microsoft Excel spread sheet and analyzed using Stata software version 16 (Stata Corp LLC, College Station USA, 1985–2019). Associations between outcome and explanatory variables for all units of analysis were investigated using Pearson’s chi-square (χ2). For all the analyses, the confidence level (CL) is at 95%, and p < 0.05 was set for significance. Result Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the abattoir workers One hundred study individuals were recruited for the questionnaire survey. Nearly half of the respondents 46/100 (46%) were abattoir workers at the Gondar ELFORA abattoir. From the complete abattoir workers, nearly three-quarters 71/100 (71%) have been butchers. According to their ride of working age of the respondents 44/100 (44%) had been employed at the abattoir for 5 years (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in abattoir settings Variable Category Frequency Percent (%) Abattoir Bahir Dar Municipal abattoir 30 30.0 Dangila Municipal abattoir 18 18.0 Injibara Municipal abattoir 6 6.0 Gondar ELFORA abattoir 46 46.0 Abattoir worker’s role Butcher man 71 71.0 Meat inspector 13 13.0 Cleaner 6 6.0 Security person 5 5.0 Others 5 5.0 Work experience 1 year 9 9.0 2 years 12 12.0 3 years 14 14.0 4 years 12 12.0 5 years 44 44.0 6 years 9 9.0 Have pets Yes 41 41.0 No 59 59.0 Prevalence of Zoonotic Parasites As a result, 384 condemned organs were collected and examined for the presence of zoonotic parasites, of which 183 (47.66%) had been discovered to harbor one or more zoonotic parasites. Hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) and liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) were the two dominant parasites identified. The organs infested via these parasites had been the liver, lung, heart, and spleen. Of the total affected organs, 115 (29.9%) livers had been affected by way of Fasciola. The condemned organs examined 21.88% (84/384) hydatid cysts, as proven in (Table 2 ). Table 2 Prevalence of zoonotic parasites in abattoirs Variable Category Frequency (n = 384) Percent (%) Parasite-infected organs Yes 183 47.66 No 201 52.34 Organ affected Liver 131 72.68 Lung 37 20.22 Heart 3 1.64 Spleen 1 0.55 Liver + lung 11 6.01 Type of parasite/cyst Fasciola 104 55.03 Hydatid cyst 73 38.62 Fasciola + Hydatid 11 5.82 Cyst present Yes 79 20.75 No 305 79.43 Size of cyst Small 50 59.50 Medium 26 30.96 Large 8 9.52 Liver lesion Light 43 37.39 Moderate 51 44.35 Severe 21 18.26 Abattoir Bahir Dar 54 14.06 Dangila 73 19.01 Injibara 71 18.49 Gondar 186 48.44 Month March 39 10.16 April 93 24.22 May 155 40.36 June 26 6.77 July 71 18.49 Season Spring 287 74.74 Summer 97 25.26 Although hydatid cysts were found in the lung, liver, heart, and spleen, they were predominantly found in the lung, accounting for 57.1% (48/84) of cases. The second most commonly affected organ was the liver, with 32.14% (27/84) infested by hydatid cysts. Hydatid cysts in the spleen are uncommon. The rate of organ distribution is shown in Fig. 1 . From the detected 84 hydatid cysts, 17.86% were fertile and contained protoscolices, while the remaining 82.14% were infertile. Additionally, 5.95% of the cysts were viable, 11.9% were non-viable, 34.52% were sterile, and 47.62% were calcified, as indicated in Table 3 . Table 3 Factors associated with prevalence of zoonotic parasites on condemned organs, from slaughter cattle’s at different site of abattoir. Factor Category Parasite present (n = 384) χ2 P-value Yes (%) (n = 189) No (%) (n = 201) Site of abattoir Bahir Dar 31(16.4) 25(12.44) 21.4256 < 0.001 Dangila 25(13.22) 49(24.38) Injibara 50(26.45) 22(10.95) Gondar 83(43.91) 105(52.24) Month March 21(11.48) 18(8.96) 19.9939 0.001 April 46(25.14) 47(23.38) May 60(32.79) 95(47.26) June 8(4.37) 18(8.96) July 48(26.23) 23(11.44) Season Spring 127(69.40) 160(79.60) 5.2819 0.022 Summer 56(30.60) 41(20.40) Footnote : No. in the table indicate number examined organs The viability of the C. bovis cysts was assessed, and of the total, 12 cysts (16.67%) were viable, while 83.34% were calcified, as indicated in Table 4 . The hydatidosis rate for cystic lung 4.12% and from the total condemned lungs of the cattle four lungs have double hydatid cysts. One lung has uniform in size cysts and the other three lungs have variable size of cysts as indicated Fig. 2 . Table 4 Fertility and viability status of hydatidosis disease Organ Total cyst Viable Non-calcified cysts Non-viable Sterile cysts Calcified cysts No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Liver 23 27.38 2 8.7 3 13.04 8 34.78 10 43.48 Lung 56 66.67 1 1.79 5 8.93 21 37.5 29 51.79 Kidney 5 5.95 2 40 2 40 - - 1 20 Total 84 100 5 5.95 10 11.9 29 34.52 40 47.62 Footnote: No. In the table indicate number As a result, 384 condemned organs had been gathered and examined for the presence of zoonotic parasites, of which 183 (47.66%) had been located to harbor one or greater zoonotic parasites. Hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) and liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) had been the two dominant parasites identified. The organs infested through these parasites had been the liver, lung, heart, and spleen. Of the whole affected organs, one hundred fifteen (29.9%) livers had been affected through way of Fasciola. The condemned organs examined 21.88% (84/384) hydatid cysts, as demonstrated in (Table 2 ). Hydatid cysts liver As a result, 384 condemned organs had been gathered and examined for the presence of zoonotic parasites, of which 183 (47.66%) had been positioned to harbor one or larger zoonotic parasites. Hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) and liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) had been the two dominant parasites identified. The organs infested thru these parasites had been the liver, lung, heart, and spleen. Of the entire affected organs, one hundred fifteen (29.9%) livers had been affected via way of Fasciola. The condemned organs examined 21.88% (84/384) hydatid cysts, as established in (Table 2 ). Figure 4 : Cattle hepatic hydatidosis: (A) Liver with a localized cystic surface (red arrow) and a blunt edge (black arrow). (B) Liver with a calcified area (star) and a generalized cystic surface (arrow) Histologically reading, the cysts had been composed of three layers: the fibrous outer pericyst, the laminated center ectocyst layer, the germinative inner endocyst layer, and protoscolices, which advance into the daughter cyst. On the oncosphere in the portal circulation, a few parasitic migration tracts ought to be seen. The liver's parenchyma used to be edematous, heavily fibrosized, infiltrated with inflammatory cells, and had deposits of calcified materials round the cyst wall. Higher magnification of the liver parenchyma surrounding the cyst wall printed eosinophil, lymphocyte, and macrophage infiltration proven on Fig. 5 Hydatidosis kidney Hydatidosis-related rejection in cystic kidney disease occurred at a fee/rate of 0.78%, and one kidney with two small cysts. Noticeable, dispersed cysts of various sizes have been found on the cortex of the proper kidney. These cysts were positioned on the dorsal surfaces of the kidney. A thin, honeycomb-like shape covered the junction between the cyst wall and the kidney. The cyst pill without problems indifferent from the kidney. A single large cyst, spherical, darkish brownish, and becoming in between the kidney's surrounding lobules, used to be present on the pole of the left kidney. When this cyst used to be opened, coffee- or brownish-coloured fluids have been visible. The capsule was denser, whiter, and greater linked than the kidney, proving it challenging to separate determine 6. Figure 6 : Cattle kidney cysts, macroscopic changes. (A) Cysts on the cortex of the kidney, involving the glomerulus, and circular to tubular arranged cysts in the medullary area (yellow arrow). (B) Rounded, blackish cyst situated between the surrounding lobules of the kidney, containing brownish or coffee-colored fluids (yellow arrow). Histologically, the cortex of the kidney showed multiple sites of cysts that involved the glomerulus, dilating the bowman's space. A single-cell layer of epithelium coated the cysts. Infiltrating inflammatory cells caused glomerulitis, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis of the. interstitial tissue as indicated in Fig. 7 . Cysticercosis of liver The liver was somewhat swollen and enlarged, and a thin film of fibrin with a bloody tint covered the liver capsule. The hepatic capsule was covered in numerous 5–10 mm semi-translucent white cylindrical parasite cysts as indicated on Fig. 8 . Histologically, small quantities of eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages were present inside the cavities, together with fibrin, and necrotic cell debris as indicated on Fig. 9 . Factors Associated with Prevalence of Zoonotic Parasites This discovered that the prevalence of zoonotic parasites varied throughout abattoirs, months, and seasons. Almost half of zoonotic cysts and/or parasites 46.03% (87/189) were found in Gondar ELFORA abattoir. Slightly above a one-fourth of the zoonotic parasites and/or cysts, 29.1% (55/189) were found in Injibara municipal abattoir. There was statistically significant association between prevalence of zoonotic parasites and/or cysts and location of abattoir setting (χ2 = 21.4256; P < 0.001). Almost one-thirds of the zoonotic parasites and/or cysts, 31.74% (60/189), were recorded on May. Furthermore, more than two-thirds of the zoonotic parasites and/cysts, 67.19% (127/189), were recorded during spring season. Hence, there were statistically significant associations between prevalence of zoonotic parasites and month of animal slaughtered (χ2 = 19.9939; P = 0.001); and season (χ2 = 5.2819; P = 0.022). It was found that site of abattoir; month and season are important factors for prevalence of zoonotic parasites as showed in ( Table 5 ). Table 5 Factors associated with prevalence of zoonotic parasites on condemned organs, from slaughter cattle’s at different site of abattoir. Factor Category Parasite present (n = 384) χ2 P-value Yes (%) (n = 189) No (%) (n = 201) Site of abattoir Bahir Dar 31(16.4) 25(12.44) 21.4256 < 0.001 Dangila 25(13.22) 49(24.38) Injibara 50(26.45) 22(10.95) Gondar 83(43.91) 105(52.24) Month March 21(11.48) 18(8.96) 19.9939 0.001 April 46(25.14) 47(23.38) May 60(32.79) 95(47.26) June 8(4.37) 18(8.96) July 48(26.23) 23(11.44) Season Spring 127(69.40) 160(79.60) 5.2819 0.022 Summer 56(30.60) 41(20.40) Practices in abattoirs, bio-security issues and working situation Interviews with abattoir employees published the most common justifications for opposing the condemnation of organs 48% due to presence of swellings on whole organ regularly leads to organ condemnation. From the interviewer 39% of the learn about contributors referred to that dogs acquire condemned organs as a way to dispose of waste. Dogs have been among the animals generally viewed in slaughterhouses yard. Study members said that birds, especially vultures are regularly seen inside abattoir on waste disposal websites and on trees. For unauthorized man also have free get right of entry to to the abattoir. And nearly half of of the learn about individuals (47%) reported that habit of ingesting uncooked meat is common in the abattoir as it confirmed in (Table 6 ). Table 6 Study participants’ responses towards existing practices in abattoirs, bio-security issues and workers’ experiences at abattoir settings. Variable Category Frequency Percent Reasons for condemnation of organs Presence of swellings on whole organ 48 48.00 Presence of pus, fluid and bleeding 38 38.00 Presence of fibrosis, firmness 14 14.00 Disposal of condemned structures/organs Using metallic trough 31 31.00 On free land and burrow/wide holes 30 30.00 They are given for pets 39 39.00 Abattoir fencing prevents animal entry Yes 30 30.00 No 70 70.00 Animals you frequently see inside abattoir Dogs 87 87.00 Cattle 12 12.00 Dogs, cats, and cattle 1 1.00 How animal get access to the abattoir? Absence of fencing 24 24.00 Weak fencing 29 29.00 Through the gate 47 47.00 Free movement of people inside abattoir Yes 85 85.00 No 15 15.00 Why people are moving inside abattoir (n = 85)* Customers to collect meat 40 47.06 To harvest grass for their cattle 27 31.76 Fencing and bio-security problems 12 14.12 Presence of local road inside abattoir 6 7.06 Do you see vultures on trees inside abattoir Yes 95 95.00 No 5 5.00 Have seen vultures feeding on condemned organs Yes 89 89.00 No 11 11.00 Have seen vultures and dogs feeding on condemned organs Yes 85 85.00 No 15 15.00 Negative impact of dogs’ access to abattoir settings Disease transmission 33 33.00 Env’tal contamination &disease transmission 54 54.00 Bite and environmental contamination 10 10.00 Dogs may be exposed to pathogens 3 3.00 Do you take slaughter by-products to home and feed to your pets? Yes 37 37.00 No 63 63.00 Have habit of eating raw meat during slaughtering? Yes 47 47.00 No 53 53.00 *15 respondents responded that “there is no free movement of people inside abattoir”; Env’tal = environmental Study participants were asked for their habit of eating raw meat during slaughtering operations. Almost one-thirds of the abattoir workers (32%) reported that they eat raw meat. while the study participants (27% reported that they eat raw liver and 20% study participants reported that they eat raw tongue as indicated in (Fig. 10 ). The attitude of raw meat consuming, roughly half of the slaughterhouse employees (48%) stated that eating raw meat might not be harmful. Conversely, 11% and 9% of research participants said that raw liver and tongue, and respectively, might not be harmful, as showed in the (Fig. 11 ). Evaluation of Existing Abattoirs Paste your textual content right here and click on "Next" to watch this article rewriter do it is thing.Each abattoir putting was once discovered for its day by day activities, facilities, waste disposal gadget and its bio-security. Generally, abattoirs protected in the cutting-edge find out about might also be characterised through having susceptible fencing, free movement of dogs and different animals inside abattoir settings, improper waste disposal, and presence of communal avenue in abattoirs, and free grazing of animals in abattoirs or on the waste disposal site. Some of the abattoirs drain liquid wastes in to water bodies; whilst some abattoirs nonetheless dispose each liquid and solid abattoir waste into grazing areas. Gondar ELFORA was once discovered having separate stunning, slaughtering, flaying, evisceration, and deboning rooms. However, the fencing is no longer satisfactory. Furthermore, free movements of puppies and cattle in side abattoir, presence of communal road across abattoir, and free movement of vultures were determined (Fig. 12 , 13 ). Condemned organs like liver, lung were located effortlessly available to dogs. Birds and different animals and/or dogs have been observed feeding together on waste disposal sites. Free motion of people that are now not abattoir people had been additionally found in (Fig. 14 ). Out of the four abattoirs observed in the current study, Bahir Dar Municipal abattoir was found having the best fencing system. But dogs can access the abattoir through the main gate and people other than abattoir workers access the abattoir to cut grass for their animals. It drains liquid waste manually. Furthermore, the abattoir is surrounded by community residences ( Fig. 6 ). In Dangila municipal abattoir, all the slaughter activities are performed within single room/hall. It has very weak fencing and it is accessible to man and animals. Condemned organs are directly given to dogs and cats. Bones, legs, and head regions are stored in a concrete trough and get burned. There is no any practice of cleaning the wall and floor of the abattoir at all (Fig. 15 ). Injibara Municipal Abattoir is located inside the city and established on an open grazing field and it has no any form of fencing. Most of the slaughter activities are performed in a single room/hall. There are free movements of animals inside abattoir area and mainly on waste disposal sites. The waste disposal is freely on the environment and in to water body; because the abattoir is found near to the river (Fig. 16 ). Discussion Paste your textual content right here and click "Next" to watch this article rewriter do it's thing.The findings point out that deficiencies in slaughterhouse management and protocols, along with excessive parasite prevalence, notably make contributions to organ condemnation. Inadequate waste administration inside and around the abattoir poses a important risk for environmental contamination and ailment transmission. Consequently, this research is fundamental for informing improvements in animal health, public health, and environmental stewardship. The existing learn about identified Fasciola parasites and hydatid cysts as the leading parasitic motives of organ condemnation in the abattoir, with a whole incidence of zoonotic parasites in condemned organs of 47.66%. Among the organs with identified parasites, Fasciola represented 29.95% and hydatid cysts 20.57%. Hydatid cysts had been detected in the lungs, liver, heart, and spleen of the slaughtered animals. The discovering of hydatid cysts used to be 20.57%, it is related with the preceding reviews of 22.2% by (Getachew et al., 2017 ) in Mekelle, Ethiopia; 20.1% occurrence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia via (Yimer et al., 2016 ), 18.61% (Assefa and Tesfay, 2014 ) in Adigirat, 18.6% incidence in Nekemte, (Temesgen, 2020 ). However, the modern discovering 20.57% occurrence report was greater when in contrast to (Akeberegn et al., 2017 ) 6.51% incidence report of in Debre Berhan. This version may additionally be because of animal health managements inclusive of anti-parasite drug seasonal deworming. The slaughter animals coming from fattening middle have low incidence of parasite than from non-fattening center. The occurrence of hydatid cysts in Ethiopia has proven variability throughout exclusive studies. Indeed, some until now lookup indicated decrease fees compared to latest investigations. This discrepancy may also stem from differences in find out about methodologies, geographical locations, and the precise populations examined. These research encompass 15.2% in Dangila's Birre-Sheleko (Kebede et al., 2009 ) 11.46% in (Leka, 2019 ). Furthermore, the contemporary finding used to be greater in contrast with some reviews backyard of Ethiopia. Reported (Elmajdoub and Rahman, 2015 ) 10.56% prevalence of hydatid cysts. Such hazard factors vary on seasons, management, sorts of deworming used and intermediates host of the parasites. The higher prevalence of hydatid cysts in this find out about may be attributed to factors such as abundance of stray dogs, incorrect disposal of affected organ, susceptible abattoir fencing, free grazing, and unrestricted interplay between dogs and cattle inside abattoir areas.. These all are the elements expand the proximity and interaction of dogs, cattle and human, at the abattoir settings and it can also play extraordinary function for incidence and the sustainability of hydatid and Fasciola existence cycle (Abebe et al., 2014 ) and hence, it will be a viable chance to the health of the community. Thus, designing techniques such as enchancment of animal husbandry and industrial slaughterhouses and extra active strategy in controlling Echinococcusis in puppies is important. Other previous studies in special regions of Ethiopia suggested greater hydatid cysts occurrence compared to the present day finding supported (Bekele and Butako, 2011 ) (Guduro and Desta, 2019 ). The editions in incidence of hydatid cysts may also be attributed due to differences geographical locations, and as a result the parasite distribution. Furthermore, variations in culture, social activities, animal husbandry systems, and attitudes to puppies in exclusive areas might also make contributions to version the versions in incidence of Hydatid cysts (Kebede et al., 2009 , Regassa et al., 2010 ). The incidence of Fasciola parasite in the modern study was 29.95%. It was once in agreement with preceding findings 27.25%, Hosanna (Getahun et al., 2017 ) and 24.4% in Haramaya (Mahmoudvand et al., 2014 ). The cutting-edge discovering was a good deal lower in contrast to the 83.6% incidence record in of (Bayou and Geda, 2018 ). However, the cutting-edge finding used to be higher compared with preceding findings in Ethiopia such as 19% incidence by using Gudeta (2019); 7.03% in Wolaita Sodo, Firew, (2011), 19.27% in (Shafi, 2021 ). The differences in prevalence of Fasciola parasite may be explained with the aid of availability of appropriate snail habitat, water lodging areas, and poorly drained vicinity with acidic soil. In addition, the difference in moisture, temperature, humidity, and soil might prefer multiplication of snail (Bogale et al., 2012 ). Hydatid Cyst is frequent transmittable diseases to farm animals and pets. It has a fantastic hazard to human particularly those who consume below cocked and uncooked meat. Since records begins, humans and animals are coexisting with each different in a relationship. This relationship is really helpful for both human beings and animals. Humans take benefit from animals in terms of food, work, protection and companionship. Animals also get benefits with the aid of taking meals and refuge from humans. These relationships are advisable however may additionally also come to be a supply of transfer of diseases. Animals and people have a common linkage in most of the diseases. In creating countries, specifically Ethiopia, the practice of managing and controlling the health of owned puppies thru first-rate feed and de-worming is lacking. Furthermore, the giant populace of stray or unowned puppies contributes to an increased disease epidemiology. Consequently, controlling and disposing of the ailment from the definitive host is extra advantageous than treating the intermediate host, which is in particular finished thru surgical treatment (Casulli et al., 2022 ). The surgical removal of hydatid cysts is a difficult, time-consuming, costly, and doubtlessly fatal procedure. This is because cyst rupture at some point of surgical operation in humans and animals can trigger sudden demise due to anaphylactic shock, hemorrhage, and metastasis. Additionally, strenuous exercise can additionally purpose cysts to rupture, main to a progressive make bigger in the quantity of affected individuals. At the abattoir settings, some of the elements that may also want the transmission of parasites between animals and human; and capable to maintain the lifestyles cycle of zoonotic parasites in particular of hydatid parasites include: weak or absence of abattoir fencing, free movement of puppies and different animals within abattoirs, incorrect waste disposal, presence of communal street in abattoirs, the usage of green grass in the abattoir for animal feed and free grazing of animals in abattoirs or on the waste disposal site. The free human-dog-cattle interactions have been additionally found at abattoir settings. These spotlight the need for increased meat inspection training, fencing of abattoirs, and managed disposal of contaminated organs. In conclusion, this study identifies Fasciola spp. and hydatid cysts as the principal causes of organ condemnation in slaughtered cattle at the abattoirs investigated. A substantial prevalence of zoonotic parasites was detected, with fascioliasis being more common than hydatidosis. Hydatid cysts were found distributed across multiple organs, including the lungs, liver, heart, and spleen. A significant contributing factor to this issue is the poor state of the abattoirs themselves. The investigation revealed that most facilities have weak structural and operational biosecurity. Furthermore, their proximity to community residences creates an environment ripe for human-animal interactions, which facilitates the persistence and transmission of zoonotic parasites by allowing their life cycles to continue uninterrupted. It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study, as its findings are based on a specific set of abattoirs within a defined geographical area and time frame. Nevertheless, the evidence strongly suggests a need for significant improvements. Therefore, it is recommended that the structural and operational biosecurity of abattoirs be seriously enhanced to control the movement of animals, particularly canines, within their premises. Targeted interventions are crucial and should include the implementation of regular deworming programs for livestock, the improvement of meat inspection protocols, the proper fencing of abattoir facilities, and comprehensive training for all personnel. These findings underscore the urgent need for coordinated action by the relevant veterinary and public health authorities to mitigate these public health and economic risks. Declarations Funding Not applicable Ethical consideration The current study has been approved for its ethical soundness by the Institutional Ethical Review Board (IRB) of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. It has been given at reference (Reference No: CVMAS.Sc.16.282025). 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 26 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7417020","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":510934258,"identity":"948f4c84-744e-4552-bbc5-03950b812083","order_by":0,"name":"Mengesha Ayehu Getnet","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mengesha","middleName":"Ayehu","lastName":"Getnet","suffix":""},{"id":510934261,"identity":"9332bea6-9ce8-4738-92f8-fc834906097e","order_by":1,"name":"Abebe Belete Bitew","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abebe","middleName":"Belete","lastName":"Bitew","suffix":""},{"id":510934264,"identity":"840c6681-fa34-4b2f-9210-33db8aed97c3","order_by":2,"name":"Walelign Andualem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Walelign","middleName":"","lastName":"Andualem","suffix":""},{"id":510934265,"identity":"7581e54b-b691-4de7-8734-8b03f45dbe6f","order_by":3,"name":"Kassahun Berrie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kassahun","middleName":"","lastName":"Berrie","suffix":""},{"id":510934269,"identity":"c49a099e-d787-40fe-88fd-990eb81e55ad","order_by":4,"name":"Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gashaw","middleName":"Getaneh","lastName":"Dagnaw","suffix":""},{"id":510934271,"identity":"8b581efc-1b6a-4515-b4d1-3f627830e7a0","order_by":5,"name":"Yitayew Demessie","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZihlP/8AkKoAMZkbCGiB6GE3kACSB86ARBgJaIFaww/WcrANxCagxeA4/8HPPBWHpc2lewwff5xXG83fDtTyo2Ibbi2HmZmlec4cNracc8bY4OC247kzDjM2MPacuY1PC4M0b9vtZIYDaWkSB7cdy20AamFmbMOrhfk377/b9Q0H0tJ/HJxzLHc+EVrYpHkbbjMb3Eg+xnCwoSZ3AyEtkoeZzSznHPvPLNlz+LDEmWMHcjcCtRzE5xe+8wcf33hTk8bMz97Y+KGipi533vnDBx/8qMCtReEAAwMTD4J/GEwewKkeCOQbgFH3A8Gvw6d4FIyCUTAKRigAAEdlYZMsx54hAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yitayew","middleName":"","lastName":"Demessie","suffix":""},{"id":510934272,"identity":"110ff1a5-d631-46d6-ac34-c12e0818291d","order_by":6,"name":"Dagmawi Yitbarek","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dagmawi","middleName":"","lastName":"Yitbarek","suffix":""},{"id":510934275,"identity":"22ad7267-40ef-48f5-abd8-66fc6a7417a5","order_by":7,"name":"university Gondar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"university","middleName":"","lastName":"Gondar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-20 11:38:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7417020/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7417020/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91111589,"identity":"ddb4b443-8154-4f39-af1c-5743ace6eaf9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:32:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":300154,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of hydatid cyst across the\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/053edba289d7b33eb5b3a074.png"},{"id":91112489,"identity":"4f5123df-a2d7-4ede-8283-256b14d2517b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:40:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":302117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHydatidosis in cattle lung. (A) The emphysematous and pale cysts are present in the left and right lung lobes (black arrows) (B) Depositions of calcium salt (green arrows). (C) indicates a congested lung with cysts and (D) edematous lung (black arrows) and cysts embedded (star).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/2cbf26916bc088fd210e7589.png"},{"id":91111592,"identity":"33c40f2d-f59a-4b66-8e92-18bf00806e70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:32:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":238366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHydatidosis in cattle lung 40X magnifications \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(E)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Calcified daughter cyst with three layers. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(F)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eRemnant of the laminated layer (red arrows) and some mononuclear infiltration (star). \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(G)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Laminated layer (red arrowhead) and germinative layer (star). \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(H)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Compressed alveoli (star), bronchiolar parenchyma with stenosis and fibrosis (green arrows).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/41b092e054b86cad5bc64ff7.png"},{"id":91112487,"identity":"9409dfc6-d34a-4b26-8d4e-4890e0611a8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:40:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":177309,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCattle hepatic hydatidosis: (A) Liver with a localized cystic surface (red arrow) and a blunt edge (black arrow). (B) Liver with a calcified area (star) and a generalized cystic surface (arrow)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/072cfc5074a1524482b01648.png"},{"id":91111595,"identity":"d4f67505-a21c-445a-9c11-c17e9f3df861","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:32:09","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":219818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCattle hepatic hydatidosis 40X magnifications.: (C) Dilated and fibrotic portal vein with an oncosphere in the portal circulation (light green arrow). (D) Middle laminated cyst layer (red arrow) and inner germinative endocyst layer (arrowhead). (E) Hydatidosis protoscolices (star). (F) Infiltrated macrophages, lymphocytes, and a few eosinophils.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/cdf108e4a7b3814973d97676.png"},{"id":91111587,"identity":"1226a7d0-2554-4819-a22d-cae1d212c28a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:32:09","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCattle kidney cysts, macroscopic changes. (A) Cysts on the cortex of the kidney, involving the glomerulus, and circular to tubular arranged cysts in the medullary area (yellow arrow). (B) Rounded, blackish cyst situated between the surrounding lobules of the kidney, containing brownish or coffee-colored fluids (yellow arrow).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/beb85489544992ff99099b51.png"},{"id":91111591,"identity":"aaff23ea-e0ce-4f47-aef4-c66fe2c3c4e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:32:09","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":312124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCattle kidney cysts 40X magnifications (C) Cyst with an outermost pericyst (arrowhead), a middle ectocyst layer (star), and an inner endocyst (green arrow). (D) Necrosis of Bowman’s capsule (green arrow) and fibrotic interstitial tissue with infiltration of inflammatory cells (star).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/445b3fed9e805f84f63a79e4.png"},{"id":91111599,"identity":"5185a90b-433e-42f5-b54c-71350a6a258f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:32:09","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":312546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHepatic cysticercosis in cattle: (A) Macroscopic view of the liver showing a somewhat cirrhotic appearance with cysticercosis attached superficially to the liver parenchyma (yellow arrow). (B) After incision, the liver appears pale and firm with the presence of cysticercosis (yellow arrow).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/323369bfaf3d1288f52ff4fa.png"},{"id":91112744,"identity":"4df9ca66-522d-44f3-9705-f0bb1364dad2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:48:09","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":263158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHepatic cysticercosis in cattle 40X magnifications: (C) The hepatic parenchyma is subdivided into islands of irregular hepatocytes, bordered by fibrous connective tissue (arrowhead). (D) The cyst wall is formed from two thin eosinophilic membranes (arrowhead) attached to the thick hepatic capsule (green arrow). (E) Around the cyst wall, disseminated fibrosis (yellow arrow) and the formation of granulomatous lesions are observed, with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells (green arrow).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/273e7204dec3da59871b6b01.png"},{"id":91112746,"identity":"26ac5b68-2b8d-4593-8e5b-937a949a2a1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:48:09","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":495516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbattoir workers’ self-reported habits of eating raw meat/organs, from, Gondar, Bahir Dar, Dangila, and Injibara municipal abattoir,\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/e4dbffa14c775bfa2d803323.png"},{"id":91112743,"identity":"8c8785a5-31c6-45bc-80f5-c36055008744","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:48:09","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":360108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbattoir workers’ responses to organs or carcass parts that might not be harmful\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/30d650ebb0c5dbd9e6d7e668.png"},{"id":91112492,"identity":"c703dbf7-6646-47b1-8e68-807de963fd36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:40:09","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":259276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFree movement of dogs, bird and accessibility of disposed waste inside abattoir setting. Image taken at Gondar ELFORA abattoir\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/61c6b86eb3914813dabe9bbd.png"},{"id":91112495,"identity":"dfc9d193-2638-4aa6-94fd-ab0fe67c6769","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:40:09","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDisposed bone on free land in abattoir setting and grass sold for people to be used for animal feeding. Image taken at Gondar ELFORA abattoir\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/6a9322aa2f05e89d5dfdb6dc.png"},{"id":91111601,"identity":"cfa8c785-0d5f-4c4e-b312-55df8dada6c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:32:09","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":144395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolid waste disposal on a metaling trough (A); fencing of the abattoir and free movement of dogs inside the abattoir (B), and affected lung and liver disposed near to abattoir building (C).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/a64be1c4afdd89e6940ea8e1.png"},{"id":91113725,"identity":"c9f479b8-c192-4205-9373-d9242915eb6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:56:09","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":296588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExternal view of the abattoir (A), grass and communal road inside abattoir (B), free waste disposal accessible to animals (C, D, E) and liquid waste disposal on wider hole.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/269f6514cc600ede37dae5be.png"},{"id":91112497,"identity":"08654266-5304-4544-9710-67418be13eeb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 16:40:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":260211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWaste disposal on free grazing land (A, B, C \u0026amp; I) and into water body (D, E, \u0026amp; F), interaction of birds and animals at the waste disposal site (G \u0026amp; H). Image taken at Injibara Municipal abattoir (A, B, C, D, E, F \u0026amp; I) and Gondar ELFORA abattoir (G,H).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/7fa68840d6d4239f3d9f5e0b.jpeg"},{"id":91114139,"identity":"812b2660-bfa3-4ef6-98cf-fce2e62df170","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 17:04:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5580348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7417020/v1/693f12d9-34ba-41e9-ae29-73b07197e577.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Assessment of Organ Condemnations in Slaughter Cattle and Abattoir Quality Settings","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthiopia is endowed with diverse agro-ecological zones and environmental stipulations appropriate for livestock production. However, the contribution these big livestock sources to the country wide economy disproportionately small, owing to countless factors such as drought or malnutrition, administration troubles and farm animals diseases (Alene et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Parasitism represents a foremost constraint to farm animals improvement in the tropics in popular and hydatidosis is amongst the essential parasitic illnesses low productiveness of meat in unique (Adane and Guadu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main reasons of organ condemnation all through post mortem inspection are parasitic diseases, specially liver fluke and hydatid cysts in the liver and lungs respectively. The prevalence of main zoonotic ailments of parasitic infections accountable for the condemnation of specific organs throughout meat inspection for the public fitness (Alene et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Parasites encountered for the duration of postmortem inspection that had been responsible for marketable organ condemnation were hydatid cyst, Fasciola spp. now not only organ condemnation but additionally zoonotic or transmitted to human because motive to parasitic cyst in the carcass and offal\u0026rsquo;s (Alene et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) (Jemal and Kebede, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaste your textual content right here and click \"Next\" to watch this article rewriter do it's thing.Transmission of the parasite most generally happens in environments which is characterized via terrible sanitation, primitive livestock husbandry practices, and inadequate meat inspection, management, and manage policies ((Mandefro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), Mann, 2014). Zoonotic illnesses are communicable from animals to human underneath natural conditions by using eating contaminated meat and meat products. There are so many necessary zoonotic parasitic ailments such as Hydatidosis, Fascioliasis, Settariosis Trichinellosis, Ascariosis, and Amphistomiasis (Alene et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a serious zoonotic and most economical essential disease of not noted parasite disease for human and animal. It is induced through the hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus, and basically developed in the liver and lungs of intermediate hosts. E. granulosus requires a definitive host (usually canines) and an intermediate host (herbivores/ sometimes humans) to complete its existence cycle (Alene et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Genus Echinococcus; Species E. granulosus definitive and intermediate hosts are worried in the completion of the existence cycle of E. granulosus (Mahmoudvand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). There are 4 usually recognized species of bovine Echinococcus. Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcosis multilocularis, E. oligarthus and E. vogeli. Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are the chief marketers of ailment for the duration of the world (Tadesse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe burden of diseases greater in creating countries, specially in rural communities where there is close contact between dogs to home animals (Alene et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It is triggered by using a small tapeworm and in the herbal cycle, puppies are traditional definitive hosts, and cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses, are intermediate hosts in which hydatid cysts occur. Although E. granulosus penetrates deep between the villi of the small intestine of the definitive host, suggesting that infected definitive hosts are asymptomatic carriers of the parasite. Infections with E. granulosus cysts in the intermediate host are typically asymptomatic, barring for a small range of instances with chronic and heavy infections (Abunna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe egg E. granulosus can live for lengthy time in the environmental because of its thick egg shells. Cattle accumulate strong resistance in opposition to new cysts developing however this has little effect on current cysts. After ingestion, larvae ignore the gut and reach the proper aspect of the heart through the thoracic duct and most fulfilling vena cava; from the proper ventricle the embryo passes via the pulmonary vascular mattress into the left ventricle, from where it may want to reach any phase of the body via systemic circulation (Sabzi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Cystic echinococcosis differs in nature within one-of-a-kind geographic settings and host assemblages due to the morphological and biological variations among the E. granulosus (Regassa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The epidemiology of hydatidosis varies with extraordinary factors and manage measure terrific in one vicinity may not always of fee in another. Hence, it is fundamental to have ample information of the epidemiology of the ailment earlier than taking into consideration manipulate ((Debas and Ibrahim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFasciolosis is the main sickness of the cattle in Ethiopia which reduces animal productivity, weight gain, and the best of meat. In addition, it causes moderate icterus, metabolic disorders, and secondary infections due to decrease immunity via chronic fasciolosis and liver condemnation during postmortem inspection in slaughterhouses while the acute fasciolosis may additionally lead to moralities (Eman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Ingested parasite lives in hepatic parenchyma or in bile duct, which inflicting liver hemorrhagic black tunnels (Abraham and Jude, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZoonotic parasites pose good sized public health risks and financial losses in abattoirs. However, constrained data exist related to the prevalence and have an effect on of zoonotic parasites in Western Amhara. The prevalence of these parasites, mainly Echinococcus and Fasciola, has been considerably harm the viesral organ of cattle, reason of condemned organs within the abattoir environment. To efficiently manage frequent zoonotic parasites for public and animal fitness interventions, it is crucial to investigate the status of these parasites and the factors influencing their prevalence. Therefore the objective of this learn about was to estimate the incidence and describe the gross and histopathological lesions of common zoonotic parasites in condemned organs, and to check the abattoir settings in Western Amhara, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Area and Period\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at four abattoirs in western Amhara, Ethiopia: Bahir Dar, Dangila, Injibara municipal abattoirs and Gondar ELFORA abattoir. Gondar ELFORA abattoir is found in North Gondar zone, Amara National Regional State. It is located at 750 Km far from Addis Ababa at an elevation of 2133 m.a.s.l. The city had a latitude and longitude of 12\u0026deg;36'N 37\u0026deg;28'E, 12.6\u0026deg;N 37.467\u0026deg;E. Rain fall varies from 880\u0026ndash;1172 mm with the average annual temperature of 19.7\u0026deg;C. The farming system in the area was mixed type (Crop-livestock production). Gondar has a total cattle population of and 2,407,544. Gondar has one of the largest urban populations in Ethiopia (Livestock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study also conducted in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia which is located at about 654 kilometers away from Addis Ababa. The area is located at 110 29\u0026rdquo; N latitude and 370 29\u0026rdquo; E longitudes with an elevation of 1730 meters above sea level. The area has a summer rainfall with mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature of 1465mm and 29.50c respectively. The landscape is marked by the presence of Lake Tana, which drains a watershed of about 3,000km2 and areas adjacent to Lake Tana and Abay river have poor drainage and annual over flooding during the rainy seasons leave pockets of water bodies, which persist during the dry months. There are about 16.8\u0026nbsp;million inhabitants in the region of which 89% are living in the rural area. The livelihood of the peoples is based on agriculture and 80% of the population practice mixed crop livestock farming system. The region has 10.6\u0026nbsp;million cattle, 5.7\u0026nbsp;million sheep, 4\u0026nbsp;million goats, 2.1\u0026nbsp;million equines and 17,400 camels managed under extensive management system (Bayrak and Altıntas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDangila is located along the main road from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar about 485 km northwest of Addis Ababa (country capital) and 78 km from Bahir Dar, the regional capital. Geographically, the area is located between 11\u0026deg; 18ʹ N latitude and 36\u0026deg; 57ʹ E longitudes and it lies at an altitude of 2200 m a.s.l. The mean annual rainfall and temperature are 1576 mm and 17\u0026deg;C, respectively. The district consists of 27 peasant associations (PAs) (Rural administrative kebeles), ten urban administrative kebeles, and 185,904 cattle population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInjibara town is the capital of the administrative center of the Agew Awi Zone in the Amhara, Ethiopia. It is located, at the junction of highway three from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar and the road leading west towards Chagni. The older town of Injibara is situated approximately 5km north of Modern Injibara at 10\u0026deg;59\u0026prime;N 36\u0026deg;55\u0026prime;E, at a 2660-meter elevation. The 2014 census, Banja shekudad district has an estimated total population of 133,368 of who 66,458 are males and 66,910 are females, and total cattle population have 69,857 (Livestock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApparently healthful cattle for slaughter have been the learn about population. Condemned organs which includes liver, lung, spleen and heart were the focused on pattern to estimate proportion of zoonotic parasites. These organs had been examined for the kind of parasite they harbor, and whether or not there are cysts on the organs. Liver used to be in addition examined for the lesions present. Cysts on the organs had been categorized primarily based on their size as small, medium and large (Abebe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, liver lesions were categorised as light, reasonable and extreme (Seid and Melese, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) for the questionnaire survey, learn about individuals had been humans working in the abattoirs. For personal observations, find out about populace had been abattoirs settings, consisting of the inner and surrounding environment element such as fencing, animals and man too.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Size and Sampling Methods\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCross sectional study was employed on the condemned organs and parasite infestation in the abattoirs. The sample size was determined as stated by Thrusfield (2018) using a 50% expected prevalence of condemned organs, 5% level of precision and 95% level of confidence as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e P (1-P) /d\u003csup\u003e2 =\u003c/sup\u003e (1.96)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(0.5) (0.5)/ (0.05)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 384.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the minimum sample size, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the expected prevalence and d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;margin of error.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the abattoirs were selected purposively based on cattle population density, abattoir service coverage, and slaughter capacity.. Systematic sampling was used to collect condemned organs for estimation of prevalence of zoonotic parasites. For the questionnaire survey, all abattoir workers were recruited as study participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-mortem examination: Techniques of postmortem examination which includes visualization, palpation, incision, and olfaction have been employed to pick out affected organs from condemned organs. All condemned organs suspected of harboring zoonotic parasites have been subjected for postmortem examination as stated by means of (Kebede et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Types of parasite on the condemned organs had been identified via its gross morphological characteristics. Size of cyst used to be measured and labeled into three businesses as small, medium and large if the diameter of the cyst was once much less than 4cm, in between 4 and 6 cm, and increased than eight cm, respectively as used by way of (Kebede et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe organs lesions were labeled in accordance to Umer and Mulugeta (2018) as: Lightly affected, when a quarter of the organ is affected, and solely one bile duct is prominently affected. Moderately affected, when half of the organ is affected and two or more bile ducts are hyperplasic. Severely affected, when almost the whole organ is involved; liver is cirrhotic and triangular in define as the proper lobe is often atrophied. In the continual phase of the disease, hyperplasia of the gall bladder and biliary epithelium happens and this leads to biliary tract obstruction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHistopathological examination tissues samples of liver, kidney, and tongue have been sliced, dehydrated in ethyl alcohol in growing grades, cleaned in xylene, impregnated with melted paraffin wax, and embedded. Tissue slices, about 4\u0026ndash;5 \u0026micro;m thick, were reduce and processed histologically using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H \u0026amp; E) staining (Nicholson and Butterworth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e, Teshale et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Kul and Yildiz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Under a mild microscope with low to excessive powers of magnification (4x\u0026ndash;40x), stained slides were hooked up the usage of Distrene plasticizer/Dibutyl phthalate xylene (DPX), and photomicrographs have been then taken for documentation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire survey was once carried out semi-structured questionnaire to gather records on the know-how and exercise of abattoir employees as well as on the waste management machine of abattoirs. Furthermore, questionnaire survey and personal observations supported with images had been employed to acquire records on the abattoir bio-security. In addition to the semi-structured questionnaire, personal observations supported with pics of practices and interviews of individuals had been carried out at some point of the data series period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were entered and cleaned in Microsoft Excel spread sheet and analyzed using Stata software version 16 (Stata Corp LLC, College Station USA, 1985\u0026ndash;2019). Associations between outcome and explanatory variables for all units of analysis were investigated using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s chi-square (χ2). For all the analyses, the confidence level (CL) is at 95%, and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was set for significance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics of the abattoir workers\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne hundred study individuals were recruited for the questionnaire survey. Nearly half of the respondents 46/100 (46%) were abattoir workers at the Gondar ELFORA abattoir. From the complete abattoir workers, nearly three-quarters 71/100 (71%) have been butchers. According to their ride of working age of the respondents 44/100 (44%) had been employed at the abattoir for 5 years (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of study participants in abattoir settings\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbattoir\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBahir Dar Municipal abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDangila Municipal abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInjibara Municipal abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGondar ELFORA abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbattoir worker\u0026rsquo;s role\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButcher man\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeat inspector\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCleaner\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecurity person\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave pets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of Zoonotic Parasites\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result, 384 condemned organs were collected and examined for the presence of zoonotic parasites, of which 183 (47.66%) had been discovered to harbor one or more zoonotic parasites. Hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) and liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) were the two dominant parasites identified. The organs infested via these parasites had been the liver, lung, heart, and spleen. Of the total affected organs, 115 (29.9%) livers had been affected by way of Fasciola. The condemned organs examined 21.88% (84/384) hydatid cysts, as proven in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of zoonotic parasites in abattoirs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParasite-infected organs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrgan affected\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLung\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeart\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpleen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiver\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;lung\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of parasite/cyst\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFasciola\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHydatid cyst\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFasciola\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Hydatid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCyst present\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSize of cyst\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiver lesion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbattoir\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBahir Dar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDangila\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInjibara\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGondar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApril\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJune\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJuly\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeason\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough hydatid cysts were found in the lung, liver, heart, and spleen, they were predominantly found in the lung, accounting for 57.1% (48/84) of cases. The second most commonly affected organ was the liver, with 32.14% (27/84) infested by hydatid cysts. Hydatid cysts in the spleen are uncommon. The rate of organ distribution is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the detected 84 hydatid cysts, 17.86% were fertile and contained protoscolices, while the remaining 82.14% were infertile. Additionally, 5.95% of the cysts were viable, 11.9% were non-viable, 34.52% were sterile, and 47.62% were calcified, as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactors associated with prevalence of zoonotic parasites on condemned organs, from slaughter cattle\u0026rsquo;s at different site of abattoir.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParasite present (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e (%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;189)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e (%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSite of abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBahir Dar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(12.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4256\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDangila\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(13.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49(24.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInjibara\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50(26.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22(10.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGondar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83(43.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e105(52.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21(11.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18(8.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.9939\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApril\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46(25.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47(23.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60(32.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95(47.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJune\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(4.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18(8.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJuly\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48(26.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23(11.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127(69.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e160(79.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2819\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56(30.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(20.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFootnote\u003c/strong\u003e: No. in the table indicate number examined organs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe viability of the C. bovis cysts was assessed, and of the total, 12 cysts (16.67%) were viable, while 83.34% were calcified, as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The hydatidosis rate for cystic lung 4.12% and from the total condemned lungs of the cattle four lungs have double hydatid cysts. One lung has uniform in size cysts and the other three lungs have variable size of cysts as indicated Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFertility and viability status of hydatidosis disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrgan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;cyst\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eViable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-calcified cysts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-viable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSterile cysts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalcified cysts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLung\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFootnote: No. In the table indicate number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result, 384 condemned organs had been gathered and examined for the presence of zoonotic parasites, of which 183 (47.66%) had been located to harbor one or greater zoonotic parasites. Hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) and liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) had been the two dominant parasites identified. The organs infested through these parasites had been the liver, lung, heart, and spleen. Of the whole affected organs, one hundred fifteen (29.9%) livers had been affected through way of Fasciola. The condemned organs examined 21.88% (84/384) hydatid cysts, as demonstrated in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHydatid cysts liver\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result, 384 condemned organs had been gathered and examined for the presence of zoonotic parasites, of which 183 (47.66%) had been positioned to harbor one or larger zoonotic parasites. Hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) and liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) had been the two dominant parasites identified. The organs infested thru these parasites had been the liver, lung, heart, and spleen. Of the entire affected organs, one hundred fifteen (29.9%) livers had been affected via way of Fasciola. The condemned organs examined 21.88% (84/384) hydatid cysts, as established in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cem\u003eCattle hepatic hydatidosis: (A) Liver with a localized cystic surface (red arrow) and a blunt edge (black arrow). (B) Liver with a calcified area (star) and a generalized cystic surface (arrow)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistologically reading, the cysts had been composed of three layers: the fibrous outer pericyst, the laminated center ectocyst layer, the germinative inner endocyst layer, and protoscolices, which advance into the daughter cyst. On the oncosphere in the portal circulation, a few parasitic migration tracts ought to be seen. The liver's parenchyma used to be edematous, heavily fibrosized, infiltrated with inflammatory cells, and had deposits of calcified materials round the cyst wall. Higher magnification of the liver parenchyma surrounding the cyst wall printed eosinophil, lymphocyte, and macrophage infiltration proven on Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHydatidosis kidney\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHydatidosis-related rejection in cystic kidney disease occurred at a fee/rate of 0.78%, and one kidney with two small cysts. Noticeable, dispersed cysts of various sizes have been found on the cortex of the proper kidney. These cysts were positioned on the dorsal surfaces of the kidney. A thin, honeycomb-like shape covered the junction between the cyst wall and the kidney. The cyst pill without problems indifferent from the kidney. A single large cyst, spherical, darkish brownish, and becoming in between the kidney's surrounding lobules, used to be present on the pole of the left kidney. When this cyst used to be opened, coffee- or brownish-coloured fluids have been visible. The capsule was denser, whiter, and greater linked than the kidney, proving it challenging to separate determine 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cem\u003eCattle kidney cysts, macroscopic changes. (A) Cysts on the cortex of the kidney, involving the glomerulus, and circular to tubular arranged cysts in the medullary area (yellow arrow). (B) Rounded, blackish cyst situated between the surrounding lobules of the kidney, containing brownish or coffee-colored fluids (yellow arrow).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistologically, the cortex of the kidney showed multiple sites of cysts that involved the glomerulus, dilating the bowman's space. A single-cell layer of epithelium coated the cysts. Infiltrating inflammatory cells caused glomerulitis, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis of the. interstitial tissue as indicated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCysticercosis of liver\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe liver was somewhat swollen and enlarged, and a thin film of fibrin with a bloody tint covered the liver capsule. The hepatic capsule was covered in numerous 5\u0026ndash;10 mm semi-translucent white cylindrical parasite cysts as indicated on Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. Histologically, small quantities of eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages were present inside the cavities, together with fibrin, and necrotic cell debris as indicated on Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFactors Associated with Prevalence of Zoonotic Parasites\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis discovered that the prevalence of zoonotic parasites varied throughout abattoirs, months, and seasons. Almost half of zoonotic cysts and/or parasites 46.03% (87/189) were found in Gondar ELFORA abattoir. Slightly above a one-fourth of the zoonotic parasites and/or cysts, 29.1% (55/189) were found in Injibara municipal abattoir. There was statistically significant association between prevalence of zoonotic parasites and/or cysts and location of abattoir setting (\u0026chi;2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.4256; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Almost one-thirds of the zoonotic parasites and/or cysts, 31.74% (60/189), were recorded on May. Furthermore, more than two-thirds of the zoonotic parasites and/cysts, 67.19% (127/189), were recorded during spring season. Hence, there were statistically significant associations between prevalence of zoonotic parasites and month of animal slaughtered (\u0026chi;2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.9939; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001); and season (\u0026chi;2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.2819; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022). It was found that site of abattoir; month and season are important factors for prevalence of zoonotic parasites as showed in \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactors associated with prevalence of zoonotic parasites on condemned organs, from slaughter cattle\u0026rsquo;s at different site of abattoir.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParasite present (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e (%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;189)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e (%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSite of abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBahir Dar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(12.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4256\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDangila\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(13.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49(24.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInjibara\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50(26.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22(10.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGondar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83(43.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e105(52.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21(11.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18(8.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.9939\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApril\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46(25.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47(23.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60(32.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95(47.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJune\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(4.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18(8.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJuly\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48(26.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23(11.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127(69.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e160(79.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2819\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56(30.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(20.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePractices in abattoirs, bio-security issues and working situation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterviews with abattoir employees published the most common justifications for opposing the condemnation of organs 48% due to presence of swellings on whole organ regularly leads to organ condemnation. From the interviewer 39% of the learn about contributors referred to that dogs acquire condemned organs as a way to dispose of waste. Dogs have been among the animals generally viewed in slaughterhouses yard. Study members said that birds, especially vultures are regularly seen inside abattoir on waste disposal websites and on trees. For unauthorized man also have free get right of entry to to the abattoir. And nearly half of of the learn about individuals (47%) reported that habit of ingesting uncooked meat is common in the abattoir as it confirmed in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy participants\u0026rsquo; responses towards existing practices in abattoirs, bio-security issues and workers\u0026rsquo; experiences at abattoir settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReasons for condemnation of organs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresence of swellings on whole organ\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresence of pus, fluid and bleeding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresence of fibrosis, firmness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisposal\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;condemned structures/organs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing metallic trough\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn free land and burrow/wide holes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey are given for pets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbattoir fencing prevents animal entry\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnimals you frequently see inside abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDogs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCattle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDogs, cats, and cattle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow animal get access to the abattoir?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbsence of fencing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeak fencing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough the gate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFree movement of people inside abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhy people are moving inside abattoir (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCustomers to collect meat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo harvest grass for their cattle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFencing and bio-security problems\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresence of local road inside abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo you see vultures on trees inside abattoir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHave seen vultures feeding on condemned organs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHave seen vultures and dogs feeding on condemned organs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNegative impact of dogs\u0026rsquo; access to abattoir settings\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisease transmission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnv\u0026rsquo;tal\u0026nbsp;contamination\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp;disease transmission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBite and environmental contamination\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDogs may be exposed to pathogens\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo you take slaughter by-products to home and feed to your pets?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHave habit of eating raw meat during slaughtering?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*15 respondents responded that \u0026ldquo;there is no free movement of people inside abattoir\u0026rdquo;; Env\u0026rsquo;tal\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;environmental\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy participants were asked for their habit of eating raw meat during slaughtering operations. Almost one-thirds of the abattoir workers (32%) reported that they eat raw meat. while the study participants (27% reported that they eat raw liver and 20% study participants reported that they eat raw tongue as indicated in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe attitude of raw meat consuming, roughly half of the slaughterhouse employees (48%) stated that eating raw meat might not be harmful. Conversely, 11% and 9% of research participants said that raw liver and tongue, and respectively, might not be harmful, as showed in the (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of Existing Abattoirs\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaste your textual content right here and click on \"Next\" to watch this article rewriter do it is thing.Each abattoir putting was once discovered for its day by day activities, facilities, waste disposal gadget and its bio-security. Generally, abattoirs protected in the cutting-edge find out about might also be characterised through having susceptible fencing, free movement of dogs and different animals inside abattoir settings, improper waste disposal, and presence of communal avenue in abattoirs, and free grazing of animals in abattoirs or on the waste disposal site. Some of the abattoirs drain liquid wastes in to water bodies; whilst some abattoirs nonetheless dispose each liquid and solid abattoir waste into grazing areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGondar ELFORA was once discovered having separate stunning, slaughtering, flaying, evisceration, and deboning rooms. However, the fencing is no longer satisfactory. Furthermore, free movements of puppies and cattle in side abattoir, presence of communal road across abattoir, and free movement of vultures were determined (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Condemned organs like liver, lung were located effortlessly available to dogs. Birds and different animals and/or dogs have been observed feeding together on waste disposal sites. Free motion of people that are now not abattoir people had been additionally found in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of the four abattoirs observed in the current study, Bahir Dar Municipal abattoir was found having the best fencing system. But dogs can access the abattoir through the main gate and people other than abattoir workers access the abattoir to cut grass for their animals. It drains liquid waste manually. Furthermore, the abattoir is surrounded by community residences \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Dangila municipal abattoir, all the slaughter activities are performed within single room/hall. It has very weak fencing and it is accessible to man and animals. Condemned organs are directly given to dogs and cats. Bones, legs, and head regions are stored in a concrete trough and get burned. There is no any practice of cleaning the wall and floor of the abattoir at all (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInjibara Municipal Abattoir is located inside the city and established on an open grazing field and it has no any form of fencing. Most of the slaughter activities are performed in a single room/hall. There are free movements of animals inside abattoir area and mainly on waste disposal sites. The waste disposal is freely on the environment and in to water body; because the abattoir is found near to the river (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaste your textual content right here and click \"Next\" to watch this article rewriter do it's thing.The findings point out that deficiencies in slaughterhouse management and protocols, along with excessive parasite prevalence, notably make contributions to organ condemnation. Inadequate waste administration inside and around the abattoir poses a important risk for environmental contamination and ailment transmission. Consequently, this research is fundamental for informing improvements in animal health, public health, and environmental stewardship. The existing learn about identified Fasciola parasites and hydatid cysts as the leading parasitic motives of organ condemnation in the abattoir, with a whole incidence of zoonotic parasites in condemned organs of 47.66%. Among the organs with identified parasites, Fasciola represented 29.95% and hydatid cysts 20.57%. Hydatid cysts had been detected in the lungs, liver, heart, and spleen of the slaughtered animals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe discovering of hydatid cysts used to be 20.57%, it is related with the preceding reviews of 22.2% by (Getachew et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) in Mekelle, Ethiopia; 20.1% occurrence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia via (Yimer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), 18.61% (Assefa and Tesfay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) in Adigirat, 18.6% incidence in Nekemte, (Temesgen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, the modern discovering 20.57% occurrence report was greater when in contrast to (Akeberegn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) 6.51% incidence report of in Debre Berhan. This version may additionally be because of animal health managements inclusive of anti-parasite drug seasonal deworming. The slaughter animals coming from fattening middle have low incidence of parasite than from non-fattening center.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe occurrence of hydatid cysts in Ethiopia has proven variability throughout exclusive studies. Indeed, some until now lookup indicated decrease fees compared to latest investigations. This discrepancy may also stem from differences in find out about methodologies, geographical locations, and the precise populations examined. These research encompass 15.2% in Dangila's Birre-Sheleko (Kebede et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) 11.46% in (Leka, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the contemporary finding used to be greater in contrast with some reviews backyard of Ethiopia. Reported (Elmajdoub and Rahman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) 10.56% prevalence of hydatid cysts. Such hazard factors vary on seasons, management, sorts of deworming used and intermediates host of the parasites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe higher prevalence of hydatid cysts in this find out about may be attributed to factors such as abundance of stray dogs, incorrect disposal of affected organ, susceptible abattoir fencing, free grazing, and unrestricted interplay between dogs and cattle inside abattoir areas.. These all are the elements expand the proximity and interaction of dogs, cattle and human, at the abattoir settings and it can also play extraordinary function for incidence and the sustainability of hydatid and Fasciola existence cycle (Abebe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and hence, it will be a viable chance to the health of the community. Thus, designing techniques such as enchancment of animal husbandry and industrial slaughterhouses and extra active strategy in controlling Echinococcusis in puppies is important.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther previous studies in special regions of Ethiopia suggested greater hydatid cysts occurrence compared to the present day finding supported (Bekele and Butako, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) (Guduro and Desta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The editions in incidence of hydatid cysts may also be attributed due to differences geographical locations, and as a result the parasite distribution. Furthermore, variations in culture, social activities, animal husbandry systems, and attitudes to puppies in exclusive areas might also make contributions to version the versions in incidence of Hydatid cysts (Kebede et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Regassa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe incidence of Fasciola parasite in the modern study was 29.95%. It was once in agreement with preceding findings 27.25%, Hosanna (Getahun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and 24.4% in Haramaya (Mahmoudvand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The cutting-edge discovering was a good deal lower in contrast to the 83.6% incidence record in of (Bayou and Geda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, the cutting-edge finding used to be higher compared with preceding findings in Ethiopia such as 19% incidence by using Gudeta (2019); 7.03% in Wolaita Sodo, Firew, (2011), 19.27% in (Shafi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The differences in prevalence of Fasciola parasite may be explained with the aid of availability of appropriate snail habitat, water lodging areas, and poorly drained vicinity with acidic soil. In addition, the difference in moisture, temperature, humidity, and soil might prefer multiplication of snail (Bogale et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHydatid Cyst is frequent transmittable diseases to farm animals and pets. It has a fantastic hazard to human particularly those who consume below cocked and uncooked meat. Since records begins, humans and animals are coexisting with each different in a relationship. This relationship is really helpful for both human beings and animals. Humans take benefit from animals in terms of food, work, protection and companionship. Animals also get benefits with the aid of taking meals and refuge from humans. These relationships are advisable however may additionally also come to be a supply of transfer of diseases. Animals and people have a common linkage in most of the diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn creating countries, specifically Ethiopia, the practice of managing and controlling the health of owned puppies thru first-rate feed and de-worming is lacking. Furthermore, the giant populace of stray or unowned puppies contributes to an increased disease epidemiology. Consequently, controlling and disposing of the ailment from the definitive host is extra advantageous than treating the intermediate host, which is in particular finished thru surgical treatment (Casulli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The surgical removal of hydatid cysts is a difficult, time-consuming, costly, and doubtlessly fatal procedure. This is because cyst rupture at some point of surgical operation in humans and animals can trigger sudden demise due to anaphylactic shock, hemorrhage, and metastasis. Additionally, strenuous exercise can additionally purpose cysts to rupture, main to a progressive make bigger in the quantity of affected individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the abattoir settings, some of the elements that may also want the transmission of parasites between animals and human; and capable to maintain the lifestyles cycle of zoonotic parasites in particular of hydatid parasites include: weak or absence of abattoir fencing, free movement of puppies and different animals within abattoirs, incorrect waste disposal, presence of communal street in abattoirs, the usage of green grass in the abattoir for animal feed and free grazing of animals in abattoirs or on the waste disposal site. The free human-dog-cattle interactions have been additionally found at abattoir settings. These spotlight the need for increased meat inspection training, fencing of abattoirs, and managed disposal of contaminated organs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study identifies Fasciola spp. and hydatid cysts as the principal causes of organ condemnation in slaughtered cattle at the abattoirs investigated. A substantial prevalence of zoonotic parasites was detected, with fascioliasis being more common than hydatidosis. Hydatid cysts were found distributed across multiple organs, including the lungs, liver, heart, and spleen. A significant contributing factor to this issue is the poor state of the abattoirs themselves. The investigation revealed that most facilities have weak structural and operational biosecurity. Furthermore, their proximity to community residences creates an environment ripe for human-animal interactions, which facilitates the persistence and transmission of zoonotic parasites by allowing their life cycles to continue uninterrupted. It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study, as its findings are based on a specific set of abattoirs within a defined geographical area and time frame. Nevertheless, the evidence strongly suggests a need for significant improvements. Therefore, it is recommended that the structural and operational biosecurity of abattoirs be seriously enhanced to control the movement of animals, particularly canines, within their premises. Targeted interventions are crucial and should include the implementation of regular deworming programs for livestock, the improvement of meat inspection protocols, the proper fencing of abattoir facilities, and comprehensive training for all personnel. These findings underscore the urgent need for coordinated action by the relevant veterinary and public health authorities to mitigate these public health and economic risks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical consideration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study has been approved for its ethical soundness by the Institutional Ethical Review Board (IRB) of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. It has been given at reference (Reference No: CVMAS.Sc.16.282025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors are ready to give the available data to the readers by requesting via email and any communication platform.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors, we have great consent for the publication of this paper\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe declare that no conflict of interest. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eABEBE A, BEYENE D, KUMSA B. 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Prevalence and Economic Significance of Hydatidosis on Cattle Slaughtered at Nekemte Municipal Abattoir. Western Ethiopia; 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTESHALE N, FEYISA AMAREA, A., ABOSSE JS. Pathological characterization of pulmonary lesion and identification of associated bacteria and parasite infection in sheep and goat slaughtered at Dessie municipal abattoir, North-East Ethiopia. Surg Experimental Pathol. 2024;7:3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYIMER A, AYEN M, ALI M, NAZIR S. Prevalence, cyst characterization and economic importance of bovine hydatidosis in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise, Ethiopia. J Anim Res. 2016;6:375\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"abattoir, condemned organs, cysts, histopathology, One Health, sterility, viability, zoonotic parasites","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7417020/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7417020/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eZoonotic parasites present major public health and economic challenges in Ethiopia. This study assessed their burden in slaughtered cattle, organ condemnation, and abattoir hygiene in four purposively selected abattoirs in Western Amhara from March to July 2024. A total of 384 condemned organs were randomly sampled to examine gross and histopathological changes, with hematoxylin and eosin staining used to evaluate cyst size, number, viability, and fertility. Data on biosecurity and conditions favoring parasite persistence were collected through observations and semi-structured questionnaires from 100 abattoir workers, revealing poor practices such as lack of sterilization, improper waste disposal, and stray dog access. The overall prevalence of zoonotic parasites was 47.66%. The prevalence of Fasciola parasite was 29.95%; while that of Hydatid cysts on condemned organs was 20.57% the lungs, 3.23% in the liver, 0.78% in the kidneys, and 0.9% in other organs. Prevalence of zoonotic parasites was found statistically associated with location of abattoir setting (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.4256; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001); month (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.9939; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001); and season (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.2819; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022). Hydatidosis presented with 11.9% non-viable cysts, 34.52% sterile cysts, and 47.62% calcified cysts. Within the portal circulation, histopathological findings revealed hydatid cysts and oncospheres. Of the Cysticercus bovis cysts examined, 16.67% were viable, while 10% were necrotized and calcified. In the lungs, protoscolices caused compression of the alveoli and bronchiolar parenchyma, alongside eosinophilic infiltration. A cyst wall was observed attached to the thickened hepatic capsule, with the hepatic parenchyma showing irregular hepatocyte islands. Unrestricted movement of animals and people, along with improper disposal of condemned organs, creates favorable conditions for zoonotic parasite transmission. Poor abattoir biosecurity highlights the need for regular deworming, improved meat inspection, fencing, and personnel training. These findings underscore the urgent need for intervention by veterinary and public health authorities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Assessment of Organ Condemnations in Slaughter Cattle and Abattoir Quality Settings","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-11 16:32:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7417020/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-20T08:47:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-14T13:37:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-11T13:28:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"264422390923770293688741129311935565966","date":"2025-09-22T06:04:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227279528001260460829646650115234313115","date":"2025-09-20T15:31:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T13:51:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"42667313421263922652073658387982424571","date":"2025-09-05T18:06:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-05T01:53:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T01:06:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-26T05:31:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T13:09:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Veterinary Research","date":"2025-08-25T13:04:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bc8c22fc-a1b2-49f0-89f6-82b19509d5a6","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-05T00:53:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-11 16:32:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7417020","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7417020","identity":"rs-7417020","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}